Extraction apparatus

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus for extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock, the apparatus comprising: a first drive assembly; a second drive assembly; and a first separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies; wherein each of the first and second drive assemblies is configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus; wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres; and wherein the first separation assembly comprises a drive roller and a separation roller, wherein the drive roller is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

Description

[0001] Extraction apparatus

[0002] Fieid of the invention

[0003] The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock. More specifically, the invention relates to an apparatus and method for extracting elementary fibres from the bast region of a plant stem, or from a fibrous plant leaf.

[0004] Background

[0005] The extraction of fibres from plant material is a critical process in various industries, including textiles, paper manufacturing, and bio composites. Traditionally, this process involves several labour-intensive and time-consuming steps, such as retting, scutching, and carding. These conventional methods often result in inconsistent fibre quality and significant material loss. Retting in particular is generally very time consuming, expensive and can produce significant amounts of liquid waste that can be difficult to dispose of safely.

[0006] There is a need, therefore, for an apparatus that can consistently produce high-quality fibres with minimal manual intervention and reduced processing time. In particular, there is a need for an improved extraction method and apparatus that can avoid the need for pre-processing, such as retting. Such an apparatus would not only enhance productivity but also improve the sustainability of fibre production by minimizing the additional waste and energy consumption associated with alternative fibre extraction processes.

[0007] The present invention addresses these needs by providing an innovative apparatus designed to extract fibres from plant material more effectively, allowing for improved efficiency and for the use of a broader range of plant feedstocks and with minimal (if any) pre-processing required. This apparatus is configured to ensure the efficient separation of fibres while maintaining their structural integrity. The invention aims to streamline the fibre extraction process, offering a reliable solution for industries reliant on high-quality plant fibres.

[0008] Summary of the invention According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, an apparatus for extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock is provided. The apparatus comprises a first drive assembly, a second drive assembly, and a first separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies. Each of the first and second drive assemblies is configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus. The first separation assembly is configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres. The first separation assembly comprises a drive roller and a separation roller, wherein the drive roller is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

[0009] An apparatus according to the first aspect is beneficial as it provides efficient fibre extraction whilst preventing blockages and ensuring smooth material flow through the apparatus. The configuration allows for effective fibre extraction by applying controlled separating forces to the plant feedstock as it moves through the apparatus.

[0010] The combination of drive rollers and separation rollers in the separation assembly ensures continuous movement of the plant feedstock whilst applying effective separating forces. The counter-rotation of the separation roller relative to the feedstock motion enhances the effectiveness of fibre extraction by creating optimal shearing conditions that facilitate the removal of elementary fibres from the plant material.

[0011] In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more additional separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies, such that the apparatus comprises two or more separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies.

[0012] Additional separation assemblies provide enhanced extraction capability by allowing for more thorough processing of the plant feedstock, thereby increasing the overall efficiency and completeness of fibre extraction.

[0013] In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises three or more separation assemblies, wherein the three or more separation assemblies are equally spaced around a longitudinal axis of the plant feedstock. Equal spacing of the separation assemblies ensures uniform processing of the plant feedstock from all radial directions, preventing uneven fibre extraction and maintaining consistent quality of the extracted fibres.

[0014] In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises three or more separation assemblies, wherein the three or more separation assemblies are positioned such that each separation assembly removes fibres from a different section of an outer layer of the plant feedstock.

[0015] This positioning optimises the extraction process by ensuring that each separation assembly targets a specific area of the plant feedstock, preventing overlap and maximising the efficiency of fibre removal from the entire surface.

[0016] In an embodiment, the apparatus comprises two separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies, wherein the separation rollers of the first and second separation assemblies are arranged on opposite sides of the plant feedstock such that the first separation assembly removes fibres from one side of the plant feedstock and the second separation assembly removes fibres from the other side of the plant feedstock.

[0017] This arrangement is advantageous as it ensures comprehensive fibre extraction from all surfaces of the plant feedstock, maximising the yield of elementary fibres whilst maintaining the structural integrity of the remaining plant material.

[0018] In an embodiment, each of the additional separation assemblies comprises a drive roller and a separation roller, wherein the drive roller is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

[0019] This configuration maintains consistency across all separation assemblies, ensuring uniform processing conditions and reliable fibre extraction performance throughout the apparatus.

[0020] In an embodiment, each separation roller comprises a plurality of spikes extending from a surface thereof. The spikes enhance the gripping capability of the separation rollers, allowing for more effective engagement with the fibrous material and improved extraction efficiency through mechanical interaction with the plant feedstock surface.

[0021] In an embodiment, the spikes are angled in the direction of rotation of the separation roller.

[0022] Angling the spikes in the direction of rotation improves the efficiency with which the separation rollers can secure and remove fibres from the plant feedstock, as the angled configuration facilitates a catching and stripping action that allows for effective fibre extraction.

[0023] In an embodiment, the depth of the spikes is limited to prevent damage to a woody core of the plant feedstock.

[0024] Limiting the spike depth ensures that the structural integrity of the plant feedstock is maintained during processing, preventing damage to the woody core that could impede the smooth passage of the feedstock through the apparatus and reduce processing efficiency.

[0025] In an embodiment, each separation roller comprises a textured surface.

[0026] A textured surface provides enhanced grip on the plant feedstock, improving the effectiveness of the separating force application and ensuring consistent engagement between the roller and the fibrous material.

[0027] In an embodiment, each separation roller has a surface comprising a high-friction material, optionally rubber.

[0028] High-friction materials such as rubber provide superior gripping characteristics, ensuring reliable engagement with the plant feedstock and preventing slippage that could reduce extraction efficiency.

[0029] In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a third drive assembly disposed between the first and second separation assemblies. The third drive assembiy helps to ensure continuous driving force is appiied to the plant feedstock even when separation forces are being applied, thereby preventing blockages and maintaining smooth material flow through the apparatus.

[0030] In an embodiment, each of the drive assemblies comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant feedstock.

[0031] Paired rollers provide secure gripping of the plant feedstock from opposing sides, ensuring reliable movement through the apparatus, and preventing material slippage or misalignment during processing.

[0032] In an embodiment, at least one of the drive assemblies is configured to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock.

[0033] Applying a crushing force flattens the plant feedstock, increasing the surface area available for fibre extraction and improving the efficiency with which the separation assemblies can remove fibres from the plant material.

[0034] In an embodiment, the separation roller of each separation assembly rotates at substantially the same speed as the drive roller of the same separation assembly but in the opposite direction.

[0035] This speed relationship simplifies the mechanical design of the apparatus whilst ensuring optimal separation conditions, as the consistent speed differential provides reliable and predictable separating forces.

[0036] In an embodiment, all rollers of the first drive assembly and the third drive assembly rotate at substantially the same speed.

[0037] Uniform rotation speeds across the primary drive assemblies ensure consistent material handling and prevent speed-related complications that could cause material bunching or uneven processing.

[0038] In an embodiment, the rollers of the second drive assembly rotate at a faster speed than the rollers of the first drive assembly and, when present, the third drive assembly. The increased speed of the second drive assembly aids in removing the processed feedstock from the apparatus, ensuring efficient material discharge, and preventing accumulation that could cause blockages.

[0039] In an embodiment, the drive assemblies are positioned such that, in use, the plant feedstock is simultaneously gripped and moved by at least two drive assemblies when the plant feedstock is being acted upon by one or more separation assemblies.

[0040] This positioning ensures that driving force is continuously applied to the plant feedstock during separation, preventing the counter-rotating separation rollers from inhibiting material movement and maintaining smooth processing flow.

[0041] In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises a fourth drive assembly positioned before the first drive assembly.

[0042] The fourth drive assembly provides additional material handling capability, ensuring reliable feeding of plant feedstock into the main processing section of the apparatus.

[0043] In an embodiment, the fourth drive assembly has a roller separation greater than that of the first drive assembly.

[0044] Greater roller separation in the fourth drive assembly accommodates varying sizes of plant feedstock, providing flexibility in material handling and ensuring reliable feeding regardless of feedstock dimensions.

[0045] In an embodiment, the fourth drive assembly and the first drive assembly are configured to crush the plant feedstock in a two-stage process.

[0046] Two-stage crushing provides progressive flattening of the plant feedstock, optimising the material preparation for subsequent fibre extraction whilst preventing excessive damage that could impair processing efficiency.

[0047] In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more belts disposed between drive assemblies to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock.

[0048] Belts provide additional support for material movement between processing stages, ensuring continuous material flow and preventing gaps in material handling that could cause processing interruptions. In an embodiment, the one or more belts are each disposed between adjacent drive assemblies.

[0049] Positioning belts between adjacent drive assemblies ensures seamless material transfer throughout the apparatus, maintaining continuous processing flow and preventing material handling gaps.

[0050] In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more removal assemblies, each removal assembly being configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from a respective separation assembly.

[0051] Removal assemblies ensure efficient collection of extracted fibres, preventing accumulation on the separation rollers that could reduce extraction efficiency and cause processing complications.

[0052] In an embodiment, each removal assembly comprises one or more brushes configured to rotate in the same direction as the separation roller of the respective separation assembly but at a faster speed.

[0053] The faster rotation speed of the brushes in the same direction as the separation rollers actively pulls fibres away from the roller surface, preventing fibre impalement and ensuring efficient fibre removal and collection.

[0054] In an embodiment, each removal assembly further comprises one or more nozzles, each nozzle being configured to direct gas and / or liquid at the respective separation assembly to facilitate removal of the separated elementary fibres.

[0055] Nozzles provide additional assistance in fibre removal through directed airflow or liquid jets, enhancing the effectiveness of the mechanical brush removal system and ensuring thorough cleaning of the separation rollers.

[0056] In an embodiment, the rollers of at least one of the drive assemblies comprise surface texturing to facilitate gripping of the plant feedstock.

[0057] Surface texturing improves the gripping capability of the drive rollers, ensuring reliable material handling and preventing slippage that could disrupt the processing flow. In an embodiment, the apparatus further comprises one or more guide assemblies configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

[0058] Guide assemblies ensure proper alignment and positioning of the plant feedstock during processing, reducing the risk of material misalignment that could cause blockages or reduce extraction efficiency.

[0059] In an embodiment, the plant feedstock comprises a plant stem having a bast region, and the one or more elementary fibres are extracted from the bast region of the plant stem.

[0060] Processing plant stems with bast regions allows for the extraction of high-quality elementary fibres suitable for textile and composite applications, expanding the utility of the apparatus for commercial fibre production.

[0061] In an embodiment, the apparatus is configured such that when the plant stem is passed through the apparatus, a woody core of the plant stem remains substantially intact whilst the elementary fibre containing bast region is substantially removed.

[0062] Maintaining the integrity of the woody core whilst removing the bast region ensures efficient separation of valuable fibres from waste material, facilitating easier material handling and downstream processing.

[0063] In an embodiment, the plant feedstock is a fibrous plant leaf.

[0064] The capability to process fibrous plant leaves extends the versatility of the apparatus to handle monocotyledonous plants, broadening the range of feedstock materials that can be processed for fibre extraction.

[0065] In an embodiment, the plant feedstock may be in a dry, rehydrated, fresh, frozen, previously frozen, or pre-processed condition.

[0066] The ability to process plant feedstock in various conditions provides operational flexibility and eliminates the need for specific pre-treatment requirements, reducing processing costs and complexity.

[0067] In an embodiment, the apparatus is configured to process plant feedstock without requiring pre-processing steps. Eliminating pre-processing requirements reduces operational complexity, processing time, and associated costs whilst maintaining effective fibre extraction performance.

[0068] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, a method of extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock using an apparatus according to the first aspect is provided.

[0069] The method provides an efficient and automated approach to fibre extraction that produces high-quality elementary fibres suitable for various industrial applications whilst minimising manual intervention and processing time.

[0070] In an embodiment, the method further comprises pre-treating the plant feedstock prior to extraction, wherein the pre-treatment comprises one or more of drying, rehydrating, and freezing the plant feedstock.

[0071] Pre-treatment options provide flexibility in processing different types of plant feedstock and can enhance extraction efficiency by optimising the physical properties of the material prior to processing.

[0072] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, an elementary fibre produced using an apparatus according to the first aspect or a method according to the second aspect is provided.

[0073] Elementary fibres produced using the disclosed apparatus and method exhibit high quality and structural integrity, making them suitable for a wide range of applications including textiles, composites, and other industrial uses where natural fibres are required.

[0074] According to a fourth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided apparatus for extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock, the apparatus comprising: a first drive assembly; a second drive assembly; and a first separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies; the first and second drive assemblies each being configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus; and the first separation assembly being configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres. An apparatus according to the fourth aspect is beneficial as it allows for quick and efficient extraction of fibres from a plant feedstock. The apparatus allows for a high proportion of the fibres to be extracted from the plant feedstock with minimal damage to the fibres, and with a high degree of automation possible.

[0075] An apparatus according to the fourth aspect is further beneficial as it allows for an extremely wide range of plant feedstocks to be used. In particular, the apparatus is able to extract fibres from dry, rehydrated, fresh, and / or pre-processed plant feedstock. Furthermore, the apparatus is able to extract fibres from softer and less durable plant feedstocks, such as potato plant stems, that cannot be processed using existing options, such as decorticators.

[0076] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first drive assembly comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant stem, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus. A first drive assembly arranged in this manner ensures consistent movement of the plant feedstock through the apparatus, facilitating smooth and efficient extraction of fibres from the feedstock.

[0077] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first drive assembly is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock into and at least partially through the first separation assembly. This helps the separation assembly to quickly and efficiently extract fibres from the plant feedstock. Further, the force imparted by the first drive assembly can assist with the separation of the fibres by the first separation assembly.

[0078] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the second drive assembly comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant feedstock, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus. A second drive assembly arranged in this manner ensures consistent movement of the plant feedstock through the apparatus, facilitating smooth and efficient extraction of fibres from the feedstock

[0079] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the second drive assembly is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock out of the first separation assembly. This helps the separation assembly to quickly and efficiently extract fibres from the plant feedstock. Further, the force imparted by the second drive assembly can assist with the separation of the fibres by the first separation assembly. In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a separation force in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus. Applying the separation force in this manner enhances the effectiveness of fibre extraction by counteracting the plant feedstock's movement, leading to more efficient separation.

[0080] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first separation assembly comprises a pair of rollers. Using rollers in this manner facilitates controlled and consistent application of separating force, improving the quality and efficiency of fibre extraction.

[0081] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the rollers of the first separation assembly are configured to be rotatable in order to apply a separation force to the plant feedstock in substantially the opposite direction to the motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus. Rotatable rollers in the first separation assembly allow for precise force application, enhancing the effectiveness and quality of fibre separation.

[0082] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a shearing force to the plant feedstock. Applying a shearing force to the plant feedstock ensures effective separation of fibres without excessive damage, preserving fibre integrity.

[0083] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a splitting and / or peeling force to the plant feedstock. The ability to apply splitting and / or peeling forces provides versatility in handling different types of plant feedstock and for effective extraction of different fibres, making the apparatus adaptable to various materials and requirements.

[0084] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus further comprising a removal assembly configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from the first separation assembly. The removal assembly ensures efficient collection of separated fibres, reducing the need for manual handling and improving overall process efficiency.

[0085] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the removal assembly comprises one or more brushes. Brushes in the removal assembly provide gentle yet effective cleaning and removal of fibres from the separation assembly, maintaining fibre quality and enhancing the efficiency with which extracted fibres are collected.

[0086] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the removal assembly comprises one or more rotatable brushes. Rotatable brushes enhance the removal process by ensuring thorough cleaning and fibre collection, improving the efficiency of the apparatus.

[0087] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the first drive assembly is configurable to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock. By applying a crushing force, the plant feedstock can be made substantially flat, improving the efficiency with which the separation assembly can extract fibres from the plant stock.

[0088] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus further comprising one or more guide assemblies configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock through the apparatus. Guide assemblies ensure precise alignment and movement of the plant feedstock through the apparatus, reducing the risk of misalignment and damage.

[0089] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus comprising a first guide assembly positioned between the first drive assembly and the first separation assembly, the first guide assembly being configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the first separation assembly. The first guide assembly ensures smooth entry of the plant feedstock into the first separation assembly, enhancing process efficiency and reducing the risk of blockages.

[0090] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus comprising a second guide assembly disposed between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly, the second guide assembly being configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the second drive assembly. The second guide assembly ensures that the plant material is able to smoothly transition between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly, enhancing process efficiency and reducing the risk of blockages.

[0091] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus further comprising a second separation assembly. The inclusion of a second separation assembly allows for additional processing stages, improving the thoroughness and quality of fibre extraction, and thus the overall efficiency of the apparatus. In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the second separation assembly is disposed between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly. Positioning the second separation assembly between the first separation and second drive assemblies allows for continuous and efficient processing, enhancing overall productivity. The second separation assembly may advantageously allow for additional elementary fibres to be extracted from the plant feedstock,

[0092] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus further comprising a third drive assembly, wherein the second separation assembly is disposed between the second drive assembly and the third drive assembly. The third drive assembly provides additional movement control, enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the apparatus by ensuring consistent feedstock movement. Positioning the second separation assembly between the second drive assembly and the third drive assembly allows for continuous control over the motion of the plant feedstock while the plant feedstock is being moved through each of the separation assemblies.

[0093] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein: the plant feedstock is a plant stem comprising a bast region; and the one or more elementary fibres are extracted from the bast region of the plant stem. Fibres extracted from the bast region of a plant stem are of high quality, and are suitable for a wide range of applications.

[0094] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus configured such that when a plant stem comprising a bast portion and a central core is passed through the first separation assembly, the bast portion is substantially removed such that substantially only the woody core is interactable with by the second drive assembly. Configuring the apparatus in this manner ensures that the extraction process can operate at a high efficiency, allowing for the extraction of a large amount of high quality bast fibres from a plant stem feedstock.

[0095] In an embodiment, there is provided an apparatus wherein the plant feedstock is a fibrous plant leaf. The apparatus's ability to handle fibrous plant leaves extends its utility to a wider range of plant materials, making it versatile and adaptable.

[0096] According to a fifth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock using an apparatus according to the fourth aspect. The extraction method allows for the production of high quality elementary fibres suitable for a wide range of applications, from a variety of plant feedstocks.

[0097] According to a sixth aspect of the disclosure, there is provided an elementary fibre produced using an apparatus according to the fourth aspect, and / or a method according to the fifth aspect. Fibres produced using the disclosed apparatus, and / or using the disclosed method, are of high quality and are suitable for a wide range of applications.

[0098] Brief description of the drawings

[0099] Examples of the present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0100] Figure 1 illustrates an apparatus according to the present disclosure

[0101] Figure 2 illustrates a schematic view of an apparatus for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock;

[0102] Figure 3 illustrates a schematic view of the apparatus with first and second separation assemblies;

[0103] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic view of the apparatus with a third drive assembly;

[0104] Figure 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of the apparatus with first and second belts;

[0105] Figure 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of the apparatus with belts and a third drive assembly;

[0106] Figure 7 illustrates a flowchart for a method of extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock using an apparatus with drive assemblies and separation assemblies; and

[0107] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart for a method of extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock using an apparatus.

[0108] Detailed description

[0109] An apparatus according to the present disclosure is configured to extract elementary fibres from plant source material. More specifically, the apparatus is configured to extract elementary fibres from plant stems and from plant leaves, as discussed in more detail below. The term "elementary fibre" according to the present disclosure refers to a single plant fibre. In examples where the one or more elementary fibres are extracted from a plant stem, an elementary fibre may be a single phloem or a section thereof. In examples where the elementary fibres are extracted from a plant leaf, an elementary fibre may be a single phloem or section thereof, a single xylem or section thereof, or a combination of both.

[0110] In some examples, the term "elementary fibre" may additionally or alternatively be referred to as one or more of a "phloem", "phloem fibre", "xylem", "skin fibre", "leaf fibre", "bast fibre", or "plant fibre".

[0111] A wide range of plants and plant crops contain fibres that are of interest for extracting. Many of these plants may be categorised as either "dicotyledon" ("dicots") or "monocotyledon" ("monocots"). Dicots typically have fibrous stems, from which elementary fibres may be extracted. In dicot-type plants, the elementary fibres are extracted from the bast region of the plant stem. Monocots typically have fibrous leaves, from which elementary fibres may be extracted. In monocot-type plants, the elementary fibres are extracted from the fibrous portions of the leaves. In either plant type, elementary fibres may be bundled together in "fibrous bundles". In some examples, as explained in more detail below, these elementary fibre-containing bundles may be extracted by the apparatus, with further processing steps used to separate the bundles into individual elementary fibres. Extracted elementary fibres and / or elementary fibre bundles may be referred to as such, or may simply be referred to as "fibres".

[0112] An apparatus according to the present disclosure may also be used to extract fibres from an extremely wide range of plant feedstocks. In particular, the apparatus is able to extract fibres from dry, rehydrated, fresh, and / or pre-treated plant feedstock. Furthermore, the apparatus is able to extract fibres from softer and less durable plant feedstocks, such as potato plant stems, that cannot be processed using existing options, such as decorticators.

[0113] For simplicity, the remainder of this disclosure will primarily focus on an apparatus configured for use with extracting elementary fibres from the bast region of a plant stem, the plant stem being provided from a dicot plant. However, it should be understood that any such apparatus may also be used to extract fibres from other types of plant feedstock including, but not limited to, monocot plant leaves.

[0114] An apparatus according to the present invention facilitates the efficient extraction of high quality fibres from plant feedstock. The properties of the fibres produced using the disclosed apparatus, and / or according to the disclosed method, make them suitable for use in a wide range of applications. Fibres extracted using the disclosed apparatus and method may be suitable for processing into apparel textiles and, in particular, for woven and knit apparel. The fibres may, in some example, be processable using equipment already widely used to process textile fibres, without significant (or, indeed, any) modification of the equipment. The properties of the fibres produced may also make them suitable for use in a wide range of further applications, including applications where they may not be woven into fabrics. Further possible applications may be: fibre reinforcement in fibre reinforced composite materials, face masks, insulation material, upholstery (including beds and bedding), and construction materials.

[0115] Figure 1 illustrates an example of an apparatus (100) according to the present disclosure. The apparatus (100) comprises a first drive assembly (101) configured to move a plant feedstock, such as a plant stem (200), through the apparatus (100). In the illustrated example, the plant feedstock is a dicot plant stem (200) although, as discussed above, other plant feedstocks may be used. In the illustrated example, the first drive assembly (101) comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant stem (200). The rollers are configured to rotate in opposite directions, thereby to move the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100) (in a downward direction, in the example illustrated in figure 1, although any apparatus (100) orientation may be used). In some examples, the first drive assembly (101) may comprise alternative components configured to facilitate movement of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100). In the illustrated example, the rollers of the first drive assembly (101) do not comprise additional features to facilitate gripping and moving the plant stem (200). However, in some examples the rollers may comprise additional features such as a plurality of ridges and / or spikes, configured to assist with firmly gripping the plant stem (200).

[0116] The apparatus (100) comprises a second drive assembly (102), which is also configured to move a plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100). In the illustrated example, the second drive assembly (102) also comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant stem (200). The rollers of the second drive assembly (102) are configured to work in much the same way as those of the first drive assembly (101). In the illustrated example, the rollers of the second drive assembly (102) each comprise a plurality of ridges arranged around each respective surface of the rollers. These ridges are arranged so as to facilitate gripping the plant stem (200), thereby to assist with moving the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100). As with the rollers of the first drive assembly (101), such an arrangement of surface features is merely one possibility that is contemplated. In the illustrated example, the ridges disposed on the surface of the rollers of the second drive assembly (102) may be particularly beneficial in providing a secure grip on the plant stem (200). This is because the plant stem (200) may be more difficult to grip securely after passing through the first separation assembly (103) given that, as discussed in more detail below, a substantial portion of the plant stem (200) may have been removed.

[0117] The apparatus (100) further comprises a first separation assembly (103), disposed between the first drive assembly (101) and the second drive assembly (102). The first separation assembly (103) is configured to apply a separating force to the plant stem (200), thereby to remove at least a portion of the fibre-containing portion of the plant stem (200). In examples where the plant stem (200) is from a dicot-type plant, the first separation assembly (103) is configured to separate at least a portion of the bast region from the plant stem (200). As discussed above, in dicot-type plants, the bast region is the portion of the plant stem (200) containing the elementary fibres to be extracted.

[0118] The first drive assembly (101) may be arranged so as to push the plant stem (200) into, and at least partially through, the first separation assembly (103). The second drive assembly (102) may be arranged so as to at least partially pull the plant stem (200) through the first separation assembly (103). In some examples, the first and second drive assemblies (101, 102) may be arranged such that when the plant stem (200) is passing through the first separation assembly (103), the plant stem (200) is always being acted on by at least one of the first and second drive assemblies (101, 102).

[0119] In the illustrated example, the first separation assembly (103) comprises a pair of rollers configured to apply a separating force to the plant stem (200) as it is moved through the apparatus (100). In one example, the separating force may be applied by the rollers rotating in a direction opposite to that of the direction of motion of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100). In other examples, the rollers of the separation assembly may rotate in the same direction as the motion of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100), but at a speed that is different from that of the plant stem (200). Such a speed differential would have the effect of applying a separation force to the surface of the plant stem (200) as it is moved through the first separation assembly (103). In some examples, the separation force may be applied in a direction that is substantially opposite to the direction that the plant stem (200) is moving through the apparatus (100). In such examples, the separation force may be applied by a portion of the separation assembly (such as one or more rollers) moving in the opposite direction to the direction of motion of the plant stem (200). In other examples, the separation force may be applied by a portion of the separation assembly that is stationary, or even moving in the same direction as the plant stem (200) but at a lower speed. In either of these situations, when the plant stem (200) is moving through the apparatus (100), the portion of the separation assembly will have a relative motion in substantially the opposite direction to that of the plant stem (200). The separation assembly will thereby apply a separation force to the plant stem (200) in substantially the opposite direction to the motion of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100).

[0120] In the illustrated example, the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) each comprise a plurality of ridges. These ridges are configured to assist with gripping and separating from the plant stem (200) the fibre containing portions. In other examples, the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) may additionally, or alternatively, comprise other means for assisting with the extraction of the fibres. For example, the rollers may each comprise a plurality of spikes and / or sharp edges.

[0121] In some examples, the first separation assembly (103) may comprise alternative means for applying a separation force to the plant stem (200). In some examples, the first separation assembly (103) may comprise one or more sharp edged members (such as blades, not shown in the illustrated example) arranged to split, slice and / or shear the fibre containing portions from the plant stem (200). These features may be in addition to, or instead of, the rollers shown in the illustrated example.

[0122] In the illustrated example, the first separation assembly (103) comprises a pair of rollers that are substantially aligned with the first drive assembly (101). The rollers are configured such that, in use, they rotate in a direction opposite to that of the corresponding rollers in the first drive assembly (101), thereby to impart a separation force on the plant stem (200). Such an arrangement may be beneficial, for example by simplifying the construction and operation of the apparatus (100).

[0123] In other examples where the first separation assembly (103) comprises a pair of rollers, said rollers may be arranged in an orientation different to that of the corresponding rollers in the first drive assembly (101). Any relative orientation may be used, for example the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) may be arranged in a direction perpendicular to that of the rollers of the first drive assembly (101), with the respective rotational axes of the first separation rollers being parallel with the direction of motion of the plant stem (200). In such an example, if the apparatus (100) is arranged substantially vertically (as shown in figure 1), with the first drive assembly (101) rollers arranged substantially horizontally, the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) would be arranged substantially vertically. In such an orientation, the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) could apply the separation force in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the direction of movement of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100). In another example, the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) may be arranged such that the rotational axes of the first separation assembly rollers and the first drive assembly rollers form an offset angle of up to 90 degrees. In some examples, an offset angle of less than 60 degrees may be beneficial. In some examples, an offset angle of around 10 degrees may be particularly beneficial. In such arrangements, the separation force applied by the first separation assembly (103) may be, at least in part, a shear force. Such an arrangement may be beneficial in extracting fibres from a particular kind of plant feedstock. Furthermore, such arrangements may assist with the removal and capture of the extracted fibres, by directing the extracted fibres away from the plant stem. Such an arrangement may also be particularly beneficial in conjunction with a second separation assembly arranged in a different orientation, as discussed in more detail below.

[0124] Figure 1 illustrates a first removal assembly (104), configured to remove fibres from the separation assembly after being separated from the plant stem (200). In the illustrated example, the first removal assembly (104) comprises a pair of rollers each comprising brushes (105). The brushes (105) of the first removal assembly (104) are arranged such that, in use, they make contact with the separation assembly thereby to help remove from the separation assembly the extracted fibres. In the illustrated example, the brushes (105) are rotatable, thereby improving the efficiency with which they are able to remove the extracted fibres from the separation assembly. In examples where the first separation assembly (103) comprises a pair of rotatable rollers, and where the first removal assembly (104) comprises a pair of rotatable brushes (105), the brushes (105) of the first removal assembly (104) may be configured to each rotate either in a direction opposite to that of the separation roller with which they make contact, or in the same direction as the respective separation roller but at a different tangential speed. In some examples, the rotational speed of the brushes (105) may be equal to, or faster than, the rotational speed of the respective rollers of the first separation assembly (103). This rotation may improve the efficiency with which the brushes (105) are able to remove the fibres from the rollers of the separation assembly.

[0125] Although not shown in the illustrated example, the apparatus (100) may comprise means for collecting and retaining the extracted fibres. For example, one or more collection assemblies may be arranged to collect extracted plant fibres from the first separation assembly (103) and / or the first removal assembly (104).

[0126] As discussed in more detail below, in some examples, the apparatus (100) may comprise second or further separation assemblies. In such examples, each respective separation assembly may comprise a corresponding removal assembly (104) and / or a corresponding collection assembly.

[0127] Figure 1 illustrates a first guide assembly (106), configured to guide the plant stem (200) into the first separation assembly (103). In the illustrated example, the first guide assembly (106) comprises a pair of guide members arranged to direct an end of the plant stem (200) into the first separation assembly (103). This is merely an example of how the first guide assembly (106) may be arranged, and other arrangements are contemplated.

[0128] Figure 1 illustrates a second guide assembly (107), configured to guide the plant stem (200) into the second drive assembly (102). In the illustrated example, the second guide assembly (107) comprises a pair of guide members arranged to direct an end of the plant stem (200) into the first separation assembly (103). This is merely an example of how the second guide assembly (107) may be arranged, and other arrangements are contemplated.

[0129] Although the illustrated example shows two guide assemblies, it should be appreciated that this is merely an illustration of a possible arrangement of an apparatus according to the present disclosure. In some examples, further guide assemblies may be included, and in some examples there may be no guide assemblies present.

[0130] In some examples, as discussed in more detail below, the apparatus (100) may comprise additional drive assemblies and / or separation assemblies. In such examples, each additional drive assembly and / or separation assembly may comprise a guide assembly configured to guide the plant stem (200) into the respective drive or separation assembly. In some examples, the apparatus (100) may comprise a second separation assembly. In such examples, the addition of a second separation assembly may help to improve the efficiency with which the apparatus (100) is able to extract fibres from plant feedstock. The second separation assembly may be arranged in any number of ways, however two particular arrangements are envisaged:

[0131] 1. The second separation assembly is arranged to be substantially the same as the first separation assembly (103). In such an arrangement, the second separation assembly may help to improve the efficiency with which the fibres are extracted simply by repeating the process performed by the first separation assembly (103).

[0132] 2. The second separation assembly is arranged in a different way to the first separation assembly (103). This may be comprising different components and / or by being aligned in a different orientation. In this arrangement, the second separation assembly helps to improve the efficiency with which fibres are extracted by extracting fibres that may not have been extractable by the orientation and / or configuration of the first separation assembly (103).

[0133] Examples of the first arrangement should be relatively straightforward to understand, and so will not be discussed in particular detail. However, some particular examples of the second scenario are discussed in more detail below.

[0134] In some examples, the first and second separation assemblies may comprise similar components (such as a pair of rollers) but may be aligned differently. In such examples, any respective alignment of the two separation assemblies may be used. In such examples, the different alignments of the first and second separation assemblies may allow the respective separation assemblies to extract fibres from different portions of the plant stem (200). For example, the first separation assembly (103) may not be able to extract fibres from all areas of the surface of the plant stem (200) equally. The second separation assembly may therefore be aligned specifically to target the portions of the plant stem (200) from which the first separation assembly (103) was not able to extract fibres.

[0135] In some examples, the first and second separation assemblies may comprise different components, configured to apply a respective separation force differently. For example, the first separation assembly (103) may comprise one or more bladed members configured to remove fibre-containing sections of the plant feedstock by splitting and / or peeling the fibre-containing sections away from the plant stem (200). The second separation assembly could instead comprise a pair of rollers, configured to apply a separating force to the remaining fibre-containing sections of the plant stem (200). Such an arrangement may be beneficial for plant feedstocks that have particularly thick or tough fibre containing regions.

[0136] In some examples, the second separation assembly may be positioned between the first separation assembly (103) and the second drive assembly (102), such that the plant stem (200) moves directly from the first separation assembly (103) into the second separation assembly. In other examples, the second separation assembly may be positioned after the second drive assembly (102) (the term "after" referring to the passage of the plant stem (200) through the apparatus (100), during use). In such examples, the apparatus (100) may comprise a third drive assembly arranged such that the second separation assembly is positioned between the second and third drive assemblies. The relative positioning of the second and third drive assemblies and the second separation assembly may be analogous to the relative positioning of the first and second drive assemblies (101, 102) and the first separation assembly (103). In each case, a drive assembly may be arranged to move the plant stem (200) into a separation assembly, and a further drive assembly arranged to move the plant stem (200) out of the separation assembly.

[0137] In some examples, a third and fourth drive assembly may be positioned after the second drive assembly (102), with a second separation assembly disposed therebetween. In other examples, a second or subsequent apparatus (100) may be arranged to process the plant stems (200) after the plant stems (200) have passed through the first apparatus (100). By using additional apparatus (100), the efficiency of extracting fibres from the plant feedstock may be increased.

[0138] In some examples, the second drive assembly (102) may be omitted. In such examples, the first drive assembly (101) may be configured to move the plant stem (200) substantially through the first separation assembly (103). In such examples, the first separation assembly (103) may be configured to release the plant stem (200) once it is no longer being moved by the first drive assembly (101), thereby to prevent the plant stem (200) from being retained within the separation assembly.

[0139] In some examples, one or more of the drive assemblies may be configured to apply a crushing force to the plant stem (200). In an example where the first drive assembly (101) is configured in such a way, this may be beneficial in improving the efficiency with which the first separation assembly (103) is able to remove fibres from the plant stem (200). In an example where the first separation assembly (103) comprises a pair of rollers, the crushing force applied by the first drive assembly (101) will act to flatten the plant stem (200), thereby increasing the surface area of the plant stem (200) with which the rollers of the first separation assembly (103) is able to interact.

[0140] In some examples, the apparatus (100) may comprise one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to adjust the gap between rollers in one or more of the drive assemblies and / 'or separation assemblies. The adjustment mechanisms may comprise, for example, a lead screw mechanism, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or other suitable adjustment means. Such adjustment capability may be beneficial in adapting the apparatus (100) for use with different types of plant feedstock, which may have varying dimensions, densities, or mechanical properties. By adjusting the roller gap, the apparatus (100) may be optimized for processing different plant materials, ensuring appropriate gripping force for drive assemblies and optimal separating force application for separation assemblies. The adjustment mechanisms may allow for manual adjustment between processing runs, or may be configured for automatic adjustment during operation based on feedback from sensors monitoring the plant feedstock characteristics or processing parameters.

[0141] In some examples where the apparatus (100) comprises a second separation assembly arranged after the second drive assembly (102), the second drive assembly (102) may be configured to apply a crushing force to the stems in a different direction to that of the first drive assembly (101). In such examples, this may help to improve the efficiency of the second separation assembly, by flattening the plant stem (200) in a different way, thereby exposing a different surface of the plant stem (200) to the second separation assembly.

[0142] In some examples, where the apparatus (100) comprises a second separation assembly arranged after the second drive assembly (102), the second drive assembly (102) may be configured to alter the orientation of the plant stem (200). For example, the second drive assembly (102) may be configured to rotate the plant stem, thereby exposing a different surface of the plant stem (200) to the second separation assembly.

[0143] In some examples, the apparatus (100) may further comprise an alignment assembly configured to align the plant stems (200) (or other plant feedstock) prior to entering the first drive assembly (101). Many different alignment mechanisms are known in the art, and any may be suitable for use in this application. By aligning the plant stems (200) prior to entering the first drive assembiy (101), the efficiency with which the apparatus (100) functions may be improved. Furthermore, blockages caused by incorrectly aligned plant stems (200) may be reduced.

[0144] As mentioned above, the apparatus (100) according to the present disclosure is able to extract fibres from a wide range of plant feedstocks, and from plant feedstocks in a wide range of conditions. For example, the apparatus may be used to extract fibres from a feedstock that comprises plant feedstock in any one or more of the following conditions:

[0145] Dry: where the plant feedstock has been dried out to a low moisture content, for example of between 10% and 20%. Drying may be performed using any suitable method, such as: sun, heat, airflow, or chemicals.

[0146] - Fresh: where the plant feedstock is still green, typically within a few days of being harvested. The moisture content of fresh plant feedstock is typically between 70% and 95%.

[0147] - Rehydrated: Dry plant feedstock can be rehydrated using various methods, but typically involving soaking the plant feedstock in a rehydrating agent. In some examples, the method of rehydration may involve anything from submerging the plant feedstock for a few minutes to soaking overnight. The rehydration agent may be water, or may be a solute comprising a salt (such as NaCI). The moisture content of rehydrated plant feedstock can vary enormously, for example from 10% to 99% moisture.

[0148] - Pre-processed: the feedstock may have undergone one or more pre-processing steps to at least partially break down the feedstock material. Examples of possible pre-processing method steps are described in more detail below.

[0149] As noted above, the apparatus (100) according to the present disclosure is able to extract fibres from a plant feedstock without the need for pre-processing steps. However, in some examples, one or more pre-processing steps may be employed in order to further increase the efficiency of fibre extraction. Examples of possible preprocessing steps are detailed below. In some examples, the plant feedstock may be subjected to one or more preprocessing steps prior to undergoing fibre extraction. Examples of pre-processing steps include:

[0150] - Crushing : the plant feedstock may be crushed in order to enable faster dehydration. In some examples, this may be done using harvesting machinery, in other examples a dedicated apparatus may be used. Crushing is typically performed prior to storing the plant feedstock, in order to facilitate dehydration. In some examples, crushing can reduce the dehydration time by as much as 50%.

[0151] - Baling : the plant feedstock may be baled up. This can be beneficial in improving the ease and efficiency with which the feedstock can be stored ahead of fibre extraction.

[0152] - Refrigeration: the plant feedstock may be stored at a lowered temperature, thereby to help preserve the plant feedstock in a fresh state before fibre extraction. In some examples, refrigeration can help prevent the formation of mould on the plant feedstock, which can be detrimental to the quality of the plant feedstock and thus to the produced fibre product. Other ways to prevent mould may alternatively, or additionally, be used including applying an airflow to the plant feedstock.

[0153] - Defoliation: in examples where the plant feedstock is a plant stem, the plant stem may have any leaves stripped from it.

[0154] - Cutting: in some examples, the plant feedstock may be cut or smashed as part of the harvesting process.

[0155] - Ensiling: the plant feedstock may be fermented in an anaerobic environment in a similar process to agricultural silage. This may be advantageous for long term preservation without the need for substantial dehydration.

[0156] In some examples, one or more pre-processing steps may be performed in order to at least partially break down the plant feedstock before fibres are extracted using the apparatus (100). In some examples, pre-processing may include one or more of: heat treatment, dehydration, crimping, exposure to electrical discharge, microwaving, steaming, boiling, blanching, steam explosion, chemical treatment, and ultrasound. Each of these different pre-processing steps may help to break down different portions of the feedstock material.

[0157] In some examples, pre-processing may result in a decrease in the overall mass of the plant feedstock. The mass loss may be, for example, due to the breakdown of non- cellulosic material. This may reduce the bonding between the fibres in the plant feedstock material. In some examples, the non-cellulosic material may comprise hemicellulose.

[0158] In examples where retting is performed (including enzymatic retting), pre-processing may allow for the retting agents (such as enzymes and / or chemicals) to more easily access pectin-containing portions of the plant feedstock. This in turn may improve the speed and / or efficiency of retting.

[0159] In an example, heat treatment may involve heating the plant feedstock in a dry atmosphere, in order to break down hemicellulose material in the plant feedstock. In some examples, this may result in a mass loss of between 40% and 55% of the plant feedstock following pre-processing. In some examples, the plant feedstock may be heated to at least 260 degrees centigrade.

[0160] In another example, boiling may involve immersing the plant feedstock in boiling water for a sufficient amount of time to cause breakdown of some of the non-cellulosic material. In an example, a boiling time of 225 minutes may result in a mass loss of approximately 40% of the plant feedstock following pre-processing.

[0161] In another example, microwaving may involve subjecting the plant feedstock to microwave radiation. In an example, the plant feedstock may be soaked in water before being subjected to microwave radiation. Soaking the plant feedstock may help the microwave radiation to be absorbed by the plant feedstock, for example by increasing the water content of the plant feedstock. In an example, subjecting soaked plant feedstock to microwave radiation may result in a mass loss of between 20% and 40%.

[0162] In a further example, crimping may involve physically crushing and / or hammering the plant feedstock. This may result in the breakdown of some of the non-cellulosic material in the plant feedstock. In some examples, the plant feedstock material is subjected to retting, in order to break down the bonding between the fibres and / or fibre bundles within the plant feedstock, thereby to aid in the extraction of the fibres from the plant feedstock. In some examples, this may involve enzymatic retting, although other retting methods may alternatively, or additionally, be employed.

[0163] In some examples, retting may involve enzymatic retting. This may be performed using a pectinolytic enzyme, which breaks down the pectin in order to allow the extraction of the fibres.

[0164] In some examples, enzymatic retting involves applying the retting enzymes directly to the plant feedstock. In some examples, the enzymes may be suspended in a liquid and the liquid may be applied to the plant feedstock; this may involve spraying the liquid on to the plant feedstock, or at least partially submerging / immersing the plant feedstock in the liquid.

[0165] In some examples, enzymes may additionally, or alternatively, be applied to the plant feedstock through the use of microorganisms. In some examples, the microorganisms may comprise bacteria and / or fungi. In such examples, enzyme generating bacteria and / or fungi may be applied to the plant feedstock; the bacteria and / or fungi then produce the retting enzymes in order for the enzymatic retting to take place. In such examples, the bacteria and / or fungi may be suspended in a liquid and the liquid may be applied to the plant feedstock; this may involve spraying the liquid on to the plant feedstock, or at least partially submerging the plant feedstock in the liquid.

[0166] In some examples, a combination of retting enzymes and bacteria that produce retting enzymes may be used in the retting process.

[0167] In some examples, retting may use an enzyme selected from a group comprising: pectinase, cellulase, laccase and hemicellulase. Each of these types of enzyme breaks down part of the bonding material that bonds the fibres within the plant feedstock. One or more of these enzymes may be used in order to help break down this bonding material. In some examples, one or more of these enzyme types may be used directly. In other examples, bacteria may be used to produce one or more of these enzyme types.

[0168] In some examples, an enzyme used during retting may be selected from a group comprising: pectate lyase, pectinesterase (endo)polygalacturonase, protopectinase, exopolygalacturonase, polygalacturonase, laccase, xylanase, exo-cellulase, endocellulase, endogenous xylanase, exogenous xylanase, exoxylosldase, arablnfuranosidase, endogalactanase, exogalactosidase, exoglucanase, glucanase, lignin peroxidase, cellobiase, protease, mannanase, alpha-amylase, phytase, lysozyme, bromelain, keratinase, pectinase, mannanse, beta-glucosidase, trypsin, levansucrase and lipase. Each of these enzymes are known to be effective in breaking down part of the bonding material that bonds together fibres in the plant feedstock. In some examples, one of these enzymes may be used in isolation. In other examples, two or more enzymes may be used in combination,

[0169] In some examples, an enzyme used during retting may be produced using a bacteria selected from a group comprising: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus Paralicheniformis, Dickeya chrysanthemi, Erwinia, Arthobacter, Pseodomonas, Streptomyces, Bacillus felsineus, Granulobacter pectinovorum, Bacillus asterosporous, Pythium ultimum, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus fiesineus, Bacillus polymyxa and Bacillus thuringiensis. Each of these bacteria have been shown to produce an enzyme known to be effective in breaking down part of the bonding material that bonds together fibres in the plant feedstock. In some examples, one of these bacteria may be used in isolation to produce enzymes for the enzymatic retting process. In other examples, two or more bacteria may be used in combination. In some examples, the bacteria may be applied directly to the plant feedstock. In other examples, the bacteria may first be used to produce enzymes and then subsequently the produced enzymes may be applied to the plant feedstock (without the presence of the bacteria).

[0170] In some examples, an enzyme used during retting may be produced using a fungus selected from a group comprising: Penicillium glaucum, Penicillium italicum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae. Each of these fungi have been shown to produce an enzyme known to be effective in breaking down part of the bonding material that bonds together fibres in the plant feedstock. In some examples, one of these fungi may be used in isolation to produce enzymes for the enzymatic retting process. In other examples, two or more fungi may be used in combination. In some examples, the fungi may be applied directly to the plant feedstock. In other examples, the fungi may first be used to produce enzymes and then subsequently the produced enzymes may be applied to the plant feedstock (without the presence of the bacteria).

[0171] In some examples, the above-described enzymes, bacteria and fungi may be used in any combination in order to perform the enzymatic retting of the plant feedstock. In some examples, alternative retting methods may alternatively, or additionally, be used. Examples include water retting, dew retting, microbial retting, and chemical retting.

[0172] Chemical retting involves the use of chemicals to assist with breaking down the bonding material within the plant feedstock, in order to allow the fibres to be extracted. In some examples, chemical retting may involve the use of one or more chemicals selected from a group comprising: hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), sodium bicarbonate, aminopolycarboxylic acids, glacial acetic acid, tartrine, chitosan, citric acid, alkylglucoside, potassium sulfate, sorbitol, glycerol, cysteine, sodium oxalate, bentonite, maleic anhydride, polyacrylic acid, polyhydroxyacrylic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, tween 20, erythritol, hydroxypropionic acid, sodium citrate, potassium sorbate, attapulgite clay, magnesium sulfate, ethanol and calcium hydroxide. Each of these chemicals has been shown to assist in breaking down at least part of the bonding material of the plant feedstock.

[0173] Water retting may involve immersing the plant feedstock in water for up to 2 weeks. In some examples, natural water sources such as a stream or a lake may be used.

[0174] Dew retting may involve exposing the plant feedstock to naturally occurring dew for an extended period of time, for example for around a month.

[0175] Ensiling retting may involve fermenting the plant feedstock in a contained anaerobic environment, such as a wrapped bale.

[0176] Microbial retting may involve exposing the plant feedstock to a liquid suspension that also contains microorganisms. This may be achieved, for example, by immersing the plant feedstock in such a liquid suspension, or by spraying such a liquid suspension on to the plant feedstock. The microorganisms produce retting agents, which may include, for example, enzymes. Examples of such enzyme-producing microorganisms are discussed above in relation to enzymatic retting.

[0177] After the fibres have been extracted from the plant feedstock using the apparatus (100), additional processing steps may be performed. Such processing steps may, for example, help to improve the quality of the extracted fibres. Some examples of such processing steps are outlined below. In some examples, refining of the fibres may be performed. Refining is a process in which fibre bundles are mechanically pulled into individual fibres and / or microbundles. Refining also allows for the removal of non-fibrous material, thereby improving the quality and purity of the fibres. Refining may involve the use of, for example, ultrasonication and / or carding. Ultrasonication is a process wherein ultrasonic waves (i.e., sound waves with a frequency of at least 20 kHz) are used to agitate fibres and / or fibrous bundles in order to help separate and align them. Carding is a mechanical process that disentangles (and in some examples, cleans and / or intermixes) fibres and / or fibrous bundles; this may be performed manually using hand tools or by a machine.

[0178] In some examples, degumming may be performed to remove bonding material that may be retained between fibres and / or fibrous bundles. In some examples, such bonding material may comprise pectin and / or lignin. In some examples the bonding material may contain gums (which are largely made up of pectin, hemicellulose and lignin). In some examples, degumming may be performed in order to break down at least some of this bonding material. Degumming may involve, for example, enzymes, enzyme-producing bacteria, enzyme-producing fungi, chemicals, and / or mechanical force. Degumming may involve any of the enzymes, enzyme-producing bacteria, an enzyme-producing fungi described above in relation to enzymatic retting.

[0179] In some examples, degumming may additionally, or alternatively, involve the use of chemicals to break down at least some of the remaining bonding material. Chemicals for use in degumming may be selected from a group comprising: hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), sodium bicarbonate, aminopolycarboxylic acids, glacial acetic acid, tartrine, chitosan, citric acid, alkylglucoside, potassium sulfate, sorbitol, glycerol, cysteine, sodium oxalate, bentonite, maleic anhydride, polyacrylic acid, polyhydroxyacrylic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium tripolyphosphate, tween 20, erythritol, hydroxypropionic acid, sodium citrate, potassium sorbate, attapulgite clay, magnesium sulfate, ethanol and calcium hydroxide.

[0180] In some examples of degumming, fibrous bundles are hydrolysed enzymatically to break down the "gums" (pectins, lignins, hemicelluloses, etc...). The goal of degumming is to release fibres from each other and obtain cleaner fibres. In some examples, degumming may involve one or more of: using a pectinase solution to breakdown the gums; using mechanicai pre-treatment; using mechanical pre-treatment with microwaves and / or ultrasound, optionally in the enzymatic solution; and using chemical chelators such as EDTA, oxalic acid and turmeric.

[0181] In some examples, after extraction of the fibres using the apparatus (100), any of the above described processing steps may be repeated any number of times, in order to further separate and refine the fibres.

[0182] In some examples, an apparatus (100) according to the present disclosure may be at least partially incorporated into another apparatus. In some examples, the apparatus (100) may be incorporated into a harvesting machine, thereby allowing for the immediate extraction of fibres from harvested plant feedstock. Examples of advantages of incorporating the apparatus (100) in this manner are:

[0183] - Avoiding the need for long term storage, and / or the need to transport the plant feedstock to another location after harvesting for fibre extraction.

[0184] - Reducing the cost of harvesting plant feedstock for use with the apparatus (100), by incorporating the process of harvesting plant feedstock with the process of harvesting the rest of the crop.

[0185] - Extracting the fibres immediately allows for the fibres to be dried for further processing, rather than drying the plant feedstock before extraction, thereby increasing the efficiency and reducing the cost of fibre production.

[0186] - Extracting the fibres immediately allows for any plant feedstock waste to be immediately returned to the field (or other location) where the plant feedstock is harvested, thereby reducing the impact of nutrient removal from the land.

[0187] Incorporating an apparatus (100) into a harvesting machine may thus allow for improved process efficiency when extracting fibres from a plant feedstock.

[0188] Figure 2 illustrates a schematic view of an apparatus 100 for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock. The apparatus 100 includes a first drive assembly 101, a second drive assembly 102, and a first separation assembly 103 arranged in sequence. The first separation assembly 103 is disposed between the first drive assembly 101 and the second drive assembly 102. Each of the first drive assembly 101 and second drive assembly 102 is configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100. The first separation assembly 103 is configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres. The first drive assembly 101 comprises a pair of drive rollers 113 configured to grip the plant feedstock, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100. The second drive assembly 102 also comprises a pair of drive rollers 113 configured to grip the plant feedstock, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100. In some embodiments, the drive rollers 113 of both drive assemblies may optionally include textured surfaces to effectively grip the plant feedstock during processing. The direction of rotation 110 of each drive roller 113 is indicated by arrows in the figure.

[0189] In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 may comprise one or more adjustment mechanisms configured to adjust the gap between rollers in one or more of the drive assemblies and / or separation assemblies. The adjustment mechanisms may comprise, for example, a lead screw mechanism, a hydraulic actuator, a pneumatic actuator, or other suitable adjustment means. Such adjustment capability may be beneficial in adapting the apparatus 100 for use with different types of plant feedstock, which may have varying dimensions, densities, or mechanical properties. By adjusting the roller gap, the apparatus 100 may be optimized for processing different plant materials, ensuring appropriate gripping force for drive assemblies and optimal separating force application for separation assemblies. The adjustment mechanisms may allow for manual adjustment between processing runs, or may be configured for automatic adjustment during operation based on feedback from sensors monitoring the plant feedstock characteristics or processing parameters.

[0190] The first separation assembly 103 comprises a pair of separation rollers 112. In some embodiments, each separation roller 112 may comprise a plurality of spikes 108 extending from a surface thereof. Where present, the spikes 108 may optionally be angled in the direction of rotation 110 of the separation roller 112. In embodiments having spikes 108, the depth of the spikes 108 may be limited to prevent damage to a woody core of the plant feedstock, maintaining structural integrity for smooth passage through the apparatus 100. In some embodiments, each separation roller 112 may comprise a textured surface and may optionally have a surface comprising a high-friction material, such as rubber. The separation rollers 112 are configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100, as indicated by the direction of rotation 110 arrows.

[0191] In some embodiments, a first removal assembly 104 may be positioned adjacent to each separation roller 112 of the first separation assembly 103. Where present, the first removal assembly 104 is configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from the first separation assembly 103. In embodiments having a removal assembly, the first removal assembly 104 may comprise one or more brushes 105. Where present, the brushes 105 may optionally be rotatable brushes configured to rotate in the same direction of rotation 110 as the separation roller 112 but at a faster speed, rather than rotating in the opposite direction, to efficiently remove fibres from the separation rollers 112.

[0192] The arrangement shows the sequential positioning of the assemblies to enable continuous processing of plant feedstock through the apparatus 100. In use, the plant feedstock moves through the apparatus 100 from left to right, as illustrated by the arrow. The first drive assembly 101 is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock into and at least partially through the first separation assembly 103. The second drive assembly 102 is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock out of the first separation assembly 103.

[0193] As discussed in more detail below, Figures 3-6 illustrate further examples of an apparatus 100 in accordance with the present disclosure. It should be noted that whilst the illustrated examples in Figures 3-6 show apparatus configurations comprising two or more separation assemblies to demonstrate enhanced fibre extraction capabilities, the present disclosure encompasses apparatus having only a single separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies. The single separation assembly configuration represents the basic embodiment of the disclosure, whilst the multiple separation assembly arrangements shown in the subsequent figures represent optional enhancements that may provide improved processing efficiency for certain applications. The apparatus remains fully functional and capable of effective fibre extraction with a single separation assembly as described in relation to Figure 2, albeit with the separation assembly comprising both a drive roller and a separation roller as illustrated in the subsequent figures.

[0194] Figure 3 illustrates a schematic view of an apparatus 100 for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock. The apparatus 100 includes a first drive assembly 101, a second drive assembly 102, a first separation assembly 103, and a second separation assembly 115. Both the first separation assembly 103 and the second separation assembly 115 are disposed between the first drive assembly 101 and the second drive assembly 102. The separation rollers 112 of the first separation assembly 103 and second separation assembly 115 are arranged on opposite sides of the plant feedstock such that the first separation assembly 103 removes fibres from one side of the plant feedstock and the second separation assembly 115 removes fibres from the other side of the plant feedstock. This arrangement provides enhanced fibre extraction efficiency by ensuring that fibres are removed from multiple surfaces of the plant feedstock during a single pass through the apparatus 100.

[0195] Each of the first separation assembly 103 and second separation assembly 115 comprises a drive roller 113 and a separation roller 112. The drive roller 113 is configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100, whilst the separation roller 112 is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100, as indicated by the direction of rotation 110 arrows. This configuration allows the drive roller 113 to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100, whilst the separation roller 112 facilitates removal of the elementary fibres from the plant feedstock. The separation roller 112 of each separation assembly comprises spikes 108 extending from a surface thereof to enhance fibre extraction.

[0196] The configuration where each separation assembly comprises both a drive roller 113 and a separation roller 112 provides several advantages. The drive roller 113 ensures continuous movement of the plant feedstock through the separation assembly, preventing blockages that could occur if the plant feedstock were to become stationary during the separation process. The separation roller 112 applies the separating force necessary to extract the elementary fibres whilst the drive roller 113 maintains feedstock movement, resulting in more efficient and reliable operation. The arrangement also allows for independent control of the drive and separation functions, enabling optimization of both the feedstock movement rate and the intensity of the separating force applied to the plant material. This may be particularly beneficial when processing different types of plant feedstock that may require varying degrees of mechanical force for effective fibre extraction.

[0197] A first removal assembly 104 is positioned adjacent to the first separation assembly 103, whilst a second removal assembly 114 is positioned adjacent to the second separation assembly 115. Each removal assembly is configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from the respective separation assembly. The first removal assembly 104 comprises brushes 105 positioned adjacent to the first separation assembly 103, and the second removal assembly 114 comprises brushes 105 positioned adjacent to the second separation assembly 115. The brushes 105 are configured to rotate in the same direction as the separation roller 112 of the respective separation assembly but at a faster speed to efficiently remove the extracted fibres from the separation rollers 112.

[0198] In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 may optionally comprise one or more additional separation assemblies disposed between the first drive assembly 101 and second drive assembly 102, such that the apparatus 100 comprises three or more separation assemblies disposed between the first drive assembly 101 and second drive assembly 102. Where present, the three or more separation assemblies may optionally be equally spaced around a longitudinal axis of the plant feedstock. In such configurations, the three or more separation assemblies may optionally be positioned such that each separation assembly removes fibres from a different section of an outer layer of the plant feedstock. Where additional separation assemblies are present, each of the additional separation assemblies may optionally comprise a drive roller 113 and a separation roller 112, wherein the drive roller 113 is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller 112 is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100.

[0199] In some embodiments, each removal assembly may optionally further comprise one or more nozzles, each nozzle being configured to direct gas and / or liquid at the respective separation assembly to facilitate removal of the separated elementary fibres. Where present, such nozzles provide additional assistance in clearing extracted fibres from the separation assemblies.

[0200] The arrangement shown in Figure 3 demonstrates how the first drive assembly 101 and second drive assembly 102 work in coordination to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100 whilst the first separation assembly 103 and second separation assembly 115 apply separating forces to extract elementary fibres from opposite sides of the plant feedstock. This configuration enables continuous processing of plant feedstock through the apparatus 100 with enhanced fibre extraction efficiency compared to single-sided separation configurations.

[0201] Figure 4 illustrates a schematic view of an apparatus 100 for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock, showing a configuration that incorporates a third drive assembly 116 to provide improved material handling capabilities. The apparatus 100 includes a first drive assembly 101, a second drive assembly 102, a first separation assembly 103, and a second separation assembly 115. Additionally, a third drive assembly 116 is disposed between the first separation assembly 103 and the second separation assembly 115.

[0202] The third drive assembly 116 provides continuous driving force to the plant feedstock during the separation process, ensuring that the plant feedstock maintains forward motion even when separation forces are being applied by both separation assemblies. This configuration helps to prevent issues that could occur if the plant feedstock were to become stationary or impeded during the separation process. By positioning the third drive assembly 116 between the first separation assembly 103 and second separation assembly 115, the apparatus 100 ensures that driving force is always being applied to the plant feedstock, even when separation force is being applied by the separation assemblies.

[0203] The drive assemblies are positioned such that, in use, the plant feedstock is generally being simultaneously gripped and moved by at least two drive assembly when the plant feedstock is being acted upon by one or more separation assemblies. This arrangement helps to prevent the counterrotating separation rollers from inhibiting motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus 100, thereby reducing the risk of blockages and ensuring smooth passage of the feedstock through the assembly. The minimum stem length for effective processing is determined by the distance between adjacent drive assemblies, as efficient extraction may be improved by the stem being gripped and moved by at least two pairs of drive rollers where possible.

[0204] In some embodiments, all rollers of the first drive assembly 101 and the third drive assembly 116 rotate at substantially the same speed. This synchronised rotation helps to maintain consistent material flow through the apparatus 100 and ensures that the plant feedstock experiences uniform driving forces as it progresses through the separation process. The coordinated operation of multiple drive assemblies provides enhanced control over the feedstock movement and helps to optimise the effectiveness of the separation process.

[0205] Each of the first separation assembly 103 and second separation assembly 115 comprises a drive roller 113 and a separation roller 112, with the separation roller 112 including spikes 108 extending from its surface. The direction of rotation 110 for the various rollers in the apparatus 100 is indicated by arrows in the figure. A first removal assembly 104 with brushes 105 is positioned adjacent to the first separation assembly 103, whilst a second removal assembly 114 with brushes 105 is positioned adjacent to the second separation assembly 115. The configuration shown in Figure 4 demonstrates how the three drive assembles may be arranged in order to work in coordination to maintain continuous material flow, whilst the two separation assemblies apply separating forces to extract elementary fibres from the plant feedstock. This arrangement enables reliable processing of plant feedstock through the apparatus 100 with reduced risk of blockages and improved operational efficiency.

[0206] Figure 5 illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock, showing a configuration that incorporates belt-assisted material transport to enhance feedstock movement through the processing sequence. The apparatus 100 includes a first drive assembly 101, a second drive assembly 102, a first separation assembly 103, and a second separation assembly 115, with each separation assembly comprising a separation roller 112 and a drive roller 113. The separation rollers 112 include spikes 108 extending from their surfaces, and the direction of rotation 110 for the various rollers in the apparatus 100 is indicated by arrows.

[0207] The apparatus 100 incorporates a first belt 117 and a second belt 118 to facilitate movement of material through the processing sequence. The belts are arranged between adjacent drive rollers 113, to assist with material transport through the apparatus 100. The first belt 117 is arranged between the drive rollers 113 of the first drive assembly 101 and the first separation assembly 103. The second belt 118 is arranged between the drive rollers 113 of the second separation assembly 115 and the second drive assembly 102.

[0208] The one or more belts disposed between drive assemblies facilitate movement of the plant feedstock by providing continuous support and guidance for the material as it transitions between different processing stages. The belts are each disposed between adjacent drive rollers 113, creating a continuous transport pathway that bridges the gaps between the mechanical gripping points of the drive rollers 113. This arrangement provides additional support for material movement between processing stages, ensuring that the plant feedstock maintains consistent forward motion throughout the entire processing sequence.

[0209] The belt configuration ensures continuous material flow by eliminating potential dead zones where the plant feedstock might otherwise lose momentum or become unsupported during transition between assemblies. The belts prevent gaps in material handling by maintaining contact with the plant feedstock during the intervals when the material is moving from one drive assembly to the next. This continuous support helps to maintain the structural integrity of the plant feedstock during processing and reduces the likelihood of material becoming misaligned or improperly positioned as it progresses through the apparatus 100.

[0210] A first removal assembly 104 with brushes 105 is positioned adjacent to the first separation assembly 103, whilst a second removal assembly 114 is positioned adjacent to the second separation assembly 115. The brushes 105 are configured to remove the extracted fibres from the separation rollers 112 during operation. In use, material moves through the apparatus 100 from left to right, as indicated by the arrow, with the belt system providing supplementary transport assistance throughout the processing sequence.

[0211] Figure 6 illustrates a schematic diagram of an apparatus 100 for extracting elementary fibres from plant feedstock, showing a configuration that combines belt-assisted transport with a three drive assembly arrangement to provide enhanced material handling capabilities. The apparatus 100 includes a first drive assembly 101, a second drive assembly 102, a first separation assembly 103, and a second separation assembly 115. A third drive assembly 116 is positioned between the first separation assembly 103 and the second separation assembly 115.

[0212] The apparatus 100 incorporates a first belt 117 and a second belt 118 to facilitate movement of material through the processing sequence. In this configuration, the first belt 117 is disposed between the first drive assembly 101 and the third drive assembly 116. The second belt 118 is disposed between the third drive assembly 116 and the second drive assembly 102. This belt positioning creates a continuous transport pathway that spans the entire length of the apparatus 100, providing material support throughout the processing sequence.

[0213] The arrangement integrates the benefits of both belt-assisted transport and continuous driving force application throughout the system. The belt system provides continuous support for the plant feedstock during transitions between processing stages, whilst the three drive assembly configuration ensures that driving force is consistently applied to maintain material movement. The combination of these two transport mechanisms creates a comprehensive material handling system that addresses both the need for continuous support and the requirement for active driving force. The belt configuration in this arrangement provides material support between each pair of adjacent drive assemblies, creating uninterrupted contact with the plant feedstock throughout its passage through the apparatus 100. The first belt 117 supports material movement from the first drive assembly 101 to the third drive assembly 116, whilst the second belt 118 supports material movement from the third drive assembly 116 to the second drive assembly 102. This continuous belt coverage eliminates gaps in material support that might otherwise occur during transitions between drive assemblies.

[0214] The three drive assembly arrangement ensures that the plant feedstock experiences consistent driving force throughout the separation process. The positioning of the third drive assembly 116 between the two separation assemblies provides active material propulsion during the separation phases, helping to maintain forward motion even when separation forces are being applied to the plant feedstock.

[0215] In some examples, such an arrangement may allow for the separation assemblies to be provided without a drive roller, as is illustrated in Figure 6. In such configurations, the separation assemblies comprise separation rollers with spikes extending from their surfaces, configured to apply separating forces to extract elementary fibres from the plant feedstock. The continuous belt support and multiple drive assemblies provide sufficient material handling capability to maintain feedstock movement through the separation process without requiring additional drive rollers within the separation assemblies themselves. In other examples, the separation assemblies may each be provided with drive roller 113 as in previous illustrated examples.

[0216] A first removal assembly 104 is positioned adjacent to the first separation assembly 103, whilst a second removal assembly 114 is positioned adjacent to the second separation assembly 115. Each removal assembly comprises brushes configured to remove the extracted fibres from the respective separation assemblies during operation. The direction of rotation for the various rollers in the apparatus 100 is indicated by arrows in the figure.

[0217] In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 may optionally incorporate specific speed and rotational relationships between the various rollers to facilitate efficient processing of plant feedstock. In some examples, the separation roller 112 of each separation assembly may optionally rotate at substantially the same speed as the drive roller 113 of the same separation assembly but in the opposite direction. This rotational arrangement may provide a simplified design configuration whilst maintaining effective fibre extraction capabilities.

[0218] The opposite rotational direction of the separation rollers help to provide separating forces to the plant feedstock to facilitate elementary fibre removal, whilst the drive roller 113 maintains forward movement of the material through the apparatus 100.

[0219] In some embodiments, all rollers of the first drive assembly 101 and the third drive assembly 116 may optionally rotate at substantially the same speed. This uniform speed relationship between the first drive assembly 101 and third drive assembly 116 may help to provide consistent material handling characteristics throughout the initial and intermediate processing stages. The coordinated rotation speeds may help to maintain steady material flow and ensure that the plant feedstock experiences uniform driving forces as it progresses through the separation assemblies.

[0220] In some embodiments, the rollers of the second drive assembly 102 may optionally rotate at a faster speed than the rollers of the first drive assembly 101 and, when present, the third drive assembly 116. The increased rotational speed of the second drive assembly 102 may facilitate the removal of processed feedstock from the apparatus 100. This speed differential may help to ensure that the processed plant material exits the apparatus 100 efficiently after the fibre extraction process has been completed.

[0221] When present, the faster rotation of the second drive assembly 102 creates an acceleration effect that may assist with in clearing the processed feedstock from the final stage of the apparatus 100. This speed relationship may help to prevent accumulation of processed material at the exit point of the apparatus 100 and maintains continuous throughput during operation. The speed differential between the second drive assembly 102 and the preceding drive assemblies may provide a mechanical advantage for material discharge whilst maintaining appropriate processing speeds for the earlier stages of fibre extraction.

[0222] In some embodiments, at least one of the drive assemblies may optionally be configured to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock. The application of a crushing force serves to flatten the plant feedstock, thereby increasing the surface area of the plant feedstock that is available for interaction with subsequent processing components. When a crushing force is applied to plant feedstock such as plant stems, the cross-sectional profile of the stem changes, for example from a generally circular or oval shape to a flattened configuration. This may expose a greater surface area of the fibrous material to the separation assemblies.

[0223] The crushing functionality may be implemented in various drive assemblies within the apparatus. In some embodiments, a first drive assembly may optionally be configurable to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock. When the first drive assembly applies a crushing force, the plant feedstock becomes flattened before entering the separation assemblies, which may enhance the effectiveness of the subsequent fibre extraction process by providing increased surface contact between the plant material and the separation components.

[0224] In some embodiments, the apparatus may optionally further comprise a fourth drive assembly positioned before the first drive assembly. Where present, the fourth drive assembly provides an additional stage of material handling that occurs prior to the primary processing sequence. The fourth drive assembly may be configured to perform initial processing operations on the plant feedstock before the material progresses to the first drive assembly and subsequent separation stages.

[0225] In embodiments having a fourth drive assembly, the fourth drive assembly may optionally have a roller separation greater than that of the first drive assembly. The increased roller separation of the fourth drive assembly accommodates plant feedstock in its initial, unprocessed state, which may have a larger cross-sectional dimension than the same material after it has undergone initial processing. The greater roller separation allows the fourth drive assembly to effectively grip and handle plant feedstock that has not yet been subjected to crushing or other size-reducing operations.

[0226] In some embodiments having a fourth drive assembly, the fourth drive assembly and the first drive assembly may optionally be configured to crush the plant feedstock in a two-stage process. In such configurations, the fourth drive assembly applies an initial crushing force to begin the flattening process, whilst the first drive assembly applies a subsequent crushing force to further flatten the material. The two-stage crushing process allows for gradual reduction of the plant feedstock cross-section, which may provide more controlled processing compared to attempting to achieve the full crushing effect in a single stage.

[0227] The two-stage crushing configuration enables the apparatus to accommodate a wider range of initial plant feedstock sizes and conditions. The fourth drive assembly handles the initial size reduction from the original plant material dimensions, whilst the first drive assembly provides final crushing to achieve the optimal flattened configuration for fibre extraction. This staged approach to crushing may reduce the mechanical stress on individual drive assemblies whilst achieving the desired material preparation for subsequent processing stages.

[0228] In some embodiments, the rollers of at least one of the drive assemblies may optionally comprise surface texturing to facilitate gripping of the plant feedstock. Surface texturing provides enhanced friction between the roller surfaces and the plant material, which improves the reliability of material handling during processing. The textured surfaces help to prevent slippage of the plant feedstock relative to the rollers, ensuring consistent material advancement through the apparatus.

[0229] Surface texturing may take various forms, including but not limited to ridges, grooves, raised patterns, or other surface irregularities that increase the coefficient of friction between the roller and the plant material. The specific configuration of surface texturing may be selected based on the characteristics of the plant feedstock being processed and the particular requirements of the processing application. Textured surfaces are particularly beneficial when processing plant materials that may have smooth outer surfaces or when processing materials under conditions where natural grip may be reduced.

[0230] The drive assemblies within the apparatus serve specific material handling functions during the processing sequence. In some embodiments, a first drive assembly may optionally be configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock into and at least partially through a first separation assembly. This configuration ensures that the plant material is actively propelled into the separation stage and maintains forward motion during the initial phases of fibre extraction.

[0231] In some embodiments, a second drive assembly may optionally be configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock out of the first separation assembly. The second drive assembly provides the driving force necessary to extract the processed plant material from the separation stage and advance it toward subsequent processing stages or toward the exit of the apparatus. The coordination between drive assemblies ensures continuous material flow throughout the processing sequence, with each drive assembly contributing to the overall material transport function whilst serving its specific role in the processing sequence. The separation assemblies within the apparatus are configured to apply separating forces to the plant feedstock to facilitate the extraction of elementary fibres. The separating forces are applied through mechanical interaction between the separation assembly components and the plant feedstock as the plant feedstock moves through the apparatus.

[0232] In some embodiments, a first separation assembly may be configured to apply a separation force in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus. This opposing directional relationship creates a relative motion between the separation assembly components and the plant feedstock surface, which generates the mechanical forces necessary for fibre extraction. The application of force in the opposite direction to the feedstock motion creates a counter-directional interaction that facilitates the removal of fibrous material from the plant feedstock.

[0233] Where a first separation assembly comprises a pair of rollers, the rollers of the first separation assembly may be configured to be rotatable in order to apply a separation force to the plant feedstock in substantially the opposite direction to the motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus. The rotatable rollers create a continuous opposing motion against the plant feedstock surface as the feedstock progresses through the separation assembly. The rotational movement of the rollers in the direction opposite to the feedstock motion generates a consistent separating force that acts upon the fibrous portions of the plant material.

[0234] The opposing rotational direction of the separation rollers relative to the feedstock motion creates a mechanical interaction that tends to grip and pull the fibrous material away from the core structure of the plant feedstock. This rotational configuration enables the separation rollers to engage with the surface fibres and apply continuous extractive forces as the plant feedstock passes through the separation assembly. The rotatable nature of the rollers ensures that fresh roller surface is continuously presented to the plant feedstock, maintaining consistent separation effectiveness throughout the processing operation.

[0235] In some embodiments, a first separation assembly may be configured to apply a shearing force to the plant feedstock. Shearing forces act to separate fibrous material through the application of parallel but oppositely directed forces that cause the fibrous material to separate from the underlying plant structure. The shearing action creates a sliding motion between adjacent layers of plant material, which facilitates the separation of the fibrous outer layers from the inner core structure.

[0236] The application of shearing forces may be achieved through the relative motion between separation assembly components and the plant feedstock surface. When separation rollers rotate in a direction opposite to the feedstock motion, the resulting interaction creates shearing forces at the interface between the roller surface and the plant material. These shearing forces act to progressively separate the fibrous material from the plant feedstock as the material progresses through the separation assembly.

[0237] In some embodiments, a first separation assembly may be configured to apply a splitting and / or peeling force to the plant feedstock. Splitting forces act to divide the plant material by creating separation along natural weakness planes within the plant structure, whilst peeling forces act to remove layers of fibrous material from the surface of the plant feedstock. Both splitting and peeling forces facilitate the extraction of elementary fibres by mechanically separating the fibrous material from the non-fibrous core structure.

[0238] Peeling forces are applied in a manner that tends to strip away the outer fibrous layers of the plant feedstock whilst leaving the inner core structure substantially intact. The peeling action removes the fibrous material in a continuous manner as the plant feedstock progresses through the separation assembly. Splitting forces may act to create initial separations within the plant material structure, which then facilitate the subsequent removal of fibrous material through peeling or other mechanical actions.

[0239] The application of splitting and peeling forces enables the separation assembly to extract fibrous material whilst preserving the structural integrity of the remaining plant core. This selective removal of fibrous material allows the apparatus to extract the desired elementary fibres whilst maintaining the core structure in a condition that facilitates continued processing and eventual discharge from the apparatus.

[0240] The separating forces applied by the separation assemblies work in coordination with the material handling forces provided by the drive assemblies to achieve effective fibre extraction. The drive assemblies maintain forward motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus, whilst the separation assemblies apply the extractive forces necessary to remove the fibrous material. This coordination between material transport and fibre extraction enables continuous processing of plant feedstock through the apparatus whilst achieving effective separation of elementary fibres from the plant material.

[0241] In some embodiments, the apparatus may optionally further comprise one or more guide assemblies configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock through the apparatus. Guide assemblies provide directional control for the plant feedstock as the material progresses through various processing stages, helping to ensure proper alignment and positioning of the feedstock relative to the processing components.

[0242] Where present, guide assemblies serve to direct the plant feedstock along predetermined pathways within the apparatus, maintaining appropriate spatial relationships between the feedstock and the processing assemblies. The guide assemblies may be positioned at strategic locations throughout the apparatus to provide guidance at transition points where the plant feedstock moves from one processing stage to another.

[0243] In some embodiments, the apparatus may optionally comprise a first guide assembly positioned between the first drive assembly and the first separation assembly. Where present, the first guide assembly is configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the first separation assembly. The first guide assembly facilitates the transition of plant feedstock from the first drive assembly to the first separation assembly by providing directional guidance that ensures proper entry positioning and alignment.

[0244] The first guide assembly helps to direct the plant feedstock along an appropriate pathway as the material exits the first drive assembly and approaches the first separation assembly. This guidance function may be particularly beneficial in maintaining consistent feedstock positioning during the transition between the material handling function of the first drive assembly and the fibre extraction function of the first separation assembly. The first guide assembly ensures that the plant feedstock enters the first separation assembly in a configuration that facilitates effective interaction between the feedstock and the separation components.

[0245] In some embodiments, the apparatus may optionally comprise a second guide assembly disposed between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly. Where present, the second guide assembly is configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the second drive assembly. The second guide assembly provides directional control for the plant feedstock as the material exits the first separation assembly and approaches the second drive assembly. The second guide assembly facilitates the transition of processed plant feedstock from the first separation assembly to the second drive assembly. After the plant feedstock has undergone fibre extraction within the first separation assembly, the material may have altered physical characteristics compared to its initial state. The second guide assembly accommodates these changes by providing appropriate guidance to ensure that the processed feedstock enters the second drive assembly in a configuration suitable for continued material handling.

[0246] The positioning of guide assemblies between processing stages addresses the transition points where plant feedstock moves from one type of processing operation to another. These transition points represent locations where the feedstock may be most susceptible to misalignment or improper positioning, particularly as the material undergoes physical changes during processing. Guide assemblies at these locations help to maintain processing continuity by ensuring smooth transitions between different processing functions.

[0247] In configurations where multiple separation assemblies are present, additional guide assemblies may optionally be positioned to provide guidance for transitions involving these additional processing stages. The number and positioning of guide assemblies may be selected based on the specific configuration of the apparatus and the particular requirements of the plant feedstock being processed.

[0248] The guide assemblies may take various physical forms depending on the specific guidance requirements of each application. Guide assemblies may comprise guide members, channels, or other directional elements configured to direct the plant feedstock along desired pathways. The specific configuration of each guide assembly may be selected to accommodate the physical characteristics of the plant feedstock and the spatial requirements of the adjacent processing assemblies.

[0249] In some apparatus configurations, the arrangement of drive assemblies and separation assemblies may provide sufficient directional control for the plant feedstock without requiring separate guide assemblies. In such configurations, the positioning and operation of the processing assemblies themselves may provide adequate guidance for maintaining proper feedstock alignment throughout the processing sequence. The inclusion of guide assemblies represents an optional enhancement that may be beneficial in certain applications whilst not being required for all apparatus configurations. The apparatus is configured to process a wide range of plant feedstock types, enabling extraction of elementary fibres from diverse plant materials under various processing conditions. The apparatus accommodates different categories of plant feedstock, each presenting distinct characteristics and fibre extraction requirements.

[0250] In addition to those feedstock types discussed earlier in this disclosure, the apparatus is configured to process various types of fibrous plant leaves, including pineapple leaf fibre, sisal, and abaca. Pineapple leaf fibre is obtained from the leaves of pineapple plants and contains elementary fibres that are embedded within the leaf tissue structure. Sisal fibres are extracted from the leaves of sisal plants, which contain long, strong elementary fibres suitable for various commercial applications. Abaca fibres are derived from the leaf sheaths of abaca plants and are known for their strength and durability characteristics.

[0251] Each type of fibrous plant leaf presents distinct processing characteristics that the apparatus accommodates through its configurable processing parameters. The mechanical properties, fibre distribution patterns, and structural characteristics of different fibrous plant leaves may vary, requiring appropriate adjustment of processing forces and operational parameters to achieve effective fibre extraction from each specific plant material type.

[0252] The processing versatility of the apparatus extends to both plant stem and fibrous plant leaf feedstock types under various condition states. Whether processing plant stems with bast regions or fibrous plant leaves, and regardless of whether the plant material is fresh, dried, frozen, previously frozen, or otherwise conditioned, the apparatus maintains its fundamental processing approach of applying controlled mechanical forces to extract elementary fibres whilst preserving the structural integrity of the remaining plant material.

[0253] The apparatus described above enables implementation of a method (300, 400) of extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock, as illustrated in figures 7 and 8. The method (300, 400) utilises the mechanical processing capabilities of the apparatus to separate fibrous material from plant feedstock through controlled application of separating forces whilst maintaining continuous material transport through the processing sequence. The method (300, 400) of extracting elementary fibres involves positioning plant feedstock at a first drive assembly (step 302, 404) and moving the plant feedstock through the apparatus using the first and second drive assemblies (step 304, 406). During this movement, separating forces are applied to the plant feedstock using one or more separation assemblies (steps 306, 308, 408) to extract the elementary fibres from the plant material (step 310, 410). Where multiple separation assemblies are present, as shown in figure 7, each separation assembly applies separating forces to different portions of the plant feedstock, enabling comprehensive fibre extraction from various surfaces of the plant material.

[0254] The method (300, 400) accommodates processing of plant feedstock in various condition states, including dry, rehydrated, fresh, frozen, previously frozen, or pre- processed conditions. The apparatus is configured to process plant feedstock without requiring pre-processing steps in many cases, providing operational flexibility for immediate processing of plant material as harvested or stored. This capability enables direct processing of fresh plant material immediately after harvesting, eliminating the need for intermediate storage or conditioning steps in many applications.

[0255] In some embodiments, the method (300, 400) may optionally further comprise pretreating the plant feedstock prior to extraction, which would occur before the initial positioning step (302, 404) shown in figures 7 and 8. Where pre-treatment is performed, the pre-treatment may comprise one or more of drying, rehydrating, and freezing the plant feedstock. Each pre-treatment option provides distinct conditioning effects that may enhance the subsequent fibre extraction process under specific circumstances.

[0256] Drying as a pre-treatment method involves reducing the moisture content of the plant feedstock to facilitate handling and processing. Dried plant feedstock typically exhibits altered mechanical properties compared to fresh material, which may influence the effectiveness of the separating forces applied during the separation steps (306, 308, 408) shown in figures 7 and 8. The drying process may be performed using various methods including air drying, heat drying, or other moisture removal techniques appropriate for the specific plant material being processed.

[0257] Rehydrating as a pre-treatment method involves adding moisture to previously dried plant feedstock to restore flexibility and alter the mechanical characteristics of the plant material. Rehydrated plant feedstock may exhibit improved responsiveness to the separating forces applied by the separation assemblies during steps (306, 308, 408), potentially enhancing the efficiency of fibre extraction (step 310, 410). The rehydration process may involve controlled exposure to water or other suitable rehydrating agents for predetermined time periods to achieve desired moisture levels.

[0258] Freezing as a pre-treatment method involves subjecting the plant feedstock to freezing temperatures prior to the positioning step (302, 404) illustrated in figures 7 and 8. The freezing process causes ice crystal formation within the plant tissue structure, which may alter the cellular organisation and mechanical properties of the plant material. When the frozen plant feedstock is subsequently processed through the method (300, 400), the structural changes induced by freezing may facilitate the separation of fibrous material from the plant structure during the separation steps (306, 308, 408). The freezing pre-treatment may be applied to fresh plant feedstock to modify its processing characteristics, or may be used as a preservation method that simultaneously provides conditioning benefits for subsequent fibre extraction.

[0259] Previously frozen plant feedstock refers to plant material that has undergone freezing and subsequent thawing prior to processing through the method (300, 400). The freeze-thaw cycle creates structural modifications within the plant tissue that may persist after thawing, potentially providing processing advantages during the fibre extraction steps (310, 410) shown in figures 7 and 8. The apparatus accommodates processing of previously frozen plant feedstock, enabling utilisation of plant material that has been preserved through freezing for extended periods.

[0260] The selection of pre-treatment methods may be based on various factors including the type of plant feedstock, the desired characteristics of the extracted fibres, storage requirements, and processing timeline considerations. Different plant feedstock types may respond differently to various pre-treatment methods, enabling optimisation of the processing approach for specific applications before proceeding through the method steps (302-314, 402-412) illustrated in figures 7 and 8.

[0261] Where pre-treatment is employed, the conditioned plant feedstock is subsequently processed using the apparatus according to the same fundamental method (300, 400) of mechanical fibre extraction shown in figures 7 and 8. The pre-treatment serves to modify the initial condition of the plant feedstock whilst the apparatus provides the mechanical processing capability to extract elementary fibres regardless of the initial feedstock condition through the sequential steps (302-314, 402-412). The method (300, 400) enables extraction of elementary fibres from both plant stems and fibrous plant leaves, accommodating the diverse range of plant feedstock types that may benefit from different pre-treatment approaches. Plant stems containing bast regions may respond differently to pre-treatment methods compared to fibrous plant leaves, enabling tailored conditioning approaches for different feedstock categories before processing through the steps (302-314, 402-412) shown in figures 7 and 8.

[0262] The flexibility of the method (300, 400) in accommodating various feedstock conditions and optional pre-treatment approaches provides operational versatility for different processing scenarios. Whether processing fresh plant material immediately after harvesting, utilising stored plant material that has undergone conditioning, or implementing specific pre-treatment protocols to enhance processing effectiveness, the method (300, 400) maintains its fundamental approach of mechanical fibre extraction through controlled application of separating forces as illustrated in the sequential process steps of figures 7 and 8.

[0263] An elementary fibre produced using an apparatus according to the present disclosure exhibits characteristics that result from the controlled mechanical extraction process employed by the apparatus. The elementary fibres are extracted from plant feedstock through the application of separating forces that preserve the structural integrity of the individual fibres whilst removing them from the surrounding plant material.

[0264] The elementary fibres produced using the apparatus maintain their natural cellular structure and physical properties as a result of the mechanical extraction process. The separating forces applied by the separation assemblies act to remove the fibres from the plant feedstock without subjecting the fibres themselves to excessive mechanical stress that could damage their internal structure. The controlled nature of the extraction process helps to preserve the length and continuity of the elementary fibres during removal from the plant material.

[0265] Elementary fibres extracted from plant stems may comprise fibres obtained from the bast region of dicotyledonous plants, where the fibres are naturally embedded within the plant stem structure. The extraction process removes these bast fibres whilst leaving the woody core of the plant stem substantially intact, enabling selective harvesting of the fibrous material. Elementary fibres extracted from fibrous plant leaves may comprise fibres obtained from monocotyledonous plants, where the fibres are distributed throughout the leaf tissue structure. The elementary fibres produced using the apparatus may comprise individual phioem fibres or sections thereof when extracted from plant stems. When extracted from fibrous plant leaves, the elementary fibres may comprise individual phloem fibres, individual xylem fibres, or sections thereof, or combinations of both phloem and xylem components. In some examples, the elementary fibres may be extracted as individual fibres, whilst in other examples, the fibres may be extracted as small bundles of fibres that may be further processed to separate the individual elementary fibres.

[0266] Elementary fibres produced using the apparatus exhibit properties that make them suitable for processing into textile applications. The fibres may be processed using conventional textile processing equipment without requiring substantial modification of existing processing systems. The length and structural characteristics of the elementary fibres enable their incorporation into woven and knitted textile products, including apparel applications.

[0267] The elementary fibres produced using the apparatus may also be suitable for use in composite material applications where natural fibre reinforcement is desired. The structural integrity preserved during the extraction process enables the fibres to provide reinforcement properties when incorporated into composite matrices. The fibres may be utilised in various composite applications including construction materials and other structural applications where natural fibre reinforcement provides beneficial characteristics.

[0268] Elementary fibres produced using the apparatus may be utilised in applications including insulation materials, upholstery products, and other industrial applications where natural fibres provide desired performance characteristics. The extraction process produces fibres that retain their natural properties whilst being separated from the original plant material in a form suitable for further processing and application.

[0269] The elementary fibres produced using a method according to the present disclosure result from the sequential processing steps that move plant feedstock through the apparatus whilst applying controlled separating forces. The method produces elementary fibres through mechanical extraction that preserves fibre characteristics whilst achieving separation from the plant feedstock material. Where pre-treatment methods are employed, the elementary fibres produced reflect the conditioning effects of the pre-treatment whilst maintaining the fundamental characteristics imparted by the mechanical extraction process. Although the invention has been described in considerable detail in language specific to structural features, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features described. Rather, the specific features are disclosed as exemplary preferred forms of implementing the claimed invention. Stated otherwise, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract, are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Therefore, while exemplary illustrative embodiments of the invention have been described, numerous variations and alternative embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Such variations and alternate embodiments are contemplated, and can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

Claims1. An apparatus for extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock, the apparatus comprising: a first drive assembly; a second drive assembly; and a first separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies; wherein each of the first and second drive assemblies is configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus; wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres; and wherein the first separation assembly comprises a drive roller and a separation roller, wherein the drive roller is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

2. An apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or more additional separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies, such that the apparatus comprises two or more separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies.

3. An apparatus according to claim 2, comprising three or more separation assemblies, wherein three or more separation assemblies are equally spaced around a longitudinal axis of the plant feedstock.

4. An apparatus according to claims 2 or 3, comprising three or more separation assemblies, wherein three or more separation assemblies are positioned such that each separation assembly removes fibres from a different section of an outer layer of the plant feedstock.

5. An apparatus according to claim 2 comprising two separation assemblies disposed between the first and second drive assemblies, wherein the separation rollers of the first and second separation assemblies are arranged on opposite sides of the plant feedstock such that the first separation assembly removes fibres from one side of the plant feedstock and the second separation assembly removes fibres from the other side of the plant feedstock.

6. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 5, wherein each of the additional separation assemblies comprises a drive roller and a separation roller, wherein the drive roller is configured to move the plant feedstock and the separation roller is configured to rotate in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

7. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each separation roller comprises a plurality of spikes extending from a surface thereof.

8. An apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the spikes are angled in the direction of rotation of the separation roller.

9. An apparatus according to claims 7 or 8, wherein the depth of the spikes is limited to prevent damage to a woody core of the plant feedstock.

10. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each separation roller comprises a textured surface.

11. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each separation roller has a surface comprising a high-friction material, optionally rubber.

12. An apparatus according to any of claims 2 to 11, further comprising a third drive assembly disposed between the first and second separation assemblies.

13. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein each of the drive assemblies comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant feedstock.

14. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of the drive assemblies is configured to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock.

15. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the separation roller of each separation assembly rotates at substantially the same speed as the drive roller of the same separation assembly but in the opposite direction.

16. An apparatus according to any of claims 12 to 15, wherein all rollers of the first drive assembly and the third drive assembly rotate at substantially the same speed.

17. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the rollers of the second drive assembly rotate at a faster speed than the rollers of the first drive assembly and, when present, the third drive assembly.

18. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the drive assemblies are positioned such that, in use, the plant feedstock is simultaneously gripped and moved by at least two drive assemblies when the plant feedstock is being acted upon by one or more separation assemblies.

19. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, further comprising a fourth drive assembly positioned before the first drive assembly.

20. An apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the fourth drive assembly has a roller separation greater than that of the first drive assembly.

21. An apparatus according to claim 19 or 20, wherein the fourth drive assembly and the first drive assembly are configured to crush the plant feedstock in a two-stage process.

22. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, further comprising one or more belts disposed between drive assemblies to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock.

23. An apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the one or more belts are each disposed between adjacent drive assemblies.

24. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, further comprising one or more removal assemblies, each removal assembly being configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from a respective separation assembly.

25. An apparatus according to claim 24, wherein each removal assembly comprises one or more brushes configured to rotate in the same direction as the separation roller of the respective separation assembly but at a faster speed.

26. An apparatus according to claims 24 or 25, wherein each removal assembly further comprises one or more nozzles, each nozzle being configured to direct gas and / or liquid at the respective separation assembly to facilitate removal of the separated elementary fibres.

27. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the rollers of at least one of the drive assemblies comprise surface texturing to facilitate gripping of the plant feedstock.

28. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, further comprising one or more guide assemblies configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

29. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the plant feedstock comprises a plant stem having a bast region, and the one or more elementary fibres are extracted from the bast region of the plant stem.

30. An apparatus according to claim 29, wherein the apparatus is configured such that when the plant stem is passed through the apparatus, a woody core of the plant stem remains substantially intact whilst the elementary fibre containing bast region is substantially removed.

31. An apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 30, wherein the plant feedstock is a fibrous plant leaf.

32. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the plant feedstock may be in a dry, rehydrated, fresh, frozen, previously frozen, or pre-processed condition.

33. An apparatus according to any preceding claim, wherein the apparatus is configured to process plant feedstock without requiring pre-processing steps.

34. A method of extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock using an apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 33.

35. A method according to claim 34, wherein the method further comprises pretreating the plant feedstock prior to extraction, wherein the pre-treatment comprises one or more of drying, rehydrating, and freezing the plant feedstock.

36. An elementary fibre produced using an apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 33 or a method according to claims 34 or 35.

37. An apparatus for extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock, the apparatus comprising: a first drive assembly; a second drive assembly; and a first separation assembly disposed between the first and second drive assemblies; the first and second drive assemblies each being configured to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus; and the first separation assembly being configured to apply a separating force to the plant feedstock in order to extract one or more elementary fibres.

38. An apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the first drive assembly comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant feedstock, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

39. An apparatus according to claims 37 or 38, wherein the first drive assembly is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock into and at least partially through the first separation assembly.

40. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 39, wherein the second drive assembly comprises a pair of rollers configured to grip the plant feedstock, thereby to move the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

41. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 40, wherein the second drive assembly is configured to facilitate movement of the plant feedstock out of the first separation assembly.

42. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 41, wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a separation force in a direction substantially opposite to the direction of motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

43. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 42, wherein the first separation assembly comprises a pair of rollers.

44. An apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the rollers of the first separation assembly are configured to be rotatable in order to apply a separation force to the plant feedstock in substantially the opposite direction to the motion of the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

45. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 44, wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a shearing force to the plant feedstock.

46. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 45, wherein the first separation assembly is configured to apply a splitting and / or peeling force to the plant feedstock.

47. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 46, further comprising a removal assembly configured to remove the one or more separated elementary fibres from the first separation assembly.

48. An apparatus according to claim 47, wherein the removal assembly comprises one or more brushes.

49. An apparatus according to claims 47 or 48, wherein the removal assembly comprises one or more rotatable brushes.

50. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 49, wherein the first drive assembly is configurable to apply a crushing force to the plant feedstock.

51. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 50, further comprising one or more guide assemblies configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock through the apparatus.

52. An apparatus according to claim 51, comprising a first guide assembly positioned between the first drive assembly and the first separation assembly, the first guide assembly being configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the first separation assembly.

53. An apparatus according to claims 51 or 52, comprising a second guide assembly disposed between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly, the second guide assembly being configured to, in use, guide the plant feedstock into the second drive assembly.

54. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 53, further comprising a second separation assembly.

55. An apparatus according to ciaim 54, wherein the second separation assembly is disposed between the first separation assembly and the second drive assembly.

56. An apparatus according to claim 54, further comprising a third drive assembly, wherein the second separation assembly is disposed between the second drive assembly and the third drive assembly.

57. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 56, wherein: the plant feedstock is a plant stem comprising a bast region; and the one or more elementary fibres are extracted from the bast region of the plant stem.

58. An apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the apparatus is configured such that when a plant stem comprising a bast portion and a central core is passed through the first separation assembly, the bast portion is substantially removed such that substantially only the woody core is interactable with by the second drive assembly.

59. An apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 56, wherein the plant feedstock is a fibrous plant leaf.

60. A method of extracting one or more elementary fibres from a plant feedstock using an apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 59.

61. An elementary fibre produced using an apparatus according to any of claims 37 to 59 and / or a method according to claim 60.

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