Battery system, battery management device, and method for operating battery management device

Abstract

A battery system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure comprises: a battery device including one or more batteries; a pressure regulating device that applies pressure to the one or more batteries of the battery device on the basis of a pressure control signal; a displacement sensor that detects displacement of the one or more batteries; and a battery management device that generates a pressure control signal for maintaining a constant-pressure environment for the one or more batteries, performs charging or discharging of the one or more batteries, receives displacement data generated by detection via the displacement sensor, generates calculation data on the basis of the displacement data, and determines performance of the one or more batteries on the basis of the calculation data .

Description

Battery system, battery management device, and method of operation of the battery management device

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a battery, and specifically to a battery system for managing a battery including an all-solid-state battery, a battery management device, and a method of operating the battery management device.

[0002] After assembling a battery including an all-solid-state battery, a charge-discharge cycle is performed, and the characteristics of the battery are evaluated during the charge-discharge cycle. Before assembly, abnormalities can be determined by checking the condition of the electrode plates included in the all-solid-state battery; however, after assembly, abnormalities are determined based on the battery's capacity or impedance calculated from the voltage and current during the charge-discharge cycle. However, this is limited to considering the actual condition of the metal layer of the all-solid-state battery included in the battery.

[0003] A battery performance evaluation system is required to determine the state of a battery by considering the state of the metal layer of an all-solid-state battery.

[0004] The problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to provide a battery determination system, a battery determination device, and a method of operation of the battery determination system that can determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery by considering the state of the metal layer of the all-solid-state battery and can precisely evaluate the performance of the battery.

[0005] A battery system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include a battery device comprising one or more batteries, a pressure regulator that applies pressure to one or more batteries based on a pressure control signal, a displacement sensor that detects the displacement of one or more batteries, and a battery management device that generates a pressure control signal to maintain a static pressure environment for one or more batteries, performs charging or discharging for one or more batteries, receives displacement data generated through detection by the displacement sensor, generates calculation data based on the displacement data, and determines the performance of one or more batteries based on the calculation data.

[0006] A battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include a pressure control unit that outputs a pressure control signal for controlling a pressure regulating device to provide a constant pressure environment to one or more batteries, a data receiving unit that receives displacement data regarding one or more batteries, a calculation unit that generates calculation data based on the displacement data, and a judgment unit that determines the performance of one or more batteries based on the calculation data.

[0007] A method of operating a battery system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure may include the steps of: outputting a pressure control signal to control a pressure regulating device to provide a constant pressure environment to one or more batteries by a pressure control unit; receiving displacement data regarding one or more batteries by a data receiving unit; generating calculation data based on the displacement data by a calculation unit; and determining the performance of one or more batteries based on the calculation data by a judgment unit.

[0008] A battery system, a battery management device, and a method of operation of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can improve battery monitoring performance by determining the state of the battery based on the displacement of the battery in a constant pressure environment.

[0009] A battery system, a battery management device, and a method of operation of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can precisely evaluate the performance of a battery by considering the displacement of the battery detected in a constant pressure environment.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a battery performance evaluation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIGS. 2a to 2c are cross-sectional views of an all-solid-state battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a drawing showing an example of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of the operation of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 6 is a diagram exemplarily showing the metal yield calculated per charge-discharge cycle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a diagram exemplarily showing a displacement detection point of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the distribution of displacements detected at each of the displacement detection points of the batteries according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 10 is a drawing showing an example of the operation of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 11 is a diagram exemplarily showing the pressure detected per charge-discharge cycle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 12 is a diagram exemplarily showing a pressure sensing point according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the distribution of pressure detected at each of the pressure sensing points of the batteries according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a battery system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 17 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 18 is a drawing showing another example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 19 is a drawing exemplarily showing a displacement detection point of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 21 is a graph showing the rate of change of displacement per hour calculated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIGS. 22a and 22b are graphs showing a comparison of the ratio of the displacement reduction amount to the calculated displacement increase amount according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and the Coulomb efficiency.

[0032] FIG. 23 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0033] FIG. 24 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0035] In order to fully understand the structure and effects of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various forms and various modifications can be made. The description of these embodiments is provided merely to ensure that the disclosure of the present invention is complete and to fully inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the invention.

[0036] In order to fully understand the structure and effects of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various forms and various modifications can be made. The description of these embodiments is provided merely to ensure that the disclosure of the present invention is complete and to fully inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the invention.

[0037] In this specification, when a component is described as being on another component, it means that it may be formed directly on the other component or that a third component may be interposed between them. Additionally, in the drawings, the thicknesses of the components are exaggerated for the effective description of the technical content. Throughout the specification, parts indicated by the same reference numeral represent the same components.

[0038] The embodiments described herein will be described with reference to cross-sectional and / or plan views, which are exemplary illustrations of the invention. In the drawings, the thicknesses of films and regions are exaggerated for effective description of the technical content. Accordingly, the regions illustrated in the drawings are schematic in nature, and the shapes of the regions illustrated in the drawings are intended to illustrate specific forms of regions of the device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Although terms such as first, second, third, etc., have been used to describe various components in the various embodiments of this specification, these components should not be limited by such terms. These terms are used merely to distinguish one component from another. The embodiments described and illustrated herein also include their complementary embodiments.

[0039] The terms used herein are for describing the embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention. In this specification, the singular form includes the plural form unless specifically stated otherwise in the text. As used herein, 'comprises' and / or 'comprising' do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other components to the mentioned components.

[0040] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a battery performance evaluation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0041] Referring to FIG. 1, the battery performance evaluation system (100) may include a charger / discharger (110), a pressure regulator (120), a displacement sensor (130), a pressure sensor (140), and a performance evaluation device (150).

[0042] The battery performance evaluation system (100) can evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT) or determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery (BAT). The battery (BAT) subject to evaluation by the battery performance evaluation system (100) may include an all-solid-state battery. The battery (BAT) may further include an elastic sheet that absorbs external pressure applied during charging or discharging and provides a restoring force. The all-solid-state battery included in the battery (BAT) is described in detail below in FIGS. 2a to 2c.

[0043] The charge / discharger (110) can charge or discharge the battery (BAT) to evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT). While charging or discharging the battery (BAT), the charge / discharger (110) can detect the voltage of the battery (BAT) or the current of the battery (BAT). The charge / discharger (110) can transmit the voltage data or current data generated through detection to the performance evaluation device (150).

[0044] The pressure regulator (120) can apply pressure to the battery (BAT). The pressure regulator (120) can apply pressure (e.g., 1 MPa to 3 MPa) to the battery (BAT) during charging or discharging. The metal layer of the battery (BAT) can be stably formed by the pressure applied to the battery (BAT). According to one embodiment, the pressure regulator (120) can provide a constant pressure environment to the battery (BAT) while the battery (BAT) is being charged or discharged to evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT) during charging or discharging. A constant pressure environment means that a constant pressure is maintained while the battery (BAT) is being charged or discharged under pressure. According to one embodiment, the pressure regulator (120) can provide a positive displacement environment to the battery (BAT) while the battery (BAT) is being charged or discharged. A constant displacement environment means that a constant displacement (or volume) is maintained while the battery (BAT) is charged or discharged under pressurized conditions.

[0045] The displacement sensor (130) can detect the displacement of the battery (BAT). According to embodiments, when the battery (BAT) is charged or discharged, the thickness of the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT) may change. In the case of a pouch-type battery (BAT) maintained in a constant pressure environment, the thickness of the battery (BAT) may also change according to the change in the thickness of the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT). The displacement of the battery (BAT) detected by the displacement sensor (130) may correspond to the thickness of the battery (BAT). The displacement sensor (130) can detect the displacement of the battery (BAT) due to the charging or discharging of the battery (BAT) in a constant pressure environment. For example, the displacement sensor (130) can detect the increase in battery thickness when the battery (BAT) is charged and the decrease in battery thickness when the battery (BAT) is discharged. The displacement data generated through the detection of the battery (BAT) displacement may be transmitted to the performance evaluation device (150).

[0046] The pressure sensor (140) can detect the pressure of the battery (BAT). The thickness of the metal layer may change depending on the charging or discharging of the battery (BAT). The pressure of the battery (BAT) may change depending on the change in the thickness of the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT). The pressure sensor (140) can detect the pressure of the battery (BAT) being charged and discharged in a positive displacement environment. Pressure data generated through the detection of the battery (BAT) pressure can be transmitted to a performance evaluation device (150).

[0047] The performance evaluation device (150) can receive data regarding the battery (BAT). The performance evaluation device (150) can evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT) or determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal (or defective) based on the data regarding the battery (BAT). For example, the performance evaluation device (150) can calculate the amount of metal generated or the amount of metal reduced by the battery (BAT) based on the received data regarding the battery (BAT). The performance evaluation device (150) can also calculate the rate of metal generation or the rate of metal reduction based on the received data regarding the battery (BAT). The performance evaluation device (150) can evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT) or determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal based on the data regarding the battery (BAT) or the result calculated through calculation.

[0048] The performance evaluation device (150) can further consider the condition of the metal layer included in the battery (BAT) even after the assembly of the battery (BAT) based on the displacement of the battery (BAT) or the pressure of the battery (BAT). Through this, the actual capacity and performance of the battery (BAT) can be precisely determined, and the ability to determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery (BAT) can be improved.

[0049] FIGS. 2a to 2c are cross-sectional views of an all-solid-state battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0050] Referring to FIG. 2a, an all-solid-state battery (1) according to one embodiment includes a positive electrode layer (10), a negative electrode layer (20) facing the positive electrode layer (10), and a solid electrolyte layer (30) disposed between the positive electrode layer (10) and the negative electrode layer (20). However, the all-solid-state battery (1) is not limited thereto and may further include an additional functional layer, such as an adhesion-enhancing layer, disposed between the positive electrode layer (10) and the solid electrolyte layer (30) or between the negative electrode layer (20) and the solid electrolyte layer (30).

[0051] The anode layer (10) of one embodiment includes an anode current collector (11) and an anode active material layer (12) disposed on the anode current collector (11). The anode active material layer (12) may include an anode active material, a solid electrolyte, a conductive material, and a binder.

[0052] The positive current collector (11) can provide a reference surface on which the positive active material layer (12) is placed. The positive current collector (11) may include, for example, a plate or foil comprising indium (In), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), lithium (Li), or an alloy thereof.

[0053] Meanwhile, unlike as illustrated in FIG. 2a, the positive current collector (11) may be omitted in one embodiment of the present invention. Although not illustrated, a carbon layer with a thickness of 0.1 μm to 4 μm may be further disposed between the positive current collector (11) and the positive active material layer (12) to increase the bonding strength between the positive current collector (11) and the positive active material layer (12).

[0054] The cathode active material is a material capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing lithium ions. The cathode active material may include, for example, lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), lithium manganate, and lithium iron phosphate, as well as nickel sulfide, copper sulfide, lithium sulfide, iron oxide, or vanadium oxide, but is not necessarily limited to these. Each cathode active material may be a single material or a mixture of two or more materials.

[0055] Lithium transition metal oxides are, for example, LiaA1-bBbD2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5), LiaE1-bBbO2-cDc(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05), LiE2-bBbO4-cDc(0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05), LiaNi1-b-cCobBcDα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNi1-b-cCobBcO2-αFα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNi1-b-cMnbBcDα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α≤2), LiaNi1-b-cMnbBcO2-αFα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNibEcGdO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0.001≤d≤0.1), LiaNibCocMndGeO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0≤d≤0.5, 0.001≤e≤0.1), LiaNiGbO2(0.9≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaCoGbO2(0.90≤a≤1, It is a compound represented by any one of 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaMnGbO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaMn2GbO4(0.90≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), QO2, QS2, LiQS2, V2O5, LiV2O5, LiIO2, LiNiVO4, Li3-fJ2(PO4)3(0≤f≤2), Li3-fFe2(PO4)3(0≤f≤2), and LiFePO4.In these compounds, the uppercase “A” is Ni, Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “B” is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “D” is O, F, S, P, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “E” is Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “F” is F, S, P, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “G” is Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, V, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “Q” is Ti, Mo, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “I” is Cr, V, Fe, Sc, Y, or a combination thereof; and the uppercase “J” is V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, or a combination thereof.

[0056] The cathode active material may include, for example, a lithium salt of a transition metal oxide having a layered rock salt type structure among the lithium transition metal oxides described above. The "layered rock salt type structure" is, for example, a cubic rock salt type structure. <111> It is a structure in which oxygen and metal atomic layers are alternately and regularly arranged in the direction, thereby forming a two-dimensional plane for each atomic layer. The "cubic rock salt type structure" represents a sodium chloride (NaCl type) structure, which is a type of crystal structure; specifically, it represents a structure in which face-centered cubic lattices (fcc) formed by cations and anions, respectively, are offset from each other by half the ridge of the unit lattice. Lithium transition metal oxides having such a layered rock salt type structure include, for example, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) or LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) (0 <x<1,0<y<1, 0<z<1, x+y+z=1) 등의 삼원계 리튬전이금속산화물일 수 있다. 양극활물질이 층상암염형 구조를 갖는 삼원계 리튬전이금속산화물을 포함하는 경우, 전고체 전지(1)의 에너지 밀도가 커지고 열안정성이 향상될 수 있다.

[0057] The aforementioned compound contained in the cathode active material may be covered by a coating layer (not shown). The cathode active material may also be a mixture of the aforementioned compound and the compound to which the coating layer is added. Meanwhile, the coating layer added to the surface of the cathode active material may include, for example, oxides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, oxycarbonates, or hydroxycarbonates of the following coating elements. The compounds forming this coating layer are amorphous or crystalline. The coating elements included in the coating layer may include Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Sn, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr, or mixtures thereof. The coating layer may include, for example, Li2O-ZrO2 (LZO). The method for forming the coating layer is selected within a range that does not adversely affect the physical properties of the cathode active material. The method for forming the coating layer is, for example, spray coating or immersion.

[0058] When the positive electrode active material is a ternary lithium transition metal oxide such as NCA or NCM and contains nickel (Ni), the capacity density of the all-solid-state battery (1) is increased, and the metal leaching of the positive electrode active material in the charged state can be reduced. As a result, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) in the charged state are improved. Meanwhile, “cycle characteristics” is a characteristic that indicates the degree of deterioration of the all-solid-state battery (1) due to charging and discharging of the all-solid-state battery (1). An all-solid-state battery (1) with high cycle characteristics has a small degree of deterioration due to charging and discharging, while an all-solid-state battery (1) with low cycle characteristics may have a large degree of deterioration due to charging and discharging.

[0059] The shape of the cathode active material may include particle shapes such as spheres or ellipsoids. The particle size and content of the cathode active material are not particularly limited.

[0060] The solid electrolyte may include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte with excellent lithium ion conductivity characteristics. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are, for example, Li2S-P2S5, Li2S-P2S5-LiX (where X is a halogen element), Li2S-P2S5-Li2O, Li2S-P2S5-Li2O-LiI, Li2S-SiS2, Li2S-SiS2-LiI, Li2S-SiS2-LiBr, Li2S-SiS2-LiCl, Li2S-SiS2-B2S3-LiI, Li2S-SiS2-P2S5-LiI, Li2S-B2S3, Li2S-P2S5-ZmSn (where m and n are positive numbers, uppercase “ ” represents one of Ge, Zn, or Ga), Li2S-GeS2, Li2S-SiS2-Li3PO4, Li2S-SiS2-LipMOq (where p and q are positive numbers, uppercase “ ” represents one of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In It may include at least one selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2).

[0061] The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising, for example, one or more selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2). In particular, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising one or more selected from Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br, and Li6PS5I. The density of the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte may be 1.5 g / cc to 2.0 g / cc. By having a density of 1.5 g / cc or higher for the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte, the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery is reduced, and defects such as penetration and short circuit of the solid electrolyte film due to lithium dendrite formation can be prevented. The elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte can be, for example, 15 GPa to 35 GPa.

[0062] The solid electrolyte included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) may have a smaller average particle size (D50) of intermediate particle size compared to the solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30). For example, the average particle size (D50) of the solid electrolyte included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) may be 90% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, or 20% or less of the average particle size (D50) of the solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30). Meanwhile, the average particle size (D50) may be a median diameter measured using a laser particle size distribution meter.

[0063] The positive active material layer (12) may include a conductive material. The conductive material may have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the all-solid-state battery (1), thereby increasing the conductivity of the positive active material and the solid electrolyte. The conductive material may include a carbon-based material. The conductive material may include, for example, one or more selected from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes.

[0064] The positive active material layer (12) may further include a binder. The binder may include a material for bonding the positive active material, solid electrolyte, and conductive material contained in the positive active material layer (12), and for improving the bonding strength with the positive current collector (11). The binder may include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethyl methacrylate.

[0065] Based on 100 parts by weight of the total positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 85 parts by weight or more and 92 parts by weight or less of the positive active material. Based on 100 parts by weight of the total positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 0.5 parts by weight or more and 1.5 parts by weight or less of the binder.

[0066] Based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 1 part by weight or more and 50 parts by weight or less of a conductive material. If the conductive material is included in the positive active material layer (12) in an amount less than 1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the proportion of the conductive material decreases, and the electrical conductivity of the positive active material layer (12) may decrease. If the conductive material is included in the positive active material layer (12) in an amount exceeding 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the proportion of the conductive material is excessively high, and a coating layer covering the surface of the solid electrolyte may not be properly formed.

[0067] The positive active material layer (12) may further include additives such as fillers, coating agents, dispersants, and ion conductivity aids in addition to the positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder described above.

[0068] The solid electrolyte layer (30) is disposed between the anode layer (10) and the cathode layer (20) and includes a sulfide-based solid electrolyte with excellent lithium ion conductivity characteristics. The solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30) may be the same as or different from any one of the materials that can be included in the solid electrolyte included in the aforementioned anode active material layer (12).

[0069] The solid electrolyte layer (30) of one embodiment may include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be manufactured by processing starting materials, such as Li2S or P2S5, by a melt quenching method or a mechanical milling method. Additionally, heat treatment may be performed after such processing. The solid electrolyte may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte may include sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and lithium (Li) as at least constituent elements among the sulfide-based solid electrolyte materials described above, for example. For example, the solid electrolyte may be a material containing Li2S-P2S5. When using a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material containing Li2S-P2S5 to form the solid electrolyte, the molar ratio of Li2S and P2S5 is, for example, in the range of Li2S : P2S5 = 50 : 50 to 90 : 10.

[0070] The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising, for example, one or more selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2). In particular, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising one or more selected from Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br, and Li6PS5I. The density of the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte may be 1.5 g / cc to 2.0 g / cc. By having a density of 1.5 g / cc or higher for the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte, the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery is reduced, and defects such as penetration and short circuit of the solid electrolyte film due to lithium dendrite formation can be prevented. The elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte is, for example, 15 GPa to 35 GPa.

[0071] The solid electrolyte layer (30) may further include a binder. The binder included in the solid electrolyte layer (30) is, for example, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, etc., but is not limited to these. The binder of the solid electrolyte layer (30) may be the same as or different from the binder included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) or the binder included in the negative electrode active material layer (22).

[0072] The negative electrode layer (20) includes a negative electrode current collector (21) and a negative electrode active material layer (22) disposed on the negative electrode current collector (21). The negative electrode active material layer (22) may include a negative electrode active material and a binder.

[0073] The negative electrode current collector (21) can provide a reference surface on which the negative electrode active material layer (22) is disposed. The negative electrode current collector (21) may include, for example, a material that does not react with lithium, that is, does not form any alloys or compounds with lithium. The material constituting the negative electrode current collector (21) may be, for example, copper (Cu), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), but is not necessarily limited to these, and any material used as an electrode current collector is possible. The thickness of the negative electrode current collector may be 1 to 20 μm, for example 5 to 15 μm, for example 7 to 10 μm.

[0074] The negative current collector (21) may be composed of one of the metals described above, or may include an alloy of two or more metals or a coating material. The negative current collector (21) is, for example, in the form of a plate or foil. Meanwhile, in one embodiment, the negative current collector (21) may be omitted.

[0075] The negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode active material layer (22) may have a particle shape. The intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) of the negative electrode active material having a particle shape may be, for example, 4 µm or less, 2 µm or less, 1 µm or less, or 900 nm or less. The intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) of the negative electrode active material may be, for example, 10 nm to 4 µm, 10 nm to 2 µm, or 10 nm to 900 nm. As the negative electrode active material has an intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) within this range, the reversible absorption and / or desorption of lithium during charging and discharging may be more easily facilitated. Meanwhile, the intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) may be a median diameter measured using a laser particle size distribution meter.

[0076] The cathode active material may include, for example, one or more selected from carbon-based cathode active materials and metal or metalloid cathode active materials.

[0077] Carbon-based cathode active materials may be amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon includes, for example, carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), furnace black (FB), ketjen black (KB), graphene, etc., but is not necessarily limited to these. Amorphous carbon is carbon that does not have crystallinity or has very low crystallinity, and is distinguished from crystalline carbon or graphite-based carbon.

[0078] The metal or metalloid cathode active material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn), but is not necessarily limited to these, and may be a metal cathode active material or a metalloid cathode active material that forms an alloy or compound with lithium. Meanwhile, nickel (Ni) does not form an alloy with lithium, so it does not qualify as a metal cathode active material.

[0079] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may include one type of negative electrode active material among these negative electrode active materials, or a mixture of multiple different negative electrode active materials. For example, the negative electrode active material layer (22) may include only amorphous carbon, or one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn).

[0080] In one embodiment, the negative electrode active material layer (22) may comprise a mixture of amorphous carbon and one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). The mixing ratio of the mixture of amorphous carbon and gold (Au), etc., may be, for example, 10:1 to 1:2, 5:1 to 1:1, or 4:1 to 2:1 by weight, but is not necessarily limited to these ranges and may be selected according to the required characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1). By having the negative electrode active material have such a composition, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be further improved.

[0081] The binder included in the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, etc., but is not necessarily limited to these. The binder may include one or a plurality of different binders.

[0082] By including a binder in the negative active material layer (22), the negative active material layer (22) can be stably formed on the negative current collector (21). That is, the bonding strength between the negative active material layer (22) and the negative current collector (21) can be increased. In addition, cracking of the negative active material layer (22) is suppressed despite changes in volume and / or relative position of the negative active material layer (22) during the charging and discharging process. If the negative active material layer (22) does not include a binder, the negative active material layer (22) can be easily separated from the negative current collector (21). As the negative active material layer (22) detaches from the negative current collector (21), the negative current collector (21) may come into contact with the solid electrolyte layer in the exposed portion of the negative current collector (21), and accordingly, the possibility of a short circuit occurring increases.

[0083] The negative electrode active material layer (22) is manufactured, for example, by providing a mixture in which the material constituting the negative electrode active material layer (22) is dispersed onto a negative electrode current collector (21). Since a binder is included in the material constituting the negative electrode active material layer (22), stable dispersion of the negative electrode active material is possible in the mixture. For example, when the mixture is applied onto the negative electrode current collector (21) by a screen printing method, it is possible to suppress clogging of the screen (for example, clogging caused by aggregates of the negative electrode active material) by the binder.

[0084] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may further include other additives in addition to the negative electrode active material and binder. The negative electrode active material layer (22) may further include, for example, fillers, coating agents, dispersants, ion conductivity aids, etc.

[0085] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may have a smaller thickness compared to the positive electrode active material layer (12). The thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may be, for example, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less of the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer (12). The thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may be, for example, 1 µm to 20 µm, 2 µm to 10 µm, or 3 µm to 7 µm. If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is excessively thin, lithium dendrites formed between the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the negative electrode current collector (21) may cause the negative electrode active material layer (22) to collapse, thereby degrading the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1). If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively, the energy density of the all-solid-state battery (1) decreases, and the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery (1) due to the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases, which may degrade the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1).

[0086] If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) decreases, for example, the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may also decrease. The charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, or 2% or less compared to the charging capacity of the positive electrode active material layer (12). The charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, 0.1% to 50%, 0.1% to 40%, 0.1% to 30%, 0.1% to 20%, 0.1% to 10%, 0.1% to 5%, or 0.1% to 2% compared to the charging capacity of the positive electrode active material layer (12). If the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is excessively small, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) becomes very thin, and the same defect as the above-described defect that occurs when the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) becomes excessively thin may occur. If the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively, the same defect as the above-described defect that occurs when the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively may occur.

[0087] The charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12) can be obtained by multiplying the charge capacity density (mAh / g) of the positive active material by the mass of the positive active material in the positive active material layer (12). If the positive active material layer (12) contains various types of positive active materials, the [charge capacity density × mass] value is calculated for each positive active material, and the sum of these values ​​of the positive active materials is the charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12). The charge capacity of the negative active material layer (22) can also be calculated in the same way. That is, the charge capacity of the negative active material layer (22) is obtained by multiplying the charge capacity density (mAh / g) of the negative active material by the mass of the negative active material in the negative active material layer (22). If the negative active material layer (22) contains various types of negative active materials, the [charge capacity density × mass] value is calculated for each negative active material, and the sum of these values ​​of the negative active materials is the capacity of the negative active material layer (22). Here, the charge capacity density of the positive active material and the negative active material may be the capacity estimated using an all-solid-state half-cell using lithium metal as the counter electrode. The charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12) and the negative active material layer (22) can be directly measured by measuring the charge capacity using an all-solid-state half-cell. By dividing the measured charge capacity by the mass of each active material, the charge capacity density can be obtained. Meanwhile, in this specification, the “charge capacity” of the positive active material layer (12) and the negative active material layer (22) refers to the initial charge capacity measured during the first cycle of charging.

[0088] Meanwhile, although not shown, a carbon layer may be further included to improve adhesion between the cathode active material layer (22) and the solid electrolyte layer (30).

[0089] FIGS. 2B and FIGS. 2C illustrate an all-solid-state battery (1) having a negative electrode layer (20) different from the all-solid-state battery (1) shown in FIG. 2A.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 2b, the negative electrode layer (20) of the all-solid-state battery (1) may further include an additional negative electrode active material layer (230) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22). The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be a metal layer containing lithium or a lithium alloy. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may, for example, function as a lithium reservoir. The lithium alloy may be, for example, a Li-Al alloy, a Li-Sn alloy, a Li-In alloy, a Li-Ag alloy, a Li-Au alloy, a Li-Zn alloy, a Li-Ge alloy, a Li-Si alloy, etc., but is not limited to these, and any alloy used as a lithium alloy is possible. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may include one of these alloys or lithium, or may include various types of alloys.

[0091] The thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 µm to 1000 µm, 1 µm to 500 µm, 1 µm to 200 µm, 1 µm to 150 µm, 1 µm to 100 µm, or 1 µm to 50 µm. If the thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is excessively thin, it is difficult for the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) to perform the role of a lithium reservoir. If the thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is excessively thick, the mass and volume of the all-solid-state battery (1) increase, and the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) may deteriorate. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be, for example, a metal foil having a thickness within this range.

[0092] An additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) before assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), for example. In one embodiment, the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be formed by precipitation between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) by charging after assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1).

[0093] When an additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) before assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) can function as a lithium reservoir. Accordingly, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) including the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) can be further improved.

[0094] In the case where an additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is formed by charging after assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), the all-solid-state battery (1) is charged in excess of the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22), and lithium may be absorbed in the negative electrode active material layer (22) during the initial charging phase. That is, the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer (22) may form an alloy or compound with lithium ions that have moved from the positive electrode layer (10), and accordingly, lithium may be precipitated between the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the negative electrode current collector (21), and a metal layer corresponding to the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be formed by the precipitated lithium. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is a metal layer composed mainly of lithium (i.e., metallic lithium). During discharge, the lithium in the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the additional negative electrode active material layer (23), i.e., the metal layer, may be ionized and move toward the positive electrode layer (10). Therefore, lithium can be used as a negative electrode active material in the all-solid-state battery (1). In addition, the negative electrode active material layer (22) is formed to cover the additional negative electrode active material layer (23), thereby serving as a protective layer for the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) while simultaneously suppressing the precipitation growth of lithium dendrites. Thus, short circuits and capacity degradation of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be suppressed, and consequently, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be improved.

[0095] Referring to FIG. 2c, the negative electrode layer (20) of the all-solid-state battery (1) may include a negative electrode current collector (21), a metal layer (23-1) disposed on the negative electrode current collector (21), and a negative electrode coating layer (22-1) disposed on the metal layer (23-1).

[0096] The metal layer (23-1) may be a thin metal film containing lithium or a lithium alloy. The lithium alloy is not limited to, for example, Li-Al alloy, Li-Sn alloy, Li-In alloy, Li-Ag alloy, Li-Au alloy, Li-Zn alloy, Li-Ge alloy, Li-Si alloy, etc., and any alloy used as a lithium alloy is possible. The metal layer (23-1) may contain one of these alloys or lithium. Alternatively, the metal layer (23-1) may contain various types of alloys.

[0097] The negative electrode coating layer (22-1) is disposed on the metal layer (23-1), and the negative electrode coating layer (22-1) is formed to cover the metal layer (23-1), thereby serving as a protective layer for the metal layer (23-1) and simultaneously suppressing the precipitation and growth of lithium dendrites in the metal layer (23-1) containing lithium or a lithium alloy.

[0098] The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include amorphous carbon. The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include, for example, at least one of carbon black, acetylene black, furnace black, ketjen black, and graphene. The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include a metallic material in addition to the amorphous carbon described above. For example, the cathode coating layer (22-1) may include at least one of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). In one embodiment, the cathode coating layer (22-1) may include a mixture of carbon black and silver (Ag).

[0099] FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0100] Referring to FIG. 3, the battery determination system (200) may include a battery charging / discharging device (210) and a battery determination device (250).

[0101] The battery determination system (200) can perform one or more charge-discharge cycles on at least one battery (BAT) and can determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal based on data regarding the battery (BAT) obtained during the charge-discharge cycle.

[0102] The battery determination system (200) may correspond to the battery performance evaluation system (100) of FIG. 1. The battery (BAT) to be determined by the battery determination system (200) may correspond to a battery cell comprising one or more all-solid-state batteries (1) described in FIG. 2a to 2c. The battery (BAT) may further include an elastic sheet that absorbs external pressure applied during charging or discharging and provides a restoring force.

[0103] The battery charging / discharging device (210) may include a charger (211), a discharger (212), a pressure regulator (213), a displacement sensor (214), and a pressure sensor (215). The battery charging / discharging device (210) may charge or discharge the battery (BAT) to determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery (BAT). The battery charging / discharging device (210) may regulate the pressure of the battery (BAT) while the battery (BAT) is being charged or discharged. The battery charging / discharging device (210) may acquire data regarding the battery (BAT) based on the charging or discharging of the battery (BAT). Information regarding the battery (BAT) may be transmitted to the battery determination device (250).

[0104] The charger (211) can charge the battery (BAT) by providing power at a preset charging rate to determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal. The discharger (212) can discharge the battery (BAT) in a charged state. The battery charging / discharging device (210) allows the battery (BAT) to perform at least one charge-discharge cycle through the charger (211) and the discharger (212). For example, the charger (211) and the discharger (212) can perform three charge-discharge cycles.

[0105] The pressure regulator (213) can apply pressure to the battery (BAT) during a charging or discharging operation. According to one embodiment, the pressure regulator (213) can provide a constant pressure environment while the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) is in progress. For example, the pressure regulator (213) can apply a preset pressure to the battery (BAT) at a constant level. For example, the pressure regulator (213) can apply a pressure value set between 2 MPa and 2.5 MPa to the battery (BAT). The pressure regulator (213) may include a servo motor or a spring pad for providing pressure. Even if the displacement (or volume) of the battery (BAT) changes, the pressure applied to the battery can be maintained at a constant level.

[0106] According to one embodiment, the pressure regulator (213) can provide a positive displacement environment while the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) is in progress. The pressure regulator (213) can provide a preset pressure to the battery (BAT) before the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) is in progress, and the displacement (or volume) of the battery (BAT) can be fixed by a fixing means. Alternatively, the pressure regulator (213) can increase or decrease the pressure applied to the battery (BAT) so that the battery (BAT) maintains a constant displacement while the charging and discharging cycle of the battery is in progress.

[0107] The displacement sensor (214) can detect the displacement of the battery (BAT) according to the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT). The displacement data generated through the displacement detection can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). The displacement sensor (214) can detect the displacement at preset time intervals. For example, the displacement sensor (214) can detect the displacement of the battery (BAT) every 0.5 seconds, and the displacement data generated through the detection can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). The displacement sensor (214) can also transmit the displacement data when the displacement of the battery (BAT) changes by a preset amount.

[0108] Multiple displacement sensors (214) may correspond to a single battery (BAT). The multiple displacement sensors (214) may detect displacement at multiple displacement detection points. For example, the displacement sensors (214) may detect displacement of the battery (BAT) at four points. The displacement data transmitted to the battery determination device (250) may include detected displacement values ​​for multiple points.

[0109] The displacement sensor (214) may include a contact sensor such as a linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) probe or a non-contact sensor such as a laser displacement sensor.

[0110] According to one embodiment, the displacement sensor (214) can detect the displacement of the battery (BAT) due to the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) in a static pressure environment.

[0111] The pressure sensor (215) can detect pressure applied to the battery (BAT). Pressure data generated through pressure detection can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). The pressure sensor (215) can detect pressure at preset time intervals. For example, the pressure sensor (215) can detect the pressure of the battery (BAT) every 0.5 seconds, and pressure data generated through detection can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). The pressure sensor (215) can also transmit pressure data when the pressure applied to the battery (BAT) changes by a preset amount.

[0112] The pressure sensor (215) can detect pressure applied to the battery (BAT) at multiple pressure detection points. For example, the pressure sensor (215) can detect pressure applied to the battery (BAT) at five points. The pressure data transmitted to the battery determination device (250) may include pressure data detected at multiple points of the battery (BAT).

[0113] According to one embodiment, the pressure sensor (215) can detect pressure applied to the battery (BAT) due to charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) in a positive displacement environment.

[0114] The voltage sensor (216) and current sensor (217) can detect the voltage and current of the battery (BAT). The voltage data and current data of the battery (BAT) can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). Based on the detected voltage data and current data, the battery determination device (250) can calculate data for evaluating the performance of the battery (BAT), such as the capacity of the battery (BAT) or the impedance of the battery (BAT).

[0115] The battery determination device (250) may include a data receiving unit (251), a calculation unit (252), and a determination unit (253).

[0116] The data receiving unit (251) can receive data regarding the battery (BAT) from the battery charging / discharging device (210). For example, the data receiving unit (251) can receive various data regarding the battery (BAT), such as displacement data generated through the displacement sensor (214), pressure data generated through the pressure sensor (215), or current and voltage of the battery (BAT).

[0117] The calculation unit (252) can calculate data regarding the battery (BAT) received through the data receiving unit (251) and can generate output data for evaluating the performance of the battery (BAT) through calculation. For example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the amount of metal (e.g., lithium) generated by the battery (BAT) based on the data regarding the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (252) can calculate the amount of metal generated by the battery (BAT) during charging based on the increase in displacement of the battery (BAT) included in the displacement data and the area of ​​the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (252) may calculate the amount of metal loss of the battery (BAT) reduced during discharge based on the reduction in displacement of the battery (BAT) included in the displacement data and the area of ​​the battery (BAT0). The calculation unit (252) may calculate the rate of change per hour (i.e., the derivative value with respect to time) of the amount of metal generated or the amount of metal loss. The rate of change per hour of the amount of metal generated refers to the rate of metal generation, and the rate of change per hour of the amount of metal loss refers to the rate of metal loss.

[0118] The calculation unit (252) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on data or calculation data regarding the received battery (BAT). For example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on the ratio of the amount of metal generated by charging the battery (BAT) and the amount of metal reduced by discharging the battery (BAT). As another example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on the ratio of the amount of pressure increase by charging the battery (BAT) and the amount of pressure decrease by discharging the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (252) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) for each of multiple charge-discharge cycles.

[0119] The calculation unit (252) can calculate the amount of irreversible metal generated. For example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the amount of irreversible metal generated based on the difference between the amount of metal generated during charging and the amount of metal decreased during discharging in the first charge-discharge cycle. As another example, the calculation unit (252) can estimate the amount of irreversible metal generated based on the difference between the amount of pressure increase during charging and the amount of pressure decrease during discharging in the first charge-discharge cycle. The difference between the amount of pressure increase during charging and the amount of pressure decrease during discharging may be proportional to the amount of irreversible metal generated.

[0120] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery (BAT) based on data regarding the battery (BAT) or output data generated through the calculation unit (252).

[0121] The judgment unit (253) can compare the amount of metal generated or the amount of metal reduced in multiple charge-discharge cycles. For example, the judgment unit (253) can compare the amount of metal generated in the first charge-discharge cycle with the amount of metal generated in the nth (n is an integer greater than 1) charge-discharge cycle. The judgment unit (253) can compare the amount of metal reduced in the first charge-discharge cycle with the amount of metal reduced in the nth charge-discharge cycle. The judgment unit (253) can determine the state of health (SOH) of the battery (BAT) based on the trend of change in the amount of metal generated in the first and nth charge-discharge cycles. Alternatively, the judgment unit (253) can determine the state of health of the battery (BAT) based on the trend of change in the amount of metal reduced in the first and nth charge-discharge cycles. The judgment unit (253) can predict the lifespan of the battery (BAT) or the performance of the battery (BAT0) based on the SOH. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the point in time (number of charge-discharge cycles) when the SOH decreases by a preset ratio (e.g., 80%) relative to the initial SOH. The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal based on the SOH of the battery (BAT). For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery (BAT) as abnormal (or defective) in response to the determined SOH being smaller than a preset threshold value.

[0122] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal based on displacements obtained at multiple points with respect to a single battery (BAT). For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT) is abnormal when the deviation of the displacement change amounts obtained at each of the multiple points is greater than a preset threshold value. Through this, the judgment unit (253) can evaluate the quality of the metal layer included in the battery (BAT).

[0123] The judgment unit (253) can compare the increase or decrease in pressure of the battery (BAT) in multiple charge-discharge cycles. For example, the judgment unit (253) can compare the increase in pressure in the first charge-discharge cycle with the increase in pressure in the nth charge-discharge cycle (where n is an integer greater than 1). The judgment unit (253) can also compare the decrease in pressure in the first charge-discharge cycle with the decrease in pressure in the nth charge-discharge cycle. The judgment unit (253) can determine the SOH of the battery (BAT) based on the trend of change in the increase in pressure in the first and nth charge-discharge cycles. The judgment unit (253) can also determine the SOH of the battery (BAT) based on the change in the decrease in pressure in the first and nth charge-discharge cycles. The judgment unit (253) can predict the lifespan of the battery (BAT) or predict the performance of the battery (BAT) based on the SOH. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the point at which the initial SOH decreases by a preset ratio (e.g., 80%). The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT) is abnormal in response to the SOH being below a preset threshold value.

[0124] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery (BAT) is abnormal based on pressures obtained at multiple points with respect to a single battery (BAT). For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT) is abnormal when the deviation of the pressure change amounts obtained at each of the multiple points is greater than a preset threshold value. Through this, the judgment unit (253) can evaluate the quality of the metal layer included in the battery (BAT).

[0125] The judgment unit (253) can determine the capacity of the battery (BAT) based on the current applied to the battery (BAT) and the application time during the charge-discharge cycle. The judgment unit (253) can compare the first capacity of the battery (BAT), calculated based on displacement data or pressure data obtained during the charge-discharge cycle of the battery (BAT), with the second capacity determined based on the current applied to the battery (BAT) and the time. When the difference between the first capacity and the second capacity is determined to be greater than a preset threshold value, the state of the battery (BAT) can be determined to be abnormal.

[0126] The battery determination system (200) can simultaneously evaluate the performance of multiple batteries (BATs) or determine whether there is an abnormality in the multiple batteries (BATs). When the battery determination system (200) evaluates the performance of multiple batteries (BATs), the pressure regulator (213) can provide a positive pressure environment or a positive displacement environment to the multiple batteries (BATs). Additionally, the battery charging / discharging device (210) may include multiple displacement sensors (214) or multiple pressure sensors (215) for each of the multiple batteries (BATs). Each of the multiple batteries (BATs) undergoes a charging-discharging cycle simultaneously, and data regarding the battery (BAT) obtained from each of the multiple batteries (BATs) can be transmitted to the battery determination device (250). The battery determination device (250) can generate calculated data based on the data for each of the multiple batteries (BATs).

[0127] The battery determination system (200) can determine the condition of batteries (BATs) that are determined to have relatively low performance among a plurality of batteries (BATs) as abnormal. For example, the battery determination device (250) can determine the condition of a battery (BAT) as abnormal if the amount of metal generated in one charge-discharge cycle among a plurality of batteries (BATs) is smaller than a preset first threshold value than the average amount of metal generated among the plurality of batteries (BATs) (e.g., less than 10% of the average amount of metal generated) or larger than a preset second threshold value (e.g., larger than 10% of the average amount of metal generated). The battery determination device (250) can also determine the condition of a battery (BAT) as abnormal if the amount of pressure increase in one charge-discharge cycle among a plurality of batteries (BATs) is smaller than a preset first threshold value than the average amount of pressure increase among the plurality of batteries (BATs) (e.g., less than 10% of the average amount of pressure increase) or larger than a preset second threshold value (e.g., larger than 10% of the average amount of pressure increase). The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of a battery (BAT) is abnormal if the decreasing trend of SOH corresponding to multiple charge-discharge cycles is smaller than a preset threshold value compared to the average decreasing trend of SOH of multiple batteries (BATs).

[0128] The battery determination system (200) can precisely determine the performance of the battery (BAT), such as the SOH, capacity, or condition of the metal layer of the battery (BAT), by determining the state of the battery (BAT) based on displacement data or pressure data of the battery (BAT). In addition, the ability to determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery (BAT) can be improved.

[0129] Meanwhile, the charge-discharge cycle performed by the battery determination system (200) can be performed during the formation process of the battery manufacturing process.

[0130] FIG. 4 is a drawing showing an example of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0131] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the battery charging / discharging device (210) may include partitions (401, 402, ..., 406).

[0132] The partitions (401-406) are arranged parallel to the plane formed by the first direction (D1) and the second direction (D2). Battery storage spaces (411, 412, ..., 415) may be formed between the partitions (401-406). Some of the partitions (401-405) may be fixed in a specific position or may move flexibly while maintaining parallelism under the control of the battery charging / discharging device (210). The partitions (401-405) may move along the third direction (D3) or the reverse direction. At least one battery may be stored in each of the battery storage spaces (411-415).

[0133] The battery charging and discharging device (210) may include a plurality of connection terminals (CT11, CT12, ..., CT52). Each of the plurality of connection terminals (CT11-CT52) may be connected to the corresponding battery tabs. The charger (211) and discharger (212) of FIG. 3 may charge or discharge batteries stored in each of the battery storage spaces (411-415) through the connection terminals (CT11-CT52).

[0134] Displacement sensors (214a, 214b, ..., 214e) may be installed in the battery charging / discharging device (210). Each of the displacement sensors (214a-214e) can detect displacement between the partitions (401-406). Displacement data generated through displacement detection may be provided to the outside of the battery charging / discharging device (210) (e.g., a battery determination device).

[0135] Pressure sensors (215a, 215b, ..., 215-j) may be disposed on one side of the bulkheads (401-406). Each of the pressure sensors (215a-215j) can detect pressure applied to batteries stored in the corresponding battery storage spaces (411-414). Pressure data generated through pressure detection may be provided to the outside of the battery charging / discharging device (210).

[0136] The pressure regulator (213) may be placed on one side of the bulkhead (401). The pressure regulator (213) may apply pressure to the bulkhead (410).

[0137] According to one embodiment, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can provide a constant pressure environment to the batteries housed by controlling the partitions (401-406) and the pressure regulator (213). For example, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can fix the partition (406) and release the fixation to allow the partitions (401-405) to move flexibly. The pressure regulator (213) can be controlled to apply a constant pressure to the partition (401). The battery charging / discharging device (210) can maintain a constant pressure environment while the charging-discharging cycle of the batteries is in progress.

[0138] According to one embodiment, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can provide a positive displacement environment to the stored batteries by controlling the partitions (401-406) and the pressure regulator (213). For example, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can fix the partition (406) and release the fixation to allow the partitions (401-405) to move fluidly. The pressure regulator (213) can be controlled to apply a preset pressure to the partition (401). The battery charging / discharging device (210) can fix the partitions (401-405) in a pressurized environment. Through the fixed-position partitions (401-406), the battery charging / discharging device (210) can maintain a positive displacement environment while the battery charging-discharging cycle proceeds.

[0139] FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of the operation of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0140] Referring to FIGS. 3 and FIGS. 5, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can detect the displacement of each of the batteries (BAT1, BAT2, ..., BAT5) in a constant pressure environment.

[0141] Batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be housed between the bulkheads (401-406). The bulkheads (401-405) can be controlled to move flexibly. A pressure regulator (213) can apply a constant pressure (SP) to the bulkhead (401). The pressure applied to the bulkhead (401) is transmitted to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0142] Each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may include tabs (BT11, BAT12, ..., BT52). For example, the tabs (BT11, BT21, BT31, BT41, BT51) may correspond to positive tabs, and the tabs (BT12, BT22, BT32, BT42, BT52) may correspond to negative tabs.

[0143] Each of the connection terminals (CT11-CT52) can be connected to each of the corresponding taps (BT11-BT52). The charger (211) and discharger (212) included in the battery charging / discharging device (210) can charge or discharge each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) through the connection terminals (CT11-CT52) and the taps (BAT11-BAT52).

[0144] When the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are charged in a constant pressure environment, metal is generated (or precipitated) in the metal layer contained in each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). Due to the generated metal, the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be displaced (or increase in volume) in a third direction (D3).

[0145] When the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are discharged in a constant pressure environment, the metal in the metal layer contained in each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) decreases. Due to the reduced metal, the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may be displaced (or reduced in volume) in a third direction (D3).

[0146] Displacement sensors (214a, 214b, ..., 214e) corresponding to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can detect displacements (BD1, BD2, ..., BD5) between the bulkheads (401-406). For example, the displacement sensor (214a) can detect the displacement (BD1) between bulkhead (401) and bulkhead (402). The displacement sensor (214b) can detect the displacement (BD2) between bulkhead (402) and bulkhead (403). Displacement data can be generated based on the detection of the displacements (BD1-BD5).

[0147] The displacement sensors (214a-214e) can detect displacements (BD1-BD5) at preset time intervals. The displacement data may be provided outside the battery charging / discharging device (210) based on the preset time intervals. The displacement data may also be generated and provided outside the charging / discharging device (210) when the amount of change of each of the displacements (BD1-BD5) is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0148] FIG. 6 is a diagram exemplarily showing the metal yield calculated per charge-discharge cycle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0149] Referring to FIGS. 3 and FIGS. 6, the battery determination device (250) can evaluate the performance of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the amount of metal produced, or determine whether the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are abnormal.

[0150] The data receiving unit (251) of the battery determination device (250) can receive displacement data generated in a constant pressure environment for each of the multiple charge-discharge cycles. The calculation unit (252) can determine the state of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the displacement data, or calculate data to determine whether there is an abnormality in the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0151] For example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the amount of metal generated for each charge-discharge cycle. The amount of metal generated can be calculated based on the increase in displacement due to the charging of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) in each charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (252) can also calculate the amount of metal reduced for each charge-discharge cycle. The amount of metal reduced can be calculated based on the decrease in displacement due to the discharging of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) in each charge-discharge cycle.

[0152] The calculation unit (252) can calculate the capacity of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the current and charging time charged to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) during multiple charge-discharge cycles. Alternatively, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the capacity of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the current and discharge time discharged. The calculation unit (252) can calculate a capacity correction rate for each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the capacity calculated based on current and time and the amount of metal generated. For example, the capacity correction rate can be determined as the ratio of the capacity calculated based on current and time to the amount of metal generated based on displacement data.

[0153] The calculation unit (252) can calculate the irreversible metal amount of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). The irreversible metal amount refers to the amount of metal that is not recovered in a charge-discharge cycle. For example, the calculation unit (252) can calculate the irreversible metal amount based on the difference between the amount of metal generated in the first charge-discharge cycle and the amount of metal lost in the same charge-discharge cycle.

[0154] The judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the amount of metal generated for each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) calculated for each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the trend of the amount of metal generated for each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the point in time (e.g., the number of charge-discharge cycles) when the SOH of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) reaches a preset ratio based on the ratio of the amount of metal generated in the first charge-discharge cycle to the amount of metal generated in the third charge-discharge cycle.

[0155] Similar to the method of evaluating the performance of batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the amount of metal generated, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the amount of metal reduction of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) calculated for each charge-discharge cycle. That is, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the trend of the amount of metal reduction corresponding to each charge-discharge cycle.

[0156] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery is abnormal if the amount of metal generated is less than a first threshold value, or equal to or greater than a second threshold value (the second threshold value is greater than the first threshold value). For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT1) is abnormal based on the fact that the amount of metal generated by the battery (BAT1) in the second charge-discharge cycle is less than a preset threshold value.

[0157] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery is abnormal if the predicted performance is smaller than a preset threshold value. For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT1) is abnormal based on the ratio of the amount of metal generated in the first charge-discharge cycle of the battery (BAT1) and the amount of metal generated in the third charge-discharge cycle.

[0158] The judgment unit (253) may determine that the state of the battery (BAT1) is abnormal based on the amount of metal generated according to each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) may determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the amount of metal generated in the second charge-discharge cycle is smaller than a preset ratio compared to the amount of metal generated in the first charge-discharge cycle.

[0159] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the amount of irreversible metal calculated based on the amount of metal generated and the amount of metal reduced is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0160] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of a battery is abnormal if the capacity correction rate is below a preset threshold value. That is, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of a battery is abnormal if there is a large discrepancy between the capacity value calculated based on current and time and the capacity based on the amount of metal generated (or reduced).

[0161] For example, assume that the capacity calculated based on the current and time of the batteries (BAT2-BAT5) is as shown in Table 1 below.

[0162] Battery First Cycle Capacity Second Cycle Capacity Third Cycle Capacity BAT2 25.15Ah 20.53Ah 18.95Ah BAT3 25.09Ah 20.53Ah 18.92Ah BAT4 25.23Ah 20.54Ah 18.03Ah BAT5 25.16Ah 20.53Ah 19.02Ah

[0163] Battery (BAT2) has the largest capacity among the batteries (BAT2-BAT5) based on current and time, but the capacity calculated based on the displacement of the battery can be measured as the smallest. At this time, the capacity correction rate of battery (BAT2) may be smaller than a preset threshold value. The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of battery (BAT2) is abnormal. FIG. 7 is a diagram exemplarily showing the displacement detection point of a battery charging / discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0164] Referring to FIGS. 3, 5, and 7, in a static pressure environment, displacement can be detected at a plurality of displacement detection points (DP1, DP2, ..., DP4) for the battery (BAT1).

[0165] For example, four displacement detection points (DP1-DP4) may be located between the bulkhead (401) and the bulkhead (402). The displacement sensor (214a) can detect the displacement between the bulkhead (401) and the bulkhead (402) at each of the displacement detection points (DP1-DP4).

[0166] When the battery (BAT1) is charged through the taps (BT11, BT12), the battery (BAT1) may increase in displacement (or volume) in a third direction (D3). When the battery (BAT1) is discharged, the battery (BAT1) may decrease in displacement in a third direction (D3).

[0167] If the metal layer included in the battery (BAT1) is uniformly formed on the plane formed by the first direction (D1) and the second direction (D2), the deviation of the displacements (or the increase / decrease amount of displacement) detected at multiple displacement detection points (DP1-DP4) may be small. On the other hand, if the deviation of the displacements (or the increase / decrease amount of displacement) detected at multiple displacement detection points (DP1-DP4) is large, the metal layer included in the battery (BAT1) may not have been formed uniformly.

[0168] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery based on the displacements detected at multiple displacement detection points (DP1-DP4). The judgment unit (253) can also determine whether there is an abnormality in the battery based on the increase or decrease in displacements detected at multiple displacement detection points (DP1-DP4).

[0169] FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the distribution of displacements detected at each of the displacement detection points of the batteries according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0170] Referring to FIGS. 3 and FIGS. 8, the judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery based on displacement data including the displacements of each of the batteries.

[0171] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery is abnormal based on the distribution of detected displacements. For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the difference between the largest value and the smallest value among the detected displacements for a single battery is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0172] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if there is a deviation greater than a preset threshold value among the deviations of the detected displacements.

[0173] The judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery based on statistical indicators of the detected displacements. For example, the state of the battery can be determined based on the standard deviation of the detected displacements. The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the standard deviation of the detected displacement for a battery is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0174] The judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery (BAT1) to be abnormal based on the displacement corresponding to each of the displacement detection points of the battery (BAT1) among the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0175] FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0176] Referring to FIG. 9, the method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S110) of providing a constant pressure environment to one or more batteries by the battery charging / discharging device (210).

[0177] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S120) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle on one or more batteries by the battery charge-discharge device (210).

[0178] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S130) of detecting the displacement of one or more batteries by the battery charging / discharging device (210).

[0179] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S140) of generating calculated data based on the displacement of one or more batteries by the battery determination device (250).

[0180] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include a step (S150) of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on calculated data by the battery determination device (250).

[0181] Meanwhile, the step of generating output data (S140) may include the step of calculating a metal production amount corresponding to the charging of one or more batteries and the step of calculating a metal reduction amount corresponding to the discharging of one or more batteries.

[0182] At this time, the step of generating output data (S140) includes the step of generating charge-discharge efficiency based on the ratio of metal generation amount and metal reduction amount, and the step of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal (S150) may include the step of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on the charge-discharge efficiency.

[0183] Meanwhile, the step of generating output data (S140) can further calculate an irreversible metal production amount based on the difference between the metal production amount and the metal reduction amount in the first charge-discharge cycle.

[0184] At this time, the step (S150) of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal can determine whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on the amount of irreversible metal generated.

[0185] FIG. 10 is a drawing showing an example of the operation of a battery charging and discharging device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0186] Referring to FIG. 10, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can detect the pressure of each of the batteries (BAT1, BAT2, ..., BAT5) in a static environment.

[0187] Batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be placed between partitions (401-406). The partitions (401-405) can be controlled to move flexibly. A pressure regulator (213) can apply a preset pressure to the partition (401). For example, the pressure regulator (213) can apply a pressure of 1.5 MPa to 2.5 MPa through the partition (401). Subsequently, the battery charging / discharging device (210) can fix the partitions (401-405). The battery charging / discharging device (210) can provide a positive displacement environment to the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) through the fixed partitions (401-406) while in a pressurized state where a preset pressure is applied.

[0188] Each of the connection terminals (CT11-CT52) can be connected to each of the corresponding taps (BT11-BT52). The charger (211) and discharger (212) included in the battery charging / discharging device (210) can charge or discharge each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) through the connection terminals (CT11-CT52) and the taps (BT11-BT52).

[0189] When the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are charged in a positive displacement environment, metal is generated (or precipitated) on the metal layer contained in each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). The generated metal layer exerts pressure on the elastic sheet contained in the battery (BAT), which may cause the pressure of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) to increase.

[0190] When the batteries (BAT-BAT5) are discharged in a positive displacement environment, the metal in the metal layer contained in each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) decreases. The pressure of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be reduced by the reduced metal.

[0191] Pressure sensors (215a, 215b, ..., 215i) corresponding to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can detect pressure between the bulkheads (401-406) and the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). For example, pressure sensor (215a) can detect pressure (BP11) between the bulkhead (401) and the battery (BAT1), and pressure sensor (215b) can detect pressure (BP12) between the bulkhead (402) and the battery (BAT1). Pressure sensor (215c) can detect pressure (BP21) between the bulkhead (402) and the battery (BAT2), and pressure sensor (215d) can detect pressure (BP22) between the bulkhead (403) and the battery (BAT2). Pressure data can be generated based on the detection of pressures (BP11-BP52).

[0192] Pressure sensors (215a-215i) can detect pressures (BP11-BP52) at preset time intervals. Pressure data can be provided outside the battery charging / discharging device (210) at preset time intervals. Pressure data may also be generated and provided outside the charging / discharging device (210) (e.g., a battery determination device) when the amount of change of each of the pressures (BP11-BP52) is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0193] FIG. 11 is a diagram exemplarily showing the pressure detected per charge-discharge cycle according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0194] Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 11, the battery determination device (250) can evaluate the performance of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on pressure data or determine whether the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are abnormal.

[0195] The data receiving unit (251) of the battery determination device (250) can receive pressure data generated in a positive displacement environment for each of the multiple charge-discharge cycles. The calculation unit (252) can determine the state of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the pressure data, or calculate data to determine whether there is an abnormality in the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0196] The calculation unit (252) can calculate the pressure increase amount for each of the multiple charge-discharge cycles. The pressure increase amount due to charging can be calculated based on the difference between the pressure after charging and the pressure before charging for each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). The pressure decrease amount due to discharging can be calculated based on the difference between the pressure after charging (i.e., before discharging) and the pressure after discharging for each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0197] The calculation unit (252) can estimate the charge-discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) according to the ratio of the pressure increase amount during charging to the pressure decrease amount during discharge of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0198] The calculation unit (252) can estimate the irreversible metal amount of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). For example, the calculation unit (252) can estimate the irreversible metal amount based on the difference between the pressure increase amount in the first charge-discharge cycle and the pressure decrease amount in the first charge-discharge cycle.

[0199] The judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the pressure increase of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) calculated for each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the trend of the pressure increase corresponding to each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) can predict the point in time (e.g., the number of charge-discharge cycles) when the SOH of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) reaches a preset ratio based on the ratio of the pressure increase in the first charge-discharge cycle to the pressure increase in the third charge-discharge cycle.

[0200] Similar to the method of evaluating the performance of batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the increase in pressure, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the decrease in pressure of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) calculated for each charge-discharge cycle. That is, the judgment unit (253) can predict the performance of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) based on the trend of the decrease in pressure corresponding to each charge-discharge cycle.

[0201] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery is abnormal if the predicted performance is smaller than a preset threshold value. For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the battery (BAT1) is abnormal based on the ratio of the pressure increase of the battery (BAT1) calculated in the first charge-discharge cycle and the pressure increase calculated in the third charge-discharge cycle.

[0202] The judgment unit (253) may determine that the state of the battery (BAT1) is abnormal based on the amount of pressure increase according to each charge-discharge cycle. For example, the judgment unit (253) may determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the ratio of the amount of pressure decrease calculated in the second charge-discharge cycle to the amount of pressure increase calculated in the first charge-discharge cycle is smaller than a preset ratio.

[0203] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the condition of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the amount of irreversible metal estimated based on the amount of pressure increase and the amount of pressure decrease is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0204] FIG. 12 is a diagram exemplarily showing a pressure sensing point according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0205] Referring to FIGS. 3, 5 and 12, pressure can be detected at a plurality of pressure sensing points (PP1, PP2, ..., PP5) corresponding to the battery (BAT1).

[0206] For example, five pressure sensing points (PP1-PP5) may be located between the bulkhead (401) and the battery (BAT1). A pressure sensor (215a) can detect the pressure between the bulkhead (401) and the battery (BAT1) at the pressure sensing points (PP1-PP5).

[0207] When the battery (BAT10) is charged through the taps (BT11, BT12), a metal contained in the battery (BAT1) is generated, and the pressure applied to the battery (BAT1) in a third direction (D3) or a corresponding direction may increase. When the battery (BAT1) is discharged, the pressure applied to the battery (BAT1) in a third direction (D3) or a corresponding direction may decrease. If the deviation of the pressures (or changes in pressure) detected at multiple pressure sensing points (PP1-PP5) is large, the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT1) may be generated non-uniformly.

[0208] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery is abnormal based on whether the deviation of the pressures detected at multiple pressure detection points (PP1-PP5) is greater than a preset value.

[0209] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the distribution of pressure detected at each of the pressure sensing points of the batteries according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0210] Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 13, the judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery based on pressure data including the pressures of each of the batteries.

[0211] The judgment unit (253) can determine whether the battery is abnormal based on the distribution of detected pressures. For example, the judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the difference between the largest value and the smallest value among the pressures detected for a single battery is greater than a preset threshold value.

[0212] The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if there is a deviation greater than a preset threshold value among the detected pressure deviations.

[0213] The judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery based on statistical indicators of the detected pressure. For example, the state of the battery can be determined based on the standard deviation of the detected pressures. The judgment unit (253) can determine that the state of the corresponding battery is abnormal if the standard deviation of the detected displacement for a single battery is greater than a preset threshold.

[0214] The judgment unit (253) can determine the state of the battery (BAT3) to be abnormal based on the pressure distribution corresponding to each of the pressure sensing points of the battery (BAT3) among the batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0215] FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery determination system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0216] Referring to FIG. 14, the operation method of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S210) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle on one or more batteries in a positive displacement environment by the battery charge-discharge device (210).

[0217] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S220) of detecting the pressure of one or more batteries by the battery charging / discharging device (210).

[0218] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include the step (S230) of generating output data based on the pressure of one or more batteries by the battery determination device (250).

[0219] The method of operation of the battery determination system (200) may include a step (S240) of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on calculated data by the battery determination device (250).

[0220] Meanwhile, the step of generating output data (S230) includes the step of generating charge-discharge efficiency based on the ratio of the pressure increase amount due to charging and the pressure decrease amount due to discharging, and the step of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal (S150) may include the step of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on the charge-discharge efficiency.

[0221] Meanwhile, the step of generating output data (S230) can estimate the amount of irreversible metal produced based on the difference between the pressure increase and pressure decrease in the first charge-discharge cycle.

[0222] At this time, the step (S150) of determining whether one or more batteries are abnormal can determine whether one or more batteries are abnormal based on the amount of irreversible metal generated.

[0223] FIG. 15 is a block diagram showing a battery system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0224] Referring to FIG. 15, the battery system (1000) may include a battery device (1100), a battery management device (1200), a pressure regulator (1300), a sensor device (1400), and a relay (1500).

[0225] The battery device (1100) may include one or more batteries (BATs). If the battery device (1100) includes multiple batteries (BATs), each of the multiple batteries (BATs) may be connected to one another in series or in parallel. Each of the one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100) may correspond to a battery cell comprising one or more all-solid-state batteries (1) described in FIGS. 2a through 2c. A battery (BAT) may correspond to a battery module comprising multiple battery cells. The battery device (1100) may have a cell-to-pack structure in which the battery module is omitted and assembled with battery cells. The battery device (1100) may supply power to a target device (not shown) outside the battery system (1000) via a wired or wireless method. The battery device (1100) may be electrically connected to supply power to the target device. The target device may include an electrical, electronic, or mechanical device that operates by receiving power from a battery device (1100). For example, the target device may be an electric vehicle (EV), an energy storage system (ESS), a portable electronic device such as a smartphone or laptop, a power tool, etc., but is not limited thereto.

[0226] A battery management system (BMS) (1200) can control the overall battery system (1000). It can monitor or manage the status of a battery device (1100) and control the operation of the battery device (1100). The battery management system (1200) can monitor, manage, or control each of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100).

[0227] The battery management device (1200) may include a performance judge (1210). The performance judge (1210) may determine the performance of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100). According to one embodiment, the performance judge (1210) may control the pressure regulating device (1300) so that the pressure regulating device (1300) can provide a positive pressure environment to one or more batteries (BATs). The performance judge (1210) may determine the state of one or more batteries (BATs) based on displacement data obtained from one or more batteries (BATs) under a positive pressure environment. According to one embodiment, the performance judge (1210) may control the pressure regulating device (1300) so that the pressure regulating device (1300) can provide a positive displacement environment to one or more batteries (BATs). The performance judge (1210) can determine the state of one or more batteries (BATs) based on pressure data obtained from one or more batteries (BATs) under a positive displacement environment.

[0228] The battery management device (1200) can control the operation of the relay (1500). For example, the battery management device (1200) can short-circuit the relay (1500) to supply power to the target device or to charge the battery device (1100). The battery management device (1200) can cut off the relay (1500) to electrically disconnect the battery device (1100) from the outside of the battery system (1000).

[0229] The pressure regulating device (1300) operates under the control of the battery management device (1200) and can apply pressure to one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100). The pressure regulating device (1300) may include a servo motor or a spring pad, etc., to apply pressure to one or more batteries (BATs). The pressure regulating device (1300) may also include a load cell for checking the pressure applied to the batteries (BATs).

[0230] The sensor device (1400) may include a displacement sensor (1410) and a pressure sensor (1420). It may detect each of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100). The sensor device (1400) may generate data regarding the batteries (BATs) based on the detection.

[0231] The displacement sensor (1410) can detect the displacement of the corresponding battery (BAT). Displacement data including the displacement of the battery (BAT) can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200). The displacement sensor (1410) may include a contact sensor such as an LVDT probe or a non-contact sensor such as a laser displacement sensor.

[0232] The pressure sensor (1420) can detect pressure applied to the corresponding battery (BAT). Pressure data including the pressure of the battery (BAT) can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200).

[0233] The sensor device (1400) may further include a voltage sensor (1430) and a current sensor (1440). The voltage sensor (1430) can detect the voltage of the corresponding battery (BAT), and the current sensor (1440) can detect the current of the corresponding battery (BAT). The voltage data and current data generated through detection can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200).

[0234] The battery management device (1200) may correspond to the charge / discharge device (1100) and performance evaluation device (150) of FIG. 1. The pressure regulating device (1300) may correspond to the pressure regulator (120) of FIG. 1. Each of the displacement sensor (1410) and pressure sensor (1420) included in the sensor device (1400) may correspond to the displacement sensor (130) and pressure sensor (140) of FIG. 1.

[0235] FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0236] Referring to FIG. 16, the battery management device (1200) may include a performance determiner (1210), a processor (1220), a memory (1230), and an interface circuit (1240). The performance determiner (1210), the processor (1220), the memory, and the interface circuit (1240) may be connected to each other via a bus.

[0237] The performance judge (1210) may include a pressure control unit (1211), a data receiving unit (1212), a calculation unit (1213), and a judgment unit (1214).

[0238] The pressure control unit (1211) can control the operation of the pressure regulating device (1300). The pressure control unit (1211) can control the pressure regulating device (1300) to maintain a pressurized state to improve the quality of the metal layer included in one or more batteries (BATs) during charging or discharging of the battery device (1100). According to one embodiment, the pressure regulating device (1300) can be controlled to maintain a positive pressure environment while charging and discharging of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100) is in progress. According to one embodiment, the pressure control unit (1211) can also control the pressure regulating device (1300) to maintain a positive displacement environment while charging and discharging of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (1100) is in progress.

[0239] For example, the pressure control unit (1211) can output a pressure control signal to provide a constant preset pressure to the pressure regulating device (1300) for maintaining a constant pressure environment. Additionally, the pressure control unit (1211) can output a pressure control signal to maintain a preset displacement to the pressure regulating device (1300).

[0240] When the pressure regulating device (1300) provides pressure through a servo motor, the pressure control signal may be a servo motor control signal. In this case, the pressure control unit (1211) may receive pressure data applied to the battery (BAT) detected through a load cell, and may also control the servo motor through pressure feedback. When the pressure regulating device (1300) provides pressure through a spring pad, the control signal may be a spring constant control signal.

[0241] The data receiving unit (1212) can receive information regarding the battery (BAT) from the sensor device (1400). For example, the data receiving unit (1212) can receive various data regarding the battery (BAT), such as displacement data generated through the displacement sensor (1410), pressure data generated through the pressure sensor (1420), or voltage data and current data of the battery (BAT).

[0242] The calculation unit (1213) can calculate data regarding the battery (BAT) received through the data receiving unit (1212) and can generate output data for evaluating the performance of the battery (BAT) through calculation.

[0243] According to one embodiment, the calculation unit (1213) can generate calculation data based on displacement data regarding the battery (BAT) obtained in a constant pressure environment. The calculation unit (1213) can calculate an increase in displacement (Dch) corresponding to the charging of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate a decrease in displacement (Ddch) corresponding to the discharge of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate a change (ΔDdch) in the decrease in displacement (Ddch) according to the use (or elapsed life) of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the ratio (Ddch / Dch) of the decrease in displacement (Ddch) to the increase in displacement (Dch). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the rate of change of the displacement increase (Dch) per hour (dDch / dt)—meaning the derivative value with respect to time—or the rate of change of the displacement decrease (Ddch) per hour (dDdch / dt). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the rate of change of the displacement increase (Dch) per capacity (dDch / dC)—where C means the capacity of the battery (BAT)—or the rate of change of the displacement decrease (Ddch) per capacity (dDdch / dC).

[0244] The judgment unit (1214) can determine the performance of the battery (BAT) based on data regarding the battery (BAT) or output data generated through the calculation unit (1213). For example, the displacement increase amount (Dch) may correspond to the amount of metal layer generated in the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the charge amount of the battery (BAT) based on the displacement increase amount (Dch). The displacement decrease amount (Ddch) may correspond to the amount of metal layer decreased in the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the discharge amount of the battery (BAT) based on the displacement decrease amount (Ddch). The change in displacement reduction amount (Δ) corresponds to the change in the discharge amount of the battery (BAT) due to use, and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the retention or SOH of the battery (BAT) based on the change in displacement reduction amount (Δ). The ratio of the displacement reduction amount (Ddch) to the displacement increase amount (Dch) (Ddch / Dch) corresponds to the ratio of the discharge amount to the charge amount of the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the cooling efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on the ratio of the displacement reduction amount (Ddch) to the displacement increase amount (Dch) (Ddch / Dch). The rate of change of the displacement increase amount (Dch) per hour (dDch / dt) corresponds to the metal generation amount per hour during charging, and the rate of change of the displacement reduction amount (Ddch) per hour (dDdch / dt) corresponds to the metal loss amount per hour during discharging. The judgment unit (1214) the displacement per hour The condition of the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT) can be determined based on the rate of change of the increase (Dch) (dDch / dt) or the rate of change of the decrease in displacement per hour (Ddch) (dDdch / dt). The rate of change of the increase in displacement per capacity (C) (dDch / dC) corresponds to the amount of metal generated per capacity (C), and the rate of change of the decrease in displacement per capacity (C) (dDdch / dC) corresponds to the amount of metal lost per capacity (C).The judgment unit (1214) can determine the state of the metal layer included in the battery (BAT) based on the rate of change of the increase in displacement per capacity (C) (dDch / dC) or the rate of change of the decrease in displacement per capacity (C) (dDdch / dC).

[0245] Meanwhile, the calculation unit (1213) and the judgment unit (1214) may determine the state of the battery (BAT) by further considering the area of ​​the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the amount of metal layer generated or the amount of metal layer reduced by multiplying the amount of displacement increase or displacement decrease by the area of ​​the battery (BAT).

[0246] According to one embodiment, the calculation unit (1213) can generate calculation data based on pressure data regarding the battery (BAT) obtained in a positive displacement environment. The calculation unit (1213) can calculate a pressure increase amount (Pch) corresponding to the charging of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate a pressure decrease amount (Pdch) corresponding to the discharge of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate a change (ΔPdch) in the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) according to the use (or elapsed life) of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the ratio (Pdch / Pch) of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) to the pressure increase amount (Pch). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per hour (dPch / dt) or the rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per hour (dPdch / dt). The calculation unit (1213) can calculate the rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per capacity (dPch / dC) or the rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per capacity (dPdch / dC).

[0247] The judgment unit (1214) can determine the performance of the battery (BAT) based on data regarding the battery (BAT) or output data generated through the calculation unit (1213). For example, the pressure increase amount (Pch) may correspond to the amount of metal layer generated in the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the charge amount of the battery (BAT) based on the pressure increase amount (Pch). The pressure decrease amount (Pdch) may correspond to the amount of metal layer decreased in the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the discharge amount of the battery (BAT) based on the pressure decrease amount (Pdch). The change in the pressure decrease amount (ΔPdch) corresponds to the change in the discharge amount of the battery (BAT) due to use, and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the retention or SOH of the battery (BAT) based on the change in the pressure decrease amount (ΔPdch). The ratio of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) to the pressure increase amount (Pch) (Pdch / Pch) corresponds to the ratio of the discharge amount to the charge amount of the battery (BAT), and the judgment unit (1214) can determine the cooling efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on the ratio of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch / Pch) to the pressure increase amount (Pch). The rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per hour (dPch / dt) corresponds to the amount of metal generated per hour during charging, and the rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per hour (dPdch / dt) corresponds to the amount of metal reduced per hour during discharging. The judgment unit (1214) can determine the state of the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT) based on the rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per hour (dPch / dt) or the rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per hour (dPdch / dt). The rate of change of pressure increase per capacity (C) (dPch / dC) corresponds to the amount of metal produced per capacity (C), and the rate of change of pressure decrease per capacity (C) (dPdch / dC) corresponds to the amount of metal lost per capacity (C).The judgment unit (1214) can determine the state of the metal layer included in the battery (BAT) based on the rate of change of the pressure increase amount per capacity (C) (dPch / dC) or the rate of change of the pressure decrease amount per capacity (C) (dPdch / dC).

[0248] The performance judge (1210) can store the result of the performance judgment of the battery (BAT) in the memory (1230). The performance judge (1210) can transmit the result of the performance judgment to a target device outside the battery device (1000) through the interface circuit (1240) or display it through an output device outside the battery device (1000).

[0249] The processor (1220) can control the overall operation of the battery management device (1200). For example, the processor (1220) can execute various application programs running on the battery management device (1200). For example, the processor (1220) can execute a program that performs a conditioning operation to optimize the state of the battery (BAT). By executing a program that performs a conditioning operation, the processor (1220) can charge and discharge the battery (BAT) under preset conditions and improve the state of the battery (BAT).

[0250] Memory (1230) can store codes and instructions executed by the processor (1220). Memory (1230) can store data processed by the processor (1220).

[0251] The interface circuit (1240) can provide communication between the battery management device (1200) and an external device. For example, the interface circuit (1240) can provide communication between the battery management device (1200) and the battery device (1100), the pressure regulator (1300), the sensor device (1400), and the relay (1500). The interface circuit (1240) can also provide communication with the outside of the battery system (1000). For example, the interface circuit (1240) can receive control signals or data from a target device to which the battery system (1000) supplies power.

[0252] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the performance judge (1210) may be implemented in the form of software, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. When the performance judge (1210) is implemented in the form of software, information related to the performance judge (1210) may be loaded into memory (1230), and the performance judge (1210) loaded into memory (1230) may be executed by a processor (1220).

[0253] In embodiments of the present disclosure, the performance judge (1210) may be implemented through the computing system of the target device. In this case, the processor (1220) may correspond to the main processor of the computing system of the target device. The memory (1230) may correspond to the main memory of the target system.

[0254] FIG. 17 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0255] Referring to FIGS. 15 and 17, the battery device (1100) may include plates (PT1, PT2, ..., PT6) and batteries (BAT1, BAT2, ..., BAT5).

[0256] The plates (PT1-PT6) and batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be arranged alternately. For example, they can be arranged in the order of plate (PT1), battery (BAT), and plate (PT2). The plates (PT1-PT6) can be moved flexibly.

[0257] A pressure regulating device (1300) may be disposed on one side of the first plate (PT1). A load cell (1302) may be disposed on one side of the second plate (PT6)—which is disposed on the opposite side of the first plate (PT1) among the plurality of plates (PT1-PT6). The pressure regulating device (1300) may include a servo motor (1301). The pressure regulating device (1300) may receive a pressure control signal (PCS). The servo motor (1301) may apply pressure to the plate (PT1) in response to the pressure control signal (PCS). The load cell (1302) may detect the pressure applied to the plate (PT6). The load cell (1302) may output a pressure signal (PS) based on the detected pressure. The pressure signal (PS) may be used to provide a static pressure environment to the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). For example, the battery management device (1200) can control the pressure regulator (1300) to maintain a constant pressure environment while the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) included in the battery device (1100) are being charged or discharged. The battery management device (1200) can generate a pressure control signal (PCS) through feedback of the pressure signal (PS). The pressure regulator (1200) can regulate the pressure applied to the plate (PT1) based on the pressure control signal (PCS) received from the battery management device (1200). As another example, the pressure regulator (1300) can receive the pressure signal (PS) and regulate the pressure applied to the plate (PT1) on its own.

[0258] Displacement sensors (1410a, 1401b, ..., 1401e) corresponding to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may be disposed in the battery device (1100). Each of the displacement sensors (1410a-1410e) can detect the respective displacement between the plates (PT1-PT6). For example, the displacement sensor (1410a) can detect the displacement (BD1) between plate (PT1) and plate (PT2), and the displacement sensor (1410b) can detect the displacement (BD2) between plate (PT2) and plate (PT3). The displacement data generated by the displacement sensors (1410a-1410e) through displacement detection can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200).

[0259] Meanwhile, although FIG. 17 describes a method for detecting the displacement of each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5), a method for detecting the displacement of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) collectively may be applied as shown. For example, the displacement of all batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may be detected to collectively manage the status of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) included in the battery device (1100). For example, the status of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may be determined collectively based on the spacing of the position of the plate (PT1) relative to the plate (PT6).

[0260] FIG. 18 is a drawing showing another example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0261] Referring to FIG. 18, the battery device (1100) may include plates (PT1-PT6) and batteries (BAT1-BAT5).

[0262] The plates (PT1-PT5) can move flexibly, and plate (PT6) can be fixed. A pressure regulating device (1300) can be placed on one side of plate (PT1).

[0263] The pressure regulating device (1300) may include a spring (1303) and a spring pad (1304). The pressure regulating device (1300) may receive a spring constant control signal (SCS), and the spring constant of the spring (1303) may be regulated in response to the spring constant control signal (SCS). The spring constant control signal (SCS) may be a signal output to maintain a constant pressure environment while the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) are being charged or discharged.

[0264] Each of the displacement sensors (1410a-1410e) placed in the battery device (1100) can detect the respective displacement between the plates (PT1-PT5). The displacement data generated by the displacement sensors (1410a-1410e) through displacement detection can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200).

[0265] Similar to the description in FIG. 17, the displacement of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may be detected collectively, and a method of managing the state of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) collectively may be applied.

[0266] FIG. 19 is a drawing exemplarily showing a displacement detection point of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0267] Referring to FIGS. 17 and 19, displacement between plate (PT1) and plate (PT2) can be detected at each of one or more displacement detection points (DP1, DP3) corresponding to the battery (BAT1).

[0268] When the battery (BAT1) is charged, metal is generated in the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT1), and the displacement (or volume) may increase in the third direction (D3). When the battery (BAT1) is discharged, metal is reduced in the metal layer contained in the battery (BAT1), and the displacement may decrease in the third direction (D3). The displacement sensor may generate displacement data based on a preset time interval (e.g., 10 seconds) or a preset amount of displacement increase or decrease. The displacement data may be transmitted outside the battery device (1100) (e.g., a battery management device) to determine the state of the battery (BAT1).

[0269] FIG. 20 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0270] Referring to FIGS. 15, 16 and 20, the method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include the step (S310) of providing a constant pressure environment. In the step S310, the battery management device (1200) may output a pressure control signal (PCS) so that the pressure regulator (1300) can apply a constant pressure to the batteries (BATs). The pressure control signal (PCS) may be regulated so that a constant pressure is maintained while the batteries (BATs) are being charged or discharged. The pressure control signal (PCS) may be transmitted to the pressure regulator (1300), and the pressure regulator (1300) may apply pressure to the battery device (1100) based on the pressure control signal (PCS).

[0271] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S320) of charging or discharging the battery. In step S320, the displacement of the batteries (BAT) may increase with charging or decrease with discharging. The batteries (BAT) may be charged or discharged by a relay (1500) under the control of the battery management device (1200).

[0272] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include the step (S330) of receiving displacement data from a displacement sensor (1410). The displacement data may include the displacement of each of the batteries (BAT). The displacement data may also include the displacement for displacement detection points corresponding to each of the batteries (BAT). The step S330 may be performed by a data receiving unit (1212).

[0273] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S340) of generating output data for evaluating the performance of the battery based on received displacement data. In step S340, various output data may be generated, including an increase in displacement (Dch), a decrease in displacement (Ddch), a change in the decrease in displacement (Ddch) due to use (ΔDdch), a ratio of the decrease in displacement (Ddch) to the increase in displacement (Dch) (Ddch / Dch), a rate of change in the increase in displacement (Dch) per hour (dDch / dt), a rate of change in the decrease in displacement (Ddch) per hour (dDdch / dt), a rate of change in the increase in displacement (Dch) per capacity (dDch / dC), and a rate of change in the decrease in displacement (Ddch) per capacity (dDdch / dC). Step S340 may be performed by a calculation unit (1213).

[0274] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S350) of determining whether the battery performance is satisfied based on calculated data. In step S350, the battery management device (1200) may compare the calculated data generated in step S340 with a preset threshold value. Step S350 may be performed by a judgment unit (1214). At this time, whether the battery performance is satisfied may be determined based on the comparison between the calculated data and the preset threshold value.

[0275] For example, the battery management device (1200) can compare the rate of change (dDch / dt) of the increase in displacement per hour (Dch) with a preset threshold value. If the rate of change (dDch / dt) of the increase in displacement per hour (Dch) is greater than the preset threshold value, it may be determined that the performance of the battery (BAT) is not satisfied, as the metal layer included in the battery (BAT) is formed unevenly. On the other hand, if the rate of change (dDch / dt) of the increase in displacement per hour (Dch) is less than or equal to the preset threshold value, it may be determined that the performance is satisfied, corresponding to the metal layer included in the battery (BAT) being formed uniformly.

[0276] For example, the battery management device (1200) can compare the Coulomb efficiency (CE) calculated based on current and time with the change in displacement reduction amount (Ddch) due to use (ΔDdch) and the ratio of the displacement reduction amount (Ddch) to the displacement increase amount (Dch) (Ddch / Dch). The battery management device (1200) can determine that the battery (BAT) does not meet performance requirements if the difference between the Coulomb efficiency (CE) and the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch) is greater than a preset threshold value. The battery management device (1200) can determine that the battery (BAT) meets performance requirements if the difference between the Coulomb efficiency (CE) and the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch) is less than or equal to a preset threshold value.

[0277] The battery management device (1200) may determine whether the performance of the battery (BAT) is satisfied based on other output data. The battery management device (1200) may also determine whether the performance of the battery (BAT) is satisfied through a combination of output data.

[0278] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S360) of determining the state of the battery as normal in response to the battery performance being satisfied (S350-e.).

[0279] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S370) of performing conditioning on the battery in response to the battery performance not being satisfied (S350-No). Battery conditioning may be performed by performing a charge-discharge cycle based on a preset voltage / current. Charging or discharging of the battery (BAT) may be performed during or after the execution of step S370, and displacement data regarding the batteries (BAT) may be received based thereon. Based on the received displacement data, output data may be generated similarly to step S340.

[0280] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S380) of determining whether performance is satisfied based on output data after performing a conditioning operation. Step S380 may be performed by a judgment unit (1214).

[0281] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may perform a step (S360) of determining the battery performance as normal in response to the battery performance being satisfied (S380-Yes).

[0282] The method of operation of the battery management device may include a step (S390) of determining that the battery performance is abnormal in response to the battery performance not being satisfied (S380-No).

[0283] FIG. 21 is a graph showing the rate of change of displacement per hour calculated according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0284] Referring to FIG. 21, the battery management device (1200) can calculate the rate of change of displacement per hour (dD / dt) based on the displacement data of each battery (BAT1) and battery (BAT2). The battery management device (1200) can compare the calculated data of battery (BAT1) and the calculated data of battery (BAT2) with a preset threshold value (PTH).

[0285] The battery management device (1200) can determine that the performance of the battery (BAT1) is normal based on the fact that the rate of change of displacement per hour (dD / dt) of the battery (BAT1) is smaller than a preset threshold value (PTH).

[0286] The battery management device (1200) can perform conditioning based on the hourly displacement change rate (dD / dt) of the battery (BAT2) being greater than or equal to a preset threshold value (PTH). The battery management device (1200) can calculate the hourly displacement change rate (dD / dt) of the battery (BAT2) during the conditioning process or after the conditioning is completed. The battery management device (1200) can compare the hourly displacement change rate (dD / dt) calculated after the conditioning process with the preset threshold value (PTH). If the hourly displacement change rate (dD / dt) calculated after the conditioning process is smaller than the preset threshold value (PTH), the performance of the battery (BAT2) can be determined to be normal. On the other hand, if the calculated rate of change of displacement per hour (dD / dT) is still greater than or equal to a preset threshold value (PTH), the performance of the battery (BAT2) may be judged to be abnormal.

[0287] FIGS. 22a and 22b are graphs showing a comparison of the ratio of the displacement reduction amount to the calculated displacement increase amount according to an embodiment of the present disclosure and the Coulomb efficiency.

[0288] Referring to FIGS. 22a and 22b, the state of the battery can be determined based on the difference between the Coulombic Efficiency (CE) and the ratio of the displacement decrease (Ddch) to the calculated displacement increase (Dch) (Ddch / Dch, hereinafter "displacement increase / decrease ratio").

[0289] Coulomb efficiency (CE) is defined as the ratio of the amount of charge extracted during the discharge process to the amount of charge input during the charging process, and can be used as an indicator of how efficiently charge is stored and released during the charging and discharging processes of a battery. A battery management device can calculate Coulomb efficiency (CE) based on current values ​​and time during the charging and discharging processes.

[0290] The battery management device can compare the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch) calculated based on the displacement increase amount during discharge (Ddch) relative to the displacement increase amount during charging (Dch), and the Coulomb efficiency (CE) calculated based on the current value and time.

[0291] A battery management device can determine the state of a cell based on the difference between Coulomb efficiency (CE) and the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch). For example, a battery management device can determine the degree of irreversible degradation of a battery based on the difference between Coulomb efficiency (CE) and the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch). A battery management device can determine that the state of the battery is abnormal based on the difference between Coulomb efficiency (CE) and the displacement increase / decrease ratio (Ddch / Dch) being greater than a preset threshold value.

[0292] FIG. 23 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0293] Referring to FIGS. 15 and 17, the battery device (1100) may include plates (PT1, PT2, ..., PT6) and batteries (BAT1, BAT2, ..., BAT5).

[0294] The plates (PT1-PT6) can be fixed at designated positions to provide a positive displacement environment to each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5). Pressure sensors (1420a, 1420b, ..., 1420i) can be placed between the batteries (BAT1) and the plates (PT1-PT6). The pressure sensors (1420a-1420i) can detect the pressure between each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) and the plates (PT1-PT6). For example, the pressure sensor (1420a) can detect the pressure (PD11) between the plate (PT1) and the battery (BAT1), and the pressure sensor (1420b) can detect the pressure (PD12) between the plate (PT2) and the battery (BAT1). Pressure data generated based on pressure detection by each of the pressure sensors (1420a-1420i) may include pressures (PD11, PD12, ..., PD52) between each of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) and each of the plates (PT1-PT6). Pressure data generated through pressure detection in a positive displacement environment may be transmitted to the battery management device (1200).

[0295] FIG. 24 is a drawing showing an example of a battery device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0296] Referring to FIG. 24, the battery device (1100) may include plates (PT1-PT6) and batteries (BAT1-BAT5). Each of the batteries (PAT1-BAT5) may be placed between each of the plates (PT1-PT6). The plates (PT6) may be fixed. The plates (PT1-PT5) may transmit pressure received from one side to the other side. A spring pad (1421) may apply pressure to the plate (PT1) so that the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can maintain a constant displacement while being charged or discharged. While a positive displacement environment is maintained, the pressure applied to the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) may change the displacement (SPD) of the spring pad (1241). The spring pad sensor (1422) can detect the displacement (SPD) of the spring pad (1421), and the pressure applied to the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) can be calculated based on the spring constant of the spring pad (1421) and the displacement (SPD) of the spring pad (1421). Pressure data including the displacement (SPD) of the spring pad or the calculated pressure can be transmitted to the battery management device (1200). The battery management device (1200) can determine the state of the batteries (BAT1-BAT5) included in the battery device (1100) based on the displacement (SPD) of the spring pad (1421) or the pressure of the spring pad (1421). Alternatively, the state of the battery device (1100) body can be determined.

[0297] FIG. 25 is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0298] Referring to FIGS. 15, 16 and 25, the method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include the step (S410) of charging or discharging the batteries in a positive displacement environment. In step S410, the pressure of the batteries (BATs) may increase with charging or decrease with discharging. The batteries (BATs) may be charged or discharged by a relay (1500) under the control of the battery management device (1200).

[0299] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include the step (S420) of receiving pressure data from the pressure sensor (1410).

[0300] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include the step (S420) of receiving pressure data from a pressure sensor (1410). The pressure data may include pressure detected from each of the batteries (BATs) or a collective pressure regarding the batteries (BATs). The pressure data may also include pressure at pressure detection points corresponding to each of the batteries (BATs). The step S420 may be performed by a data receiving unit (1212).

[0301] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S430) of generating output data for evaluating the performance of the battery based on received pressure data. In step S430, various output data may be generated, including a pressure increase amount (Pch), a pressure decrease amount (Pdch), a change in the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) due to use (ΔPdch), a ratio of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) to the pressure increase amount (Pch) (Pdch / Pch), a rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per hour (dPch / dt), a rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per hour (dPdch / dt), a rate of change of the pressure increase amount (Pch) per capacity (dPch / dC), and a rate of change of the pressure decrease amount (Pdch) per capacity (dPdch / dC). Step S430 may be performed by a calculation unit (1213).

[0302] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S440) of determining whether the battery performance is satisfied based on calculated data. In step S440, the calculated data generated in step S430 may be compared with a preset threshold value. Step S440 may be performed by a judgment unit (1214). At this time, whether the battery performance is satisfied may be determined based on the comparison between the calculated data and the preset threshold value.

[0303] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S450) of determining the state of the battery as normal in response to the battery performance being satisfied (S440-Yes).

[0304] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S460) of performing conditioning on the battery in response to the battery performance not being satisfied (S440-No). Charging or discharging of the battery (BAT) may be performed during or after the execution of step S360, and pressure data regarding the batteries (BAT) may be received based thereon. Based on the received pressure data, output data may be generated similarly to step S430.

[0305] The operation method of the battery management device (1200) may include a step (S470) of determining whether performance is satisfied based on output data after performing a conditioning operation. Step S370 may be performed by a judgment unit (1214).

[0306] The method of operation of the battery management device (1200) may perform a step (S450) of determining the battery performance as normal in response to the battery performance being satisfied (S470-Yes).

[0307] The method of operation of the battery management device may include a step (S480) of determining that the battery performance is abnormal in response to the battery performance not being satisfied (S470-No).

[0308] A battery performance evaluation system according to the embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented through a battery judgment system or a battery management device. The battery performance evaluation system can detect displacement of batteries in a constant pressure environment and determine the performance of the battery or determine whether the battery is abnormal by considering the displacement. This improves the monitoring performance of the battery or enables precise evaluation when evaluating the performance of the battery.

[0309] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the attached drawings, the present invention may be implemented in other specific forms without altering its technical concept or essential features. Therefore, the embodiments described above should be understood as illustrative in all respects and not restrictive.

Claims

1. A battery device comprising one or more batteries; A pressure regulating device that applies pressure to one or more batteries of the battery device based on a pressure control signal; A displacement sensor for detecting the displacement of one or more of the above batteries; and A battery system comprising a battery management device that generates a pressure control signal to maintain a static pressure environment for one or more batteries, performs charging or discharging for one or more batteries, receives displacement data generated through detection by the displacement sensor, generates calculation data based on the displacement data, and determines the performance of one or more batteries based on the calculation data.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above-mentioned calculated data is a battery system comprising an increase in displacement due to charging of one or more batteries and a decrease in displacement due to discharging of one or more batteries.

3. In Paragraph 2, The above-mentioned calculated data includes a change in the amount of displacement reduction over the lifespan of the one or more batteries, and The above battery management device is a battery system that determines the state of health (SOH) of one or more batteries based on a change in the amount of displacement reduction.

4. In Paragraph 2, The above-mentioned calculation data includes the ratio of the displacement reduction amount to the displacement increase amount of the one or more batteries, and The battery management device is a battery system that determines the Coulomb efficiency of one or more batteries based on the ratio of the displacement reduction amount to the displacement increase amount.

5. In Paragraph 2, The above-mentioned calculation data includes at least one of the rate of change of the increase in displacement per hour or the rate of change of the decrease in displacement per hour, and The battery management device is a battery system that determines the state of a metal layer included in one or more batteries based on at least one of the rate of change of the increase in displacement per hour or the rate of change of the decrease in displacement per hour.

6. In Paragraph 2, The above-mentioned calculation data includes at least one of the rate of change of the displacement increase per capacity or the rate of change of the displacement decrease per capacity of the one or more batteries, and The battery management device is a battery system that determines the state of a metal layer included in one or more batteries based on at least one of the rate of change of the displacement increase per capacity or the rate of change of the displacement decrease per capacity.

7. In Paragraph 1, A battery system that determines whether one or more batteries meet performance requirements based on the above-described data, determines the state of the one or more batteries as normal in response to the determination that the performance requirements of the one or more batteries are met, and performs conditioning on the one or more batteries in response to the determination that the performance requirements of the one or more batteries are not met.

8. In Paragraph 7, The battery management device is a battery system that determines that the performance of the one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to the rate of change of the hourly displacement increase of the one or more batteries being greater than a preset threshold value.

9. In Paragraph 7, The battery management device calculates a Coulomb efficiency based on the current and current application time of the one or more batteries, and The battery management device above calculates a displacement increase / decrease ratio based on the difference in the ratio of the displacement decrease amount to the displacement increase amount of the one or more batteries, and A battery system in which the battery management device determines that the performance of one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to the difference between the Coulomb efficiency and the displacement increase / decrease ratio being greater than a preset threshold value.

10. In Paragraph 7, A battery system in which the battery management device determines whether performance is satisfied based on output data of the one or more batteries generated according to the performance of the conditioning, determines the state of the one or more batteries as normal in response to the determination that the performance of the one or more batteries is satisfied, and determines the state of the one or more batteries as abnormal in response to the determination that the performance of the one or more batteries is not satisfied.

11. In Paragraph 1, The above battery device further includes a plurality of plates, and The plurality of plates and the one or more batteries are arranged alternately, The above pressure regulating device is a battery system that applies pressure to a first plate among the plurality of plates.

12. In Paragraph 11, The above pressure regulating device is a battery system comprising a servo motor disposed on one side of the first plate to apply pressure to the first plate, and a load cell disposed on one side of the second plate disposed on the opposite side of the first plate to detect pressure applied to the second plate.

13. In Paragraph 11, The above pressure regulating device is a battery system comprising a spring that regulates the spring constant based on a spring constant control signal and a spring pad disposed on one side of the first plate that applies pressure to the first plate.

14. A pressure control unit that outputs a pressure control signal for controlling a pressure regulator to provide a constant pressure environment to one or more batteries; A data receiving unit for receiving displacement data regarding one or more of the above batteries; A calculation unit that generates calculation data based on the above displacement data; and A battery management device comprising a judgment unit that determines the performance of one or more batteries based on the above-mentioned output data.

15. In Paragraph 14, The above-described operation unit is a battery management device that generates an increase in displacement corresponding to the charging of the one or more batteries and a decrease in displacement corresponding to the discharging of the one or more batteries.

16. In Paragraph 14, The above operation unit generates a rate of change of the increase in displacement per hour or a rate of change of the decrease in displacement per hour, and A battery management device in which the above-mentioned judgment unit determines that the performance of the one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to at least one of the rate of change of the displacement increase amount or the rate of change of the displacement decrease amount being greater than a preset threshold value.

17. In Paragraph 14, The above calculation unit calculates Coulomb efficiency based on the current and application time applied to the one or more batteries, and The above calculation unit calculates a displacement increase / decrease ratio based on the ratio of the displacement decrease amount to the displacement increase amount of the one or more batteries, and A battery management device in which the above-described judgment unit determines that the performance of one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to the difference between the above-described Coulomb efficiency and the above-described displacement increase / decrease ratio being greater than a preset threshold value.

18. A step of outputting a pressure control signal to control a pressure regulator to provide a constant pressure environment to one or more batteries by means of a pressure control unit; A step of receiving displacement data regarding one or more batteries by a data receiving unit; A step of generating output data based on the displacement data by the operation unit; A method of operating a battery management device comprising the step of determining the performance of one or more batteries based on the above-determined output data by a judgment unit.

19. In Paragraph 18, The step of generating the above-mentioned output data is, By the above-mentioned operation unit, the operation unit includes the step of generating a rate of change of the increase in displacement per hour or a rate of change of the decrease in displacement per hour, and The step of determining the performance of one or more of the above batteries is, A method of operating a battery management device comprising the step of determining, by the above-determining unit, that the performance of one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to at least one of the rate of change of the displacement increase amount or the rate of change of the displacement decrease amount being greater than a preset threshold value.

20. In Paragraph 18, The step of generating the above-mentioned output data is, A step of calculating Coulomb efficiency based on the current and application time applied to the one or more batteries by the above calculation unit; and The above calculation unit calculates the displacement increase / decrease ratio based on the ratio of the displacement decrease amount to the displacement increase amount of the one or more batteries, and The step of determining the performance of one or more of the above batteries is, A method of operation of a battery management device that determines, by the above-determined judgment unit, that the performance of one or more batteries is not satisfied in response to the difference between the Coulomb efficiency and the displacement increase / decrease ratio being greater than a preset threshold value.

Images