Terminal, radio communication method, and base station

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a receiving unit that receives first information indicating a link direction of a time resource for communication and / or sensing, and receives second information indicating a signal for the communication and / or the sensing; and a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal when the signal overlaps the time resource.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station

[0001] This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

[0002] In the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network, Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified with the aim of achieving even higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Literature 1). Furthermore, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified with the aim of further increasing the capacity and sophistication of LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

[0003] Successor systems to LTE (for example, 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later) are also being considered.

[0004] 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)”, April 2010

[0005] Various sensing methods are being considered for future wireless communication systems. For example, a terminal (user terminal, User Equipment (UE)) / base station (e.g., gNB) could transmit sensing resources to the base station / UE via the target.

[0006] However, the method for determining the resources needed for sensing remains unclear. If these are not adequately considered, it could lead to a decrease in sensing accuracy and communication quality.

[0007] Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can appropriately determine resources for sensing.

[0008] A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives first information indicating the link direction of a time resource for at least one of communication and sensing, and second information indicating a signal for at least one of the communication and sensing, and a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource.

[0009] According to one aspect of this disclosure, resources for sensing can be appropriately determined.

[0010] Figures 1A and 1B show an example of a monostatic sensing scenario in a BS or UE. Figures 2A and 2B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between BSs or between UEs. Figures 3A and 3B show an example of a bistatic sensing scenario between a BS and a UE. Figure 4 shows an example of an NR positioning architecture. Figure 5 shows an example of a location service sequence. Figure 6 shows the first part of an example slot format table. Figure 7 shows the second part of an example slot format table. Figure 8 shows an example of PRI in one sensing slot. Figure 9 shows an example of the relationship between PRI and maximum clarity speed. Figure 10 shows an example of a slot setting according to Embodiment A1. Figure 11 shows an example of a slot setting according to option 1 of Embodiment A2-1. Figure 12 shows another example of a slot setting according to option 1 of Embodiment A2-1. Figure 13 shows an example of a communication and sensing pattern according to option 1 of Embodiment A2-1. Figure 14 shows an example of an ISAC pattern related to option 2 of Embodiment A2-1. Figure 15 shows an example of a slot setting related to option 2 of Embodiment A2-1. Figure 16 shows an example of a slot setting related to option 1 of the variation of Embodiment A2-2. Figure 17 shows an example of a slot format table related to option 2 of Embodiment B1. Figure 18 shows an example of a communication slot format table related to option 2 of Embodiment B1. Figure 19 shows an example of a sensing slot format table related to option 2 of Embodiment B1. Figure 20 shows an example of an ISAC slot format table related to option 2 of Embodiment B1. Figure 21 shows an example of a slot format based on principle 1 of Embodiment B2. Figure 22 shows an example of a slot format based on principle 2 of Embodiment B2. Figure 23 shows an example of a slot format based on principle 3 of Embodiment B2. Figure 24 shows an example of a slot format based on principle 4 of Embodiment B2. Figure 25 shows an example of an ISAC slot format related to Embodiment B3. Figure 26 shows an example of the DCI format transmission process for sensing slot format instruction related to option 2 of embodiment B4-2.Figure 27 shows an example of a change in the slot format according to Embodiment C3-2. Figure 28 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. Figure 29 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. Figure 30 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 31 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. Figure 32 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment.

[0011] The motivation for integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) is to achieve high sensing performance and novel / enhanced services by using various frequencies and cellular network equipment, and to optimize network parameters by analyzing real-time sensing data. Use cases and potential requirements for extending 5G systems to provide sensing services to address multiple different target industries / applications are being considered, and some use cases may include non-3GPP type (non-wireless communication type) sensors (e.g., radar, cameras).

[0012] For example, Use Case 1 is sensing for traffic management in tourist areas. For example, Use Case 2 is intruder detection in a smart home environment.

[0013] ISAC (Information-Assisted Communication) is being considered, specifically sensing-assisted communication and communication-assisted sensing. Sensing-assisted communication includes sensing-assisted beam management and sensing-assisted resource allocation. Communication-assisted sensing includes network sensing and coordinated sensing. To realize these, waveforms, beamforming, artificial intelligence (AI) / deep learning (DL) operating radio access technology (RAT), frame structure, and reference signals are being considered. In addition, shared spectrum, hardware, and algorithms for ISAC, such as higher frequency bands, larger antenna arrays, and similar signal processing algorithms for communication and sensing, are being considered.

[0014] In ISAC, challenges include unified waveforms that simultaneously satisfy the requirements of communication (e.g., OFDM signals) and sensing (e.g., chirp signals), ISAC beamforming that simultaneously achieves communication (e.g., transmitted signals, received signals), sensing (e.g., echo signals, transmitted signals, reflected signals), and interference suppression between them, and CSI mining by AI, which extracts sensing information from channel information of communication (e.g., UL transmitted signals) and radar (e.g., DL radar signals) using an AI / DL network.

[0015] Based on whether the communication and radar (sensing) systems share hardware / bands, three types of radar and communication systems are considered. These three types are independent radar and communication systems (independent systems), joint radar and communication systems (joint systems), and integrated radar and communication systems (integrated systems). The following discussion will focus on ISAC systems, where hardware and bands are shared between the radar and communication systems.

[0016] (Wireless Sensing) Wireless sensing based on communication radio waves is a key means of enabling the prospect of 6G cyber-physical systems (CPS). ISAC can be realized by 5G-advanced(A) and 6G, with the development of higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. The design of ISAC waveforms and sensing reference signals (RS) is a key technology for realizing wireless sensing.

[0017] Use cases for ISAC include the metaverse, high altitude platform station (HAPS) sensing, and crowd estimation. HAPS can be an aircraft at an altitude of around 20 km and can be used in non-terrestrial networks (NTN).

[0018] HAPS sensing enables ultra-remote distance sensing using echo signals, based on the support of communication functions. Considering that the sensing distance depends on the intensity of the echo signal, extremely low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) sensing or sensing sequence is required to improve the SNR of the echo signal under given transmit power.

[0019] (Sensing Modes / Methods) Conventional communication systems include communication between one BS (base station, gNB) and one UE, and joint transmission between multiple BS and one UE. Conventional radar systems include monostatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and that radar receives echoes from the sensing target, and bistatic / multistatic radar, where one radar transmits a radar signal and one or more radars receive echoes from the sensing target.

[0020] An independent system uses separate hardware and separate frequency bands for radar and communications. The separate hardware may be installed in the same location or in separate locations.

[0021] A joint system uses the same hardware for radar and communications, but with separate frequency bands.

[0022] A unified system uses the same hardware and the same frequency band for radar and communications.

[0023] Sensing in the ISAC system can be achieved by one of the following sensing methods: ◆ Monostatic sensing: Monostatic sensing using the idea of ​​monostatic radar. This sensing method requires one BS or one UE and performs sensing using echo signals. In this sensing method, there is no coordination between BS-BS, UE-UE, or BS-UE. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, terahertz imaging. ◆ Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing: Bistatic sensing / multistatic sensing using bistatic radar / multistatic radar. This sensing method requires two or more BS or two or more UE and performs sensing using reflected signals. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, positioning. ◆ UE-assisted sensing: UE-assisted sensing (sensing aided by UE) using the idea of ​​NR positioning. This sensing method requires a BS and UE and performs sensing using communication (UL / DL) signals. The existing 5G NR framework operates within this sensing method. This sensing method requires a UE, and both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) sensing require high computational complexity. A use case for this sensing method is, for example, breath monitoring.

[0024] [Monostatic Sensing] This sensing method includes BS (gNB) monostatic sensing (Figure 1A) and UE monostatic sensing (Figure 1B).

[0025] A scenario suitable for monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆ The sensing target is located near the sensing BS / UE and requires a high or moderate SNR for the echo signal. ◆ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0026] The capability requirements for monostatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◆ High capability is required for full duplex in BS or UE.

[0027] Monostatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆ Higher accuracy due to the absence of quantization. ◆ Accuracy is related to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the echo signal. ◆ Low latency.

[0028] [Bistatic Sensing / Multistatic Sensing] This sensing method includes bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 (BS1-to-BS2, BS1-BS2) (Figure 2A), bistatic sensing from UE to BS (UE-to-BS, UE-BS) (Figure 2B), bistatic sensing from BS to UE (BS-to-UE, BS-UE) (Figure 3A), and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2 (UE1-to-UE2, UE1-UE2) (Figure 3B).

[0029] A suitable scenario for bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 has the following characteristics: ◆ Close synchronization and coordination between BSs are required, and scheduling coordination between multiple BSs is necessary. ◆ The target does not need to have communication capabilities.

[0030] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 have the following characteristics: ◆ Because it is half-duplex, it can be implemented even with low capability. ◆ High capability is required for synchronization between BSs.

[0031] The performance of bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 has the following characteristics: ◆ Accuracy is high because quantization is not used. ◆ Accuracy is related to the SNR of the echo signal. ◆ Latency is moderate.

[0032] Suitable scenarios for bistatic sensing from UE to BS, bistatic sensing from BS to UE, and UE-UE bistatic sensing have the following characteristics: ◆ It is necessary that there is a communication UE around the target.

[0033] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from UE to BS have the following characteristics: ◆ It can be achieved even with low capability due to being half-duplex. ◆ High UE positioning accuracy is required.

[0034] The capability requirements for bistatic sensing from BS to UE and from UE1 to UE2 have the following characteristics: ◆ It can be implemented even with low capability due to being half-duplex. ◆ The UE requires sufficient computing resources and high accuracy in detecting reflected signals. ◆ High accuracy in UE positioning is required.

[0035] The performance of bistatic sensing from UE to BS, bistatic sensing from BS to UE, and UE-UE bistatic sensing has the following characteristics: ◆Accuracy is moderate due to quantization of the feedback value. ◆Accuracy is related to the placed resource and UE position. ◆Latency is long.

[0036] In the embodiments described later, the following scenarios and assumptions may be used: ◆ In the ISAC scenario, communication and sensing functions are required. ◆ For low complexity and backward compatibility, TDD (half-duplex) may be assumed instead of full-duplex in BS and UE.

[0037] In a TDD-based ISAC system, it is preferable that the sensing signal and the reflection / echo signal are transmitted and received in different time resources. For example, in BS-based sensing including monostatic BS sensing and bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in DL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in UL time resources. For example, in UE-based sensing including monostatic UE sensing and bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2, it is preferable that the sensing signal is transmitted in UL time resources and the reflection / echo signal is received in DL time resources. In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, it is preferable that DL time resources are used for sensing. In bistatic sensing from UE to DL, it is preferable that UL time resources are used for sensing.

[0038] In this disclosure, the sensing mode, sensing method, sensing type, and sensing use case may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0039] (CSI quantization and compression at Sub-7GHz) CSI quantization and compression are being considered at Sub-7GHz.

[0040] <Truncated channel impulse response (TCIR)> The UE performs only a simple IFFT for the CSI report and feeds back several time-domain samples. The UE may also use multipath (channel impulse response, CIR) from the reflecting object for the CSI report. However, the signal obtained by the simple IFFT may differ from the actual multipath, which may prevent the identification of the target reflecting object. As the TCIR, the first portion (several) of the CIR measurements (corresponding to the range of interest) may be reported.

[0041] <Partial CSI> A partial CSI refers to a CSI that includes either amplitude or phase. For example, there are use cases that use only amplitude and use cases that use only phase, but use cases that use both amplitude and phase simultaneously are limited. Therefore, using a partial CSI can reduce processing load and communication overhead. Amplitude information may be used, for example, for detecting the presence or absence of people, counting people, estimating humidity, or detecting gestures. Phase information may be used for motion detection, fall detection, etc. A full CSI may refer to a CSI that includes both amplitude and phase.

[0042] <Truncated power-delay profile (TPDP)> As a TPDP, the first part (a few) of the power-delay profile (PDP) measurements (corresponding to the target range) may be reported.

[0043] <Feedback in Wireless LANs> In wireless LANs, other feedback types such as full CSI, TCIR, partial CSI, truncated power delay profile (TPDP), and frequency domain differential quantization are being considered.

[0044] In the 60 GHz band, Range-Doppler-Angular maps (RDA maps) (e.g., 2D / 3D / 4D maps) and feedback of target-related parameters (signal processing by the receiver) are being considered.

[0045] (UE positioning using AI technology) Fingerprinting localization, which estimates the position of wireless devices by utilizing the propagation characteristics of wireless signals, is widely used in both Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS) scenarios.

[0046] In this disclosure, LOS may mean that the UE and the base station are in a line of sight to each other (or there are no obstructions), and NLOS may mean that the UE and the base station are not in a line of sight to each other (or there are obstructions).

[0047] In fingerprint localization, the location of a UE is estimated based on a database / AI model using fingerprints from multiple transmission paths (multipath) of the UE.

[0048] Multipath information may also include, for example, information regarding the angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) of signals in the optimal / candidate transmission path.

[0049] In this disclosure, AoA information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of arrival and the zenith angles of arrival. Similarly, AoD information may include, for example, information on at least one of the azimuth angles of departure and the zenith angles of departure.

[0050] 3GPP Rel. 16 NR supports the following positioning technologies: ◆ Positioning based on DL / UL Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA), ◆ Positioning based on angle (DL AoD / UL AoA), ◆ Positioning based on Multi-Round Trip Time (RTT), ◆ Positioning based on Enhanced Cell ID (E-CID).

[0051] In DL / UL TDOA-based positioning, consider a case where, for example, multiple base stations (TRP#0-#2) are positioned around a UE. In this positioning method, the UE's position is estimated (measured) using the measured Reference Signal Time Difference (RSTD). For example, the RSTD (T) for two specific base stations (TRP#i, #j (i,j are integers)) ｉ -T ｊ ) has a value (k ｉ，ｊConnecting the points that take the shape of the hyperbola H ｉ，ｊ This can be drawn. The intersection of multiple such hyperbolas (in this example, H ０，１、 H １，２、 H ２，０ The intersection of the two points may be estimated as the position of the UE. In addition, the position of the UE may be estimated using the RSRP of the reference signal.

[0052] In positioning methods based on DL AoD / UL AoA, the position of the UE is estimated using DL AoD measurements (e.g., θ or φ) or UL AoA measurements (e.g., θ or φ). Alternatively, the position of the UE may be estimated using RSRP.

[0053] In a multi-RTT-based positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated using multiple RTTs calculated from the Tx / Rx time difference of a reference signal (and additionally RSRP, RSRQ, etc.). For example, geometric circles based on RTTs can be drawn around each base station. The intersection of these multiple circles may be estimated as the location of the UE.

[0054] E-CID-based positioning: In this positioning method, the location of the UE is estimated based on the geometric position of the serving cell / neighbor cell and additional measurement results (Tx-Rx time difference, RSRP, RSRQ, etc.).

[0055] The positioning in DL (DL TDOA, DL AoD) described above may be performed on the UE side or the LMF side. For example, in UE-based positioning, the UE may calculate its own position based on various measurement results from the UE and assistance information from the LMF. Alternatively, in UE-assisted positioning, the UE may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position. The assistance information may be information to assist in the estimation of the UE's position.

[0056] The positioning in the above-mentioned UL (UL TDOA, UL AoA) may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the base station may report the various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the position of the UE.

[0057] The positioning in DL and UL (Multi-RTT, E-CID) described above may be performed on the LMF side. In this case, the UE / base station may report various measurement results to the LMF, and the LMF may calculate the UE's position.

[0058] Furthermore, 3GPP Rel. 17 proposes a positioning method using assistance information to further improve positioning accuracy. Assistance information may be transmitted between the UE, base station, and LMF as measurement information for DL / UL-TDOA, DL-AoD / UL-AoA, multi-RTT, and E-CID as described above.

[0059] Assistance information may include information on at least one of the following: ◆Timing Error Group (TEG), ◆RSRPP (Path-Specific RSRP), ◆Expected angle, ◆Adjacent beam information, ◆TRP antenna / beam information, ◆LOS / NLOS indicator, ◆Additional path report.

[0060] The TEG may indicate one or more PRS (Positioning Reference Signal) resources whose transmission / reception timing errors (Rx / Tx timing errors) are within a certain margin.

[0061] RSRPP may represent the measurement result of RSRP in the first pass.

[0062] In UL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may indicate the expected UL-AoA / ZoA. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the base station. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning from UL TDOA, UL AoA, and multi-RTT.

[0063] In DL positioning, assistance information regarding the expected angle may include information regarding the expected DL-AoA / ZoA or DL-AoD / ZoD. This assistance information may be transmitted from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, this assistance information may support at least one positioning method from DL TDOA, DL AoA, and multi-RTT. This improves the accuracy of angle-based UE positioning and enables optimization of Rx beamforming of the UE or base station.

[0064] Furthermore, assistance information regarding the predicted angle may include not only the values ​​of AoA / ZoA / AoD / ZoD themselves as described above, but also information indicating the uncertainty range of these values.

[0065] As additional beam information, adjacent beam information may include a subset of DL-PRS resources for prioritizing DL-AoD reports (Option 1), or information regarding the boresight direction of each DL-PRS resource (Option 2). This allows for optimization of UE's Rx beam sweeping and DL-AoD measurements.

[0066] Additionally, the assistance information may include PRS beam pattern information as extra beam information. This PRS beam pattern information may include information on the relative power between DL-PRS resources for each angle for each TRP.

[0067] The LOS / NLOS indicator may display information regarding Line of Site (LOS) and Non-Line of Site (NLOS).

[0068] Furthermore, in order to improve the positioning delay of the UE, pre-set measurement gaps (MG), MG activation via lower layers, MG-less position, PRS Rx / Tx in RRC_INACTIVE state, or on-demand PRS may be set for the UE (or used by the UE).

[0069] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, it is agreed that UEs should measure and report the RSRP of adjacent beams in order to improve the accuracy of UE position estimation. For example, in the UE-assisted DL-AoD positioning method, the LMF may indicate that at least one of the following options 1-2 is included in the assistance information.

[0070] Option 1: A subset of PRS resources for the purpose of prioritizing DL-AOD reporting. This subset may be set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities. The UE may include the PRS measurements required for a subset of PRS in the additional measurements for DL-AoD if the PRS measurements required for the relevant PRS are reported. The required PRS measurements may be DL PRS RSRP / path PRS RSRP. The UE may report PRS measurements only for a subset of PRS resources. The subset related to a PRS resource may reside in the same / different PRS resource set as the PRS resource in question. Option 2: Information regarding boresight direction set for each PRS resource depending on the UE's capabilities.

[0071] In 3GPP Rel. 16 NR, it is agreed that the expected RSTD and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE. Furthermore, in Rel. 17, it is agreed that the expected angle and its uncertainty range should be provided from the LMF to the UE in order to reduce errors and complexities in AoA / AoD measurements.

[0072] In 3GPP Rel. 17 NR, the introduction of a Positioning Reference Unit (PRU) is being considered for positioning. The PRU is being discussed as a reference device with a known location to mitigate transmission and reception timing errors of UE / gNB. The PRU may also be interpreted as UE / gNB / TRP (transmission reception point) / TP (transmission point).

[0073] For example, the PRU may support at least one of the following: - Measuring DL PRS and reporting the relevant measurement (e.g., RSTD / Transmit / Receive Time Difference / RSRP) to the LMF; - Transmitting SRS and enabling the TRP to measure and report the relevant measurement (e.g., Relative Time of Arrival: RTOA / Transmit / Receive Time Difference, AOA) to the LMF; - Operation, measurement, various parameters (enhancement of transmit / receive timing delay, AoD and AOA, and parameters related to measurement calibration); - Reporting the position coordinate information of the reference device to the LMF if the LMF does not have position coordinate information; - The reference device whose position is known is a UE / gNB; - Accuracy that allows the position of the reference device to be known.

[0074] There are two use cases for positioning using AI models: ◆ Direct AI / ML positioning, and ◆ AI / ML assisted positioning.

[0075] Direct AI / ML positioning outputs, for example, UE positioning (UE location). AI / ML assisted positioning outputs, for example, intermediate features. These intermediate features may be input back into the AI / ML model.

[0076] As an example of the AI / ML-assisted positioning output described above, at least one of the following may be included: ◆ Identification of LOS / NLOS (probability of LOS / NLOS), ◆ ToA (time of arrival of PRS / SRS), ◆ Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) time difference, ◆ AoA / AoD, ◆ Number of waves, Rx-Tx (transmit / receive) phase difference (phase measurement of Rel. 18), ◆ DL RSTD / UL TDOA, ◆ DL-PRS / UL-SRS, RSRPs / RSRPPPs, ◆ Likelihood of the above values ​​(e.g., probability of ToA).

[0077] Positioning in Rel. 18 introduces sidelink positioning based on the Sidelink Positioning Protocol (SLPP). For example, SL-RTT, SL-AoA, SL-TDOA, and SL-TOA are introduced. For example, the sidelink reference signal used for position calculation is called SL-PRS. At least one of the following may be used as a measurement based on SL-PRS: SL PRS-RSRP, SL PRS-RSRPP, SL RTOA, SL AoA, sidelink receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) time difference, SL RSTD, SL PRS-RSSI, SL PRS-channel occupancy ratio (CR), and SL PRS-channel busy ratio (CBR). Furthermore, as a measurement related to the carrier phase positioning method, at least one of UL / DL reference signal carrier phase (RSCP) and DL reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) may be used.

[0078] (Location Services: 5G System (5GS) Location Services (LCS) / Architecture Model and Concepts / Functional description of LCS per network function) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. ◆5G Core Network: 5GC, 5GCN ◆5G System: 5GS ◆[Radio] Access Network: [R]AN ◆Next Generation-Radio Access Network: NG-RAN ◆Access and Mobility Management Function: AMF ◆Location Management Function: LMF ◆Non-3GPP InterWorking Function: N3IWF ◆Mobile Originated Location Request: MO-LR ◆Mobile Terminated Location Request: MT-LR ◆Network Induced Location Request: NI-LR ◆Gateway Mobile Location Center: GMLC ◆Network Exposure Function: NEF ◆Public Land Mobile Network: PLMN ◆Trusted Non-3GPP Access Network: TNAN ◆Internet Protocol: IP ◆IP Multimedia Subsystem: IMS ◆Unified Data Management: UDM ◆Unified Data Repository: UDR ◆Quality of Service: QoS

[0079] The 5G system architecture includes the following service-based interfaces: ◆ Namf: A service-based interface presented by AMF. ◆ Nnef: A service-based interface presented by NEF.

[0080] The 5GS LCS architecture includes the following service-based interfaces for Location Services: ◆ Nlmf: A service-based interface presented by LMF. ◆ Ngmlc: A service-based interface presented by GMLC.

[0081] The 5G system architecture includes the following reference points: ◆N1: Reference point between UE and AMF. ◆N2: Reference point between (R)AN and AMF.

[0082] An NG-RAN node is either a gNB or an ng-eNB. A gNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the NR for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface. An ng-eNB is a node that provides protocol termination for the user plane and control plane of the E-UTRA for UEs and is connected to the 5GC via the NG interface.

[0083] The gNB may provide measurement information for the target UE and transmit this information to the LMF. To support NR RAT-dependent positioning, the gNB may perform radio signal measurements for the target UE and provide measurement results for position estimation.

[0084] The ng-eNB may provide measurement results for position estimation, provide measurement information for the target UE, and transmit these measurements to the LMF. The ng-eNB performs its measurements upon request (on-demand or periodic) from the LMF. The ng-eNB may provide multiple TPs. The ng-eNB may broadcast assistance data information received from the LMF within a positioning system information message.

[0085] The UE may perform measurements with DL signals from the NG-RAN and other sources such as the E-UTRAN, different GNSS and TBS systems, WLAN access points, Bluetooth® beacons, and the UE's barometric pressure and motion sensors. The measurements performed are determined by the selected positioning method. The UE may include, for example, an independent positioning function (e.g., global positioning systems (GPS)) that allows it to report its location independently of the NG-RAN transmission. A UE with an independent positioning function may utilize assistance information obtained from the network.

[0086] The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) is responsible for managing the positioning of target UEs for all types of location requests. The AMF can access the GMLC and NEF via the Namf interface, the RAN via the N2 reference point, and the UEs via the N1 reference point. Functions performed by the AMF to support location services include: ◆ The AMF initiates NI-LR location requests for UEs making IMS emergency calls or to determine the geographical area of ​​UEs making NE satellite access for PLMN selection verification. ◆ The AMF receives and manages location requests from the GMLC for 5GC-MT-LR and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic location events, triggered location events, and location events available to UEs. ◆ The AMF receives and manages location requests from UEs for 5GC-MO-LR. ◆ The AMF receives and manages event disclosure requests for location information from the NEF. ◆ The AMF selects the LMF. ◆ The AMF receives updated privacy requirements from the UE and forwards them to the UDR via the UDM. ◆ The AMF supports the cancellation of periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◆ The AMF supports the change of the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports for target UEs. ◆ If assistance data is broadcast by 5GS in an encrypted format, the AMF receives the encryption key from the LMF and forwards it to the appropriately subscribed UE using mobility management procedures. ◆ The AMF stores the UE positioning capability received from the LMF and sends that UE positioning capability to the LMF along with the received location requests.

[0087] The Location Management Function (LMF) manages the support for different location services to a target UE, including UE positioning and the delivery of assistance data to the UE. The LMF may interact with a serving gNB or serving eNB to obtain location measurements for the UE, including UL measurements taken by the NG-RAN and DL measurements taken by the UE and provided to the NG-RAN as part of other functions such as handover.

[0088] The LMF manages the full standby coordination and scheduling of resources required for the location of a UE registering with or accessing 5GCN. It may also calculate or verify estimates of the final location and any speed, and estimate the accuracy achieved. The LMF receives location requests for target UEs from the serving AMF using the Nlmf interface. The LMF interacts with UEs for the exchange of location information applicable to UE-assisted and UE-based positioning methods, and communicates with NG-RAN, N3IWF, or TNAN to obtain location information.

[0089] Additional functions that may be performed by the LMF to support location services include: ◆ The LMF supports requests for single locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports requests for periodic or triggered locations received from the Serving AMF to the target UE. ◆ The LMF determines the type and number of positioning methods and procedures based on the UE, PLMN capability, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS client type, coordination type, optional, service type, and instructions requiring reliable UE location information. ◆ The LMF directly reports UE location estimates to the GMLC for periodic or triggered locations of the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports cancellation of periodic or triggered locations for the target UE. ◆ The LMF supports the delivery of broadcast assistance data via the NG-RAN in encrypted or unencrypted format, and the transfer of encryption keys to authorized UEs via the AMF. ◆ The LMF supports changes to the serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reports to target UEs. ◆ The LMF supports the receipt of stored UE positioning capabilities from the AMF and the provision of updated UE positioning capabilities to the AMF. ◆ The LMF maps UE locations to geographic areas where the PLMN is permitted or not permitted to operate based on requests from the AMF. ◆ The LMF supports the determination of UE locations in scheduled location times. ◆ The LMF determines whether to use the user plane or the control plane for positioning.◆ The LMF supports handling of 5GC-MT-LR, 5GC-NI-LR, 5GC-MO-LR, and delayed 5GC-MT-LR for periodic or triggered locations across the user plane connection between the UE and the LMF.

[0090] (NR Positioning Architecture: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / NG-RAN UE Positioning Architecture) The following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure.

[0091] Figure 4 shows an example of an architecture in 5GS (NR positioning architecture) applicable to positioning UEs using NR or E-UTRA access. In the case of a split gNB architecture as in this example, the gNB-DU may include TRP functionality, and the TRP functionality may support functionality for TP, RP, or both TP and RP. A gNB-DU including TRP functionality does not need to provide cell services. The NG-RAN includes ng-eNB and gNB.

[0092] The AMF receives a request from another entity (e.g., GLMC or UE) for some location service associated with a particular target UE, or the AMF itself decides to initiate some location service on behalf of a particular target UE (e.g., in response to an IMS emergency call from that UE). The AMF then sends the location service request to the LMF. The LMF processes the location service request, which may include at least one of the following: the transfer of assistance data to the target UE to assist in UE-based / UE-assisted positioning, and the positioning of the target UE. The LMF then returns the results of the location service (e.g., a location estimate for the UE) to the AMF.

[0093] The NR-Uu interface (a wireless interface between UE and UTRA) that connects the UE to the gNB wirelessly is used as one of several transport links for the NR positioning protocol for target UEs that use NR access to the NG-RAN.

[0094] The LTE-Uu interface (wireless interface), which connects the UE to the ng-eNB wirelessly, is used as one of several transport links for the LTE positioning protocol for target UEs that use LTE access to the NG-RAN.

[0095] The NG-C interfaces between gNB and AMF, and between ng-eNB and AMF, are transparent (unaware) to all UE positioning-related procedures. The NG-C interfaces are involved in these procedures only as a transport link for NR positioning protocols.

[0096] The NL1 interface between the LMF and AMF is transparent to all UE, gNB, and ng-eNB related to the positioning procedure. The NL1 interface is used only as a transport link between LPP and NRPPPa.

[0097] As shown in Figure 5, the overall sequence of events applicable to the UE, NG-RAN, and LMF in location services follows several steps: ◆1a. Some entity within the 5GC (e.g., GMLC) requests some location service (e.g., positioning) for a target UE from the serving AMF. ◆1b. Or, the serving AMF for the target UE determines that some location service is needed (e.g., to locate the UE for an emergency call). ◆1c. Or, the UE requests some location service from the serving AMF at the NAS level. ◆2. The AMF forwards the location service request to the LMF. ◆3a. The LMF initiates a location procedure using the serving ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, and if possible, adjacent ng-eNB or gNB in ​​the NG-RAN, to obtain location measurements or assistance data. ◆3b. In addition to or instead of step 3a, the LMF initiates a location procedure with the UE (for example, to obtain a location estimate or location measurement, or to transfer assistance data to the UE). ◆4. The LMF provides a location service response to its AMF, including any necessary results (for example, the results include an indication of success or failure, and the UE's location estimate if requested and obtained). ◆5a. If step 1a was performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the 5GC entity in step 1a, including any necessary results (for example, the UE's location estimate). ◆5b. If step 1b was performed, the AMF uses the location service response received in step 4 to assist the service that triggered it in step 1b (for example, it may provide the GMLC with a location estimate associated with an emergency call). ◆5c. If step 1c is performed, the AMF returns a location service response to the UE, including any necessary results (e.g., the UE's location estimate).

[0098] (NR Positioning Protocol: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Signalling protocols and interfaces) In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method): E-CID ◆Observed Time Difference Of Arrival: OTDOA ◆Multi-Round Trip Time: Multi-RTT ◆Uplink Angle of Arrival: UL-AoA ◆Azimuth-Angle of Arrival: A-AoA ◆Zenith-Angle of Arrival: Z-AoA ◆Uplink Time Difference of Arrival: UL-TDOA ◆Downlink Time Difference of Arrival: DL-TDOA ◆Downlink Angle-of-Departure: DL-AoD ◆wireless local area network: WLAN ◆terrestrial beacon system: TBS ◆Metropolitan Beacon System: MBS ◆Positioning Reference Signal: PRS ◆UserPlane Location Protocol: ULP

[0099] The NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) transmits information between NG-RAN nodes and LMFs. It is used to support the following positioning functions: ◆ E-CID for E-UTRA, where measured values ​​are transferred from ng-eNB to LMF. ◆ Data collection from ng-eNB or gNB to support OTDOA for E-UTRA. ◆ Acquisition of cell IDs and cell portion (portion) IDs from gNBs to support NR cell ID positioning methods. ◆ Exchange of information between LMFs and NG-RAN nodes for the purpose of broadcasting assistance data. ◆ NR E-CID, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆ NR Multi-RTT, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆ NR UL-AoA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆NR UL-TDOA, where measured values ​​are transferred from gNB to LMF. ◆Data acquisition from gNB for support of DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, Multi-RTT, UL-TDOA, and UL-AoA. ◆Transfer of measurement pre-configuration information, allowing LMF to request the NG-RAN node to pre-configure and activate / deactivate the measurement gap / PRS processing window.

[0100] The LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is terminated between the target device (UE in the control plane case, or SET in the user plane case) and the positioning server (LMF in the control plane case, or SLP in the user plane case).

[0101] The LPP protocol aims to enable the positioning of NR and LTE using multiple different positioning methods, while separating the details of any specific positioning method from the details of the underlying transport.

[0102] An LPP procedure involves request / response pairing of multiple messages or one or more "unaccepted" messages. Each procedure has a single objective (e.g., transfer of assistance data, exchange of LPP-related capabilities, or positioning of a target device according to some QoS and one or more positioning method specifications). Multiple procedures can be used in series or parallel to achieve more complex objectives (e.g., positioning of a target device with respect to the transfer of assistance data and the exchange of LPP-related capabilities). Multiple procedures further allow for attempting more than one positioning simultaneously (e.g., to obtain a coarse location estimate using low latency and a more accurate location estimate using high latency).

[0103] (Standard UE Positioning Methods: Stage 2 functional specification of UE positioning in NG-RAN / Main concepts and requirements / Standard UE Positioning Methods) The standard UE positioning methods supported for NG-RAN access are as follows: ◆ NW-assisted GNSS method ◆ LTE signal-based OTDOA positioning ◆ LTE signal-based extended cell ID method (E-CID) ◆ WLAN positioning ◆ Bluetooth® positioning ◆ TBS positioning ◆ Sensor-based positioning: ―◆ Barometric pressure sensor ―◆ Motion sensor ◆ NR signal-based NR extended cell ID method (NR E-CID) ◆ NR signal-based multi-RTT ◆ NR signal-based DL-AoD ◆ NR signal-based DL-TDOA ◆ NR signal-based UL-TDOA ◆ Based on the NR signal, UL-AoA includes A-AoA and Z-AoA.

[0104] OTDOA includes TBS positioning based on PRS. Existing specifications only support OTDOA based on LTE signals. If the UE is served by gNB, the E-CID includes the cell ID for the NR method. The E-CID is an extended cell ID based on LTE signals. Existing specifications only support TBS positioning based on MBS signals.

[0105] Hybrid positioning using multiple methods from a list of multiple positioning methods is supported. Standalone mode (i.e., autonomous without network assistance) using one or more methods from the list of multiple positioning methods is also supported.

[0106] These multiple positioning methods may be supported for at least one of the following: a UE-based version, a UE-assisted / LMF-based version, and an NG-RAN node-assisted version.

[0107] (Setting up sensing resources in the time domain) In the Service and System Aspects 1 (SA1), which examines new and expanded services, functions, and capabilities from a service and system perspective, scenarios / use cases, KPIs, and requirements for wireless sensing are considered.

[0108] In the study of lower layers in wireless access networks (radio access network 1, RAN1), channel modeling for ISAC is being considered.

[0109] Sensing resource configuration in the time domain can take the following various granularities / types: ◆Type 0: Sensing resource configuration at any granularity (e.g., symbol level, slot level, subframe level, or frame level). Consideration / modification of measurement resource configuration for sensing is required. For example, sensing RS bursts are being considered. ◆Type 1: Frame / subframe level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of cyclic prefix (CP) / neurology design and frame structure is required. ◆Type 2: Slot level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of slot configuration (e.g., UL-DL transmission pattern design) is required. ◆Type 3: Symbol level sensing resource configuration. Consideration / modification of RS paradigm and slot configuration (e.g., slot format configuration) in the time domain is required. For example, sensing Tx-Rx pairs are being considered.

[0110] In existing communication specifications, the UE uses UL-DL transmission patterns based on cell-common and UE-specific semi-static slot settings.

[0111] The cell shared slot configuration tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon, set via SIB1 or RRC, configures a periodic pattern (Pattern 1, or Pattern 1 + Pattern 2), and (if any) one or more DL slots + (if any) one or more DL symbols + (flexible slots / symbols in between) + (if any) one or more UL symbols + (if any) one or more UL slots.

[0112] The UE-specific semi-static slot configuration tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationDedicated configured via RRC is a slot-specific configuration for [the flexible slots configured by tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon] and cannot override the DL / UL slots / symbols configured by tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon. The slot-specific configuration sets all DL symbols, all UL symbols, one or more partial DL symbols + one or more flexible symbols, one or more flexible symbols + one or more partial UL symbols, or one or more partial DL symbols + one or more flexible symbols + one or more partial UL symbols.

[0113] The cell-common [semi-static] slot configuration (TDD-UL-DL common configuration) provides a TDD-UL-DL pattern (pattern 1 / pattern 2).

[0114] ◆ One TDD-UL-DL pattern can include at least one of the following multiple parameters. - ◆ The slot setting period (DL-UL transmission period, dl-UL-TransmissionPeriodicity) in msec of P. - ◆ The number d of slots having only DL communication symbols slots (nrofDownlinkSlots). - ◆ The number d of DL communication symbols sym (nrofDownlinkSymbols). - ◆ The number u of slots having only UL communication symbols slots (nrofUplinkSlots). - ◆ The number u of UL communication symbols sym (nrofUplinkSymbols).

[0115] Each pattern can include a slot format over one or more of the following slots. - ◆ The first d slots containing only DL symbols for communication and the d symbols after those d slots. - ◆ The last u slots containing only UL symbols for communication and the u slots number of slots and the d slots number of symbols after those d slots. - ◆ The last u slots containing only UL symbols for communication and the u sym number of slots and the d slots number of symbols after those d slots.slots u before this slot sym Individual symbols.

[0116] UE-specific [semistatic] slot settings (TDD-UL-DL individual settings) can include the following parameters: ◆ A set of multiple slot settings set by slotSpecificConfigurationsToAddModList. Each slot setting from that set of multiple slot settings can include at least one of the following: —◆ The slot index of the slot provided by slot index. —◆ A set of multiple symbols for the slot. The multiple symbols are set as follows: —◆ If allDownlink is set, all symbols in that slot are DL. —◆ If allUplink is set, all symbols in that slot are UL. —◆ Otherwise, nrofDownlinkSymbols provides the number of the first DL symbols in that slot. If nrofDownlinkSymbols is not provided, there are no first DL symbols in that slot. nrofUplinkSymbols provides the number of the last UL symbols in that slot. If nrofUplinkSymbols is not provided, there are no last UL symbols in that slot.

[0117] (Dynamic Slot Formatting Instructions) Dynamic slot formatting instructions based on DCI format 2_0 can be used. The specification defines the slot format table (table SF) shown in Figures 6 and 7. The slot format table includes multiple slot formats and a format index for each slot format. One slot format indicates multiple symbols ({DL ('D'), UL ('U'), flexible ('F')} symbols, link direction) within one slot. DCI format 2_0 includes one or more SFIs [indexes] [fields] by setting PositionInDCI for a serving cell (in PDCCH in ServingCellConfig - in SlotFormatCombToAddModList in SlotFormatIndicator in ServingCellConfig, within SlotFormatCombinationsPerCell). One SFI [index] is one slot format combination ID (slotFormatCombinationId). A slot format combination includes a slot format combination ID and one or more format indices (slotFormats). The one or more format indices indicate one or more slot formats occurring within consecutive slots, in time domain order. If the format index is 255, instead of the slot format table, TDD UL-DL common settings, TDD UL-DL individual settings, or dynamic scheduling are used to determine the slot format. The defined slot formats are important for sensing performance.

[0118] Dynamic UL / DL slot configuration based on time-domain resource placement can be used. Parameters related to time-domain resource placement are indicated by DCI format 0_0 / 0_1 / 1_0 / 1_1 / 2_3.

[0119] (PRI) Multiple sensing symbols may reside within a single slot. The interval between adjacent sensing DL symbols or sensing UL symbols corresponds to the pulse repetition interval (PRI). The PRI affects the maximum unambiguous velocity for sensing.

[0120] Uniform PRI is the same spacing between adjacent sensing DL symbols or sensing UL symbols. Uniform PRI simplifies setup / indication.

[0121] Non-uniform PRI is a different spacing between adjacent sensing DL symbols or sensing UL symbols. Non-uniform PRI provides high maximum clarity speed and flexibility in avoiding collisions with other high-priority resources. Non-uniform PRI may be, for example, multiple co-prime PRIs, nested PRIs, or optimized PRIs.

[0122] Figure 8 shows an example of a PRI within a single sensing slot. In this example, the uniform PRI is 7 OFDM symbols, and the sensing DL symbols are symbols #0 and #7. In this example, the non-uniform PRI has sensing DL symbols #0 and #3.

[0123] Figure 9 shows an example of the relationship between PRI and maximum clarity velocity. In this example, the duration of the OFDM symbol is T S The speed of light is c0, and the carrier frequency is f. c Therefore, PRI is M1T S When (M1 symbol), the maximum clarity velocity v max c0 / (2M1T S f c ) is given by PRI is M2T S When (M2 symbol), the maximum clarity velocity v max c0 / (2M2T S f c It is given by ).

[0124] (Issue) The introduction of sensing slots / symbols will affect the following performance:

[0125] ◆Communication performance. This includes the following performance: —◆Communication system throughput. This is based on the amount of DL and UL slots / symbols available for communication. —◆Coverage. This is based on the amount of DL slots / symbols available for SSB. —◆RACH planning. This is based on the amount of UL slots / symbols available for PRACH.

[0126] ◆Sensing performance. This includes the following performance: —◆Resolution / accuracy of the sensing system's estimation. This is based on the amount of DL and UL slots / symbols available for sensing.

[0127] Considering the conflict between sensing and communication on the resource, dynamic collisions may occur on several slots / symbols.

[0128] The UE behavior for multiple types of slots / symbols and settings / instructions has not been sufficiently investigated.

[0129] The behavior of the user interface (UE) in systems that use both sensing and communication has not been adequately considered. In communication-centric systems, how to reduce the impact of sensing on communication performance has not been adequately considered. For example, it is preferable that the opportunities for SSB transmission are not reduced for coverage purposes. How to resolve conflicts between communication signals / channels / RS and sensing signals / channels / RS has not been adequately considered. For example, a PDSCH may be scheduled on a sensing DL slot / symbol. For example, an SRS may be set / instructed on a sensing UL slot / symbol.

[0130] Thus, the relationship between the setting / instruction / notification / determination of slots / symbols / link direction for communication / sensing and the transmission / reception of communication / sensing signals has not been sufficiently considered. If this consideration is insufficient, resource utilization efficiency, sensing performance, throughput, and communication quality may deteriorate.

[0131] Therefore, the inventors conceived of procedures for setting / instructing / notifying / determining slot / symbol / link direction and transmitting / receiving signals.

[0132] The embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. Each wireless communication method according to the embodiments may be applied individually or in combination.

[0133] (Various substitutions) In this disclosure, words enclosed in parentheses () may indicate an explanation of the preceding word (e.g., an explanation of spelling), a paraphrase, a specific example, or supplementary explanation. Also, in this disclosure, words enclosed in square brackets [] may be interpreted as part of the overall meaning of the text, or they may be interpreted as being excluded (ignored). Note that parentheses () and square brackets [] may be used for purposes / meanings other than those described above.

[0134] In this disclosure, "A / B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, "A / B / C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C".

[0135] In this disclosure, terms such as notice, activate, deactivate, indicate (or specify), select, configure, update, and determine may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, controllable, operate, and capable of operating may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0136] In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher-layer parameters, fields, Information Elements (IE), settings, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control elements (MAC Control Elements (CE)), update commands, activation / deactivation commands, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0137] In this disclosure, the upper layer signaling may be any or a combination thereof, such as Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, and other messages (e.g., messages from the core network, such as positioning protocol messages (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPPa) / LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages).

[0138] In this disclosure, MAC signaling may include, for example, MAC Control Elements (MAC CEs) and MAC Protocol Data Units (PDUs). Broadcast information may include, for example, Master Information Blocks (MIBs), System Information Blocks (SIBs), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSIs), and Other System Information (OSIs).

[0139] In this disclosure, physical layer signaling may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) and Uplink Control Information (UCI).

[0140] In this disclosure, the following abbreviations may be used: ◆FDM: frequency division multiplexing ◆TDM: time division multiplexing ◆CDM: code division multiplexing ◆SDM: space division multiplexing ◆SFN: single frequency network

[0141] In this disclosure, reflection, echo, and scattering may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0142] In this disclosure, the wireless communication method, sensing method, and measurement method may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0143] In this disclosure, NW, gNB / CN ([extended] LMF / SF / AMF) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0144] In this disclosure, "sensing mode" and "sensing method" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "use case," "sensing use case," "service," "sensing service," "sensing service type," and "sensing type" may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, "type," "report type," "CSI measurement report type," "measurement type," "CSI measurement type," "CSI type," "map type," "sensing CSI map type," "reported quantity," and "reported parameter" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0145] In this disclosure, measurement, detection, estimation, calculation, processing, transformation, Fourier transform, DFT, FFT, and correlation operation may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0146] In this disclosure, measured values, received signals, measurement results, reported quantities, and channel path / channel information may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, profiles, responses, spectra, maps, distributions, signals converted to one or more dimensions, signals converted to one or more domains, and conversion results may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0147] In this disclosure, Doppler, Doppler frequency, frequency, and Doppler shift may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0148] In this disclosure, sensing transmitter, transmitter, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable. In this disclosure, sensing receiver, receiver, sensing station, radio communication device, BS, gNB, UE, TRP, and panel may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0149] In this disclosure, the sensing transmitter may be a TRP or UE that transmits sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing transmitter may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE acting as a sensing receiver, or in a different location / device.

[0150] In this disclosure, the sensing receiver may be a TRP or UE that receives sensing signals used in the operation of the sensing service. The sensing receiver may be located in the same location / device as the TRP or UE, which is the sensing transmitter, or it may be located in a different location / device.

[0151] In this disclosure, TRP may be network equipment that transmits / receives sensing signals, such as a BS, BS antenna, etc. In this disclosure, gNB and BS may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, TRP, BS, IAB node, mobile IAD node, repeater, access point (AP), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), drone, gNB, eNB, BS for 6G, etc. may be interchangeable.

[0152] In this disclosure, the sensing target, the target may be a target that needs to be detected by deriving the characteristics of an object in the environment from the sensing signal.

[0153] In this disclosure, the background environment and environment may be backgrounds (clutter / environmental objects) that are not sensing targets.

[0154] In this disclosure, monostatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located within the same TRP / UE.

[0155] In this disclosure, bistatic sensing may be sensing where the sensing transmitter and sensing receiver are located in different TRP / UEs.

[0156] In this disclosure, multistatic sensing may be a sensing method in which a sensing target has multiple sensing devices, each including at least one of a plurality of sensing transmitters and a plurality of sensing receivers.

[0157] In this disclosure, the sensing signal may be a transmission that can be used for sensing purposes on a wireless communication interface.

[0158] In this disclosure, the header UE may be a UE that triggers / executes UE-to-UE (U2U) sensing based on a request from the NW / client UE.

[0159] In this disclosure, a client UE may also be a UE that requests other UEs to perform sensing and report thereon.

[0160] In this disclosure, the anchor UE may be a UE that performs transmission / reception with the header UE in relation to sensing, based on a request from the header UE.

[0161] In this disclosure, NW, RAN, BS, gNB, extended LMF, SF, AMF, network node, core network (CN), and other UE (in UE-to-UE bistatic sensing) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0162] In this disclosure, quantity, value, quality, measured / reported quantity, reported quantity, measured quantity, beam quantity, beam quality, sensing measurement result, result, received result, measurement result, CSI measurement result, sensing quality, sensing quality result, sensing result, sensing KPI, sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality, candidate sensing beam quality, sensing beam quality of a candidate sensing beam (candidate beam), received quality, sensing measurement quality, sensing beam monitoring result, received quality / received result of RS (corresponding to a sensing beam), and comparison result of multiple sensing beam qualities may be interpreted as one another. In this disclosure, quantity, mean / maximum / minimum / median / filtered / processed value [ratio / number / difference / gap / variance / deviation] of multiple quantities may be interpreted as one another.

[0163] In this disclosure, the sensing key performance indicator (KPI) [a related quantity] may be a performance / metric for sensing. For example, the sensing KPI [a related quantity] may include at least one of the following: sensing estimation accuracy, sensing estimation confident level, false alarm probability, detection probability, missed detection probability, sensing / estimation resolution, and sensing service latency.

[0164] In this disclosure, the terms reporting type, time-domain behavior, periodic (P), semi-persistent (SP), and aperiodic (AP) may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0165] In this disclosure, the terms "report," "report instance," "CSI report," and "UL channel (PUCCH / PUSCH)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0166] In this disclosure, the terms upper layer parameters, SIB, RRC [IE], MAC CE, and upper layer signaling may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0167] In this disclosure, physical layer parameters, DCI, and physical layer signaling may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0168] In this disclosure, ISAC, communications, and sensing [both / integrated] may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0169] In this disclosure, the terms sensing protocol, LPP, NRPPa, and protocol based on LPP / NRPPa may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0170] In this disclosure, "communication and sensing" and "ISAC" may be interpreted interchangeably. For example, "slot setting / slot format / pattern for communication and sensing" and "slot setting / slot format / pattern for ISAC" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0171] In this disclosure, cell-specific, cell-common, and common among multiple UEs within a cell may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, UE-specific, dedicated, and individual UEs may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, group-common and common among multiple UEs within a UE group may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0172] In this disclosure, the terms [Slot Setting] period and [DL-UL Transmission] period may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0173] In this disclosure, TDD [UL-DL] [common / individual] settings, slot settings, slot format, [TDD UL-DL] pattern, [slot / symbol] link direction, and [for communication / sensing / ISAC] {DL, UL, flexible} may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, [link direction] semistatic notification / instruction / setting, TDD [UL-DL] [common / individual] settings may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. In this disclosure, [link direction] dynamic notification / instruction / setting, slot format [indicator / combination], and scheduling may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0174] (Wireless communication method) <Assumed scenarios> In each embodiment, at least one of the following multiple scenarios may be assumed.

[0175] ◆Scenario #1: Bistatic sensing between BS and UE (at least one of bistatic sensing from BS to UE and bistatic sensing from UE to BS). —◆In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, UE receives the sensing signal in the slot / symbol of the sensing DL. —◆In bistatic sensing from UE to BS, UE transmits the sensing signal in the slot / symbol of the sensing UL.

[0176] ◆Scenario #2: Bistatic sensing between multiple BS (from BS1 to BS2). —◆The UE serviced by BS1 does not expect to transmit / receive signals on the sensing DL slot / symbol. —◆The UE serviced by BS2 does not expect to transmit / receive signals on the sensing UL slot / symbol.

[0177] ◆Scenario #3: Bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2.

[0178] ◆Scenario #4: UE Monostatic Sensing.

[0179] In each embodiment, the slot / symbol [link direction] for sensing may be represented using at least one of sensing DL, sensing UL, sensing flexible, ISAC flexible.

[0180] The sensing DL may be a slot / symbol that carries the sensing signal from the BS. In this disclosure, sensing DL, sDL, and sD may be interchangeable.

[0181] The sensing UL may be a slot / symbol that carries sensing signals from the UE. In this disclosure, sensing UL, sUL, and sU may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0182] Sensing Flexible is a slot / symbol that can be {Sensing DL, Sensing UL, or null}. In this disclosure, Sensing Flexible, sFlexible, and sF may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. null indicates that there is no data or sensing signal on that slot / symbol. It may be used for guard interval or interference measurement, or it may indicate that there are no traffic or sensing requirements.

[0183] ISAC Flexible is a slot / symbol that can be any of the following: Sensing DL, Sensing UL, Sensing Flexible, DL for communication, UL for communication, or Flexible for communication. In this disclosure, Sensing Flexible, isacFlexible, and isacF may be interpreted as each other.

[0184] In this disclosure, the TDD UL-DL common (cell-specific) setting for communications / sensing / ISAC may determine the cell-specific UL / DL TDD setting. The TDD UL-DL common setting may include at least one of the following: reference SCS[setting], [TDD UL-DL] pattern (Pattern 1 / Pattern 2). The TDD UL-DL pattern may include at least one of the DL-UL transmission period, DL slot number, DL symbol number, UL slot number, and UL symbol number.

[0185] In this disclosure, the TDD UL-DL dedicated (UE-specific) configuration for communications / sensing / ISAC may determine the UE-specific TDD configuration for UL / DL. The TDD UL-DL dedicated configuration may include a list of TDD UL-DL slot configurations (a slot-specific configuration [add / modify / release] list). The TDD UL-DL slot configuration may include a [TDD-UL-DL] slot index and symbols. The symbols configuration may include all-downlink, all-uplink, or explicit configurations, and the explicit configuration may include at least one of the number of DL symbols and the number of UL symbols.

[0186] According to the following embodiments, sensing resource configuration at the slot / symbol level can be achieved without using separate slot / symbol types for sensing. For example, three types {DL, UL, flexible} may be used for both sensing and communication. Whether a signal on DL / UL is for sensing or communication may be indicated / configured via a parameter / signaling independent of the slot configuration. This parameter / signaling may be a sensing RS burst resource configuration.

[0187] The UE / BS may control at least one of the transmission and reception of signals for sensing based on the setting of link directions for a plurality of time resources for at least one of communication and sensing, or downlink control information indicating one or more slot formats from a plurality of slot formats for at least one of communication and sensing. The UE may receive first information indicating the link direction of a time resource for at least one of communication and sensing, receive second information indicating a signal for at least one of communication and sensing, and determine whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource.

[0188] <Embodiment A1> This embodiment relates to slot settings using reservation / instruction of sensing resources.

[0189] In a cellular system, communication services and communication UEs may be the main components. Existing or future slot configurations in a standalone communication system may be used as a baseline or starting point. For sensing purposes, minor updates to the slot configuration are preferable.

[0190] New parameters may be introduced for specifying sensing resources.

[0191] For sensing resource instruction, a TDD-UL-DL pattern using {DL, UL, flexible} slots / symbols may be used, with at least one of cell-common (cell-specific) and UE-specific semi-static slot setting parameters.

[0192] A new parameter for instructing / reserving sensing resources may be added to at least one of the cell-common and UE-specific semistatic slot settings. The new parameter may be any of the following multiple parameters x:

[0193] ◆Parameter 1: One or more bitmaps for indicating / reserving sensing slots / symbols. Each bit in the bitmap may correspond to a slot / symbol. Based on the bitmap, the UE may perform at least one of the following steps: —◆For slots / symbols with bit '0', the UE follows the {DL, UL, flexible} slot / symbol indication for communication. —◆For slots / symbols with bit '1', the UE neither transmits nor receives communication signals until further configuration is provided. This procedure may be based on one of the following options x: —◆Option 1: For slots / symbols with bit '1', the UE expects only the transmission / reception of sensing signals and sensing-related configurations, and not communication signals / configurations. —◆Option 2: For slots / symbols with bit '1', the UE assumes that both sensing and communication signals / configurations are possible based on the configuration. Sensing signals / configurations may have a higher priority than communication signals / configurations.

[0194] ◆Parameter 2: The bitmap for sensing may be specified / set together with the semi-static slot setting, or it may be specified / set separately from the semi-static slot setting. Each bit in the bitmap may correspond to a slot / symbol. For UEs that do not have sensing capabilities, the bitmap for sensing may be omitted.

[0195] The number of bitmaps and the length of the bitmaps may be related to the granularity of the sensing resource reservation. The bitmaps may be based on at least one of the following examples / variations.

[0196] ◆Example 1: If only slot-level resource reservations are allowed, the length of the bitmap may be equal to the number of DL slots + the number of UL slots (if flexible slots are allowed in sensing resource reservations, the length of the bitmap may be equal to the number of DL slots + the number of flexible slots + the number of UL slots). ◆Variation of Example 1: Separate bitmaps may be supported for DL ​​and UL slots. The length of the bitmap for DL ​​slots may be equal to the number of DL slots. The length of the bitmap for UL slots may be equal to the number of UL slots.

[0197] ◆Example 2: When both slot-level and symbol-level resource reservations are permitted, the resource reservation may use one of the following multiple options x: —◆Option 1: One bitmap for slot-level and symbol-level resource reservations. —◆Option 2: Separate bitmaps for slot-level and symbol-level resource reservations. ◆Variation of Example 2: The number and granularity of the bitmaps for sensing resource reservations may be set / instructed via at least one of the upper layer parameters, physical layer parameters, and sensing protocols.

[0198] This embodiment may be based on at least one of the following multiple variations x.

[0199] <<Variation 1>> This variation relates to the [link] direction for sensing.

[0200] The UE may determine the orientation of the slots / symbols reserved for sensing. The orientation may be, for example, {DL, UL, Flexible}. The orientation may be based on one of the following options x: ◆ Option 1: The orientation is based on the existing (communication) slot configuration. For example, based on the existing slot configuration, a second [use slot] DL slot and a ninth [use slot] UL slot are reserved for sensing. They may be expected (or considered) to be a sensing DL slot and a sensing UL slot, respectively. ◆ Option 2: The orientation is based on additional configuration [with or without the existing (communication) slot configuration]. For example, the orientation of the second [reserved] slot and the ninth [reserved] slot for sensing (e.g., {DL, UL, Flexible}) is further configured via at least one of the upper layer parameters, physical layer parameters, and sensing protocols.

[0201] <<Variation 2>> This variation concerns further constraints for sensing.

[0202] Constraints / limitations may be defined for the reservation / indication of sensing slots / symbols. These constraints / limitations may be based on at least one of the following examples x: ◆Example 1: The UE does not expect the first / last slot / symbol to be reserved for sensing. ◆Example 2: The UE does not expect flexible slots / symbols to be reserved for sensing. ◆Example 3: The UE expects sensing resources to be reserved only on flexible slots / symbols. ◆Example 4: The UE does not expect some symbols within a single slot to be reserved for sensing. That is, the UE expects only slot-level reservations for sensing.

[0203] <<Variation 3>> This variation concerns further settings for release / activation / deactivation for sensing.

[0204] A slot / symbol reserved for sensing may be activated / deactivated / released via at least one of the upper layer parameters, physical layer parameters, and sensing protocols. The UE may expect / recognize a released sensing slot / symbol as a {DL, UL, Flexible} slot / symbol in the TDD-UL-DL pattern. For example, if a second DL slot is reserved for sensing and it is released, the UE expects / recognizes it as a DL slot.

[0205] <<Example>> The length of the [Sensing] bitmap for slot-level resource reservation for sensing may be the number of DL slots + number of flexible slots + number of UL slots within one [Slot Setting] period ([DL-UL Transmission] cycle).

[0206] In the example in Figure 10, the slot configuration period is 5 ms (10 slots). The existing semi-static slot configuration [for communication] indicates that the first 3 slots within the slot configuration period are DL and the last 2 slots are UL. The sensing bitmap has 10 bits corresponding to each of the 10 slots within the slot configuration period, indicating that the 2nd and 9th slots are reserved for sensing. When the sensing configuration is released, the UE recognizes that the 2nd and 9th slots are DL and UL [for communication], respectively.

[0207] According to Embodiment A1, the TDD / slot / symbol patterns / formats / link directions for sensing can be appropriately reserved / instructed.

[0208] <Embodiment A2> This embodiment relates to sensing slot settings using DL / UL / flexible sensing instructions.

[0209] In vertical industries requiring ISAC functionality, such as within a factory with both sensing and communication requirements, sensing is not merely auxiliary but a primary or at least as important as communication. New slot configurations may be defined to support detailed {DL, UL, flexible} sensing slots / symbols.

[0210] Sensing slot configurations with {DL, UL, Flexible} slot / symbol indications may be supported.

[0211] Slot configuration for sensing may be configured / instructed separately from or jointly with slot configuration for communication, or via at least one of upper-layer parameters, physical-layer parameters, or sensing protocols. Slot configuration for sensing may be based on any of the following procedures / variations.

[0212] ◆Procedure: The UE expects to be provided with only one slot configuration [for either sensing or communication]. If the UE receives two configurations for sensing and communication, one slot configuration may be omitted based on the defined / configured priority.

[0213] ◆Variations: If two slot settings are provided, the UE generates a combined slot format / pattern based on the defined / configured sensing and communication time order. This generation may be based on at least one of the following examples / notes. —◆Example 1: If two slot settings (sensing slot format / pattern A and communication slot format / pattern B) are received simultaneously, the UE generates the slot format / pattern as A+B or B+A. A+B may override B with respect to A [flexible slot / symbol]. —◆Example 2: If the two slot settings are received at different times (sensing slot format / pattern A is received at time T1, and communication slot format / pattern B is received at time T2, where T2 > T1), the UE generates the slot format / pattern for the time between T1 and T2 as A, and the slot format / pattern for the time after T2 as A+B or B+A. ―◆Note: The total duration of one combined slot format / pattern may be the sum of the durations of the sensing and communication slot formats / patterns.

[0214] The sensing slot settings for each period (or sensing TDD-UL-DL pattern), or for each slot across multiple slots within a single period / pattern, may be based on any of the following multiple embodiments A2-x.

[0215] <<Embodiment A2-1>> Sensing slot settings for each period (or sensing TDD-UL-DL pattern) may be supported.

[0216] Similar to the cell common slot setting for communication, the setting of slots / symbols for continuous sensing on a period / pattern basis may be supported. The cell common slot setting for communication is a continuous d slots Individual DL slots and consecutive d sym Individual DL symbols, a continuous flexible slot / symbol, and a continuous u sym A single UL symbol and a sequence of uslots This indicates the number of UL slots.

[0217] The parameter structure for sensing slot settings may include at least one of the following parameters: ◆ Number of slots having only DL sensing symbols (d) s,slots . ◆ Number of DL sensing symbols d s,sym . ◆Number of slots that have only UL sensing symbols u s,slots . ◆Number of UL sensing symbols u s,sym ◆ DL and UL sequence for sensing (link direction at the start) O s,dl-ul This may indicate whether the initial direction in the sensing slot configuration is DL or UL, or whether the sensing slot configuration starts from DL or UL. s,dl-ul It may be 1 bit. s,dl-ul If not set, or O s,dl-ul If it is set to 1 (or O s,dl-ul If set to 0, the slot / symbol of the sensing DL may precede the slot / symbol of the sensing UL. s,dl-ul If it is set to 0 (or O s,dl-ul If it is set to 1, O s,dl-ul If not set, the slot / symbol of the sensing UL may precede the slot / symbol of the sensing DL.

[0218] For sensing and communication, one or separate TDD-UL-DL patterns may be configured / instructed. This configuration / instruction may be based on one of the following multiple options x:

[0219] <<<Option 1>>> Separate TDD-UL-DL patterns for sensing and communication are set / instructed. The setting / instruction may be based on at least one of the following features:

[0220] ◆Features: Slot format / pattern for sensing. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions.

[0221] ―◆Definition: O s,dl-ul If it indicates DL (e.g., 1), the UE may expect that the slot / symbol of the sensing DL precedes the slot / symbol of the sensing UL. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following examples: --◆Example: First d s,slots The number of slots and the first d s,slots d after (before) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing DL symbols. --◆Example: the last u s,slots The number of slots and the last u s,slots The u before (after) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing UL symbols. --◆Example: In the example in Figure 11, O s,dl-ul =1 indicates that the first is DL. In this example, of the 10 slots indicated by the sensing pattern, the first 3 slots and the following 5 symbols are DL sensing symbols, the last 2 slots and the 4 symbols before them are UL sensing symbols, and the rest are flexible symbols.

[0222] ―◆Definition: O s,dl-ul If it indicates UL (e.g., 0), the UE may expect that the slot / symbol of the sensing UL precedes the slot / symbol of the sensing DL. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following examples: --◆Example: First u s,slots The number of slots and the first u s,slots u after (before) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing UL symbols. --◆Example: Last d s,slots The number of slots and the last d s,slots d before (after) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing DL symbols. --◆Example: In the example in Figure 12, O s,dl-ul=0 indicates that the first one is UL. In this example, of the 10 slots indicated by the sensing pattern, the first 3 slots and the following 5 symbols are UL sensing symbols, the last 2 slots and the 4 symbols before them are DL sensing symbols, and the rest are flexible symbols.

[0223] ―◆Definition: d s,slots d s,sym u s,slots u s,sym The remaining slots / symbols indicated by may be any of the following slots / symbols: {Flexible, Sensing Flexible, ISAC Flexible}. Whether the remaining slots / symbols are {[Communication] Flexible, Sensing Flexible, ISAC Flexible} may be defined in the specification or set / indicated along with the slot settings.

[0224] ◆Features: The overall period of the sensing pattern and communication pattern may be the period of the sensing pattern, the period of the communication pattern, or the sum of the periods of the sensing pattern and the communication pattern.

[0225] ◆Features: The patterns for sensing and communication may be provided within a single setting / parameter, or within different settings / parameters.

[0226] In the example shown in Figure 13, four TDD-UL-DL patterns are set / instructed. These four TDD-UL-DL patterns, in chronological order, are the communication [TDD-UL-DL] pattern, the sensing [TDD-UL-DL] pattern, the communication [TDD-UL-DL] pattern, and the sensing [TDD-UL-DL] pattern.

[0227] <<<Option 2>>> A TDD-UL-DL pattern (e.g., ISAC pattern) for sensing and communication is set / instructed. The setting / instruction may be based on the following characteristics:

[0228] ◆Features: Slot format / pattern for sensing. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions.

[0229] ―◆Definition: O s,dl-ul If indicates DL, the UE may expect that the sensing DL slot / symbol precedes the sensing UL slot / symbol. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following examples: --◆Example: First d s,slots The number of slots and the first d s,slots d after (before) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing DL symbols. The slots / symbols of consecutive sensing DLs are for communication, the first d slots The number of slots and the first d slots d after (before) this slot sym Each symbol may be placed after (or before) it. --◆Example: the last u s,slots The number of slots and the last u s,slots The u before (after) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing UL symbols. Sequential sensing UL slots / symbols are for communication, last u slots The number of slots and the last u slots The u before (after) this slot sym It may be placed before (or after) the individual symbol.

[0230] ―◆Definition: O s,dl-ul If indicates a UL, the UE may expect that the slots / symbols of the sensing UL precede the slots / symbols of the sensing DL. The slot format / pattern may be based on at least one of the following examples: --◆Example: First u s,slots The number of slots and the first u s,slots u after (before) this slot s,sym Each symbol may contain only sensing UL symbols. A sequence of sensing UL slots / symbols is for communication, the first d slotsnumber of slots and the first d slots number of slots after (before) the first d sym number of symbols that may be after (before) them. A guard interval may be required between DL slots / symbols and UL slots / symbols. ——◆Example: The last d s,slots number of slots and the last d s,slots number of slots before (after) the last d s,sym number of symbols may only contain sensing DL symbols. Consecutive sensing DL slots / symbols may be before (after) the last u slots number of slots and the last u slots number of slots before (after) the last u sym number of symbols. A guard interval may be required between UL slots / symbols and DL slots / symbols.

[0231] ——◆Definition: d s,slots d s,sym u s,slots u s,sym The remaining slots / symbols indicated by d , d , u , u may be any of {flexible, sensing flexible, ISAC flexible} slots / symbols. Whether the remaining is any of {[communication] flexible, sensing flexible, ISAC flexible} may be defined in the specification or set / instructed together with the slot configuration.

[0232] In the example of FIG. 14, two candidate ISAC patterns are set / instructed. Each ISAC pattern indicates DL slots / symbols for communication, DL slots / symbols for sensing, UL slots / symbols for sensing, and UL slots / symbols for communication. The remaining slots / symbols are {[communication] flexible, sensing flexible, ISAC flexible}.

[0233] d sym u sym d s,sym u s,sym When at least one of d , u , d , u , d , u is non-zero, the resources for sensing and communication may be discontinuous.

[0234] The details of the order of multiple symbols within a single slot for sensing and communication may be based on at least one of the following multiple steps x.

[0235] ◆Step 1: The order of sensing DL and UL O s,dl-ul However, if DL is indicated, UE may perform one of the following multiple options 2-x.

[0236] ―◆Option 2-1: The UE attempts to generate a sequential resource with a flexible order for sensing slots / symbols. The sequential resource may be based on at least one of the following resources / variations.

[0237] --◆Resources: A DL resource at the start of a period / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions. --◆Definition: d s,sym <(14-d sym In the case of ), the DL resources are, in order from the start of the pattern to the end, a communication DL slot, a communication DL symbol, a sensing DL symbol, and a sensing DL slot. ---◆Definition: Otherwise, the DL resources are, in order from the start of the pattern to the end, a communication DL slot, [d sym [Individual] Communication DL symbol, [Part of the slot] [(14-d sym This consists of ) sensing DL symbols and the remaining sensing DL slots.

[0238] --◆Resources: The UL resources at the end of a period / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions. --◆Definition: u s,sym <(14-u sym ) In this case, the UL resources are, in order from the end of the pattern forward, a sensing UL slot, a sensing UL symbol, a communication UL symbol, and a communication UL slot. ---◆Definition: Otherwise, the UL resources are, in order from the end of the pattern forward, the remaining sensing UL slots, sensing UL symbols, [(14-u symThese are: ) sensing UL symbols, communication UL symbols, and communication UL slots.

[0239] --◆Variations: In the above, "14" may be replaced with "the number of symbols in one slot" (for example, 12, Y).

[0240] ―◆Option 2-2: The UE follows the fixed order of sensing slots and symbols in Option 2. For example, in the sensing part, first d s,slots There are individual slots, followed by d s,sym There are individual symbols.

[0241] ―◆Option 2-3: The UE considers sensing and communication symbols jointly. For example, in order, [d slot Individual] communication DL slots, [d s,slots [Individual] Sensing DL slots, [d sym [Individual] Communication DL symbol, [d s,sym There are [individual] sensing DL symbols.

[0242] ◆Step 2: The order of DL and UL for sensing s,dl-ul However, if UL is indicated, UE may perform one of the following multiple options 2-x.

[0243] ―◆Option 2-1: The UE attempts to generate a sequential resource with a flexible order for sensing slots / symbols. The sequential resource may be based on at least one of the following resources / variations.

[0244] --◆Resources: A UL resource at the start of a period / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions. --◆Definition: u s,sym <(14-u sym ) In this case, the UL resources are, in order from the start of the pattern to the end, a sensing UL slot, a sensing UL symbol, a communication UL symbol, and a communication UL slot. ---◆Definition: Otherwise, the UL resources are, in order from the start of the pattern to the end, the remaining sensing UL slots, sensing UL symbols, [(14-u symThese are: ) sensing UL symbols, communication UL symbols, and communication UL slots.

[0245] --◆Resources: A DL resource at the end of a period / pattern may be based on at least one of the following definitions. --◆Definition: d s,sym <(14-d sym In the case of ), the DL resources are, in order from the end of the pattern to the beginning, a communication DL slot, a communication DL symbol, a sensing DL symbol, and a sensing DL slot. ---◆Definition: Otherwise, the DL resources are, in order from the end of the pattern to the beginning, a communication DL slot, [d sym [Individual] Communication DL symbol, [Part of the slot] [(14-d sym This consists of ) sensing DL symbols and the remaining sensing DL slots.

[0246] --◆Variations: In the above, "14" may be replaced with "the number of symbols in one slot" (for example, 12, Y).

[0247] ―◆Option 2-2: The UE follows the fixed order of sensing slots and symbols in Option 2. For example, in the sensing part, first d s,slots There are individual slots, followed by d s,sym There are individual symbols.

[0248] ―◆Option 2-3: The UE considers sensing and communication symbols jointly. For example, in order, [d slot Individual] Communication UL slots, [d s,slots [Individual] Sensing UL slots, [d sym [Individual] Communication UL Symbol, [d s,sym There are individual sensing UL symbols.

[0249] <<<Variations of Option 2>>> In Option 2, UE is d sym And, u sym and, d s,sym And, u s,sym We do not need to expect that at least one of and is non-zero. For example, UE is d sym And, u symand, d s,sym And, u s,sym We can expect that all of and are zero. For example, UE is d sym and, d s,sym At least one of and is zero, and u s,sym And, u s,sym We can expect that at least one of these is zero.

[0250] <<<Example of Option 2>>> The parameter (Tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon) structure for setting a single TDD-UL-DL pattern common to cells for sensing and communication may be as follows: ◆Tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon may include at least one of the following multiple parameters: —◆referenceSubcarrierSpacing. This is the subcarrier spacing (SCS) setting μ ref You may show that the value is, for example, {0,1,2,3}. SCS=15*2 μ_ref [kHz] may represent {15, 30, 60, 120}[kHz]. —◆pattern1. It may include at least one of the following parameters: —◆dl-UL-TransmissionPeriodicity. It may represent the [DL-UL transmission] period P. Its value may represent, for example, {0.5, 0.625, 1, 1.25, 2, 2.5, 5, 10}[ms]. —◆nrofDownlinkSlots. It may represent d slots It may represent a value that is, for example, an integer from 0 to X1. —◆nrofDownlinkSymbols. It is d sym It may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to X2, for example. --◆nrofUplinkSlots. It is u slots It may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to Y1, for example. --◆nrofUplinkSymbols. It is u symIt may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to Y2, for example. --◆nrofSenseDownlinkSlots. It is d s,slots It may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to X3, for example. --◆nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols. It is d s,sym It may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to X4, for example. --◆nrofSenseUplinkSlots. It is u s,slots It may represent . Its value may be an integer from 0 to Y3, for example. --◆nrofSenseUplinkSymbols. It is u s,sym It may represent. Its value may be an integer from 0 to Y4, for example. —◆orderofSenseDownlinkUplink. It is O s,dl-ul It may represent a value that is, for example, 0 or 1. —◆pattern2. It may include one or more parameters similar to pattern1.

[0251] In the example in Figure 15, μ ref =1 (i.e., SCS=30 kHz), P=5 ms (i.e., there are 10 slots in one period), d slot =2,d sym =3, u slot =1, u sym =6, d s,slot =1, d s,sym =2, u s,slot =1, u s,sym =12, O s,dl-ul = 1 (i.e., starting from DL). From the start of the first TDD-UL-DL pattern period, d slot = In the slot after the two communication DL slots, d sym =3 communication DL symbols and d s,sym =Two sensing DL symbols and are placed. From the next slot, d s,slot =One sensing DL slot is placed. From the end of that period forward, u slot = In the slot before one communication UL slot, u sym=6 communication UL symbols and u s,sym =12 sensing communication UL symbols and are placed. Starting from the previous slot, u s,slot =One sensing communication UL slot is provided.

[0252] << sym and sensing DL symbol count d s,sym Constraints between may be considered. For example, d s,slot If >0, d sym +d s,sym ≥14 or d sym =d s,sym The condition =0 may also be satisfied. s,slot If =0, d sym and d s,sym Any value of may be supported. This variation may also apply to ULs. That is, to avoid discontinuous UL resources, the number of communication UL symbols u sym and sensing UL symbol count u s,sym Constraints between them may be considered.

[0253] <<Embodiment A2-2>> Per-slot sensing slot settings across multiple slots within a single period / pattern may be supported.

[0254] In the parameter structure of the sensing slot settings for each slot, each slot setting from the set of slot settings may include at least one of the following multiple parameters:

[0255] ◆The slot index for that slot. This may be provided by slotIndex.

[0256] ◆The set of symbols in that slot (symbol set). This may be provided by symbols. It may indicate at least one of the following values: —◆If symbols=allDownlink, all symbols in that slot are DL. —◆If symbols=allUplink, all symbols in that slot are UL. —◆If symbols=allSenceDownlink, all symbols in that slot are sensing DL. —◆If symbols=allSenceUplink, all symbols in that slot are sensing UL. —◆Otherwise, it may indicate at least one of the following values: —◆nrofDownlinkSymbols provides the number of the first DL symbols in that slot. If nrofDownlinkSymbols is not provided, there are no first DL symbols in that slot. —◆nrofUplinkSymbols provides the number of the last UL symbols in that slot. If nrofUplinkSymbols is not provided, there are no last UL symbols in that slot. --◆nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols provides the number of sensing DL symbols after nrofDownlinkSymbols DL symbols in that slot. If nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols is not provided, there are no sensing DL symbols in that slot. --◆nrofSenseUplinkSymbols provides the number of sensing UL symbols before nrofUplinkSymbols UL symbols in that slot. If nrofSenseUplinkSymbols is not provided, there are no sensing UL symbols in that slot. --◆The remaining symbols in that slot are flexible, sensing flexible, or ISAC flexible.

[0257] For slots having the corresponding index provided by the slot index, the UE may apply the slot format provided by the corresponding symbol set.

[0258] <<Variation 1 of Embodiment A2-2>> The combination of sensing and communication slot settings may be based on at least one of the following options.

[0259] <<<Option 1>>> Sensing and communication joint settings. These settings may include a slot index with one or more candidate values ​​from the symbol sets {allDownlink, allUplink, allSenceDownlink, allSenceUplink} and {nrofDownlinkSymbols, nrofUplinkSymbols, nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols, nrofSenseUplinkSymbols}. This option is particularly suitable for cases where both sensing and communication symbols are used within a single slot.

[0260] <<<Example of Option 1>>> The parameter (Tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationDedicated) structure for setting up the sensing and communication joint may be as follows: ◆Tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationDedicated may include at least one of the following multiple parameters.

[0261] ―◆slotSpecificConfigurationsToAddModList. This may be a list of slot configurations for adding and modifying. It may be a sequence (list) containing one or more instances. The number of instances may be between 1 and 320. Each instance may contain at least one of the following parameters: ―◆slotIndex. Its value may be an integer between 0 and 319. ―◆symbols. Its value may be {allDownlink, allUplink, nrofDownlinkSymbols (its value may be an integer between 1 and 13), nrofUplinkSymbols (its value may be an integer between 1 and 13), allSenceDownlink, allSenceUplink, nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols (its value may be an integer between 1 and 13), nrofSenseUplinkSymbols (its value may be an integer between 1 and 13)}.

[0262] ―◆slotSpecificConfigurationsToReleaseList. This may be a list of slot configurations for release. It may be a sequence (list) containing one or more instances. The number of instances may be between 1 and 320. Each instance may contain the following parameters: ―◆slotIndex. Its value may be an integer between 0 and 319.

[0263] In the example in Figure 16, the static parameter is μ ref =1 (i.e., SCS=30 kHz), P=5 ms (i.e., there are 10 slots in one period), d slot =2,d sym =0, u slot =1, u sym =0, d s,slot =1, d s,sym =0, u s,slot =2, u s,sym=0, and the semistatic parameters are slotIndex=3, nrofDownlinkSymbols=3, nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols=1, nrofUplinkSymbols=2, nrofSenseUplinkSymbols=1. From the start of the period of the first TDD-UL-DL pattern, d slot = In the slot after the two communication DL slots, d s,slot =1 sensing DL slot will be placed. From the end of that period, u slot = In the slot before one communication UL slot, u s,slot =Two sensing communication UL slots are placed. Starting from the beginning of slotIndex=3, nrofDownlinkSymbols=3 communication DL symbols and nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols=1 sensing DL symbol are placed. Starting from the end of slotIndex=3, nrofUplinkSymbols=2 communication UL symbols and nrofSenseUplinkSymbols=1 sensing UL symbol are placed.

[0264] <<<Option 2>>> Separate settings for sensing and communication. This setting may be based on at least one of the following settings / notes.

[0265] ◆Communication slot settings: The settings may include a slot index with one or more candidate values ​​from the symbol sets {allDownlink, allUplink} and {nrofDownlinkSymbols, nrofUplinkSymbols}.

[0266] ◆Sensing slot settings: The settings may include a slot index with one or more candidate values ​​from the symbol sets {allSenceDownlink, allSenceUplink} and {nrofSenseDownlinkSymbols, nrofSenseUplinkSymbols}.

[0267] ◆Note: The UE expects different slot indices for sensing and communication. The setting may be based on at least one of the following features / variations: —Feature: When one slot for sensing and one for communication are set simultaneously, only one setting is triggered / used on the UE side. For example, that one setting may be based on a defined priority (e.g., the specification may define that only the setting for communication is considered), or it may be based on a setting (e.g., the setting for one of sensing and communication may be set by BS or SF).

[0268] —◆Variation 1: When one slot for sensing and communication is set simultaneously, the sensing DL symbol comes after the communication DL symbol, and the sensing UL symbol comes before the communication UL symbol. That is, this order may be the same as the time relationship in Option 2.

[0269] ―◆Variation 2: To avoid collisions, several constraints may be added regarding the slot indices for sensing and communication. For example, the allowed values ​​for the slot indices for sensing may be a subset of the allowed values ​​for the slot indices for communication.

[0270] ◆Note: Sensing slot settings may be instructed / configured via the same signaling / protocol as communication slot settings, or via a different signaling / protocol than communication slot settings. For example, sensing slot settings may be instructed from the SF to multiple BS or UE related to sensing via the sensing protocol, and communication slot settings may be instructed from the BS to the UE via the RRC IE.

[0271] <<Variation 2 of Embodiment A2-2>> Multiple slot indices may be set jointly using the same settings for the symbol set. The slot indices may be based on at least one of the following features.

[0272] ◆Features: Multiple slot indices may be uniformly or non-uniformly distributed within a single period. For example, slot indices [3,8] or [2,4,6] may be set with allSenseDownlink. If the period is 10 slots and slot index [3,8] is allSenseDownlink, the sensing DL slots may be considered to be uniformly distributed (with a constant interval of 5 slots). If the period is 10 slots and slot index [2,4,6] is allSenseDownlink, the sensing DL slots may be considered to be non-uniformly distributed. If the period is 6 slots and slot index [2,4,6] is allSenseDownlink, the sensing DL slots may be considered to be uniformly distributed (with a constant interval of 2 slots).

[0273] ◆Features: Non-uniform slot indices may satisfy the same condition. For example, the condition may be that multiple non-uniform slot indices have multiple intervals that are dissimilar.

[0274] ◆Features: The slot index may be explicitly indicated / set or implicitly indicated / set. The setting / indication may be one of the following settings.

[0275] ―◆Setting: Explicit setting of slot index 0 to Z-1. For example, the setting may be [0,3,9] using three slot indexes. The setting may also be based on the following variations.

[0276] --◆Variations: A set of slot indices for at least one of the sensing DL and sensing UL may be defined in the specification, or set by a set index instead of a slot index. A set of slot indices [multiple slot indices within it] may satisfy the same conditions. For example, a set of slot indices [multiple slot indices within it] may be uniformly distributed or non-uniformly distributed within a single period. For example, a uniform distribution of slot indices [0,2,4,6,8] within a 10-slot period may be for the sensing DL slots. For example, a non-uniform distribution of slot indices [0,3,8] with multiple disparate intervals within a 10-slot period may be for multiple sensing DL slots.

[0277] ―◆Setting: An implicit setting of the characteristics of the slot index distribution. For example, the setting may be a factor (K0,K1) for generating multiple disparate slot indices {K0m, m=0,1,...,K1} ∪ {K1n, n=0,1,...,K0} within a single slot format / pattern, or it may be a factor (K0,K1,K2) for generating a uniform slot index {K0+mK1, m=0,1,...,K2} within a single slot format / pattern. The parameters for generating the slot indices (e.g., the aforementioned (K0,K1), (K0,K1,K2)) may be defined in the specification, or they may be set / instructed via at least one of the upper layer parameters, physical layer parameters, and sensing protocols.

[0278] According to Embodiment A2, the TDD / slot / symbol patterns / formats / link directions for sensing and communication can be appropriately reserved / instructed.

[0279] <Embodiment B1> This embodiment relates to a UE procedure for determining the slot format of a sensing / ISAC.

[0280] A dynamic sensing slot format, defined by UE-specific parameters or group-common parameters, may be supported to be configured / instructed via at least one of the following: higher-layer parameters, physical layer parameters, and sensing protocols.

[0281] A slot format table supporting sensing may be defined or configured in the specification. The slot format table may be based on at least one of the following options x:

[0282] <<Option 1>> A slot format table is defined / configured that defines / integrates at least one of the following: a communication slot format, a sensing slot format, and an ISAC slot format.

[0283] <<<Configuration of the Slot Format Table>>> The configuration of the slot format table may be based on at least one of the following features / variations.

[0284] ◆Features: Several format indices are for communication slot formats. These communication slot formats may include at least one of DL symbols, UL symbols, and flexible symbols [which may be DL or UL symbols].

[0285] ◆Features: Several format indices are for sensing slot formats. Their details may be based on Embodiment B2 described below. The sensing slot format may include at least one of sensing DL symbols, sensing UL symbols, and sensing flexible symbols [which may be symbols of sensing DL or sensing UL].

[0286] ◆Features: Several format indexes are for ISAC slot formats. Their details may be based on Embodiment B3 described below. The ISAC slot format may include at least one of DL symbols, UL symbols, sensing DL symbols, sensing UL symbols, and ISAC flexible symbols [which may be symbols of DL or UL or sensing DL or sensing UL].

[0287] ◆Variations: New format indexes for sensing and ISAC slot formats may be added to the 256 indexes without affecting the communication slot format (the size of the new slot format table may be larger than the size of the communication slot format table), or several reserved format indexes may be used (the size of the new slot format table may not be the same as the size of the communication slot format table), or some of the format indexes for the communication slot format may be replaced (the size of the new slot format table may be the same as or larger than the size of the communication slot format table).

[0288] ◆Variations: Multiple sensing slot formats, or multiple ISAC slot formats, or both multiple sensing slot formats and multiple ISAC slot formats may be defined within a single slot format table.

[0289] <<<Slot Format Instructions>>> The slot format may be identified by the corresponding format index provided in the slot format table. The details may be based on Embodiment B4 described below.

[0290] <<<Slot Format Combinations>>> One or more slot formats may be indicated by a single parameter for slot format combinations.

[0291] <<<Analysis>>> Option 1 is suitable for the same CP length, the same number of symbols in a slot, the same neural network, or the same frame structure design between sensing and communication.

[0292] <<Option 2>> Multiple slot format tables are defined / configured for at least two of the following: communication slot format, sensing slot format, and ISAC slot format. Multiple slot format tables may also be defined / configured for the communication slot format and the sensing / ISAC slot format.

[0293] <<<Slot Format Table>>> The slot format table may be based on at least one of the following features / variations.

[0294] ◆Features: A single slot format table for communication contains only the communication slot format. The communication slot format may include at least one of DL symbols, UL symbols, and flexible symbols [which may be DL or UL symbols].

[0295] ◆Features: A single slot format table for sensing includes only the sensing slot format. Its details may be based on Embodiment B2 described below. The sensing slot format may include at least one of the sensing DL symbol, the sensing UL symbol, and the sensing flexible symbol [which may be a symbol of the sensing DL or sensing UL].

[0296] ◆Features: One slot format table for ISAC contains only ISAC slot formats. Its details may be based on Embodiment B3 described below. The ISAC slot format may include at least one of DL symbols, UL symbols, sensing DL symbols, sensing UL symbols, and ISAC flexible symbols [which may be symbols of DL or UL or sensing DL or sensing UL].

[0297] ◆Features: At least one slot format table is supported. For example, the communication slot format table [defining an existing communication slot format] is a mandatory feature, and at least one of the sensing slot format table [defining a sensing slot format] and the ISAC slot format table [defining an ISAC slot format] may be an optional feature based on UE capability. This feature may be based on the following variations: —◆Variations: One sensing slot format table, or one ISAC slot format table, or both the sensing slot format table and the ISAC slot format table may be defined in the specification in addition to the communication slot format table.

[0298] ◆Variations: The number of slot formats (or format indexes or table sizes) may differ among multiple slot format tables.

[0299] <<<Slot Format Instructions>>> The slot format may be identified by a corresponding format index provided in the slot format table. The details may be based on Embodiment B4 described below. The instructions may be based on at least one of several features / variations below.

[0300] ◆Variations: Notification of the slot format table and format index may be within a single setting in one parameter, or they may be in separate parameters.

[0301] ◆Features: If no settings are made regarding the slot format table, the UE may use the communication slot format table by default.

[0302] ◆Features: If the slot format table specified by the UE is not supported, the UE may, at its discretion, report to the NW [the slot format table to be used] instead of using the specified / configured slot format table, or it may use the default communication slot format table.

[0303] <<<Slot Format Combinations>>> One or more slot formats may be indicated by a single parameter for a slot format combination. A slot format combination may be based on the following variations:

[0304] ◆Variations: A single slot format combination may include multiple slot formats from different slot format tables. For example, if a single slot format combination includes four slot formats, the first two slot formats may be from the communication slot format table, the third slot format from the sensing slot format table, and the last slot format from the ISAC slot format table. Within a single slot format combination, a slot format table index may be set along with the format index.

[0305] <<<Analysis>>> Option 2 is suitable for different CP lengths, different number of symbols in a slot, different neural networks, or different frame structure designs between sensing and communication.

[0306] <<<Example>>> Figure 17 shows an example of a slot format table (table SF-A) for a typical CP. One format index corresponds to the link direction of 14 symbols. Format indices 0 to X-1 indicate X slot formats for communication. Format indices X to X+Y-1 indicate Y slot formats for sensing. Format indices X+Y to X+Y+Z-1 indicate Z slot formats for ISAC.

[0307] Figure 18 shows an example of a communication slot format table (table SF-B1) for a typical CP. One format index corresponds to the link direction of 14 symbols. Format indices 0 through Xa-1 represent Xa slot formats for communication. X and Xa are integers and may be the same or different.

[0308] Figure 19 shows an example of a sensing slot format table (table SF-B2) for a sensing CP. One format index corresponds to the link direction of 14 symbols. Format indices 0 through Ya-1 represent Y slot formats for sensing. Y and Ya are integers and may be the same or different. The sensing CP may be the same as or different from the normal CP for communication.

[0309] Figure 20 shows an example of an ISAC slot format table (table SF-B3) for an ISAC CP. One format index corresponds to the link direction of 14 symbols. Format indices 0 through Za-1 represent Za slot formats for ISAC. Z and Za are integers and may be the same or different. The ISAC CP may be the same as or different from the normal CP for communication.

[0310] According to Embodiment B1, the TDD / slot / symbol patterns / formats / link directions for sensing and communication can be appropriately instructed / set.

[0311] <Embodiment B2> This embodiment relates to the design of a slot format [table] for sensing.

[0312] The sensing slot format of this embodiment may also be applied to option 1 / 2 of embodiment B1.

[0313] Multiple sensing slot formats defined [within a single slot format table] may be based on at least one of the following principles:

[0314] <<Principle 1>> A sensing slot format suitable for at least one specific sensing mode is supported. This sensing slot format may be based on at least one of the following examples / variations: ◆Example: A slot format supports bistatic sensing from BS to UE by including at least one sensing DL symbol. ◆Example: A slot format supports bistatic sensing from UE to BS by including at least one sensing UL symbol. ◆Variation: Each slot format supports zero or several sensing modes. For example, for one or more sensing modes, a slot format may include only sensing DL symbols or sensing flexible symbols.

[0315] Figure 21 shows examples of slot formats based on Principle 1 (slot formats 1AA, 1B, and 1C).

[0316] In a slot designated with slot format 1A, symbol 0 is a sensing DL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format may be used for at least one sensing mode, such as bistatic sensing from BS to UE and bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2.

[0317] In a slot designated as slot format 1B, symbol 7 is a sensing UL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format may be used for at least one sensing mode, which is bistatic sensing from US to BS and monostatic sensing from UE.

[0318] In a slot designated with slot format 1C, symbol 0 is a sensing DL symbol, symbol 7 is a sensing UL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format may be used for at least one sensing mode, such as bistatic sensing from BS to UE and bistatic sensing from US to BS.

[0319] <<Principle 2>> Multiple sensing DL or UL symbols may be included within a single sensing slot. For example, it may be for at least one of the following: repetition of the sensing signal [for SNR improvement], velocity estimation, and beam sweeping.

[0320] Figure 22 shows an example of a slot format based on Principle 2 (slot formats 2A and 2B).

[0321] In a slot designated as slot format 2A, symbol [0,1] is a sensing DL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format has a sequence of multiple sensing DL symbols.

[0322] In a slot designated as slot format 2B, symbol [0,7] is a sensing DL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format has a discontinuous set of sensing DL symbols.

[0323] <<Principle 3>> In a single slot, DL or UL symbols for multiple sensings may support either continuous or discontinuous sensing DL or UL symbols. This principle may be based on at least one of the following features / variations: ◆Feature: In discontinuous sensing DL (or UL) symbols, the spacing between adjacent sensing DL (or UL) symbols may be the same or different. The same spacing between adjacent sensing DL (or UL) symbols may correspond to a uniform PRI. The different spacing between adjacent sensing DL (or UL) symbols may correspond to a non-uniform PRI. ◆Variation: If a slot format combination is set, the PRI may consider a contiguous PRI across multiple sensing slots. For example, if a slot format combination indicates sensing DL symbols [0,3,8] in sensing slot 1 and sensing DL symbols {1,13} in sensing slot 2, then a sensing DL symbol [0,3,8,15,27] with a non-uniform PRI can be obtained using the symbol index spanning those two slots. ◆Variations: Multiple spacings [uniform or non-uniform] may be supported within a single slot format table.

[0324] Figure 23 shows an example of a slot format based on Principle 3 (slot formats 3A and 3B).

[0325] In a slot designated with slot format 3A, symbol [0,7] is a sensing DL symbol, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format realizes uniformly spaced sensing DL symbols (uniform PRI).

[0326] In a slot designated as slot format 3B, symbols [0,3,8] are sensing DL symbols, and the other symbols are sensing flexible symbols. This slot format enables sensing DL symbols with non-uniform spacing (non-uniform PRI).

[0327] <<Principle 4>> Multiple slot formats within a single slot format table may be designed for a slot format combination having the required PRI. This principle may be based on several of the following features / variations.

[0328] ◆Features: A slot format may be designed to support multiple relatively prime PRIs. For example, multiple sensing DL (or UL) symbol positions are given by {K0m, m=0,1,...,K1} ∪ {K1n, n=0,1,...,K0} based on the factor (K0,K1), where the maximum index K0K1 of multiple sensing DL (or UL) symbol positions may or may not be greater than the number of sensing symbols L in a single slot. If K0K1 > L, a cross-slot format setting or sensing slot format combination [indicating a slot format spanning multiple slots] is required. L may represent the number of sensing symbols per slot. For example, L may be 14 for a typical CP. The CP / frame structure for sensing may differ from the CP / frame structure for communication. For example, L may be less than 14.

[0329] ◆Features: Based on the sensing slot format table, the specification may define sensing slot format combinations that are expected to have multiple disjoint PRIs related to the factor (K0, K1). This feature may be based on the following variations: —◆Variations: Slot format combinations may not be defined in the specification and may be flexibly selected based on the implementation, or set / instructed to the UE. This variation may be applied under the following conditions: —◆Conditions: Slot formats having sensing DL (or UL) symbol positions mod({K0m, m=0,1,...,K1} ∪ {K1n, n=0,1,...,K0}, L) are supported in the slot format table.

[0330] ◆Variations: Factors (K0, K1) may be instructed / set to the UE. The UE may determine the sensing symbol positions {K0m, m=0,1,...,K1} ∪ {K1n, n=0,1,...,K0} within ceil((K0K1+1) / L) sensing slots.

[0331] ◆Variations: In addition to the relative prime PRI types (generation methods), other types (generation methods) of PRI may be supported based on the slot format table design and the slot format combination settings. For example, a uniform PRI with a 2-symbol spacing (slot format with sensing DL / UL symbols [0,2,4,6,8,10,12]) may be set / instructed for slot 1, and a uniform PRI with a 7-symbol spacing (slot format with sensing DL / UL symbols [0,7]) may be set / instructed for slot 2.

[0332] Figure 24 shows an example of a slot format based on Principle 4. For three consecutive sensing slots, the slot format [i1,i2,i3] is specified / set / applied respectively. These slot formats are expected to have multiple relatively prime PRIs based on K0=3, K1=3, and L=14. The sensing symbol positions that require multiple relatively prime PRIs are {K0m, m=0,1,...,K1} ∪ {K1n, n=0,1,...,K0} = [0,3,6,9,10,12,15,18,20,21,24,27,30].

[0333] Slot format i1 represents the sensing symbols [0,3,6,9,10,12]. Slot format i2 represents the sensing symbols mod([15,18,20,21,24,27],14)=[1,4,6,7,10,13]. Slot format i3 represents the sensing symbols mod(

[0030] ,14)=[2].

[0334] According to Embodiment B2, the slot format for sensing and communication can be appropriately instructed / set.

[0335] <Embodiment B3> This embodiment relates to the design of a slot format [table] for ISAC.

[0336] In this disclosure, the ISAC slot format and the [joint] slot format for communication and sensing may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, the ISAC slot format table and the [joint] slot format table for communication and sensing may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0337] The ISAC slot format of this embodiment may also be applied to option 1 / 2 of embodiment B1.

[0338] <<Communication Slot Format and Sensing Slot Format>> The communication slot format and sensing slot format may be based on at least one of the following multiple principles X-x.

[0339] ◆Principle X-1: A slot format having only communication symbols [and not sensing symbols or ISAC symbols] may be designed / defined separately from the sensing slot format and the ISAC slot format. For example, a communication slot format may include a sequence of DL symbols at the beginning of one slot (or one mini-slot (part of a slot)) and a sequence of UL symbols at the end of that slot (or that mini-slot).

[0340] ◆Principle X-2: The sensing slot format in Embodiment B2 may be reused.

[0341] <<ISAC Slot Format>> An ISAC slot format [within one ISAC slot format table] may be based on at least one of the following principles x:

[0342] ◆Principle A (Principle for Communication Symbols): An ISAC slot format may include a sequence of DL / UL symbols for communication. For example, an ISAC slot format may include X DL symbols at the beginning / end / middle of an ISAC slot and Y UL symbols at the beginning / end / middle of that ISAC slot.

[0343] ◆Principle B (Principle for Sensing Symbols): The ISAC slot format may be based on at least one of the following Principles B-x: —◆Principle B-1: The ISAC slot format may include DL or UL symbols for continuous or discontinuous sensing [as Principle 3 of Embodiment B2]. —◆Principle B-2: The ISAC slot format may support uniform or non-uniform PRI for sensing symbols within a single slot. Principle C is a principle for DL ​​or UL symbols for multiple sensings within a single slot. From the perspective of multiple slots, most cases of sensing that consider continuous DL symbols at the beginning of each slot, or continuous UL symbols at the end of each slot, can be non-uniform PRI.

[0344] ◆Principle C (Principle for Communication and Sensing Symbols): The ISAC slot format may include a sequence of DL symbols for communication and sensing, and a sequence of UL symbols for communication and sensing.

[0345] <<Variations>> Sensing measurement may be based on at least one of the signal in the sensing symbol and the channel / RS / signal in the communication symbol.

[0346] <<Example>> Figure 25 shows an example of an ISAC slot format. This ISAC slot format includes one or more consecutive DL symbols for communication at the beginning of the slot, one or more consecutive DL symbols with a uniform PRI for sensing in the middle of the slot, and one or more consecutive UL symbols for communication at the end of the slot.

[0347] <<Variations>> The ISAC slot format may include a series of DL symbols for communication and sensing. One or more sensing DL symbols [of the series of DL symbols] may start from the second symbol.

[0348] According to Embodiment B3, the ISAC slot format for sensing and communication can be appropriately instructed / set.

[0349] <Embodiment B4> This embodiment relates to the design of a DCI format for sensing / ISAC.

[0350] In NR, the following multiple DCI formats are defined: ◆ DCI format 0_x for PDSCH scheduling. ◆ DCI format 1_x for PUSCH scheduling. ◆ DCI format 2_x for other purposes. DCI format 2_0 for slot format indication. ◆ DCI format 3_x for sidelink scheduling. ◆ DCI format 4_x for multicast / broadcast service (MBS) scheduling.

[0351] The DCI format for sensing / ISAC slot format indication based on the slot format table in Embodiment B1 / Embodiment B2 / Embodiment B3 may be based on at least one of the following plurality of Embodiment B4-x.

[0352] <<Embodiment B4-1>> The DCI format for sensing / ISAC slot format indication may be based on any one of the following plurality of options x.

[0353] <<<Option 1>>> Separate DCI formats are used for the communication slot format indication and the sensing / ISAC slot format. One DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2_0) may be used for the communication slot format indication. The specific DCI format for sensing / ISAC slot format indication may be based on at least one of the following several Option 1-x / variations.

[0354] ◆ Option 1-1: One specific DCI format for sensing slot format indication may be defined / used. One specific DCI format may be defined / used for multiple sensing modes. This option may be based on the following example. -◆ Example: DCI format Y1_X may be defined / used for any sensing mode. For example, DCI format 5_x may be defined / used for sensing scheduling.

[0355] ◆Option 1-2: Multiple specific DCI formats may be defined / used for sensing slot formatting instructions. One DCI format may be defined / used for one or more sensing modes. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples: —◆Example: DCI format 2_X1 may be defined / used for bistatic sensing from BS to UE, or bistatic sensing from UE to BS. For example, DCI format 2_10 may be defined / used for sensing purposes. —◆Example: DCI format 3_X2 may be defined / used for bistatic sensing from UE1 to UE2, or UE monostatic sensing. For example, DCI format 3_3 may be defined / used for sensing purposes.

[0356] ◆Variations: A single specific DCI format may be defined / used for both the sensing slot format instruction and the ISAC slot format instruction. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples: —◆Example: DCI format 2_X3 may be defined / used for both the sensing slot format instruction and the ISAC slot format instruction. DCI format 2_11 may be defined / used for both ISAC and sensing purposes. —◆Example: DCI format Y2_X may be defined / used for both the sensing slot format instruction and the ISAC slot format instruction. DCI format 5_X may be defined / used for both ISAC and sensing purposes.

[0357] ◆ Variation: Separate specific DCI formats may be defined / used for the sensing slot format indication and the ISAC slot format indication. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples. - ◆ Example: DCI format 2_X3 may be defined / used for the ISAC slot format indication. DCI format 2_X4 may be defined / used for the sensing slot format indication. DCI format 2_11 may be defined / used for the purpose of ISAC. - ◆ Example: DCI format Y2_X may be defined / used for the ISAC slot format indication. DCI format Y3_X may be defined / used for the sensing slot format indication. DCI format 5_X may be defined / used for the purpose of ISAC.

[0358] <<< Option 2 >>>For both the communication slot format indication and the sensing / ISAC slot format, one specific DCI format is used. This option may be based on the following example. ◆ Example: Extended DCI format 2_0 may be defined / used for both the communication slot format indication and the sensing / ISAC slot format.

[0359] <<< Others >>> The UE may monitor [at least one] DCI format having a slot format indication. Whether a DCI format having a sensing slot format indication is monitored by the UE may be set by the RRC IE. Which DCI format having a sensing slot format indication is monitored by the UE may be set by the RRC IE.

[0360] The specific DCI format may be a new DCI format or an extension of an existing DCI format.

[0361] <<Embodiment B4-2>> A specific RNTI may be defined / used for the sensing / ISAC slot format instruction. The specific RNTI may be based on any of the following multiple options x.

[0362] <<<Option 1>>> A novel RNTI may be introduced for scrambling all DCI formats [of CRC] related to sensing. For example, the novel RNTI may be Sense-SFI-RNTI. For example, a DCI format (e.g., DCI format 2_0) may have CRC scrambled by Sense-SFI-RNTI.

[0363] For the DCI format [of CRC] [of scrambling] of the slot format instruction, either the existing [for communication] SFI-RNTI or the new [for sensing] Sense-SFI-RNTI may be used.

[0364] <<<Option 2>>> Multiple RNTIs may be used for scrambling the DCI format [CRC] related to sensing. One or more RNTIs may be used for one or more DCI formats. For example, the CRC of the DCI format for sensing slot format indication may first be scrambled by an SFI-RNTI (first scrambling), and then scrambled by a new RNTI (second scrambling). The new RNTI may be, for example, a Sense-SFI-RNTI. The UE may receive / demodulate / decode its DCI format based on the SFI-RNTI and Sense-SFI-RNTI.

[0365] Figure 26 shows an example of the transmission process for a DCI format for sensing slot format instruction. In the BS of this example, the CRC (parity bit) is calculated using the entire DCI payload and attached to the payload. After the CRC is attached, it is scrambled / masked using SFI-RNTI. The payload / CRC may then be interleaved using Sense-SFI-RNTI. It may then be coded / subblock interleaved / rate matched. The payload / CRC may then be scrambled using cell ID / C-RNTI / Sense-SFI-RNTI. The scrambled bit sequence may then be modulated and transmitted.

[0366] UEs that do not have sensing capabilities, or UEs that do not have Sense-SFI-RNTI configured, may omit the operation for the second scrambling and may not be able to decode the DCI format that has a sensing slot format instruction.

[0367] For the DCI format [of CRC] [of scrambling] of the slot format instruction, both the [existing] [communication] SFI-RNTI and the [novel] [sensing] Sense-SFI-RNTI may be used.

[0368] <<Embodiment B4-3>> The information transmitted in a specific DCI format for sensing / ISAC slot format instruction may include any of the following multiple options 1-x.

[0369] <<<Option 1-1>>> One or more SFIs. The slot format table may be set by the RRC IE. This option is suitable for designing the joint slot format table in Embodiment B3.

[0370] Each SFI may represent a slot format combination ID or a format index.

[0371] <<<Option 1-2>>> One or more slot format table indicators and one or more SFIs. It may also be one or more sets of slot format table indicators and SFIs. This option is suitable for designing multiple slot format tables in Embodiment B2.

[0372] According to Embodiment B4, the link direction for sensing / ISAC can be appropriately indicated by DCI.

[0373] <Embodiment C1> The UE may be provided with at least one of a semi-static slot pattern / period setting / instruction and a dynamic slot format instruction. The semi-static slot pattern / period instruction may be, for example, a cell-common or UE-specific setting in at least one of Embodiments A1 to A2. The dynamic slot format instruction may be, for example, a UE-specific or UE-group-common dynamic slot setting / instruction in at least one of Embodiments B1 to B4. The slot pattern / format may be determined from cell-common / UE-specific / group-common. The slot pattern / format may include a slot setting period and at least one of a sensing / ISAC DL symbol, a sensing / ISAC UL symbol, and a sensing / ISAC flexible symbol for each slot within that slot setting period.

[0374] <<Priority>> Priorities may have the following relationships: ◆Priority relationship: [e.g., via SIB or RRC IE] Semistatic cell common slot setting > [e.g., via RRC IE] Semistatic UE individual slot setting > [e.g., via DCI] Dynamic slot setting / instruction.

[0375] Prioritization may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0376] ◆Example: Semi-static cell common slot setting > Semi-static UE individual slot setting. If a UE additionally sets / provides a semi-static UE individual slot setting, the parameters of that UE individual slot setting may override only the flexible slots / symbols [for sensing / ISAC] set by the cell common slot setting. For example, the parameters of that UE individual slot setting may not be able to override the slots / symbols of the sensing DL set by the cell common slot setting to the slots / symbols of the sensing UL.

[0377] ◆Example: Semi-static UE individual slot setting > Dynamic slot setting / instruction. A UE does not need to expect to receive a dynamic slot setting / instruction that has a slot format that indicates a set of symbols in a slot designated as a DL [for sensing] by a semi-static slot setting as a UL [for sensing] or a flexible [for sensing / ISAC]. A UE does not need to expect to receive a dynamic slot setting / instruction that has a slot format that indicates a set of symbols in a slot designated as a UL [for sensing] by a semi-static slot setting as a DL [for sensing] or a flexible [for sensing / ISAC]. For example, a dynamic slot setting / instruction may only override flexible slots / symbols [for sensing / ISAC] set by a semi-static slot setting.

[0378] <<Variations>> The slots / symbols of the communication DL (or UL) may be further set / instructed as slots / symbols of the sensing DL (or UL). The slots / symbols of the sensing DL (or UL) may be further set / instructed as slots / symbols of the communication DL (or UL). The details may be based on Embodiment C3 described below.

[0379] According to Embodiment C1, both semi-static link direction setting / instruction and dynamic link direction setting / instruction can be appropriately applied.

[0380] <Embodiment C2> The UE behavior for slot / symbol type / link direction may be based on at least one of the following UE behaviors x / variations / analyses.

[0381] <<UE Behavior 1>> If the sensing mode is explicitly / implicitly set for the associated UE or the UE within the associated cell (i.e., the sensing mode is not transparent to the UE), at least one of the following multiple UE behaviors 1-x may be supported.

[0382] <<<UE Behavior 1-1>>> The UE behavior on a slot / symbol set / instructed as a slot / symbol of a sensing DL may be at least one of the following multiple UE behaviors 1-1-x / variations.

[0383] ◆UE behavior 1-1-1: In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, the UE considers its slot / symbol to be available for receiving / measuring the sensing channel / RS. —◆Variation: The sensing channel may be used for at least one of the sensing access procedure, setting, and sensing signal.

[0384] ◆UE Behavior 1-1-2: In bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, a UE serviced by BS1 does not expect to transmit or receive signals on its slot / symbol. —◆Variation: This UE behavior may be any UE behavior based on interference management / avoidance requirements.

[0385] <<<UE Behavior 1-2>>> The UE behavior on a slot / symbol set / instructed as a slot / symbol of a sensing UL may be at least one of the following multiple UE behaviors 1-2-x / variations.

[0386] ◆ UE Behavior 1-2-1: In bistatic sensing from UE to BS, the UE considers that its slot / symbol is available for receiving / measuring the sensing channel / RS. - ◆ Variation: The sensing channel may be used for at least one of the sensing access procedure, feedback, sensing measurement report, and sensing signal.

[0387] ◆ UE Behavior 1-2-2: In bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, the UE served by BS2 does not expect to transmit or receive signals on its slot / symbol. - ◆ Variation: This UE behavior may be any UE behavior based on interference management / avoidance requirements.

[0388] <<< UE Behavior 1-3 >>> The UE behavior on the slot / symbol set / instructed as a sensing flexible slot / symbol may be at least one of the following multiple UE Behaviors 1-3-x.

[0389] ◆ UE Behavior 1-3-1: In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, if the sensing flexible slot / symbol is set / instructed as a sensing DL slot / symbol by at least one of the upper layer parameter, physical layer parameter, sensing protocol, and setting / instruction to any specific sensing DL channel / RS, the UE may perform receiving / measuring of the sensing channel / RS on that slot / symbol.

[0390] ◆ UE Behavior 1-3-2: In bistatic sensing from UE to BS, if the sensing flexible slot / symbol is set / instructed as a sensing UL slot / symbol by at least one of the upper layer parameter, physical layer parameter, sensing protocol, and setting / instruction to any specific sensing UL channel / RS, the UE may perform transmission of the sensing channel / RS on that slot / symbol.

[0391] ◆UE Behavior 1-3-3: In bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, a UE serviced by BS1 does not expect to transmit or receive signals on its slot / symbol. In bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2, a UE serviced by BS2 does not expect to transmit or receive signals on its slot / symbol.

[0392] ◆UE Behavior 1-3-4: If any other setting is provided, the UE does not have to transmit or receive any sensing / communication signals on that slot / symbol.

[0393] <<<UE Behavior 1-4>>> The UE behavior on a slot / symbol set / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol may be at least one of the following multiple UE behaviors 1-4-x.

[0394] ◆UE Behavior 1-4-1: In bistatic sensing from BS to UE, if the ISAC flexible slot / symbol is set / instructed as the sensing / communication DL slot / symbol, the UE may receive the sensing / communication channel / RS on that slot / symbol.

[0395] ◆UE Behavior 1-4-2: In bistatic sensing from UE to BS, if the ISAC flexible slot / symbol is set / instructed as the sensing / communication UL slot / symbol, the UE may transmit the sensing / communication channel / RS on that slot / symbol.

[0396] ◆UE Behavior 1-4-3: If other settings are provided, the UE does not have to transmit or receive any sensing / communication signals on that slot / symbol (the UE may consider that slot / symbol as a guard interval).

[0397] <<UE Behavior 2>> If the sensing mode is not explicitly / implicitly set for the associated UE or the UE within the associated cell (i.e., the sensing mode is transparent to the UE), at least one of the following multiple UE behaviors 2-x may be supported.

[0398] <<<UE Behavior 2-1>>> The UE considers a slot / symbol set / instructed as a sensing DL to be available for receiving sensing channels / RS.

[0399] <<<UE Behavior 2-2>>> The UE considers a slot / symbol set / instructed as a sensing UL to be available for transmitting sensing channels / RS.

[0400] <<<UE Behavior 2-3>>> If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as a Sensing Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a Sensing DL, the UE may receive the Sensing Channel / RS on that slot / symbol. If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as a Sensing Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a Sensing UL, the UE may transmit the Sensing Channel / RS on that slot / symbol. If no further configuration / instruction is provided for a slot / symbol configured / instructed as a Sensing Flexible slot / symbol, the UE does not have to transmit or receive the Sensing Channel / RS.

[0401] <<<UE Behavior 2-4>>> If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a sensing DL, the UE may receive sensing channels / RS on that slot / symbol. If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a sensing UL, the UE may transmit sensing channels / RS on that slot / symbol. If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a communication DL, the UE may receive communication channels / RS on that slot / symbol. If a slot / symbol configured / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol is configured / instructed as a communication UL, the UE may transmit communication channels / RS on that slot / symbol. If no further configuration or instruction is provided for a slot / symbol configured / instructed as an ISAC Flexible slot / symbol, the UE is not required to transmit or receive sensing / communication channels / RS.

[0402] <<UE Behavior 3>> The UE does not expect to be configured / instructed to receive / transmit communication signals on slots / symbols configured / instructed as sensing {DL, UL, Flexible}.

[0403] <<Variations>> If the UE has the capability of self-interference cancellation, the flexible slot / symbol may be expected to be used for simultaneous transmission and reception. The slot / symbol may be set / indicated as a full-duplex ('FD') slot / symbol.

[0404] <<Analysis>> If bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 is in a transparent (not recognized by the UE) sensing mode on the UE side, the sensing may be performed only on the Sensing Flexible or ISAC Flexible slot / symbol. The UE does not have to transmit or receive on that slot / symbol.

[0405] If bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 is in a sensing mode that is not transparent to the UE (recognized by the UE), the sensing may be performed on a slot / symbol of a sensing DL or sensing UL. The UE behavior in this case may differ from the UE behavior in bistatic sensing from BS to UE and the UE behavior in bistatic sensing from UE to BS.

[0406] If bistatic sensing from BS1 to BS2 is in a transparent sensing mode on the UE side, the sensing may be performed on the slot / symbol of the sensing DL or sensing UL.

[0407] On the UE side, the behavior of a non-transparent sensing mode may be determined by the sensing mode and may not require any specific settings. On the UE side, the behavior of a transparent sensing mode may require any specific settings.

[0408] According to embodiment C2, appropriate UE behavior can be performed depending on the slot / symbol type / link direction.

[0409] <Embodiment C3> Introducing sensing functionality may require more channels / RS to the ISAC system.

[0410] Multiple DL / UL channels / RS [candidates] for sensing may be defined. These channels / RS may include at least one of the following examples:

[0411] ◆Example: DL channel / RS for sensing. It may be at least one of a physical downlink sensing shared channel (PDSSCH), a physical downlink sensing control channel (PDSCCH), and a DL sensing RS. The PDSSCH is a channel for sensing data and may be the same as the PDSCH for communication. The PDSCCH is a channel for sensing control and may be the same as the PDCCH for communication. The DL sensing RS may be a new RS or an extended RS for sensing.

[0412] ◆Example: UL channel / RS for sensing. It may be at least one of the following: physical uplink sensing shared channel (PUSSCH), physical uplink sensing control channel (PUSCCH), physical random access sensing channel (PRASCH), and UL sensing RS. PUSSCH is a channel for sensing data and may be the same as PUSCH for communication. PUSCCH is a channel for sensing control and may be the same as PDCCH for communication. PRASCH is a channel for sensing access and may be the same as PRACH for communication. UL sensing RS may be a new RS or an extended RS for sensing.

[0413] Multiple DL / UL channels / RSs for communication may be defined. These channels / RSs may include at least one of the following examples:

[0414] ◆Example: DL channel / RS for communication. It may be at least one of SSB, CSI-RS, PDCCH, PDSCH, DMRS, PTRS, PRS, and remote interference management (RIM)-RS.

[0415] ◆Example: UL channel / RS for communication. It may be at least one of SRS, PRACH, PUCCH, PUSCH, DMRS, and PTRS.

[0416] <<Embodiment C3-1>> Whether a sensing (communication) channel / RS on a communication (sensing) slot / symbol is supported may be based on at least one of several options x / variations below.

[0417] <<<Option A>>> The UE expects that the resources for sensing and communication will follow the settings / instructions for the slots / symbols. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0418] ◆Example: The UE expects to transmit / receive sensing channels / RS only on sensing UL / DL / flexible slots / symbols and ISAC flexible slots / symbols. The UE does not expect to transmit / receive sensing channels / RS on communication UL / DL / flexible slots / symbols.

[0419] ◆Example: The UE expects to transmit / receive communication channels / RS only on the communication UL / DL / flexible slots / symbols and on the ISAC flexible slots / symbols. The UE does not expect to transmit / receive communication channels / RS on the sensing UL / DL / flexible slots / symbols.

[0420] <<<Option B>>> The UE assumes that one or more communication / sensing channels / RS may be on the sensing / communication slot / symbol. The details may be based on Embodiment C3-2 described below.

[0421] <<<Variations>>> Combinations of Option A and Option B may be supported.

[0422] Whether option A or option B is applied may depend on the setting type (semi-static, dynamic). Option A may be considered for slots / symbols set by semi-static slot settings, while option B may be considered for slots / symbols indicated by dynamic slot formatting instructions.

[0423] Whether option A or option B applies may depend on the type of slot / symbol ([sensing / ISAC] DL, UL, flexible). Option A may be considered for DL / UL slots / symbols [for sensing], and option B may be considered for flexible slots / symbols [for sensing / ISAC].

[0424] <<Embodiment C3-2>> If one or more communication / sensing channels / RS are located on a sensing / communication slot / symbol (i.e., one or more communication / sensing channels / RS collide with / overlap with a sensing / communication slot / symbol), the UE may determine which channels / RS to transmit / receive based on at least one of several options x / variations below.

[0425] <<<Option 1>>> The determination of the transmit / receive channel / RS may be based on priorities related to the purpose. The purpose may be, for example, at least one of sensing and communication. This option may be based on at least one of several examples below.

[0426] ◆Example: If communication has a higher priority than sensing, the UE expects that the communication channel / RS can be received / transmitted on the sensing slot / symbol.

[0427] ◆Example: If sensing has a higher priority than communication, the UE expects that the sensing channel / RS can be received / transmitted on the same slot / symbol as the communication.

[0428] <<<Option 2>>> The determination of the transmit / receive channel / RS may be based on at least one of the priority associated with the channel / RS and, regardless of purpose, the temporal characteristics of the channel / RS. The temporal characteristics may be at least one of, for example, periodic / semi-persistent / aperiodic, semi-statically set, or dynamically directed. This option may be based on at least one of the following examples.

[0429] ◆Example: Existing rules for collisions between multiple types having multiple temporal characteristics may be applied regardless of the purpose. For example, a sensing RS may be treated as a CSI-RS in the case of a collision under existing rules.

[0430] ◆Example: Regardless of purpose, priorities related to channel / RS types may be defined. These priorities may be based on several relationships / specific examples / variations below: —◆Priority relationships: Communication [intra-cell] common (cell-specific) channels / RS (e.g., SSB, cell-specific CSI-RS, etc.) > Communication control channels (e.g., PDCCH, PUCCH, etc.) > Sensing channels / RS > Communication shared channels (e.g., PDSCH, PUSCH, etc.). —◆Specific example: If a channel / RS of one communication DL with a higher priority is placed on a sensing DL slot / symbol for a sensing DL's channel / RS, the UE may receive the channel / RS of that communication DL instead of receiving the sensing DL's channel / RS, or reserving / scheduling for its reception. ―◆Variations regarding UE behavior: If a sensing channel / RS is dropped due to a collision / overlap with a channel / RS having a higher priority, the UE may be configured to treat the channel / RS with the higher priority as the sensing channel / RS for sensing measurement.

[0431] ◆Example: Regardless of the purpose, priorities related to the temporal characteristics of the channel / RS may be defined. Dynamic channels / RS may take precedence over periodic / semistatic channels / RS for both sensing and communication. Dynamic sensing channels / RS may have a higher priority than periodic communication channels / RS.

[0432] ◆Example: Among multiple channels / RSs having the same temporal characteristics, the priority defined in Option 1 may be taken into consideration.

[0433] <<<Option 3>>> The determination of the transmit / receive channel / RS may be based on a combination of Option 1 and Option 2. This option may be based on any of the following examples.

[0434] ◆Example: Priority may be determined first based on the objective, and then based on the channel / RS type / temporal characteristics.

[0435] ◆Example: Priority may be determined first based on the channel / RS type / temporal characteristics, and then based on the purpose.

[0436] <<<Variations>>> Priority may be determined in the specification, or it may be broadcast periodically / semistatically / dynamically to the UE via at least one of the upper layer parameters, physical layer parameters, sensing protocols, and setting / instruction to any specific DL sensing channel / RS, or if no priority is set / instructed, by default the communication channel / RS may have a higher priority than the sensing channel / RS.

[0437] <<<Variations>>> Priority may be set / instructed for at least one of several cells, several temporal characteristics, several UEs, several use cases, several performance requirements (e.g., latency), UL / DL / sidelinks, and several sensing modes.

[0438] <<<Variations>>> The priorities of some channels / RSs may be defined and static, while the priorities of other channels / RSs may be configurable based on Option 1 / Option 2 / Option 3. This variation may be based on the following example.

[0439] ◆Example: A common channel within a cell for communication (e.g., SSB, PDCCH, cell-specific CSI-RS, etc.) may always have the highest priority. The priority of at least one of the sensing channel / RS and the shared communication channel (e.g., PDSCH, PUSCH, etc.) may be determined based on service requirements. Service requirements may include, for example, the accuracy / latency of sensing estimation, or the throughput / bit error rate (BER) / latency / reliability of communication.

[0440] In the example in Figure 27, when an SSB is transmitted in a sensing DL symbol set by the slot format, if the priority of the SSB is higher than the priority of the sensing RS, the UE may receive the SSB in that sensing DL symbol (the UE may consider that sensing DL symbol as a [communication] DL symbol). The UE may also consider that SSB as a sensing DL symbol (the UE may use that SSB for sensing).

[0441] According to Embodiment C2, communication / sensing can be performed appropriately on resources for communication / sensing.

[0442] <Supplement> <<Notification of Information to UE>> In the embodiments described above, notification of any information from the Network (NW) (e.g., Base Station (BS)) to the UE (in other words, reception of any information from the BS at the UE) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., DCI, PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0443] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) not defined in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0444] If the above notification is made by DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, or the format of the DCI. The specific field may be an existing DCI field or a new DCI field. The RNTI may be an existing RNTI or a new RNTI. The format of the DCI may be an existing DCI format or a new DCI format.

[0445] Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-described embodiment may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0446] In the embodiments described above, the UE may receive information from the NW of at least one of the following QCL rules: ◆ QCL Type A ◆ QCL Type B ◆ QCL Type C ◆ QCL Type D

[0447] In the embodiments described above, the QCL source RS for each QCL type may be at least one of the following RSs: ◆SSB ◆CSI-RS with / without repetition ◆TRS ◆DMRS for PDCCH / PDSCH

[0448] In the embodiments described above, information from the network may be set / instructed by the following methods: ◆ Common to multiple UEs, or individual to a UE ◆ Cell-specific, or common to multiple cells ◆ Per UE / Per CC / Per BWP / Per band / Per cell / Per cell group (CG)

[0449] <<Notification of Information from UE>> Notification of any information from the UE to the NW in the embodiments described above (in other words, transmission / reporting of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE, RRC messages, LPP messages), specific signals / channels (e.g., UCI, PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, reference signals), or a combination thereof.

[0450] When the above notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by the inclusion of a new LCID not specified in existing standards in the MAC subheader. The MAC CE may be an extension of an existing MAC CE. For example, the MAC CE may introduce a new octet into an existing MAC CE.

[0451] If the above notice is made by the UCI, the notice may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

[0452] Furthermore, the notification of any information from the UE in the above-described embodiments may be periodic, semi-persistent (triggered by the UE or gNB), or aperiodic (triggered by the UE or gNB).

[0453] <<Regarding the application of each embodiment>> In a UE / BS, specific (one or more) processes / operations / controls / assumptions / information for at least one of the embodiments described above may be applied (or used) if any or more of the following conditions are met: ◆ A higher-layer parameter indicating the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is set; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on the relevant higher-layer parameter; ◆ The above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is designated / activated / triggered by MAC CE / DCI / UCI / resource / channel / RS; ◆ A specific UE capability / specific BS capability indicating (or related to) the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is reported or supported; ◆ The application of the above specific process / operation / control / assumption / information is determined based on specific conditions.

[0454] The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities for supporting the reservation / instruction of sensing / ISAC slots / symbols; ◆ Capabilities for supporting cell-specific / UE-individual slot settings in sensing / ISAC; ◆ Capabilities for supporting slot formatting instructions in sensing / ISAC.

[0455] The above-mentioned specific BS capabilities may represent at least one of the following: ◆ Supporting the above-mentioned specific processing / operation / control / assumption / information; ◆ Capabilities of each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each option in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple options in each embodiment; ◆ Capabilities of each choice in each embodiment, or the capabilities of a combination of multiple choices in each embodiment.

[0456] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), a capability per frequency (e.g., one or a combination thereof, such as cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), a capability per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), a capability per subcarrier spacing (SCS), or a capability per feature set (FS) or feature set per component-carrier (FSPC).

[0457] Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capability or the above-mentioned specific BS capability may be a capability that applies across all duplexing schemes (common to all duplexing schemes regardless of the duplexing scheme), or it may be a capability specific to each duplexing scheme (for example, Time Division Duplex (TDD), Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

[0458] If the above conditions are not met, UE / BS may follow the behavior specified in existing 3GPP releases.

[0459] Information regarding whether one or more of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, or which of the above embodiments / options / choices / examples apply / are used, may be based on several of the following methods: ◆ The information is set by one or more higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is determined by one or more relevant higher-layer parameters / RRC IE / messages. ◆ The information is indicated by MAC CE / DCI. ◆ The information is based on one or more UE capabilities. ◆ The information is described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is based on conditions described / defined in the specification. ◆ The information is determined by a combination of several of the above information. For example, the information is determined by the setting / indication of higher-layer parameters / MAC CE / DCI and reported by UE capabilities.

[0460] The above multiple embodiments / options / choices may be combined into a single embodiment / option / choice.

[0461] In the embodiments described above, the measured RS may be a QCL source RS in an active TCI state / indicated / unified TCI state.

[0462] (Note) The following inventions are added with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure. <Note 1> A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives a setting of the link direction of a plurality of time resources for at least one of communication and sensing; and a control unit that controls at least one of transmitting and receiving a signal for sensing based on the setting. <Note 2> The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the setting indicates a pattern of the link direction of the plurality of time resources and a resource for sensing among the plurality of time resources. <Note 3> The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the setting indicates a pattern for communication and a pattern for sensing. <Note 4> The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the setting indicates a pattern of the link direction of the plurality of time resources for communication and sensing. <Supplement> The receiving unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 220. The control unit may be a control unit 210. The setting may be, for example, a new parameter, at least one of cell-common (cell-specific) and UE-specific semistatic slot setting parameters, or a sensing slot setting. <Note A> A base station having: a transmitting unit that transmits link direction settings for a plurality of time resources for at least one of communication and sensing; and a control unit that controls at least one of transmitting and receiving signals for sensing based on the settings. <Supplement> The transmitting unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit may be a control unit 110.

[0463] (Note) The following inventions are added with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure. <Note 1> A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives downlink control information indicating one or more slot formats from a plurality of slot formats for at least one of communication and sensing; and a control unit that controls at least one of transmitting and receiving signals for sensing based on the one or more slot formats. <Note 2> The terminal according to Note 1, wherein the plurality of slot formats include a plurality of first slot formats for communication and a plurality of second slot formats for sensing, or for communication and sensing, and the plurality of slot formats are each associated with a plurality of indices. <Note 3> The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein the plurality of slot formats include a plurality of first slot formats for communication and a plurality of second slot formats for sensing, or for communication and sensing, and one of the plurality of associations, which includes a first association that associates each of the plurality of first slot formats with a plurality of first indices and a second association that associates each of the plurality of second slot formats with a plurality of second indices, is indicated by the downlink control information. <Note 4> The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the plurality of slot formats are associated with the sensing mode. <Supplement> The receiving unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 220. The control unit may be a control unit 210. The plurality of slot formats may include, for example, at least one of a communication slot format, a sensing slot format, and an ISAC slot format. The first slot format may be, for example, a communication slot format. The second slot format may be a sensing slot format or an ISAC slot format. The first association may be, for example, a communication slot format table. The second association may be, for example, a sensing slot format table or an ISAC slot format table.<Note A> A base station comprising: a transmitting unit that transmits downlink control information indicating one or more slot formats from a plurality of slot formats for at least one of communication and sensing; and a control unit that controls at least one of the transmission and reception of signals for sensing based on the one or more slot formats. <Supplement> The transmitting unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit may be a control unit 110.

[0464] (Note) The following inventions are added with respect to embodiments of the present disclosure. <Note 1> A terminal having: a receiving unit that receives first information indicating the link direction of a time resource for at least one of communication and sensing, and second information indicating a signal for at least one of the communication and sensing; and a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource. <Note 2> The terminal according to Note 1, wherein if the signal for communication overlaps with the time resource for sensing, or for the integration of the communication and sensing, the control unit determines whether to transmit or receive the signal based on the mode of sensing. <Note 3> The terminal according to Note 1 or Note 2, wherein if the signal for one of the communication and sensing overlaps with the time resource for the other of the communication and sensing, the control unit determines whether to transmit or receive the signal based on at least one of the link direction, the temporal characteristics of the signal, the purpose of the signal, and the priority of the signal. <Note 4> The terminal according to any one of Notes 1 to 3, wherein the signal for sensing is one of a shared channel for sensing, a control channel for sensing, and a reference signal for sensing. <Supplement> The receiving unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 220. The control unit may be a control unit 210. The first information may be, for example, setting / instructing the link direction of a time resource / slot / symbol for at least one of communication, sensing, and ISAC. The second information may be, for example, setting / instructing a channel / signal for at least one of communication, sensing, and ISAC. <Note A> A base station having: a transmitting unit that transmits first information indicating the link direction of a time resource for at least one of communication and sensing, and second information indicating a signal for at least one of communication and sensing; and a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource. <Supplement> The transmitting unit may be a transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit may be a control unit 110.

[0465] (Wireless Communication System) The configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment of this disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of this disclosure, or a combination thereof.

[0466] Figure 28 shows an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to one embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may also be simply called system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), etc., as specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

[0467] Furthermore, the wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), and the like.

[0468] In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the Master Node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the Secondary Node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

[0469] The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (for example, dual connectivity where both MN and SN are NR base stations (gNB) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

[0470] The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) located within the macrocell C1 that form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. User terminals 20 may be located within at least one cell. The arrangement, number, shape, size, etc., of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the configuration shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when base stations 11 and 12 are not distinguished, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

[0471] The wireless communication system 1 may utilize Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO). For example, one cell may be formed by one antenna / base station 10, or by multiple antennas / base stations 10. One [virtual] cell (which may be called a supercell, for example) may be composed of multiple [virtual] cells (which may be called subcells, for example). A supercell may correspond to a cell with a fixed physical range, and a subcell may correspond to a cell whose physical range fluctuates quasi-statically / dynamically. In this case, the wireless communication system 1 may be called a cell-free system.

[0472] The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of Carrier Aggregation (CA) using multiple Component Carriers (CC) and Dual Connectivity (DC).

[0473] Each CC may be included in at least one of the first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and the second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). A macrocell C1 may be included in FR1, and a small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band of 6 GHz or less (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz. Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may be in a frequency band higher than FR2.

[0474] Furthermore, the user terminal 20 may communicate in each CC using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD).

[0475] Multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber compliant with Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 / Xn interface, etc.) or wireless (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which is the upstream station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which is the relay station, may be called an IAB node.

[0476] Base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via other base stations 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include at least one of the following: Evolved Packet Core (EPC), 5G Core Network (5GCN), Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

[0477] The core network 30 may include network functions (NF) such as User Plane Function (UPF), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Application Function (AF), Data Network (DN), Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Multiple functions may be provided by a single network node. Furthermore, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may occur via the DN.

[0478] The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the following communication methods: LTE, LTE-A, 5G, etc.

[0479] In the wireless communication system 1, an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)-based wireless access scheme may be used. For example, Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-OFDM), etc., may be used in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL).

[0480] The wireless access method may also be called a waveform. In wireless communication system 1, other wireless access methods (for example, other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL wireless access methods.

[0481] In the wireless communication system 1, a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), a Broadcast Channel (PBCH), or a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) may be used as the downlink channel, which is shared by each user terminal 20.

[0482] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink channel may include a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH), or the like, all of which are shared by each user terminal 20.

[0483] User data, higher-layer control information, and System Information Blocks (SIBs) are transmitted via PDSCH. User data and higher-layer control information may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Blocks (MIBs) may be transmitted via PBCH.

[0484] Lower-layer control information may be transmitted by PDCCH. The lower-layer control information may include, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI) which includes scheduling information for at least one of PDSCH and PUSCH.

[0485] Furthermore, the DCI that schedules PDSCH may be called DL assignment, DL DCI, etc., and the DCI that schedules PUSCH may be called UL grant, UL DCI, etc. Furthermore, PDSCH may be read as DL data, and PUSCH may be read as UL data.

[0486] PDCCH detection may utilize a Control Resource Set (CORESET) and a search space. A CORESET corresponds to the resources used to search for DCIs. A search space corresponds to the search area and search method for PDCCH candidates. A single CORESET may be associated with one or more search spaces. A UE may monitor CORESETs associated with a given search space based on the search space configuration.

[0487] A single search space may correspond to one or more PDCCH candidates corresponding to aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. In this disclosure, "search space," "search space set," "search space configuration," "search space set configuration," "CORESET," and "CORESET configuration" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0488] PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery acknowledgment information (for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK / NACK, etc.), and scheduling request (SR). PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with the cell.

[0489] In this disclosure, downlinks, uplinks, etc., may be expressed without the prefix "link." Also, the prefix "physical" may be omitted from the names of various channels.

[0490] In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc., may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, the DL-RS may include a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc.

[0491] The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including SS (PSS, SSS) and PBCH (and DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS / PBCH block, SS Block (SSB), etc. Note that SS, SSB, etc. may also be called reference signals.

[0492] Furthermore, in the wireless communication system 1, the uplink reference signal (UL-RS) may include a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. The DMRS may also be called a user-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

[0493] (Base Station) Figure 29 shows an example of the configuration of a base station according to one embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that one or more of the control unit 110, the transmitting / receiving unit 120, the transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may be provided.

[0494] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the base station 10 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0495] The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0496] The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 120, transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and transmission path interface 140. The control unit 110 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 120. The control unit 110 may also perform call processing of communication channels (setting, releasing, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of wireless resources, etc.

[0497] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0498] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122 and a measuring unit 123.

[0499] The transmitting and receiving antenna 130 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0500] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may transmit the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may also receive the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0501] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0502] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform processing on data and control information acquired from the control unit 110, for example, at the Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, the Radio Link Control (RLC) layer (e.g., RLC retransmission control), and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0503] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, discrete Fourier transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0504] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0505] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 130.

[0506] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (receiving processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0507] The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc., based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may also measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), reception quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

[0508] The transmission path interface 140 may send and receive signals (backhaul signaling) with devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes that provide NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

[0509] In this disclosure, the transmitting and receiving units of the base station 10 may consist of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 120, a transmitting / receiving antenna 130, and a transmission path interface 140.

[0510] The base station 10 may be separated into three elements: a Radio Unit (RU), a Distributed Unit (DU), and a Central Unit (CU). For example, the RU may implement RF processing (digital beamforming, digital-to-analog conversion, analog beamforming, etc.) and lower-level physical layer functions (precoding, IFFT, FFT, etc.). The DU may implement higher-level physical layer functions (coding to resource element mapping, etc.), MAC layer functions, and RLC layer functions. The CU may implement PDCP layer, Service Data Adaptation Protocol (SDAP) layer, and RRC layer functions.

[0511] In this disclosure, base station 10 may include a single device that implements all the functions of RU, DU, and CU, or it may include multiple devices that each implement some of the functions of RU, DU, and CU and are connected to each other. In this disclosure, base station 10 may be interpreted as RU / DU / CU.

[0512] (User Terminal) Figure 30 shows an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to one embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transmitting / receiving unit 220, and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230. Note that one or more of the control unit 210, the transmitting / receiving unit 220, and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230 may be provided.

[0513] In this example, the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment are mainly shown, and it may be assumed that the user terminal 20 also has other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

[0514] The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be composed of a controller, control circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the technical field related to this disclosure.

[0515] The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may also control transmission and reception, measurement, etc., using the transmitting / receiving unit 220 and the transmitting / receiving antenna 230. The control unit 210 may generate data to be transmitted as signals, control information, sequences, etc., and transfer them to the transmitting / receiving unit 220.

[0516] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 can be composed of a transmitter / receiver, RF circuit, baseband circuit, filter, phase shifter, measurement circuit, transmitting / receiving circuit, etc., as described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure.

[0517] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transmitting / receiving unit, or it may be composed of a transmitting unit and a receiving unit. The transmitting unit may consist of a transmitting processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The receiving unit may consist of a receiving processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222 and a measuring unit 223.

[0518] The transmitting and receiving antenna 230 can be composed of an antenna described based on common understanding in the art relating to this disclosure, such as an array antenna.

[0519] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may receive the downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may also transmit the uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

[0520] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 may use digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), or the like to form at least one of the transmitting beam and the receiving beam.

[0521] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc., on data and control information acquired from the control unit 210 to generate a bit sequence to be transmitted.

[0522] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform transmission processing on the bit sequence to be transmitted, such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion, and output a baseband signal.

[0523] Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the transform precoding settings. The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process to transmit a channel (for example, PUSCH) using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform if transform precoding is enabled for that channel, or it may not perform DFT processing as part of the transmission process if transform precoding is not enabled for that channel.

[0524] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., of the baseband signal to the radio frequency band and transmit the signal in the radio frequency band via the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0525] On the other hand, the transmitting / receiving unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc., on the radio frequency band signal received by the transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0526] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (receiving processing unit 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

[0527] The transmitting / receiving unit 220 (measuring unit 223) may perform measurements related to the received signal. For example, the measuring unit 223 may perform RRM measurement, CSI measurement, etc., based on the received signal. The measuring unit 223 may also measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

[0528] The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. Channel measurement resources may be, for example, Non Zero Power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may also derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. Interference measurement resources may be at least one of the following: NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may also be called CSI-Interference Management (IM), and may be interpreted interchangeably with Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0529] In this disclosure, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 may be composed of at least one of a transmitting / receiving unit 220 and a transmitting / receiving antenna 230.

[0530] (Hardware Configuration) The block diagram used in the description of the above embodiment shows functional units. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. Furthermore, the method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or it may be realized using two or more physically or logically separated devices that are directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wired or wireless connections). A functional block may also be realized by combining the above one device or the above multiple devices with software.

[0531] Here, functions include, but are not limited to, judgment, decision, determination, calculation, calculation, processing, derivation, investigation, exploration, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, consideration, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating (mapping), and assigning. For example, a functional block (configuration part) that enables transmission may be called a transmitting unit or transmitter. In all cases, as mentioned above, the method of implementation is not particularly limited.

[0532] For example, a base station, user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that processes the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. Figure 31 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and user terminal according to one embodiment. The base station 10 and user terminal 20 described above may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, memory 1002, storage 1003, communication device 1004, input device 1005, output device 1006, bus 1007, etc.

[0533] In this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit are interchangeable. The hardware configuration of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may include one or more of the devices shown in the figure, or it may be configured without some of the devices.

[0534] For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown in the diagram, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, the processing may be performed by one processor, or it may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or by other means. Note that the processor 1001 may be implemented using one or more chips.

[0535] Each function in the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 is realized, for example, by loading predetermined software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, which allows the processor 1001 to perform calculations and control communication via the communication device 1004, or control at least one of reading and writing data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

[0536] The processor 1001 controls the entire computer, for example, by running an operating system. The processor 1001 may be composed of a central processing unit (CPU) that includes interfaces with peripheral devices, control devices, arithmetic units, registers, etc. For example, at least a part of the control unit 110 (210) and the transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) described above may be implemented by the processor 1001.

[0537] Furthermore, the processor 1001 reads programs (program code), software modules, data, etc., from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002 and executes various processes accordingly. The program used is one that causes the computer to execute at least a part of the operations described in the above embodiment. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be implemented by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and other functional blocks may be implemented similarly.

[0538] The memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), or other suitable storage medium. The memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, or main memory. The memory 1002 can store executable programs (program code), software modules, etc., for carrying out a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0539] The storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may consist of at least one of the following: a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a Compact Disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a Digital Use Disk, a Blu-ray (registered trademark) disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, stick, key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. The storage 1003 may also be called an auxiliary storage device.

[0540] The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting / receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also referred to as a network device, network controller, network card, communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include, for example, a high-frequency switch, duplexer, filter, frequency synthesizer, etc., in order to implement at least one of frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting / receiving antenna 130 (230), etc., may be implemented by the communication device 1004. The transmitting / receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented with physically or logically separated transmitting unit 120a (220a) and receiving unit 120b (220b).

[0541] The input device 1005 is an input device that accepts input from an external source (e.g., a keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, etc.). The output device 1006 is an output device that outputs to an external source (e.g., a display, speaker, light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, etc.). The input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be configured as an integrated unit (e.g., a touch panel).

[0542] Furthermore, each device, such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or different buses may be configured for each device.

[0543] Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), and a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of each functional block may be implemented using such hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these hardware components.

[0544] Furthermore, devices included in the core network 30 (for example, network nodes that provide NF) may also be implemented using the functional block / hardware configuration described above.

[0545] (Variations) Terms used in this disclosure and terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, channel, symbol and signal (signal or signaling) may be used interchangeably. Also, a signal may be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS and may be called a pilot, pilot signal, etc., depending on the applicable standard. Also, a component carrier (CC) may be called a cell, frequency carrier, carrier frequency, etc.

[0546] A wireless frame may consist of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of these periods (frames) constituting a wireless frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may consist of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

[0547] Here, the neurology may be communication parameters applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The neurology may be, for example, at least one of the following: subcarrier spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, transmission time interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, specific filtering processes performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, and specific windowing processes performed by the transceiver in the time domain.

[0548] A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols or Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols). Alternatively, a slot may be a time unit based on neurology.

[0549] A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain. Minislots may also be called subslots. Minislots may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using minislots may be called a PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

[0550] Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols all represent units of time when transmitting a signal. Wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols may each be referred to by different names. Furthermore, the units of time such as frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols in this disclosure may be interpreted as interchangeable.

[0551] For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, and one slot or one mini-slot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of a subframe and a TTI may be a subframe in existing LTE (1 ms), a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing a TTI may be called a slot, mini-slot, etc., instead of a subframe.

[0552] Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, the base station schedules each user terminal to allocate wireless resources (such as the frequency bandwidth and transmission power available to each user terminal) in TTI units. However, the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

[0553] TTI may be a transmission time unit for channel-encoded data packets (transport blocks), code blocks, code words, etc., or it may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the actual time interval (e.g., number of symbols) in which the transport block, code block, code word, etc. are mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

[0554] Furthermore, if one slot or one mini-slot is referred to as a TTI, then one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more mini-slots) may constitute the minimum time unit for scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (number of mini-slots) that constitute this minimum time unit for scheduling may be controlled.

[0555] A TTI with a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, mini slot, sub slot, slot, etc.

[0556] Furthermore, long TTIs (e.g., normal TTIs, subframes, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a time length exceeding 1 ms, and short TTIs (e.g., shortened TTIs, etc.) may be interpreted as TTIs with a TTI length less than that of a long TTI but 1 ms or more.

[0557] A Resource Block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and in the frequency domain, it may contain one or more consecutive subcarriers. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be the same regardless of the neurology, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers in an RB may be determined based on the neurology.

[0558] Furthermore, an RB may contain one or more symbols in the time domain and may have the length of one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI. One TTI, one subframe, etc., may each consist of one or more resource blocks.

[0559] One or more RBs may also be called Physical RBs (PRBs), Sub-Carrier Groups (SCGs), Resource Element Groups (REGs), PRB pairs, RB pairs, etc.

[0560] Furthermore, a resource block may consist of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area comprising one subcarrier and one symbol.

[0561] A Bandwidth Part (BWP), also known as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of consecutive common resource blocks (RBs) for a given neurology in a given carrier. These common RBs may be identified by an index of the RBs relative to a common reference point of the carrier. The PRBs may be defined and numbered within a given BWP.

[0562] A BWP may include UL BWP (BWP for UL) and DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured within a single carrier for a UE.

[0563] At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE does not need to assume that it will transmit or receive a predetermined signal / channel outside of the active BWP. In this disclosure, terms such as "cell" and "carrier" may be read as "BWP".

[0564] The structures of wireless frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols described above are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a wireless frame, the number of slots per subframe or wireless frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, and the number of symbols, symbol length, and cyclic prefix (CP) length within the TTI can be varied in various ways.

[0565] Furthermore, the information, parameters, etc., described in this disclosure may be expressed using absolute values, relative values ​​from a predetermined value, or corresponding other information. For example, wireless resources may be indicated by a predetermined index.

[0566] The names used for parameters and other elements in this disclosure are not restrictive in any way. Furthermore, mathematical formulas and other elements using these parameters may differ from those expressly disclosed in this disclosure. Various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements can be identified by any suitable name, and therefore, the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not restrictive in any way.

[0567] The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of the various different techniques. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

[0568] Furthermore, information, signals, etc., can be output from upper layers to lower layers and from lower layers to upper layers, or to at least one of the two. Information, signals, etc., may also be input and output via multiple network nodes.

[0569] Input and output information and signals may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or managed using a management table. Input and output information and signals may be overwritten, updated, or appended to. Output information and signals may be deleted. Input information and signals may be transmitted to other devices.

[0570] Any information described in this disclosure (e.g., variables, constants, parameters) may be communicated from any first device (e.g., UE / base station) to any second device (e.g., base station / UE) that indicates / specifies (or relates to) the value of such any information, even if not specifically stated in the embodiments described above.

[0571] Information notification is not limited to the embodiments described herein and may be carried out by other means. For example, information notification in this disclosure may be carried out by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination thereof.

[0572] Physical layer signaling may also be called Layer 1 / Layer 2 (L1 / L2) control information (L1 / L2 control signals), L1 control information (L1 control signals), etc. RRC signaling may also be called RRC messages, for example, RRC Connection Setup messages, RRC Connection Reconfiguration messages, etc. MAC signaling may also be communicated using, for example, MAC Control Elements (CEs).

[0573] Furthermore, notification of the specified information (for example, notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may also be made implicitly (for example, by not providing notification of the specified information or by providing notification of other information).

[0574] The determination may be made by a value represented by one bit (0 or 1), by a boolean value represented as true or false, or by a numerical comparison (for example, a comparison with a predetermined value).

[0575] Software should be broadly interpreted to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, execution threads, procedures, functions, and so on, whether they are called software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or by any other name.

[0576] Furthermore, software, instructions, information, etc., may be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technology (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, or Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)) and wireless technology (such as infrared or microwave), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included in the definition of a transmission medium.

[0577] The terms “system” and “network” as used in this disclosure may be used interchangeably. “Network” may also mean the equipment included in the network (e.g., base stations).

[0578] In this disclosure, terms such as “precoding,” “precoder,” “weight (precoding weight),” “quasi-co-location (QCL),” “transmission configuration indication state (TCI state),” “spatial relation,” “spatial domain filter,” “transmit power,” “phase rotation,” “antenna port,” “layer,” “number of layers,” “rank,” “resource,” “resource set,” “beam,” “beam width,” “beam angle,” “antenna,” “antenna element,” “panel,” “UE panel,” “transmitting entity,” and “receiving entity” may be used interchangeably.

[0579] In this disclosure, "antenna port" may be interpreted interchangeably with "antenna port for any signal / channel" (e.g., a Demodulation Reference Signal (DMRS) port). In this disclosure, "resource" may be interpreted interchangeably with "resource for any signal / channel" (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). Resources may include time / frequency / code / spatial / power resources. Furthermore, a spatial domain transmit filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmit filter and a spatial domain receive filter.

[0580] The above group may include, for example, at least one of the following: a spatial relationship group, a code division multiplexing (CDM) group, a reference signal (RS) group, a control resource set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, or a panel group.

[0581] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, Codeword (CW), Transport Block (TB), and RS may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0582] Furthermore, in this disclosure, TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0583] Furthermore, in this disclosure, terms such as "QCL," "QCL assumption," "QCL relationship," "QCL type information," "QCL property / properties," "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) properties," and "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)" may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0584] In this disclosure, terms such as index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, and resource ID may be interpreted interchangeably. In this disclosure, terms such as sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0585] Furthermore, the spatial relationship information Identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interpreted as mutually exclusive as "a set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)," "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information," etc. TCI state and TCI may be interpreted as mutually exclusive. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interpreted as mutually exclusive.

[0586] In this disclosure, terms such as “Base Station (BS),” “wireless base station,” “fixed station,” “NodeB,” “eNB (eNodeB),” “gNB (gNodeB),” “access point,” “Transmission Point (TP),” “Reception Point (RP),” “Transmission / Reception Point (TRP),” “panel,” “cell,” “sector,” “cell group,” “carrier,” and “component carrier” may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, and picocell.

[0587] A base station may house one or more (e.g., three) cells. If a base station houses multiple cells, the entire coverage area of ​​the base station may be divided into several smaller areas, each of which may also be provided with communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small indoor base station (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The terms “cell” or “sector” refer to part or all of the coverage area of ​​at least one of the base station and / or base station subsystems that provide communication services in that coverage.

[0588] In this disclosure, the transmission of information by a base station to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to perform a control / operation based on said information.

[0589] In this disclosure, terms such as "Mobile Station (MS)," "user terminal," "User Equipment (UE)," and "terminal" may be used interchangeably.

[0590] A mobile station may also be called a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other appropriate term.

[0591] At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. At least one of the base station and the mobile station may also be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

[0592] The term "mobile object" refers to any movable object, regardless of its speed, and naturally includes cases where the mobile object is stationary. Examples of such mobile objects include, but are not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and items carried on them. Furthermore, such mobile objects may be autonomously driven objects operating based on operational commands.

[0593] The mobile entity may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane), an unmanned mobile entity (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle), or a robot (manned or unmanned). At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device that does not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

[0594] Figure 32 shows an example of a vehicle according to one embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, a rotation speed sensor 51, a pneumatic pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

[0595] The drive unit 41 consists of, for example, at least one of an engine, a motor, or an engine-motor hybrid. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handle) and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

[0596] The electronic control unit 49 consists of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and communication ports (e.g., input / output (IO) ports) 63. Signals from various sensors 50-58 installed in the vehicle are input to the electronic control unit 49. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

[0597] Signals from various sensors 50-58 include current signals from current sensor 50 for sensing motor current, rotational speed signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by rotational speed sensor 51, air pressure signals of front wheels 46 / rear wheels 47 acquired by air pressure sensor 52, vehicle speed signals acquired by vehicle speed sensor 53, acceleration signals acquired by acceleration sensor 54, accelerator pedal depression amount signals acquired by accelerator pedal sensor 55, brake pedal depression amount signals acquired by brake pedal sensor 56, operation signals of shift lever 45 acquired by shift lever sensor 57, and detection signals acquired by object detection sensor 58 for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

[0598] The information service unit 59 consists of various devices for providing (outputting) various types of information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, including a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, display, television, and radio, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via a communication module 60 or the like to provide various types of information / services (for example, multimedia information / multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

[0599] The information service unit 59 may include input devices that accept input from the outside (e.g., keyboard, mouse, microphone, switch, button, sensor, touch panel, etc.) or output devices that perform output to the outside (e.g., display, speaker, LED lamp, touch panel, etc.).

[0600] The driver assistance system unit 64 consists of various devices that provide functions to prevent accidents or reduce the driver's workload, such as millimeter-wave radar, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), cameras, positioning locators (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., High Definition (HD) maps, Autonomous Vehicle (AV) maps), gyro systems (e.g., Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Inertial Navigation System (INS)), artificial intelligence (AI) chips, and AI processors, as well as one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driver assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize driver assistance functions or autonomous driving functions.

[0601] The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 sends and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 to the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle 40.

[0602] The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with external devices. For example, it can send and receive various types of information to and from external devices via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the base station 10 or the user terminal 20 described above. Alternatively, the communication module 60 may be, for example, at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20).

[0603] The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the following to an external device via wireless communication: signals from the various sensors 50-58 input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on said signals, and information based on input from an external source (user) obtained via the information service unit 59. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc., may also be called input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include the information based on the above input.

[0604] The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, inter-vehicle information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on the information service unit 59 installed in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit, which outputs information (for example, it outputs information to devices such as displays and speakers based on the PDSCH (or data / information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

[0605] Furthermore, the communication module 60 stores various information received from external devices in a memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in the memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axle 48, various sensors 50-58, etc., which are provided in the vehicle 40.

[0606] Furthermore, the term "base station" in this disclosure may be interpreted as "user terminal." For example, the various aspects / embodiments of this disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X)). In this case, the user terminal 20 may have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Also, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be interpreted as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, uplink channel, downlink channel, etc., may be interpreted as sidelink channel.

[0607] Similarly, the term "user terminal" in this disclosure may be replaced with "base station." In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the same functions as the user terminal 20 described above.

[0608] In this disclosure, operations performed by a base station may, in some cases, be performed by its upper node. In a network including one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (for example, a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Serving Gateway (S-GW), etc., but not limited to these), or a combination thereof.

[0609] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be used individually, in combination, or switched between as needed during execution. Furthermore, the processing procedures, sequences, flowcharts, etc., of each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged in order, provided they are consistent. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present various step elements using exemplary order and are not limited to the specific order presented.

[0610] Each aspect / embodiment described in this disclosure is Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (where x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM®), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi®), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX®), IEEE 802.20, systems utilizing Ultra-WideBand (UWB), Bluetooth®, or other appropriate wireless communication methods, and next-generation systems extended, modified, created, or defined based thereon may also be applied. Furthermore, multiple systems may be applied in combination (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G).

[0611] In this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based solely on" unless otherwise specified. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based solely on" and "based at least on."

[0612] Any reference to elements using the designations “first,” “second,” etc., as used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient way to distinguish between two or more elements. Accordingly, the references to the first and second elements do not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in any way.

[0613] The term “determining” as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may be considered to mean judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, searching, or inquiring (e.g., searching in tables, databases, or other data structures), ascertaining, etc.

[0614] Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered as "judging (deciding)" things like receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in memory).

[0615] Furthermore, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, “judgment (decision)” may be considered as “judgment (decision)” of some action. In this disclosure, “judgment (decision)” may be interpreted as mutually interchangeable with the actions described above.

[0616] Furthermore, in this disclosure, “determine / determining” may be interpreted as “assume / assuming,” “expect / expecting,” or “consider / considering.” In addition, in this disclosure, “not expecting to do…” may be interpreted as “expecting not to do….”

[0617] In this disclosure, "expect" may be rephrased as "be expected." For example, "expect(s) ..." (where "..." may be expressed as a that clause, an infinitive, etc.) may be rephrased as "be expected ..." or "do (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Similarly, "does not expect ..." may be rephrased as "be not expected ..." or "do not (the verb without "to" if "..." is an infinitive)." Furthermore, "An apparatus A is not expected ..." may be rephrased as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect ... from apparatus A" (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

[0618] The term "maximum transmit power" as used in this disclosure may mean the maximum transmit power, the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or the rated UE maximum transmit power.

[0619] As used in this disclosure, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and any variations thereof mean any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are “connected” or “coupled” with each other. The coupling or connection between elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, “connection” may be replaced with “access.”

[0620] In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they can be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to each other using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, etc., and, in some non-exclusive and non-exclusive examples, electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency domain, microwave domain, and optical (both visible and invisible) domain.

[0621] In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combine" may be interpreted similarly to "different."

[0622] Where the terms “include,” “including,” and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, as is the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “or” as used in this disclosure is not intended to mean exclusive OR.

[0623] In this disclosure, if articles are added by translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include the fact that the noun following these articles is plural.

[0624] In this disclosure, "less than or equal to," "less than," "greater than or equal to," "more than," and "equal to" may be interpreted interchangeably. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees. In addition, in this disclosure, words meaning "good," "bad," "big," "small," "high," "low," "early," "slow," "wide," and "narrow" may be interpreted interchangeably, not limited to the positive, comparative, and superlative degrees, by adding "i-th" (where i is any integer) to the expression (for example, "highest" may be interpreted interchangeably with "i-th highest").

[0625] In this disclosure, "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," and "associated with" may be interpreted as being interchangeable.

[0626] In this disclosure, phrases such as "when A, B", "if A, then B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during / while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as) / on A", "B after A", "B since A", and "B until A" may be interchangeable. Furthermore, A, B, etc., may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, or regular sentences depending on the context. The time difference between A and B may be approximately zero (immediately after or immediately before). Additionally, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be interpreted as "before / after the time offset when A occurs". The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols / slots) may be predetermined or determined by the UE based on notified information.

[0627] In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any unit of time (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc., may be interpreted interchangeably.

[0628] Although the invention described herein has been explained in detail above, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the invention described herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The descriptions herein are illustrative and not intended to be restrictive in any way to the invention described herein.

[0629] This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2024-207982, filed on November 29, 2024. All of its contents are included here.

Claims

A receiving unit that receives first information indicating the link direction of time resources for at least one of communication and sensing, and second information indicating signals for at least one of the communication and sensing, A terminal having a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein if the signal for the communication overlaps with the time resources for the sensing, or for the integration of the communication and the sensing, the control unit determines whether to transmit or receive the signal based on the sensing mode. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein if the signal for one of the communication and the sensing overlaps with the time resources for the other of the communication and the sensing, the control unit determines whether to transmit or receive the signal based on at least one of the link direction, the temporal characteristics of the signal, the purpose of the signal, and the priority of the signal. 　 The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the signal for sensing is any of the shared channel for sensing, the control channel for sensing, and the reference signal for sensing. 　 The steps include receiving first information indicating the link direction of a time resource for at least one of communication and sensing, and receiving second information indicating a signal for at least one of the communication and sensing, A wireless communication method for a terminal, comprising the step of determining whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource. 　 A transmitting unit that transmits first information indicating the link direction of time resources for at least one of communication and sensing, and second information indicating a signal for at least one of the communication and sensing, A base station having a control unit that determines whether to transmit or receive the signal if the signal overlaps with the time resource.

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