Spiral inertial microfluidic system and method thereof
The spiral inertial microfluidic system addresses the limitations of conventional MNP detection by aggregating and concentrating particles for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective quantification, suitable for environmental and biomedical applications.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-19
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-11
AI Technical Summary
Conventional methods for detecting micro-and nano-sized particles (MNPs) are expensive, labor-intensive, and impractical for real-time or high-throughput monitoring in complex matrices, necessitating the development of miniaturized platforms that integrate sample processing, enrichment, and detection into a single, cost-effective system.
A spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system that aggregates and concentrates particles using a microfluidic chamber and spiral channel, followed by detection in a detection port, eliminating the need for expensive instrumentation and specialized training.
Enables rapid, accurate, and cost-effective nanoparticle quantification with high throughput, suitable for real-world matrices, reducing analysis time and per-test costs, and improving sensitivity for nanoparticle detection.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025135934_11062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
SPIRAL INERTIAL MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEM AND METHOD THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to the U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 63 / 727,062, filed December 2, 2024, hereby incorporated herein by reference as to its entirety. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates to manipulation of particles, such as micro-or nano-sized particles.BACKGROUND
[0003] The proliferation of micro-and nano-sized particles (MNPs) , encompassing a diverse array of nanoparticles (NPs) derived from industrial, biomedical, and environmental sources, has emerged as a pressing concern in modern science and public health. Due to their diminutive dimensions-typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers for NPs-these entities exhibit exceptionally high surface-area-to-volume ratios, enabling them to adsorb toxic compounds, penetrate cellular membranes, and traverse biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier or placental interface. Consequently, MNPs have been implicated in bioaccumulation within food chains, disruption of microbial communities, and potential long-term ecological imbalance, necessitating robust, sensitive, and field-deployable detection strategies to quantify their presence and mitigate associated risks.
[0004] Conventional analytical techniques for MNP detection, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , Raman microspectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) , while capable of delivering high-resolution structural and chemical insights, suffer from critical limitations that hinder widespread adoption. These methods demand sophisticated instrumentation, extensive sample pretreatment, and operation within controlled laboratory environments, rendering them prohibitively expensive, labor-intensive, and impractical for real-time or high-throughput monitoring of nano-scale analytes in complex matrices such as seawater, biological fluids, or industrial effluents. Such constraints severely impede timely risk assessment and regulatory compliance, underscoring the urgent need for innovative, miniaturized platforms that integrate sample processing, enrichment, and detection into a single, cost-effective system.
[0005] New systems, apparatus or methods that assist in advancing technological needs and industrial applications in this filed are desirable.SUMMARY
[0006] One or more embodiments provide a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system. The SIM system comprises a microfluidic chamber configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles, a spiral channel disposed downstream of the microfluidic chamber and configured to concentrate the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles, and one or more detection ports disposed downstream of the spiral channel and configured to receive the concentrated particles for detection of the concentrated particles.
[0007] Additionally or optionally, the microfluidic chamber comprises an inlet, an aggregation chamber configured to receive the particle suspension, and a spiral loop having a first end in fluid communication with the inlet and a second end in fluid communication with the aggregation chamber for introducing the particle suspension from the inlet into the aggregation chamber.
[0008] Additionally or optionally, the aggregation chamber is a cylindrical chamber and the spiral loop circumferentially surrounds the cylindrical chamber.
[0009] Additionally or optionally, the spiral loop has a rectangular cross section.
[0010] Additionally or optionally, the aggregation chamber comprises an outlet facing the spiral channel and in fluid communication with the spiral channel.
[0011] Additionally or optionally, the spiral channel has a rectangular cross section.
[0012] Additionally or optionally, the spiral channel comprises a plurality of loops that have substantially a same distance from the microfluidic chamber.
[0013] Additionally or optionally, the spiral channel comprises a plurality of outlets, each of the plurality of outlets connecting to a respective detection port of the one or more detection ports.
[0014] Additionally or optionally, the SIM system further comprises a syringe configured to transfer the particle suspension to the microfluidic chamber, a syringe pump configured to control flow of the particle suspension from the syringe to the microfluidic chamber, a magnetic bar disposed within the microfluidic chamber and configured to stir the particle suspension in response to an actuation, and a hotplate stirrer configured to agitate the particle suspension received in the microfluidic chamber by providing the actuation to the magnetic bar.
[0015] One or more embodiments provide a method of manipulating particles in a particle suspension. The method comprises: transferring the particle suspension into a microfluidic chamber of a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system; inducing, in the microfluidic chamber, aggregation of the particles to generate aggregated particles; concentrating, by a spiral channel of the SIM system, the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles; and outputting, via one or more outlets of the spiral channel, the concentrated particles to one or more detection ports of the SIM system for detection of the concentrated particles.
[0016] Additionally or optionally, transferring the particle suspension into the microfluidic chamber comprises: adding a coagulant into a particle solution to generate the particle suspension; transferring the particle suspension into a syringe; and transferring the particle suspension from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber with assistance of a syringe pump.
[0017] Additionally or optionally, the coagulant is potassium alum.
[0018] Additionally or optionally, inducing aggregation of the particles comprises: placing the microfluidic chamber onto a hotplate stirrer; and agitating, by the hotplate stirrer at a preset temperate, the particle suspension by actuating a magnetic bar disposed within the microfluidic chamber for generating the aggregated particles.
[0019] Additionally or optionally, inducing aggregation of the particles comprises: pausing transferring of the particle suspension from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber by turning off the syringe pump during aggregation of the particles in the microfluidic chamber.
[0020] Additionally or optionally, the method further comprises: staining, at the one or more detection ports, the concentrated particles; and detecting, by an imaging system, the concentrated particles.
[0021] One or more embodiments provide a method of fabricating a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system, the method comprising: forming a spiral channel that is configured to concentrate the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles; forming a microfluidic chamber that is configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles; and aligning an outlet of the microfluidic chamber to an inlet of the spiral channel.
[0022] Additionally or optionally, forming the spiral channel comprises: providing master molds; providing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ; pouring the PDMS into the master molds and curing the PDMS; and forming a patterned PDMS comprising a channel pattern by removing solidified PDMS.
[0023] Additionally or optionally, providing the PDMS comprises: mixing silicon elastomer and a curing agent at a preset ratio.
[0024] Additionally or optionally, forming the microfluidic chamber comprises: placing the patterned PDMS and a glass slide in a plasma cleaner for a preset period of time; and pressing the PDMS and the glass slide to form a covalent bond to complete a channel.
[0025] Additionally or optionally, forming the microfluidic chamber further comprises: placing a magnetic bar into the channel pattern immediately before pressing the PDMS and the glass slide.
[0026] Other embodiments are also described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0027] The detailed description is set forth with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are provided for purposes of illustration only and merely depict example embodiments of the disclosure. The drawings are provided to facilitate understanding of the disclosure and shall not be deemed to limit the breadth, scope, or applicability of the disclosure. The drawings are not to scale, unless otherwise disclosed. Certain parts of the drawings are exaggerated for explanation purposes and shall not be considered limiting unless otherwise specified.
[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2 shows (a) schematics of the aggregate-then-concentrate strategy for effective NPs detection; (b) 500 nm poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) -NPs under phase contrast; scale bar = 50 μm; (c) aggregated 500 μm PMMA-NPs under phase contrast; and (d) aggregated PMMA-NPs stained by Nile red; scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3 shows the representative images of 900 nm polystyrene (PS) -NPs aggregation with different selected stirring timeslots: (a) 0 min, (b) 5 min, (c) 10 min, (d) 20 min, (e) 30 min, and (f) 40 min, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 4 shows the representative images of 900 nm PS-NPs without alum (control) for (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min and (c) 40 min respectively, and the representative images of alum without PS-NPs for (d) 10 min, (e) 20 min and (f) 40 min, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 5 shows the representative images of 500 nm poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) -NPs and 100 nm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -NPs aggregation with different selected timeslots: (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min, (c) 40 min for PMMA-NPs, and (d) 10 min, (e) 20 min and (f) 40 min for PTFE-NPs, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 6 shows the representative images of 900 nm PS-NPs aggregation with different dilution factors (DF) and selected timeslots: (a) 10 min, (b) 20 min, (c) 40 min for PS-NPs with DF = 15; (d) 10 min, (e) 20 min and (f) 40 min for PS-NPs with DF = 60; and (g) 10 min, (h) 20 min and (i) 40 min for PS-NPs with DF = 120, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 7 shows the recovery of 20 μm PS microspheres from (a) outlets #1-5 and (b) conc. and waste outlets, data are shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments; *p <0.01, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001, (c) the representative images of 20 μm PS microspheres retrieved from conc. outlets (outlets #3) , according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0035] FIG. 8 shows the recovery of (a) 900 nm PS-NPs, (b) 500 nm PMMA-NPs and (c) 100 nm PTFE-NPs retrieved from the concentration (conc. ) outlets under optimal flow rate (1.9 ml / min) , data are shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments; **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001, representative images of the aggregated 500 nm PMMA-NPs retrieved from the conc. outlets: (d) phase contrast, (e) Nile red; and from the waste outlets: (g) phase contrast and (h) Nile red, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0036] FIG. 9 shows the recovery of 900 nm PS-NPs (1 mg / ml) with different dilution factors (DF) (a) DF = 30 (33.3 μg / ml) , (b) DF = 60 (16.7 μg / ml) and (c) DF = 120 (8.3 μg / ml) retrieved from the concentration (conc. ) outlets under optimal flow (1.9 ml / min) , data are shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments; *p < 0.01, **p < 0.001, ***p <0.0001, representative images of the aggregated 900 nm PS-NPs (DF =30) retrieved from the conc. outlets: (d) phase contrast and (e) Nile red; from the waste outlets: (f) phase contrast and (g) Nile red, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0037] FIG. 10 shows the representative phase contrast images of 500 nm PMMA-NPs (without the use of alum) retrieved from outlets #1-5 of the SIM chip: (a) outlet #1; (b) outlet #2;(c) outlet #3; (d) outlet #4 and (e) outlet #5, scale bar = 25 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0038] FIG. 11 shows the recovery of (a) seawater and (b) spiked seawater (33.3 μg / ml) retrieved from the concentration outlets, data are shown as mean ± SD of three independent experiments; ***p < 0.0001, representative images of the spiked seawater retrieved from the conc. outlets: (c) phase contrast and (d) Nile red; and from the waste outlets: (e) phase contrast and (f) Nile red, scale bar = 100 μm, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0039] FIG. 12 shows the calibration of square pixels of normalized fluorescent areas (Pixel^2) against the known NPs concentrations (μg / ml) of (a) 100 nm PS, (b) 500 nm PMMA, (c) 100 nm PTFE and (d) the average of PS, PMMA and PTFE, according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0040] FIG. 13A illustrates a system for manipulating particles in a particle suspension according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0041] FIG. 13B shows a real example implementation of the system of FIG. 13A according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0042] FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a method of manipulating particles in a particle suspension according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0043] FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing a method of fabricating a SIM system according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0044] The present disclosure will now be described with reference to the following examples which should be considered in all respects as illustrative and non-restrictive.
[0045] Throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise” , “comprising” , and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “comprising, but not limited to” .
[0046] Furthermore, as used herein and unless otherwise specified, the use of the ordinal adjectives “first” , “second” , etc., to describe a common object, merely indicate that different instances of like objects are being referred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so described must be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking, or in any other manner.
[0047] Example embodiments relate to spiral inertial microfluidic systems and methods thereof.
[0048] It has been recognized that in the art, the escalating presence of micro-and nano-sized particles (MNPs) , encompassing nanoparticles (NPs) composed of diverse materials such as metals, plastics, rubber, and organic compounds, has raised significant environmental and health concerns due to their unique physicochemical properties. These particles readily adsorb toxic substances, including heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants, while their nanoscale dimensions enable penetration of biological barriers-such as cell membranes, lung alveoli, and the blood-brain barrier-facilitating bioaccumulation and biomagnification across trophic levels. Consequently, MNPs contribute not only to widespread pollution in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric ecosystems but also to emerging risks in human health and biodiversity, underscoring the urgent need for precise, scalable detection and quantification technologies. Beyond environmental remediation, accurate NP quantification plays a pivotal role in advancing multiple high-impact domains, including real-time environmental monitoring, point-of-care medical diagnostics, nanomaterial characterization, and stringent industrial quality control.
[0049] Currently, the predominant approach for nanoparticle (NP) detection relies on vacuum filtration followed by spectrometry or thermal analysis. Although capable of providing quantitative data in controlled settings, this methodology is encumbered by substantial limitations, including high operational costs, prolonged processing times, the need for specialized technical expertise, and inadequate sensitivity for detecting NPs at environmentally relevant concentrations-particularly within complex matrices such as biological tissues, sediments, or wastewater. These constraints not only impede high-throughput screening and field-based monitoring but also contribute to systematic underestimation of NP prevalence and ecological impact, most notably in the context of micro-and nanoplastic pollution.
[0050] Example embodiments solve one or more of these problems associated with the existing technologies and provide technical solutions with new designs and improved performance.
[0051] One or more embodiments address one or more challenges existing in the prior art systems or methods by introducing microfluidics-based lab-on-a-chip technology that aggregates and concentrates particles (such as NPs) from samples, thereby enabling convenient and rapid quantification. By leveraging spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) technology, the proposed system in accordance with one or more embodiments induces observable and isolatable clusters of NPs, which can then be easily stained and detected using standard fluorescent microscopy. This low-cost, user-friendly solution dramatically streamlines nanoparticle (NP) quantification by eliminating the need for expensive instrumentation, extensive sample pretreatment, and specialized training. By integrating microfluidic aggregation and inertial enrichment into a single disposable chip, the system reduces analysis time, lowers per-test costs, and delivers sensitivity suitable for real-world matrices. This versatile solution empowers researchers, regulators, and industry professionals across environmental monitoring, biomedical diagnostics, materials characterization, and quality control to perform rapid, accurate NP assessments with minimal infrastructure, thereby accelerating risk evaluation and enabling proactive management of NP-related challenges.
[0052] One or more embodiments provide microfluidics-based all-in-one lab-on-a-chip technology capable of first aggregating NPs into larger, observable, and isolatable clusters. These clusters can then be effectively separated using the secondary downstream spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) -based component. Once aggregated and concentrated in the final detection component of the lab-on-a-chip, the NPs are easily stained and detected using a standard fluorescent microscope, eliminating the need for expensive spectrometry equipment and delivering results within an hour. According to one or more embodiments, using nanoplastics (polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylateyamide and polytetrafluoroethylene) as an example for the proof-of-concept, the technology achieves a concentration efficiency of over 89%for NPs of various types, sizes, and materials. Pilot trials using nanoplastics-polluted marine samples from Hong Kong to evaluate NP pollution validate the effectiveness of this approach. Notably, it’s the present inventors’ knowledge that this is the first time that the SIM technology is combined with aggregation for nano-scale particle detection. One or more embodiments provide a low-cost, user-friendly alternative for researchers and practitioners to study and detect small MNPs, with diverse applications in environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics, material analysis, and industrial quality control.
[0053] One or more embodiments improve throughput and reduce fabrication cost by overcoming the constraint of requiring ultra-small channel dimensions when processing nanoparticles. In this regard, conventional SIM technology demands narrow channels to function. For example, when processing nanoparticles with a particle size of around 1 μm, both the channel width (w) and height (h) for the spiral channel must be limited to approximately 15 μm. Such small dimensions result in low throughput and high fabrication costs. One or more embodiments overcome this challenge without requiring channel downscaling. In some embodiments and by way of example, both the channel width (w) and height (h) can be around 500 μm and 200 μm, thereby achieving high throughput and easy fabrication with much lowered cost.
[0054] One or more embodiments provide a SIM system that comprises a microfluidic chamber configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles, a spiral channel disposed downstream of the microfluidic chamber and configured to concentrate the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles, and one or more detection ports disposed downstream of the spiral channel and configured to receive the concentrated particles for detection of the concentrated particles.
[0055] The system or method according to one or more embodiments enables high throughput. Filtration throughput according to prior art technology is inherently constrained by pore size, resulting in severely reduced flow rates when targeting smaller NPs. The system or method according to one or more embodiments operates on a distinct principle and enables substantially higher throughput. According to one or more embodiments, a processing rate of 1.9 ml / min is achieved, which is much higher than the prior art filtration. Furthermore, processing throughput can be enhanced via parallelization (out-scaling) .
[0056] The system or method according to one or more embodiments is advantageous in its lowered cost. The present technique is inexpensive to operate, requiring neither trained personnel nor costly equipment-unlike conventional methods. To detect NPs, one or more embodiments use a syringe pump, a hotplate and a fluorescent microscope. They are readily available to many laboratories and substantially less expensive than the spectrometry systems typically used in conventional MNP detection.
[0057] The system or method according to one or more embodiments is simple to operate and implement, in contrast to existing technologies that require time-consuming procedures and skilled personnel.
[0058] One or more embodiments enable the detection of NPs that are inaccessible to conventional technologies, thereby addressing the widespread underestimation of NP prevalence in environmental and dietary matrices. One or more embodiments employ an "aggregate-then-concentrate" strategy to aggregate NPs or very small microplastics into larger particles, rendering them readily observable, isolable, and thus detectable.
[0059] One or more embodiments provide compact and user-friendly design that enables on-site applications and seamless integration as a pre-treatment step for downstream analysis. One or more embodiments provide a system that is implemented as a compact chip (such as 5 × 5 cm) , and the equipment required to operate it is also highly portable, thereby enabling feasible on-site applications.
[0060] One or more embodiments provide a label-free and user-friendly design that facilitates seamless integration with other systems, either as part of an all-in-one solution or as a pre-treatment step for downstream analysis. For instance, spectrometry often lacks sensitivity for detecting NPs due to their small size. However, aggregated NPs are larger and more readily observable, thereby significantly improving detection sensitivity. Thus, one or more embodiments provides an effective pre-treatment step tailored for downstream analysis.
[0061] One or more embodiments provide a unique perspective to concentrate particles of various types (material, shape, and / or size) customizing for rapid MNPs detection. The system and method according to one or more embodiments can be applicable in various applications, including but not limited to testing and certification, research institutions, food and beverage industry, aquaculture and cosmetics. The system and method according to one or more embodiments may be applicable to biomedical applications as the physical properties (e.g., sizes) of many biomarkers are comparable in size to NPs, as well as nanoparticle quantification and research, etc.
[0062] FIG. 1 illustrates a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system 100. The SIM system 100 facilities aggregation, separation and detection of particles as described herein with reference to one or more embodiments. In some embodiments, the SIM system may be implemented as a SIM chip or a SIM-based lab-on-a-chip.
[0063] The SIM system 100 comprises a microfluidic chamber 110, a spiral channel 120, and one or more detection platforms or ports 130. The microfluidic chamber 110 receives a particle suspension comprising particles, such as NPs, and induces aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles. The spiral channel 120 is disposed downstream of the microfluidic chamber 110 and concentrates the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles. The one or more detection ports 130 is disposed downstream of the spiral channel 120 and receives the concentrated particles for detection of the concentrated particles.
[0064] As illustrated with reference to the present embodiment, the microfluidic chamber 110 comprises an inlet 112 in the form of a cylindrical pillar with a hollow space, a spiral loop 114, and an aggregation chamber 116 in the form of a cylindrical chamber. The spiral loop 114 has a first end 114a in fluid communication with the inlet 112 and a second end 114b in fluid communication with the aggregation chamber 116 for introducing the particle suspension from the inlet 112 into the aggregation chamber 116. A particle suspension, such as a NP suspension comprising NPs, can be introduced into the inlet 112 and then flow through the spiral loop 114 and then into the aggregation chamber 116.
[0065] As illustrated, the first end 114a can be proximate to the second end 114b such that the two ends form or nearly form or approximately form a loop to circumferentially surround the aggregation chamber 116. In some other embodiments, the two ends 114a, 114b can be such configured that they are remoted to each other.
[0066] The structural configuration of the spiral loop 114 provides a number of technical benefits. For example, a certain distance between both ends 114a, 114b can promote mixing of the sample suspension. Particularly, a coagulant, such as alum, is expected to be mixed well with the sample before flowing into the aggregation chamber 116. Employment of the curved or spiral structure to connect both ends provide further advantages in that the curved channel can further promote mixing compared to a straight channel, and also make the chip more compact, thereby saving space.
[0067] In certain embodiments, the spiral loop 114 has a rectangular cross section. The cross-sectional rectangle may have a width of 1 mm and height of 0.5 mm, despite other dimensions are possible. The cross section may have other regular shapes, such as square or circle, or irregular shapes.
[0068] According to practice needs, the size of the aggregation chamber 116 can vary. For example, the volume of the aggregation chamber 116 can be around 2.5 millimeter (ml) . The aggregation chamber 116 can have a diameter of 20 mm and a height of 8 mm. The aggregation chamber 116 may be sized differently.
[0069] As illustrated, a magnetic bar 1162 is disposed in the aggregation chamber 116 for facilitating aggregation of particles in the particle suspension. For example, the magnetic bar 1162 can be actuated by a magnetic stirrer to stir the particle suspension inside the aggregation chamber, thereby promoting collisions among particles and facilitating particle aggregation.
[0070] As illustrated, the aggregation chamber 116 comprises an outlet 117 facing the spiral channel 120 and in fluid communication with the spiral channel 120. For example, the aggregation chamber 116 can be disposed underneath the spiral channel 120 such that the outlet 117 faces upward and towards an inlet 121 of the spiral channel 120 and is in fluid communication with the inlet 121. The outlet 117 can connect to the inlet 121 in a proper manner. The outlet 117 can be sized according to practical needs, such as having a circular shape with a diameter of 3 mm.
[0071] The spiral channel 120 comprises a spiral body 122 that comprises multiple loops, such as nine loops as illustrated. The spiral body 122 may have more than nine loops or less than nine loops. The spiral channel 120 can have a rectangular cross section, despite other shapes are possible. In certain embodiments, the cross-sectional rectangle has a wide of 500 micrometer (μm) and a height of 200 μm, and the distance between adjacent loops is 300 μm.
[0072] The spiral body 122 extends from the inlet 121 in a spiral manner towards the opposite end 124 at which it may be divided into a plurality of outlets in the form of five outlets 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, and 124e in the present embodiment, and each outlet connects to a respective detection port of the one or more detection ports 130. The illustrative five outlets 124a, 124b, 124c, 124d, and 124e are evenly distributed, despite they can be configured in other manner.
[0073] The one or more detection ports 130 comprise five detection ports, which are referred to as #1, #2, #3, #4, and #5 respectively. In certain embodiments, there may be more than five detection ports or less than five detection ports. The detection ports may be evenly distributed or may be configured in other manner. Certain detection ports may receive most or many particles, such as NPs, and therefore are taken as target ports for particle detection. In one embodiment, the threshold and optimal flow are around 20 μm and 1.9 ml / min, and detection ports #3 and #4 are identified as the target ports to observe and detect NPs. As described herein with reference to one or more embodiments, the detection ports that receive many particles may be referred to as concentration ports or “conc. outlets” . Those detection ports that receive insignificant or trivial portion of particles may be referred to as “waste outlets” .
[0074] The skilled person in the art will appreciate that the embodiments with reference to FIG. 1 are for illustrative purpose only and various modifications are possible. For example, the magnetic bar 1162, while preferable and advantageous, is optional. Embodiments remain implementable without it, although the aggregation rate will be slower, resulting in longer processing times. In some embodiments, the magnetic bar can be replaced with any other proper mechanical and / or electrical stirring mechanism capable of enhancing mixing, thereby promoting particle collisions and accelerating aggregation.
[0075] One or more embodiments provide various aspects of the present disclosure, including relevant materials, device or apparatus, operation or fabrication methods, operation or working principles, etc. For ease of description, one or more embodiments may assume certain components or parts of the SIM system have a specific structural configuration, such as the rectangular cross section of the spiral loop, etc. The skilled person will understand this is for purpose of illustration only and by no means intend to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[0076] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the operation or working principles are described. Inertial microfluidics is manipulated in an intermediate range (~1-100) of Reynold number (Re) which is a ratio of inertial force and viscous force (Re=ρvDh / μ and ρ= fluid density, v = primary flow velocity, and Dh = 2hw / (h+w) is the hydraulic diameter for rectangular cross-section, where h and w are the height and width, respectively. For 1 < Re <100, flowing particles in a microchannel are mainly subjected to a shear gradient lift force caused by relative velocity and wall-induced lift force due to the presence of the channel boundary. The sum of both lift forces is called inertial lift force (FL) , which directs particles migrating across the streamline (primary flow) , leading to an equilibrium position between the channel centreline and the side wall. For a / Dh << 1, FL can be calculated by: where CL is lift co-efficient approximately equal to 0.5 for Re < 100.
[0077] In a spiral microchannel, a secondary flow is induced by the parabolic velocity profile with larger inertia in the central cross-section area, causing a radial pressure gradient to the outward. Thus, the fluid will flow from the central outward and recirculate inward via the top and bottom spaces. These counter-rotating vortices are called Dean flow (secondary flow) , and its velocity (UD) is estimated by: where R is the radius of channel curvature. The Dean flow drags the particles along with the vortices and this force, called Dean drag force (FD) is calculated by: FD=3πμUDa (3)
[0078] If either FL or FD is dominated in the system, the particles will not equilibrate. Since the FL / FD scales with a3 (i.e., FL ∝ a4 but FD ∝ a) , particle separation can be manipulated based on their dimensions. Confinement Ratio (CR) has been empirically established to predict the particle threshold dimension, that is, the minimum size of the particle to be focused in a SIM system. For a particle to be focused in the microchannel with hydraulic diameter (Dh) , the CR should be equal to or larger than 0.07 as expressed by: As such, it suggests that narrower channels should be used for targeting smaller particles to satisfy CR≥0.07 in the system.
[0079] One or more embodiments provide one or more methods of fabricating a SIM system. By way of example, both components or parts (i.e. the microfluidic chamber and the spiral channel) of a SIM chip can be fabricated by standard soft lithography. First, the molds (master mold) are designed by a computer-aid-design (CAD) software (e.g., AutoCAD, Autodesk, USA) and are produced by the 3D printer (mold for the microfluidic chamber) and micromachining (mold for the spiral channel) respectively. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is prepared by silicon elastomer mixed with a curing agent (e.g., a curing agent from Dow, Germany) in a 10: 1 ratio. Next, the prepared PDMS is poured over the master molds. After removing all bubbles, the PDMS is cured at 70℃ for 2 hours, and the solidified PDMS is removed from the master mold and the channel pattern is replicated. A biopsy puncher with a 1.5 mm outer diameter (e.g., Integra, USA) can be used to create inlet and outlets, respectively.
[0080] To fabricate the microfluidic chamber, the patterned PDMS and a glass slide are put to a plasma cleaner (Harrick, USA) for 1 min. Then, a circular magnetic bar (10 × 3 mm) is added to the chamber and the PDMS and glass slide are pressed immediately to form a covalent bond to complete the channel. To add the spiral channel to the microfluidic chamber, the fabricated microfluidic chamber and the PDMS patterned with spiral channels are put to a plasma cleaner (Harrick, USA) for 1 min. Then, the inlet of the SIM component (spiral loop centre) is aligned to the outlet of the microfluidic chamber and are pressed immediately to form a bond to complete the channel. Finally, the bonded chip is baked in 70℃ for 30 min to strengthen the bonding.
[0081] One or more embodiments provide aggregation of NPs. By way of example, 0.05 g NPs powders (100 nm PTFE, 500 nm PMMA and 900 nm PS) are respectively added to 50 ml ultra-pure Deionized (DI) water to form a NPs suspension with known concentration (1 mg / ml) . Different dilution factors (DF = 15, 30, 60 and 120) are applied to the 1 mg / ml NPs suspension. 10 μl of 10%potassium alum (an example coagulant) , KAl (SO4) 2·12H2O are added to 5 ml of NPs suspension. Then, the microfluidic chamber with a magnetic bar inside is placed on a hotplate stirrer with 65 ℃ and 200 rmp and the prepared NPs suspension is introduced by a 5 ml syringe until filling the cylinder chamber’s volume of the microfluidic chamber (~2.5 ml) . 300 μl of the suspension is transferred from different timeslots (5, 10 20, 30, 40 mins respectively) to observe their degree of aggregation under microscope (Nikon, Japan) .
[0082] One or more embodiments provide SIM chip calibration. By way of example, 20-μm polystyrene microsphere (MS) suspension (1wt %) is purchased from Wuxi Rigor Technology LTD., China. 5 ml of diluted MS suspension (DF =200) is transferred to a 5 ml syringe and is introduced at an optimal flow controlled by a digital syringe pump (New Era Pump Systems Inc., USA) . The processed sample from different outlets is collected to a microchamber and waits for 1 hour to allow all suspended microspheres to be settled. The number of microspheres from each outlet are counted under microscopy (Nikon, Japan) . The recovery for microspheres is calculated by: Where CMS is the count of microspheres in a given outlet i (where i= 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) . All recovery data are summarised as mean ± SD of triplicate runs, and a t-test is used to evaluate if the means of the two groups are significantly different (p < 0.01) .
[0083] One or more embodiments provide SIM-based lab-on-a-chip for NPs aggregation and concentration. By way of example, 10 μl of 10%potassium alum, KAl (SO4) 2·12H2O are added to 5 ml of NPs sample and is transferred to a 5 ml syringe. The SIM chip with a magnetic bar inside is placed on a hotplate stirrer with 65 ℃ and 200 rpm and the sample from the syringe is introduced by a digital syringe pump (New Era Pump Systems Inc., USA) . When the volume of chamber’s volume of the chip is approximately filled with the sample (~2.5 ml) , the syringe pump is switched off for 20 mins optimal time for NPs aggregation in the chamber. Then, the flow is introduced again under 1.9 ml / min optimal flow until the total volume of the sample collected from the outlets is around 2.5 ml (~1.5 min) .
[0084] One or more embodiments provide NPs detection. By way of example, after separation from the SIM-based separation part (i.e. the spiral channel) , the samples are flowed into the detection part (i.e. the detection ports) for staining with 3 μl of Nile red (10 μg / ml) per well (1: 100 ratio) . Next, the detection ports are placed on a Nikon Ti2-E live-cell imaging system (Nikon, Japan) (Ex: 560 nm / Em: 635 nm) . To streamline imaging process with consistency, a programmable motorized stage controlled by manufacturer’s software (NIS-Element AR 6.02.01) is utilized to scan the approximately whole well to capture respective RGB images (each 2424×2424 px) . The captured images are sent to ImageJ (Fiji) to count their red fluorescent area (i.e., Nile red positive) . Briefly, the red channels of RGB images are extracted, and converted to binary images. “Analyze particles” function is used to calculate the total fluorescent area (i.e., Nile red positive area in red channel) . All of the ImageJ commands are automated by a simple program (Macro) to increase the quantification efficiency. Since the stained NPs concentration is supposed to be proportional to the FA (FA ∝ [NPs] ) , the NPs recovery (%) of conc. outlets (outlets #3&4) is calculated by: where FAoutlet i is the total fluorescent area counted from a given outlet i (where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) , and the NPs recovery (%) of the waste outlets (outlets #1, 2&5) is calculated by: FAwaste= (1-FAconc. ) ×100% (7) All NPs recovery data are summarised as mean ± SD of triplicate runs, and a t-test is used to evaluate if the means of the two groups are significantly different (p < 0.01) .
[0085] One or more embodiments provide seawater preparation. By way of example, seawater is sampled from the coastal area at Hung Hom Bay pier, Hong Kong. 0.05 g of NPs with equal mass of 900 nm PS-, 500 nm PMMA-and 100 nm PTFE-NPs powders is spiked into the 50 ml seawater to mimic the NPs pollution of the seawater (1 mg / ml) . Next, 1 ml of spiked seawater is diluted with seawater to 33.3 μg / ml (DF = 30) .
[0086] One or more embodiments provide NPs calibration. By way of example, first, 15 mg of 500 nm PMMA powders is added to 15 ml DI water (1 mg / ml) , and 5 ml of PMMA suspension is mixed with 10 μl of 10%alum solution followed by magnetic stirring for 20 mins to induce NPs aggregation. The 1 mg / ml NPs suspension is then diluted to different concentrations (DF = 15, 30, 60, and 120) with ultra-pure DI water to reach 1.2 ml volume of each diluted sample. 12 μl of Nile red (10 μg / ml) is applied to each 1.2 ml sample to stain the NPs and evenly transferred to 4 wells (i.e., 300 μl / well) of an 8-well microchamber (ibidi, Germany) followed by incubating at 60℃ for 30 mins. After that, the microchamber is imaged by a Nikon Ti2-E live-cell fluorescence imaging system (Nikon, Japan) (Ex: 560 nm / Em:635 nm) . Multi-points acquisition (NIS-Element AR 6.02.01) is utilized to capture corresponding RGB images followed by measuring their normalized FA in ImageJ. As the stained NPs concentration is supposed to be linearly proportional to the normalized FA (FA ∝ [NPs] ) , a calibration curve of normalized FA (px^2) against [NPs] (μg / ml) is plotted.
[0087] FIG. 2 illustrates an aggregate-then-concentrate strategy according to certain embodiments. The system uses an aggregate-concentrate-detect strategy for effective NPs aggregation, separation and detection (FIG. 2, subgraph (a) ) . First, MNPs are aggregated by potassium alum, KAl (SO4) 2·12H2O to larger observable and isolatable lumps in the aggregation chamber (FIG. 2, subgraphs (b) and (c) ) , which are concentrated and separated by spiral inertial microfluidics part (i.e. the spiral channel) . After being aggregated and concentrated, the NPs are sent through the outlets into the detection part for convenient staining by Nile red, and then detected by common fluorescent microscope (FIG. 2, subgraph (d) ) , thereby saving cost and time significantly.
[0088] One or more embodiments provide NPs aggregation optimization. By way of example, Using polystyrene (PS) plastic NPs as an example for illustrating the proof-of-concept, the aggregation efficiency of 900 nm PS-NPs (33.3 μg / ml) for different selected timeslots (t) is firstly investigated (FIG. 3) . For t = 5 and 10 min (FIG. 3, subgraphs (b) and (c) ) , it is found that PS-NPs are slightly aggregated compared to t = 0 min (FIG. 3, subgraph (a) . For t = 20, 30 and 40 mins, the aggregations became very obvious and the sizes of the PS-NPs lumps are mostly similar from t = 20 -40 mins (FIG. 3, subgraphs (d) , (e) and (f) ) . Compared to both controls (PS-NPs without alum and alum without PS-NPs) , no observable aggregation is found from different timeslots (FIG. 4) . Similar results are also found in 500 nm PMMA-NPs and 100 nm PTFE-NPs (FIG. 5) .
[0089] Then, different concentrations of the PS-NPs are applied to investigate the effect of concentration on aggregation efficiency. For high concentration (66.7 μg / ml PS) , observable NPs lumps were found as early as t =10 mins (FIG. 6, subgraph (a) ) . The sizes of NPs aggregation are larger than those with lower concentrations (16.7 and 8.3 μg / ml PS) for the same timeslot. It is illustrated that higher concentration would promote faster aggregation with bigger size, probably due to the fact that particles in high concentration have more chances to be collided with each other which is necessary to form aggregation. For 8.3 μg / ml PS (FIG. 6, subgraph (h) ) , obvious aggregations are observed as fast as 20 mins and thus t =20 mins is identified as optimal time for NPs aggregation.
[0090] One or more embodiments provide NPs separation calibration. In certain embodiments, since the designed threshold (i.e., the minimum size of the particles that can be concentrated in the SIM system) is around 20 μm (from equation 4) , 20-μm PS microspheres are used to calibrate the SIM chip under optimal flow (1.9 ml / min) . It is observed that 99%of microspheres are concentrated at both detection ports #3 and #4 (FIG. 7) . Therefore, the detection ports #3 and #4 are identified as NP concentration outlets (and #1, #2 and #5 as non-NP outlets) under 1.9 ml / min flow for subsequent microscopic observation of NPs in the detection ports.
[0091] One or more embodiments provide SIM chip for NPs aggregation and concentration. By way of example, for testing, the aggregated PS-, PMMA-and PTFE-NPs (66.7 μg / ml) are transferred from the aggregation part (i.e. at the microfluidic chamber) to the SIM-based separation part (i.e. at the spiral channel) and utilized Nile red staining to evaluate the results for rapid and convenient detection in the detection part. The results indicate that overall > 89%florescence area (FA) are detected from the concentration outlets which implied a high recovery of aggregated NPs due to FA ∝ [NPs] . Specifically, the FA recoveries of PS-, PMMA-and PTFE-NPs are 89%, 93%and 90%respectively (FIG. 8) . Similar results are also obtained by applying lower concentrations of PS-NPs (33.3, 16.7 and 8.3 μg / ml) (FIG. 9) . Compared to the control (without the use of alum) , the NPs are hard to be stained and detected if they were not aggregated and concentrated (FIG. 10) . Moreover, they are not big enough to be focused to any outlet (to meet the threshold size) by the lab-on-a-chip.
[0092] One or more embodiments provide validation with seawater sample. As proof-of-concept that the device can be used to detect any NPs, the lab-on-a-chip is validated by introducing nanoplastics-contaminated seawater sample. The result showed that > 80%of FA were detected from the concentration ports (FIG. 11, subgraph (a) ) , and the overall detectable FA is also lower than our lab experiments because of the very low NPs concentration in the seawater sample. Furthermore, the spiked seawater (33.3 μg / ml NPs) is also applied to evaluate the concentrating efficiency of the SIM chip. The results show that > 90%of FA were detected from the concentration outlets (FIG. 11, subgraph (b) ) , implying a high portion of spiked NPs retrieved.
[0093] One or more embodiments provide estimation of the NPs concentration. To quantify the NPs retrieved, it is aimed to estimate the concentrations by plotting calibration curve with known concentration of aggregated PS-, PMMA-, PTFE-NPs suspensions (FIG. 12). The estimated NPs concentrations and enrichment ratio (ER) of the SIM chip are summarized in Table 1. Overall, the concentration estimated by FAavg is fairly close to the theoretical concentration and demonstrated the ER mostly larger than 2 times, indicating that the SIM chip can effectively enrich the aggregated NPs to the concentration outlets.
[0094] Table 1. Summarization of the NPs concentrations estimated by the FA against concentration calibration curve; FAall = Fluorescent area from all outlets; FACO= Fluorescent area from conc. outlets; ER = Enrichment ratio (= FACO conc. / FAall conc. ) 1 unit area = 2424*2424 pixels2 measured by the FA against the average of PS, PMMA and PTFE concentration curve
[0095] FIG. 13A illustrates a system 1300 for manipulating particles in a particle suspension according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The system 1300 may be used for rapid aggregation, separation and detection of micro / nanosized particles. FIG. 13B shows a real example implementation of the system of FIG. 13A. The real example implementation can be a laboratory setup for experiments conducted by the present inventors according to one or more embodiments. For ease of description, same reference numerals are used for same or similar components.
[0096] The system 1300 comprises a syringe 1302, a syringe pump 1304, a microfluidic chamber 1310 having a magnetic bar 1312 disposed within, a spiral channel 1320, one or more detection ports 1330, and a hotplate stirrer 1340. The syringe 1302 transfers a particle suspension to the microfluidic chamber 1310. The syringe pump 1304 controls flow, such as the flow rate or ON / OFF of the transferring. For example, the syringe pump 1304 can pause the transferring of the particle suspension to the microfluidic chamber 1310. The reference numeral “1310-20” as shown in FIG. 13B refer to the system’s part that comprises the microfluidic chamber 1310 and the spiral channel 1320. In operation. the hotplate stirrer 1340 can be heated to a preset temperature and provide an actuation to the magnetic bar 1312, thereby stirring the particle suspension within the microfluidic chamber 1310 and cause the particles to aggregate. The aggregated particles move to the spiral channel 1320 and concentrated therein. The concentrated particles are outputted to the detection ports for detection by an imaging system 1350.
[0097] The system 1300 may be taken as a SIM system. The system 1300 may be a specific implementation of the SIM system, such as the SIM system 100, as described herein with reference to one or more embodiments. In some embodiments, the syringe 1302, the syringe pump 1304, and the hotplate stirrer 1340 are not taken as part of the SIM system.
[0098] FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing a method of manipulating particles in a particle suspension according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The method can be performed using a system (such as a SIM system 100 or system 1300) as described herein with reference to one or more embodiments. The method can facilitate aggregation, separation and detection of micro / nanosized particles, and achieve one or more technical benefits as described herein with reference to one or more embodiments.
[0099] Block 1410 states transferring a particle suspension into a microfluidic chamber of a SIM system. In some embodiments, a coagulant, such as potassium alum, is added into a particle solution to generate the particle suspension, such as a NP suspension. Then the particle suspension is transferred into a syringe, and further transferred from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber with assistance of a syringe pump. The syringe pump can control the transferring process, such as controlling the flow rate or ON / OFF state of the particle suspension.
[0100] Block 1420 states inducing, in the microfluidic chamber, aggregation of particles to generate aggregated particles. By way of example, the microfluidic chamber can be placed onto a hotplate stirrer. The hotplate stirrer is heated to a preset temperature, such as 65 ℃, and rotates the magnetic bar. For example, the hotplate stirrer rotates the magnetic bar via a motor-driven spinning magnet underneath its surface, which generates a rotating magnetic field that couples with and torques the bar's internal magnet, causing it to spin in unison and agitate the particle suspension. In some embodiments, a syringe pump pauses the transferring of the particle suspension from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber during aggregation of the particles in the microfluidic chamber.
[0101] Block 1430 states concentrating, by a spiral channel of the SIM system, the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles. The spiral channel, for example, can be the spiral channel 120.
[0102] Block 1440 states outputting, via one or more outlets of the spiral channel, the concentrated particles to one or more detection ports of the SIM system for detection of the concentrated particles. The detection can be performed using an imaging system, such as a fluorescent microscope.
[0103] FIG. 15 is a flowchart showing a method of fabricating a SIM system according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure. The SIM system can be a system as described herein with reference to one or more embodiments.
[0104] Block 1510 states forming a spiral channel that is configured to concentrate aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles. In some embodiments, master molds are provided. Silicon elastomer and a curing agent is mixed at a preset ratio to form PDMS. The PDMS is poured into the master molds and then is cured. Solidified PDMS is then remove, thereby forming a patterned PDMS comprising a channel pattern.
[0105] Block 1520 states forming a microfluidic chamber that is configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of particles therein to generate aggregated particles. In some embodiments, the patterned PDMS and a glass slide are placed in a plasma cleaner for a preset period of time. A magnetic bar is then placed into the channel pattern immediately followed by pressing the PDMS and the glass slide to form a covalent bond to complete a channel.
[0106] Block 1530 states aligning an outlet of the microfluidic chamber to an inlet of the spiral channel. For example, the microfluidic chamber and the spiral channel can be pressed to form a bond to complete the channel, thereby achieving the alignment.
[0107] As used herein, the term “particle” or “particles” shall be broadly construed to encompass both nanoparticles (typically in the size range of 1–100 nm) and microparticles (typically in the size range of 0.1–100 μm) , irrespective of their composition, shape, or functionality. This definition includes, without limitation, nanospheres, nanorods, nanocubes, microspheres, microlenses, core-shell structures, and other micro-or nanoscale entities, whether solid, hollow, porous, or composite in nature, and regardless of whether they are organic, inorganic, metallic, polymeric, ceramic, or biological in origin.
[0108] It will further be appreciated that any of the features in the above embodiments of the disclosure may be combined together and are not necessarily applied in isolation from each other. Similar combinations of two or more features from the above described embodiments or preferred forms of the disclosure can be readily made by one skilled in the art.
[0109] Unless otherwise defined, the technical and scientific terms used herein have the plain meanings as commonly understood by those skill in the art to which the example embodiments pertain. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that numerous variations and / or modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments, without departing from the broad general scope of the present disclosure. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.
Claims
1.A spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system comprising:a microfluidic chamber configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles;a spiral channel disposed downstream of the microfluidic chamber and configured to concentrate the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles; andone or more detection ports disposed downstream of the spiral channel and configured to receive the concentrated particles for detection of the concentrated particles.2.The SIM system of claim 1, wherein the microfluidic chamber comprises:an inlet;an aggregation chamber configured to receive the particle suspension; anda spiral loop having a first end in fluid communication with the inlet and a second end in fluid communication with the aggregation chamber for introducing the particle suspension from the inlet into the aggregation chamber.3.The SIM system of claim 2, wherein the aggregation chamber is a cylindrical chamber and the spiral loop circumferentially surrounds the cylindrical chamber.4.The SIM system of claim 2 or 3, wherein the spiral loop has a rectangular cross section.5.The SIM system of any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein the aggregation chamber comprises an outlet facing the spiral channel and in fluid communication with the spiral channel.6.The SIM system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spiral channel has a rectangular cross section.7.The SIM system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spiral channel comprises a plurality of loops that have substantially a same distance from the microfluidic chamber.8.The SIM system of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the spiral channel comprises a plurality of outlets, each of the plurality of outlets connecting to a respective detection port of the one or more detection ports.9.The SIM system of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising:a syringe configured to transfer the particle suspension to the microfluidic chamber;a syringe pump configured to control flow of the particle suspension from the syringe to the microfluidic chamber;a magnetic bar disposed within the microfluidic chamber and configured to stir the particle suspension in response to an actuation; anda hotplate stirrer configured to agitate the particle suspension received in the microfluidic chamber by providing the actuation to the magnetic bar.10.A method of manipulating particles in a particle suspension, the method comprising:transferring the particle suspension into a microfluidic chamber of a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system;inducing, in the microfluidic chamber, aggregation of the particles to generate aggregated particles;concentrating, by a spiral channel of the SIM system, the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles; andoutputting, via one or more outlets of the spiral channel, the concentrated particles to one or more detection ports of the SIM system for detection of the concentrated particles.11.The method of claim 10, wherein transferring the particle suspension into the microfluidic chamber comprises:adding a coagulant into a particle solution to generate the particle suspension;transferring the particle suspension into a syringe; andtransferring the particle suspension from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber with assistance of a syringe pump.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the coagulant is potassium alum.13.The method of any one of claims 10 to 12, wherein inducing aggregation of the particles comprises:placing the microfluidic chamber onto a hotplate stirrer; andagitating, by the hotplate stirrer at a preset temperate, the particle suspension by actuating a magnetic bar disposed within the microfluidic chamber for generating the aggregated particles.14.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein inducing aggregation of the particles comprises:pausing transferring of the particle suspension from the syringe into the microfluidic chamber by turning off the syringe pump during aggregation of the particles in the microfluidic chamber.15.The method of any one of claims 10 to 14, further comprising:staining, at the one or more detection ports, the concentrated particles; anddetecting, by an imaging system, the concentrated particles.16.A method of fabricating a spiral inertial microfluidic (SIM) system, the method comprising:forming a spiral channel that is configured to concentrate the aggregated particles to generate concentrated particles;forming a microfluidic chamber that is configured to receive a particle suspension comprising particles and induce aggregation of the particles therein to generate aggregated particles; andaligning an outlet of the microfluidic chamber to an inlet of the spiral channel.17.The method of claim 16, wherein forming the spiral channel comprises:providing master molds;providing polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ;pouring the PDMS into the master molds and curing the PDMS; andforming a patterned PDMS comprising a channel pattern by removing solidified PDMS.18.The method of claim 17, wherein providing the PDMS comprises: mixing silicon elastomer and a curing agent at a preset ratio.19.The method of claim 17 or 18, wherein forming the microfluidic chamber comprises:placing the patterned PDMS and a glass slide in a plasma cleaner for a preset period of time; andpressing the PDMS and the glass slide to form a covalent bond to complete a channel.20.The method of claim 19, wherein forming the microfluidic chamber further comprises:placing a magnetic bar into the channel pattern immediately before pressing the PDMS and the glass slide.