Battery system, battery management device, and operation method thereof

Abstract

An operation method of a battery management device, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure, comprises: a step for detecting voltages of one or more batteries; a step for discharging the one or more batteries, in response to the detected voltages that have reached a first threshold voltage, to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage; a step for calculating expected lifespans on the basis of the discharge capacities of the one or more batteries; and a step for outputting a display signal for outputting the expected lifespan, wherein the first threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range related to irreversible reduction in battery performance.

Description

Battery system, battery management device and method of operation thereof

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a battery, and specifically to a battery system for managing a battery including an all-solid-state battery, a battery management device, and a method of operating the battery management device.

[0002] A secondary battery refers to a battery capable of repeated charging and discharging. It stores electrical energy as chemical energy and performs the function of converting the stored chemical energy back into electrical energy when needed. Secondary batteries are widely used in various fields, including electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.

[0003] Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a type of rechargeable battery capable of storing or releasing electrical energy through the movement of lithium ions between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Due to advantages such as relatively high energy density and long cycle life, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronic devices. However, lithium-ion batteries utilize a liquid electrolyte and present safety issues, such as the risk of thermal runaway at high temperatures or voltages.

[0004] All-solid-state batteries possess physical and electrochemical characteristics different from those of lithium-ion batteries due to the use of solid electrolytes. Therefore, to efficiently manage all-solid-state batteries and maintain optimal performance, appropriate management methods tailored to their specific characteristics are required.

[0005] The problem to be solved by the present disclosure is to provide a battery system, a battery management device, and a method of operating the battery management device for an all-solid-state battery having operating characteristics different from those of a lithium-ion battery.

[0006] A method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure comprises the steps of: detecting the voltage of one or more batteries; discharging one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage in response to the detected voltage reaching a first threshold voltage; calculating an expected life based on the discharge capacity of one or more batteries; and outputting a display signal for outputting the expected life, wherein the first threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the battery.

[0007] A battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure comprises a data collection unit that receives a detected voltage of one or more batteries, a control unit that determines whether the detected voltage has reached a first threshold voltage and, in response to the detected voltage reaching the first threshold voltage, discharges one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage, and a calculation unit that calculates an expected life based on the discharge capacity of one or more batteries, wherein the control unit outputs a display signal for outputting the expected life, and the first threshold voltage may correspond to a region associated with irreversible performance degradation of the battery.

[0008] An electronic system according to one embodiment of the present disclosure comprises a display, a battery device including one or more batteries, a sensor device for detecting the voltage of one or more batteries, and a battery management device that receives the detected voltage of one or more batteries, determines whether the detected voltage reaches a first threshold voltage, and in response to the detected voltage reaching the first threshold voltage, discharges one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage, calculates an expected life based on the discharge capacity of one or more batteries, and outputs the expected life through the display, wherein the first threshold voltage may correspond to a region associated with irreversible performance degradation of the battery.

[0009] A battery system, a battery management device, and a method of operation of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can provide a battery management method for an all-solid-state battery having different operating characteristics from a lithium-ion battery.

[0010] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a battery system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating temperature regions of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating voltage regions of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 5a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 5b is a flowchart illustrating the step of determining whether batteries are reusable among the operation methods of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 5c is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 6a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 6b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 6c is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 7a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 7b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 7c is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 8a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 8b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 9a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 10a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 10b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIGS. 11a to 11c are cross-sectional views of an all-solid-state battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 12 is a drawing showing a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing an example of an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0031] FIGS. 14a and FIGS. 14b are drawings illustrating an exemplary battery pack according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0032] In order to fully understand the structure and effects of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various forms and various modifications can be made. The description of these embodiments is provided merely to ensure that the disclosure of the present invention is complete and to fully inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the invention.

[0033] In order to fully understand the structure and effects of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described with reference to the attached drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed below, but can be implemented in various forms and various modifications can be made. The description of these embodiments is provided merely to ensure that the disclosure of the present invention is complete and to fully inform those skilled in the art of the scope of the invention.

[0034] In this specification, when a component is described as being on another component, it means that it may be formed directly on the other component or that a third component may be interposed between them. Additionally, in the drawings, the thicknesses of the components are exaggerated for the effective description of the technical content. Throughout the specification, parts indicated by the same reference numeral represent the same components.

[0035] The embodiments described herein will be described with reference to cross-sectional and / or plan views, which are exemplary illustrations of the invention. In the drawings, the thicknesses of films and regions are exaggerated for effective description of the technical content. Accordingly, the regions illustrated in the drawings are schematic in nature, and the shapes of the regions illustrated in the drawings are intended to illustrate specific forms of regions of the device and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Although terms such as first, second, third, etc., have been used to describe various components in the various embodiments of this specification, these components should not be limited by such terms. These terms are used merely to distinguish one component from another. The embodiments described and illustrated herein also include their complementary embodiments.

[0036] The terms used herein are for describing the embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention. In this specification, the singular form includes the plural form unless specifically stated otherwise in the text. As used herein, 'comprises' and / or 'comprising' do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other components to the mentioned components.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a battery system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0038] Referring to FIG. 1, the battery system (100) may include a battery device (110), a battery management device (120), a relay (130), and a sensor device (140).

[0039] The battery device (110) may include one or more batteries (BATs). If the battery device (110) includes multiple batteries (BATs), each of the multiple batteries (BATs) may be connected in series or in parallel.

[0040] The battery device (110) can supply power to a target device (not shown) outside the battery system (100) via a wired or wireless method. The battery device (110) may be electrically connected to the target device to supply power. The target device may include electrical, electronic, or mechanical devices that operate by receiving power from the battery device (110). For example, the target device may be an electric vehicle (EV), an energy storage system (ESS), portable electronic devices such as smartphones and laptops, power tools, etc., but is not limited thereto.

[0041] A battery management system (BMS) (120) can control the general operations of the battery system (100). The battery management system (120) can monitor or manage the status of the battery device (110) and can control the charging or discharging operations of the battery device (110). For example, the battery management system (120) can control the charging or discharging of the battery device (110). The battery management system (120) can monitor or manage each of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110) and can control the operation of each.

[0042] A relay (130) is placed on the charge-discharge path of the battery system (100). Depending on the operation of the relay (130), the charge-discharge path may be blocked. The relay (130) may connect or disconnect the charge-discharge path of the battery device (110) under the control of the battery management device (120). The relay (130) may be a mechanical contactor that is turned on and off by the magnetic force of a coil, or a semiconductor switch such as a MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor).

[0043] The sensor device (140) can detect physical quantities regarding one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110). The sensor device (140) may include a temperature sensor (141), a voltage sensor (142), and a current sensor (143).

[0044] The temperature sensor (141) can detect the temperature of each of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110). For example, the temperature sensor (141) can sense the temperature in units of battery cells. The temperature sensor (141) can also sense the temperature in units of battery modules. The sensor device (140) can detect the temperature of the battery (BAT) and / or the battery device (110) and / or the ambient temperature at at least one point.

[0045] A voltage sensor (142) can detect the voltage of each of one or more batteries (BATs) or the battery device (110). A current sensor (143) can detect the current flowing through one or more batteries (BATs) and / or the battery device (110).

[0046] The sensor device (140) can generate sensing data including physical quantities related to the battery. The sensor device (140) can transmit the sensing data to the battery management device (120).

[0047] The sensor device (140) may further include a gas sensor (144). The gas sensor (144) can detect gas generated from batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110). For example, the gas sensor (144) can detect hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas generated from the batteries (BATs). The gas sensor (144) can detect the presence or absence of hydrogen sulfide gas and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas. The sensing data may further include the concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas.

[0048] The sensor device (140) may further include a pressure sensor (not shown). The pressure sensor can sense the pressure of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensor device (140) may further include a displacement sensor (not shown). The displacement sensor can sense the displacement (i.e., thickness) of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensor device (140) can generate sensing data including the sensed pressure of each of the batteries (BATs) or the displacement of each of the batteries (BATs).

[0049] The battery system (100) may further include a protection device (150). The protection device (150) may perform a protection operation for one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110).

[0050] The protection device (150) may include a cooler (151). The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation to cool the temperature of the batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110). The cooler (151) may cool the temperature of the batteries (BATs) through various methods, such as air cooling, water cooling, and direct cooling. The cooler (151) may include a fan, a radiator, a pump, etc., for cooling the batteries (BATs).

[0051] The protection device (150) may include a gas exhauster (152). The gas exhauster (152) can perform an exhaust operation. The gas exhauster (152) can exhaust gas generated from the battery device (110) to the outside of the battery system (100). The gas exhauster (152) can exhaust gas from the battery system (100) to protect the user of the target device.

[0052] The protection device (150) may include a fire extinguisher (153). The fire extinguisher (153) can block or reduce a fire that has occurred in the battery (BAT) by spraying a fire extinguishing agent.

[0053] The battery management device (120) can monitor the status of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110) based on sensing data received from the sensor device (140). The battery management device (120) can control the operation of the battery device (110), the relay (130), or the protection device (150) based on the monitoring results.

[0054] A battery system (100) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may correspond to a battery pack. Although the battery system (100) was previously described as including a single battery device (110), the battery system (100) may include a plurality of battery devices (110). The battery system (100) may include a pack housing formed with a receiving space for accommodating the battery device (110). When the battery system (100) includes a plurality of battery devices (110), the battery devices (110) may be connected to each other in series or in parallel.

[0055] A battery device (110) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may correspond to a battery module comprising a plurality of battery cells. The battery module may have a module housing for accommodating a plurality of battery cells.

[0056] Batteries (BATs) according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have the operating characteristics of an all-solid-state battery as described in FIG. 3 below. The battery (BAT) may correspond to a battery cell comprising an all-solid-state battery (1) as described in FIG. 5a to FIG. 5c below. The battery cell may include a positive lead and a negative lead. Depending on the battery shape, the battery cell may correspond to a circular type, a prismatic type, or a pouch type battery cell.

[0057] In a battery pack, a single stacked cell stack can constitute a single module instead of a battery module. The cell stack can be accommodated in a receiving space of the pack housing or in a receiving space partitioned by a frame, bulkhead, etc.

[0058] Battery cells generate a large amount of heat during charging and discharging. The generated heat accelerates the degradation of the battery cells. A battery pack may include a cooling member to suppress the degradation of the battery cells caused by heat. The cooling member is provided at the bottom of the receiving space where the battery cells are provided, but is not limited thereto and may also be provided at the top or side depending on the battery pack. The cooling member may correspond to the cooler (151) described above.

[0059] Under abnormal operating conditions known as thermal runaway or thermal events, exhaust gas may be generated in the battery cell. The exhaust gas may be discharged outside the battery cell. The battery pack or battery module may be equipped with a fan, an exhaust port, etc. for exhausting the exhaust gas to prevent the exhaust gas from damaging the battery pack or battery module. The fan or exhaust port may correspond to the gas exhauster (152) described above.

[0060] The battery system (100) may include a plurality of battery management devices (120) for controlling each of a plurality of battery devices (110). The battery system (100) may include a master battery management device for controlling each of a plurality of battery management devices (120). The master battery management device and the plurality of battery management devices (120) may have a master-slave relationship.

[0061] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0062] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the battery management device (120) may include a battery manager (1210), a processor (1220), a memory (1230), and an interface circuit (1240).

[0063] The battery manager (1210) can collect sensing data regarding the battery device (110) and / or batteries (BAT) constituting the battery system (100). The battery manager (1210) can perform balancing operations on the battery device (110) and / or batteries (BAT) constituting the battery system (100). Based on the data regarding the battery device (110) and / or batteries (BAT), the battery manager (1210) can monitor and calculate the state (temperature, voltage, current, State of Charge (SoC), State of Health (SoH), etc.) of the battery device (110) and / or batteries (BAT). Based on the results of the state monitoring, the battery manager (1210) may perform control operations (e.g., temperature control, balancing control, charge-discharge control), protection operations (e.g., over-discharge, over-charge, over-current protection, short circuit, exhaust, cooling operations, etc.). The battery manager (1210) can perform wired or wireless communication functions with external devices of the battery system (100) (e.g., upper control system, target device, charger, or PCS, etc.). The battery manager (1210) can monitor the status of the battery (BAT) and perform diagnostic, control, communication, and protection functions. The battery manager (1210) can calculate the charge-discharge status of the battery (BAT) and calculate the lifespan or state of health (SoH) of the battery system (100). The battery manager (1210) can cut off power to the battery system (100) through the control of the relay (130) when necessary. The battery manager (1210) can perform thermal management (cooling, heating) control. The battery manager (1210) can perform high-voltage interlock functions and can detect or calculate insulation and short-circuit status.

[0064] The battery manager (1210) may include a data collection unit (1211), a calculation unit (1212), and a control unit (1213). The data collection unit (1211) may receive data regarding the battery (BAT). For example, the data collection unit (1211) may receive sensing data including the voltage, current, temperature, or gas concentration of the batteries (BAT) detected through the sensor device (140). The data collection unit (1211) may receive sensing data including the pressure of the battery (BAT) or the displacement of the battery.

[0065] The calculation unit (1212) can generate output data based on data regarding the battery (BAT). The data regarding the battery (BAT) may include sensing data of the battery (BAT) received through the data collection unit (1211) or data calculated through the calculation unit (1212). The calculation unit (1212) can perform various calculations to generate output data. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate indicators used to determine the state of the batteries (BAT). For example, the calculation unit (1212) can calculate the impedance, temperature increase / decrease rate, voltage increase / decrease rate, current increase / decrease rate, and impedance increase / decrease rate of each battery (BAT) based on the sensing data or output data. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) based on the data regarding the batteries (BAT). The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the capacity of the battery based on the data regarding the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the expected lifespan of the batteries (BAT) based on data regarding the batteries (BAT). Data regarding the batteries (BAT) received through the data collection unit (1211) or data calculated by the calculation unit (1212) can be used when evaluating the condition of the batteries (BAT).

[0066] The control unit (1213) can control various devices included in the battery system (100). For example, the control unit (1213) can control the battery device (110). The control unit (1213) can control the charging or discharging operation of each of one or more batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110). If the battery device (110) includes multiple batteries (BATs), the control unit (1213) can control the charging or discharging of each of the multiple batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can block the charging-discharging path of the battery device (110). The control unit (1213) can control the relay (130) to block the charging-discharging path of the battery (BAT) device. The relay (130) can be turned on or turned off according to the control of the control unit (1213) to connect or block the charging-discharging path. The control unit (1213) can perform at least one charge-discharge cycle for each of the batteries (BAT) to collect data for checking performance.

[0067] The control unit (1213) can check the performance of the batteries (BATs) based on data regarding the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can determine whether the data regarding the batteries (BATs) falls within a preset range in order to determine the state of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can determine the state of the batteries (BATs) based on the result of the determination.

[0068] The control unit (1213) can control the operation of the protection device (150) to protect the batteries (BAT) and ensure the safety of the user. The control unit (1213) can generate a cooling control signal so that the cooler (151) can perform a cooling operation. The cooler (151) can cool the batteries (BAT) included in the battery device (110) based on the cooling control signal. The control unit (1213) can generate an exhaust control signal so that the gas exhauster (152) can perform a gas exhaust operation. The gas exhauster (152) can discharge the gas generated in the battery system (100) to the outside based on the exhaust control signal. The control unit (1213) can generate a fire extinguishing control signal for the fire extinguishing operation of the fire extinguisher (153). The fire extinguisher (153) can extinguish a fire that has occurred in the batteries (BAT) included in the battery device (110) based on the fire extinguishing control signal.

[0069] The processor (1220) can control the overall operation of the battery management device (120). For example, the processor (1220) can execute various application programs running on the battery management device (120).

[0070] The memory (1230) can store codes and instructions related to a program executed by the processor (1220). The memory (1230) can store various data received from the outside or data processed by the processor (1220).

[0071] The interface circuit (1240) can provide communication between the battery management device (120) and an external device. For example, the interface circuit (1240) can provide communication between the battery management device (120) and a battery device (110), a sensor device (140), a protection device (150), or a relay (130). The interface circuit (1240) can receive data, commands, or signals from outside the battery management device (120). The interface circuit (1240) can also transmit data, commands, or signals to outside the battery management device (120).

[0072] The battery manager (1210) may be implemented in the form of software, firmware, hardware, or a combination of software and hardware. When the battery manager (1210) is implemented in the form of software or firmware, the battery manager (1210) may be stored in a separate storage device (e.g., NAND, ROM, etc.) and loaded into memory (1230), and the battery manager (1210) loaded into memory (1230) may be executed by a processor (1220).

[0073] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating temperature regions of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 3, the temperature range of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include an operating temperature range, a limited operating temperature range, a conditionally safe temperature range, and a dangerous temperature range. The all-solid-state battery may have different operating characteristics depending on the temperature range.

[0075] The operating characteristics of an all-solid-state battery according to the embodiments of the present disclosure may differ from the operating characteristics of a lithium-ion battery using a liquid electrolyte.

[0076] The operating temperature range of an all-solid-state battery may correspond to a temperature range higher than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) and lower than the maximum operating temperature (TOM). Within this operating temperature range, the all-solid-state battery can operate normally. That is, within this operating temperature range, the performance of the all-solid-state battery can be guaranteed to meet a predetermined range (e.g., a designed performance range). In other words, the all-solid-state battery corresponding to this operating temperature range can be guaranteed a predetermined battery efficiency or a predetermined battery capacity. Meanwhile, lithium-ion batteries and all-solid-state batteries may have different operating characteristics corresponding to the operating temperature range. For example, a lithium-ion battery can operate normally at temperatures lower than the operating limit temperature (TB) within the all-solid-state battery's operating temperature range (i.e., the range higher than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) and lower than the maximum operating temperature (TOM). However, the battery performance of a lithium-ion battery may decrease in the temperature range higher than or equal to the operating limit temperature (TB) within the operating temperature range.

[0077] The minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the all-solid-state battery may be 10°C to 40°C, 15°C to 35°C, or 22°C to 28°C. The maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the all-solid-state battery may be 60°C to 100°C, 70°C to 90°C, or 77°C to 83°C. The temperature range corresponding to the operating temperature range may be determined based on the minimum operating temperature (TOm) and the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the all-solid-state battery. When the minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the all-solid-state battery is 25°C and the maximum operating temperature (TOM) is 80°C, the temperature range of the operating temperature range may be higher than or equal to 25°C and lower than 80°C.

[0078] The limited operating temperature range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a temperature range that is higher than or equal to the maximum operating temperature (TOM) and lower than the first reference temperature (TR1). In the limited operating temperature range, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may reversibly decrease. That is, the battery efficiency or battery capacity of the all-solid-state battery in the limited operating temperature range may temporarily decrease. When the all-solid-state battery in the limited operating temperature range is cooled to the operating temperature range, the decreased performance may be recovered. To recover the performance of the all-solid-state battery, a recovery operation may be performed on the batteries. The recovery operation may include suspending the operation of the battery (BAT) for a preset time (e.g., 6 hours, etc.) in a specific temperature range (e.g., operating range). Meanwhile, in the limited operating temperature range, the lithium-ion battery may be in a state where charging and discharging are impossible.

[0079] The first reference temperature (TR1) of the all-solid-state battery may be 120°C to 140°C, 125°C to 135°C, or 127°C to 133°C. The temperature range of the limited operating temperature region may be determined based on the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the all-solid-state battery and the first reference temperature (TR1). When the maximum operating temperature of the all-solid-state battery is 80°C and the first reference temperature (TR1) of the all-solid-state battery is 130°C, the temperature range of the limited operating temperature region may be higher than or equal to 80°C and lower than 130°C.

[0080] The conditional safety temperature range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a temperature range that is higher than or equal to the first reference temperature (TR1) and lower than the second reference temperature (TR2). In the conditional safety temperature range, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may decrease irreversibly. That is, the battery efficiency or battery capacity of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the conditional safety temperature range may decrease permanently. At this time, a drop in the open circuit voltage (OCV) of a specific magnitude may occur in the all-solid-state battery. For example, an OCV drop of 0.2V may occur in the all-solid-state battery exposed to the conditional safety temperature range. Even if a recovery operation is performed on the all-solid-state battery exposed to the conditional safety temperature range, the reduced performance of the all-solid-state battery may not be fully recovered. The battery efficiency or battery capacity of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the conditional safety temperature range may decrease compared to the normal state. In this case, even if a recovery operation is performed on the all-solid-state battery, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may not recover to a predetermined battery efficiency or battery capacity. In other words, a battery exposed to a conditional safety temperature range may have difficulty recovering to a normal state. Within the temperature range corresponding to the conditional safety temperature range of the all-solid-state battery, the lithium-ion battery may be in a highly unstable state. For example, within the temperature range corresponding to the conditional safety temperature range of the all-solid-state battery, the lithium-ion battery may ignite.

[0081] The second reference temperature (TR2) of the all-solid-state battery may be 140°C to 160°C, 145°C to 155°C, or 147°C to 153°C. The temperature range of the conditional safe temperature region may be determined based on the first reference temperature (TR1) and the second reference temperature (TR2). When the first reference temperature of the all-solid-state battery is 130°C and the second reference temperature (TR2) is 150°C, the temperature range of the conditional safe temperature region may be higher than or equal to 130°C and lower than 150°C.

[0082] The danger temperature range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a temperature range higher than or equal to the second reference temperature (TR2). In the danger temperature range, the pouch packaging the all-solid-state battery may open, or the all-solid-state battery may ignite. If the all-solid-state battery is exposed to the danger temperature range, the pouch may open or the all-solid-state battery may ignite, resulting in a dangerous situation. For example, the pouch of the all-solid-state battery may open at a temperature higher than or equal to the second reference temperature (TR2) and lower than the third reference temperature (TR3). The all-solid-state battery may ignite at a temperature higher than or equal to the third reference temperature (TR3).

[0083] The temperature range of the dangerous temperature zone can be determined based on the second reference temperature. If the second reference temperature of the all-solid-state battery is 150°C, the temperature range of the dangerous temperature zone may be higher than or equal to 150°C. The third reference temperature corresponding to the ignition temperature of the all-solid-state battery may be 160°C to 180°C, 165°C to 175°C, or 167°C to 173°C.

[0084] A battery (BAT) according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have the operating characteristics of an all-solid-state battery of FIG. 3 depending on the temperature.

[0085] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating voltage regions of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0086] Referring to FIG. 4, the voltage range of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may include an operating voltage range, a first limited operating voltage range, a second limited operating voltage range, a conditional operating voltage range, and a non-safety voltage range. The all-solid-state battery may have different operating characteristics depending on the voltage range.

[0087] The operating characteristics of an all-solid-state battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may differ from the operating characteristics of a lithium-ion battery using a liquid electrolyte.

[0088] The operating voltage range of an all-solid-state battery may correspond to a voltage range higher than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and lower than the maximum operating voltage (VAM). The all-solid-state battery can operate normally within this operating voltage range. In other words, the all-solid-state battery can deliver its designed performance within this operating voltage range. That is to say, within this operating voltage range, the capacity or charge-discharge efficiency of the all-solid-state battery can maintain a predetermined range. A lithium-ion battery can operate normally in correspondence with the operating voltage range of the all-solid-state battery.

[0089] The minimum operating voltage (VAm) of the all-solid-state battery may be 1V to 3V, 1.5V to 2.5V, or 1.9V to 2.1V. The maximum operating voltage (VAM) of the all-solid-state battery may be 3V to 4.37V, 3.5V to 4.32V, or 4.2V to 4.26V. When the minimum operating voltage (VAm) of the all-solid-state battery is 2V and the maximum operating voltage (VAM) is 4.25V, the voltage range of the operating voltage region may be higher than or equal to 2V and lower than 4.25V.

[0090] The first limited operating voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a voltage range that is higher than or equal to the maximum operating voltage (VAM) and lower than the first reference voltage (VR1). In the first limited operating voltage range, the all-solid-state battery is capable of charging and discharging operations. However, in the first limited operating voltage range, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may be reversibly reduced. That is, the capacity or charge-discharge efficiency of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the first limited operating voltage range may be temporarily reduced. The reduced performance of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the first limited operating voltage range can be restored through a recovery operation. For example, to restore reduced performance, the all-solid-state battery may be put into a rest state with charging and discharging stopped for a predetermined time (e.g., 6 hours). The lithium-ion battery may experience irreversible performance reduction due to electrolyte decomposition until it is less than or equal to the operating limit voltage (VB) which is lower than the first reference voltage (VR1). If a lithium-ion battery is exposed to a voltage higher than its operating limit voltage (VB), the lithium-ion battery may ignite. For example, the operating limit voltage (VB) of a lithium-ion battery may be 4.5V.

[0091] The first reference voltage (VR1) of the all-solid-state battery may be 4.75V to 5.25V, 4.8V to 5.2V, or 4.9V to 5.1V. When the maximum operating voltage (VAM) of the all-solid-state battery is 4.25V and the first reference voltage (VR1) is 5V, the voltage range of the first limited operating voltage region may be higher than or equal to 4.25V and lower than 5V.

[0092] The second limited operating voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a voltage range that is higher than or equal to the first reference voltage (VR1) and lower than the second reference voltage (VR2). In the second limited operating voltage range, the all-solid-state battery is capable of charging and discharging operations. However, in the second limited operating voltage range, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may be irreversibly reduced. That is, the capacity or charge-discharge efficiency of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the second limited operating voltage range may be permanently reduced. The reduced performance of the all-solid-state battery exposed to the second limited operating voltage range may be partially recovered through recovery operations, while the other portion may not be permanently recovered.

[0093] The second reference voltage (VR2) of the all-solid-state battery may be 5.5V to 6.5V, 5.75V to 6.25V, or 5.9V to 6.1V. When the reference voltage of the first reference voltage (VR1) of the all-solid-state battery is 5V and the second reference voltage (VR2) is 6V, the voltage range of the second limited usage voltage area may be higher than or equal to 5V and lower than 6V.

[0094] The conditional operating voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a voltage range that is higher than or equal to the second reference voltage (VR2) and lower than the third reference voltage (VR3). In the conditional operating voltage range, charging and discharging operations of the all-solid-state battery are not possible. However, the all-solid-state battery may not ignite.

[0095] The third reference voltage (VR3) of the all-solid-state battery may be 7V to 9V, 7.5V to 8.5V, or 7.1V to 8.1V. When the second reference voltage (VR2) of the all-solid-state battery is 6V and the third reference voltage is 8V, the voltage range of the conditional usage voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may be higher than or equal to 6V and lower than 8V.

[0096] The unsafe voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may correspond to a voltage range higher than or equal to the third reference voltage (VR3). In the unsafe voltage range, charging and discharging operations of the all-solid-state battery are impossible, and the all-solid-state battery may ignite.

[0097] Meanwhile, the voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may further include a conditional safety voltage range. The conditional safety voltage range may be a range that is smaller than the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and larger than 0V. In the conditional safety voltage range, the all-solid-state battery can perform charging and discharging operations. However, the performance of the all-solid-state battery may be reduced. In the voltage range corresponding to the conditional safety voltage range of the all-solid-state battery, the lithium-ion battery may be in an unusable state.

[0098] When the minimum operating voltage (VAm) of the all-solid-state battery is 2V, the voltage range of the conditional safety voltage region of the all-solid-state battery may be higher than or equal to 0V and lower than 2V.

[0099] The voltage range of the all-solid-state battery may further include a reverse voltage range. The reverse voltage range may be a range lower than 0V (i.e., reverse polarity). In the reverse voltage range, charging and discharging operations of the all-solid-state battery are impossible, and the performance of the all-solid-state battery may be reduced.

[0100] A battery (BAT) according to embodiments of the present disclosure may have the operating characteristics of an all-solid-state battery of FIG. 4 depending on the voltage.

[0101] FIG. 5a is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0102] Referring to FIG. 5a, the operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S110) of charging or discharging batteries (BATs). The step (S110) of charging or discharging batteries (BATs) may be performed by the battery management device (120) in response to a request from a target device outside the battery system (100). In the step (S110) of charging or discharging batteries (BATs), the battery management device (120) may charge the batteries (BATs) by supplying power applied from outside the battery system (100) to the batteries (BATs), or provide power provided through the discharge of the batteries (BATs) to the target device.

[0103] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S120) of receiving sensing data from the sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may generate sensing data through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including physical quantities regarding the batteries (BATs). The sensing data may include the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs), the voltage of each of the batteries (BATs), or the current of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensing data may further include the gas concentration, pressure, or displacement of each of the batteries (BATs).

[0104] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S130) of determining whether the temperature of each of the batteries is greater than a first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range related to the reversible performance reduction of the batteries (BATs). The temperature range related to the reversible performance reduction of the batteries (BATs) may correspond to the limiting operating temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the battery (BAT) and less than the first reference temperature (TR1). The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the first threshold temperature based on sensing data.

[0105] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S140) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S130-Yes) that the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may control the relay (130) to turn off. The turned-off relay (130) may block the charge-discharge path between the battery device (110) and the target device. The control unit (1213) may also stop the charging and discharging of each of the batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110).

[0106] At this time, the operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S150) of cooling the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may generate a cooling control signal for cooling the batteries (BATs). The cooling control signal may be transmitted to a cooler (151). The cooler (151) may cool the batteries (BATs) based on the cooling control signal. The control unit (1213) may generate a cooling control signal until the battery (BAT) is below a second threshold temperature. The second threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs). It may correspond to a temperature region where a predetermined battery efficiency or a predetermined battery capacity is guaranteed. That is, the temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) may correspond to the operating temperature region described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the second critical temperature may be greater than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the battery (BAT) and less than the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the battery (BAT).

[0107] Meanwhile, the operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S160) of calculating a state change indicator for each of the batteries (BATs).

[0108] The state change indicator of each battery (BAT) may include at least one of the temperature rise rate, voltage change rate, current change rate, and resistance (or impedance) change rate of each battery (BAT). For example, the state change indicator of each battery (BAT) may be the temperature rise rate of the batteries (BAT). The computation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) based on data regarding the battery (BAT). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the voltage or current of the battery (BAT). The computation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the voltage change rate of the battery (BAT) based on the sensing data regarding the battery (BAT). The battery management device (120) may also calculate the current change rate of the battery (BAT). The battery management device (120) may also calculate the rate of change of resistance (or impedance) of the battery (BAT).

[0109] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S170) of determining whether a state change indicator corresponds to a preset first range. For example, the control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether a state change indicator calculated through the calculation unit (1212) corresponds to a preset first range. If the state change indicator includes a temperature change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) is greater than 1℃ / min. If the state change indicator includes a voltage change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage change rate of the battery (BAT) is greater than 0.2 V / sec or less than -0.2 V / sec. If the state change indicator includes a current change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the magnitude of the current change rate of the battery (BAT) is greater than a preset rate of current change per hour. If the state change indicator includes the rate of change of current, the control unit (1213) can determine whether the rate of change of current of the battery (BAT) is more than 200% of the initial value or less than 50% of the initial value per second. If the state change indicator includes the rate of change of resistance, the control unit (1213) can determine whether the rate of change of resistance of the battery (BAT) is more than 200% of the initial value per second or less than 50% of the initial value per second.

[0110] Meanwhile, the preset first range that serves as the subject of comparison for the state change indicator described above is exemplary. The type of the preset first range that serves as the criterion for judging the state change indicator may vary depending on the type of the state change indicator. The preset first range may be determined within an appropriate range for judging the state of the battery (BAT). If the state change indicator includes a temperature rise rate, the preset first range may be set to a range greater than or equal to 1°C / min, but it may also be set based on a temperature rise rate greater than 1°C / min or a temperature rise rate less than 1°C / min to judge the state of the battery (BAT). For example, the preset first range may be a temperature rise rate greater than or equal to 0.8°C / min. The preset first range may be a temperature rise rate greater than or equal to 1.2°C / min. Similarly, if the state change indicator includes a voltage change rate, the preset first range may be set to a voltage change rate greater than or equal to 0.2 V / sec or a voltage change rate less than 0.2 V / sec. For example, a preset first range may be a voltage change rate greater than or equal to 1.5 V / sec. A preset first range may be 2.5 V / sec. If the state change indicator includes a current change rate or a resistance change rate, a preset first range may be a range less than 60% or greater than 150% of the initial value. A preset first range may be a range less than 40% or greater than 250% of the initial value.

[0111] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) can determine that the batteries (BATs) are in an abnormal state (S180) in response to the determination that the state change indicator corresponds to a preset first range (S170-Yes). The battery management device (120) can store information regarding the batteries (BATs) corresponding to the abnormal state in memory. The battery management device (120) can also output information regarding the batteries (BATs) to the outside of the battery system (100). A replacement notification may be displayed in response to the batteries (BATs) determined to be in an abnormal state. For example, a notification recommending or instructing the replacement of the batteries (BATs) in an abnormal state may be output to the user through a display or speaker outside the battery system (100).

[0112] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) can determine whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable in response to a determination that the state change indicator does not correspond to a preset first range (S170-No). The battery management device (120) can resume charging or discharging the batteries (BATs) according to the result of determining whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable.

[0113] Meanwhile, the step (S140) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) may be performed in series or in parallel with the step (S160) of calculating the state change indicator of each of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may perform the step S160 after performing the step S140. The battery management device (120) may also perform the steps S140 and S160 simultaneously. At this time, the battery management device (120) may receive power from outside the battery system (100) or operate through a separate power source other than the battery device (110).

[0114] The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) can prevent irreversible performance degradation of the battery (BAT) by terminating the charging and discharging of the battery (BAT) when the battery (BAT) reaches a first critical temperature (i.e., corresponding to a limited temperature range). The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) can notify the user whether to replace the battery by determining the state of the battery (BAT) based on a state change indicator. The operation method (S100) of the battery management device (120) can notify the user of abnormalities in the batteries (BAT) that were exposed to the limited temperature range by determining whether the battery (BAT) is reusable.

[0115] FIG. 5b is a flowchart illustrating the step of determining whether batteries (BATs) are reusable among the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0116] Referring to FIG. 5b, the step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable may include the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. In the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle, the control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may charge and then discharge each of the batteries (BATs). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive data regarding each of the batteries (BATs) while the charging and discharging of each of the batteries (BATs) are in progress. Before the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle is performed, the temperature of the batteries (BATs) may be sufficiently cooled to correspond to the operating temperature range. Before at least one charge-discharge cycle is performed, the batteries (BATs) may be discharged by a preset capacity at a preset current.

[0117] The step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable may include the step (S192) of calculating performance indicators of the batteries (BATs). The performance indicator of each battery (BAT) may be calculated based on at least one of the capacity of the battery (BAT), the voltage of the battery (BAT), the pressure of the battery (BAT), the thickness of the battery (BAT), and the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT). The performance indicator of each battery (BAT) may be calculated by the calculation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120).

[0118] Each performance indicator of the batteries (BAT) may include at least one of the change in capacity of the battery (BAT), the change in voltage of the battery (BAT), the change in pressure of the battery (BAT), the change in thickness of the battery (BAT), and the change in charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT). The calculation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the change in capacity of the battery (BAT) based on the change between the capacity of the battery (BAT) obtained in advance prior to the step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BAT) are reusable and the capacity of the battery (BAT) obtained through the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (1212) may calculate the change in voltage of the battery (BAT) based on the change between the full charge voltage of the battery (BAT) obtained in advance prior to the step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BAT) are reusable and the full charge voltage of the battery (BAT) obtained through the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the pressure change of each of the batteries (BAT) based on the change between the fully charged pressure of the battery (BAT) obtained in advance and the fully charged pressure of the battery (BAT) obtained through the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the thickness change of each of the batteries (BAT) based on the change between the thickness of the battery (BAT) at full charge obtained in advance and the thickness of the battery (BAT) at full charge obtained through the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the charge-discharge efficiency change of each of the batteries (BAT) based on the change between the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) obtained in advance and the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT) obtained through the step (S191) of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle.

[0119] The step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable may include the step (S193) of determining whether the performance indicators correspond to a preset second range.

[0120] When a performance indicator is determined based on a change in the capacity of the battery (BAT), the control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) can determine whether the change in the capacity of the battery (BAT) corresponds to a preset second range. For example, the preset second range corresponding to the change in the capacity of the battery (BAT) may be less than 90% of an initial value (i.e., a value obtained in advance) or greater than 105% of an initial value. If the calculated change in the capacity of the battery (BAT) is 80% of the initial value (corresponding to less than 90% of the initial value), the control unit (1213) can determine that the performance indicator of the battery (BAT) corresponds to the preset second range (S193-Yes). On the other hand, if the change in the capacity of the battery (BAT) is 98%, the control unit (1213) can determine that the performance indicator of the battery (BAT) does not correspond to the preset second range (S193-No).

[0121] When a performance indicator is determined based on a voltage change of the battery (BAT), the control unit (1213) can determine whether the voltage change of the battery (BAT) corresponds to a preset second range. For example, the preset second range may be a range where the full charge voltage change of the battery (BAT) is greater than 0.2V or less than -0.2V. The control unit (1213) can determine that the performance indicator falls within the preset second range if the full charge voltage change of the battery (BAT) is 0.3V. The control unit (1213) can determine that the performance indicator falls within the preset range if the full charge voltage change of the battery (BAT) is less than -0.05V (S193-Yes). The control unit (1213) can determine that the performance indicator does not fall within the preset second range if the full charge voltage change of the battery (BAT) is between -0.2V and 0.2V (S193-No).

[0122] If the performance indicator is determined based on the pressure change of the battery (BAT), the control unit (1213) can determine whether the pressure change of the battery (BAT) at full charge corresponds to a preset second range. For example, the preset second range may be a range where the pressure change at full charge is greater than 1 MPa or less than -1 MPa. If the performance indicator is determined based on the thickness change of the battery (BAT), the control unit (1213) may be a range where the thickness change of the battery (BAT) at full charge is less than 80% of the initial value or greater than 105% of the initial value. If the performance indicator is determined based on the charge / discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT), the control unit (1213) can determine whether the change in charge efficiency is less than 90% of the initial value or greater than 110% of the initial value.

[0123] Performance indicators according to embodiments of the present disclosure may be determined in various ways to check the performance of each of the batteries (BATs). Although the above-described performance indicators have been described primarily as being determined based on the amount of change resulting from a comparison between a value obtained in advance and a value obtained through at least one charge-discharge cycle, the performance indicators may also be determined by the value obtained through the charge-discharge cycles itself. For example, the performance indicators may be determined based on the capacity of the battery (BAT), the voltage of the battery (BAT), the pressure of the battery (BAT), the thickness of the battery (BAT), or the charge-discharge efficiency of the battery (BAT). The performance indicators may also be determined by a combination of multiple factors. For example, the performance indicators may be determined to take into account both the capacity of the battery (BAT) and the efficiency of the battery (BAT).

[0124] The step (S190) of determining whether the batteries (BATs) are reusable may include the step (S194) of determining the battery (BAT) to be in an abnormal state based on the determination that the performance indicator falls within a preset second range (S193-Yes). A replacement notification may be displayed in response to the batteries (BATs) determined to be in an abnormal state. For example, a notification recommending or instructing the replacement of the batteries (BATs) in an abnormal state may be output to the user through a display or speaker outside the battery system (100).

[0125] The step of determining whether the batteries are reusable (S190) may include the step of resuming charging or discharging of the batteries (BATs) based on the determination that the performance indicator does not fall within a preset second range (S194-No). The battery management device (120) may control each of the batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110) to perform a charging or discharging operation. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may turn on the relay (130) to resume charging or discharging of the batteries (BATs) when the relay (130) is turned off. The turned-on relay (130) may provide a charging-discharging path between the battery device (110) and the target device.

[0126] The battery management device (120) can calculate performance indicators of the batteries (BATs) based on data regarding the batteries (BATs) obtained through at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) can determine the status of the batteries (BATs) based on the performance indicators of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) can provide smooth operation of the battery system (100) by resuming the charging or discharging of the normal batteries (BATs).

[0127] FIG. 5c is a flowchart illustrating the operation method of a battery management device according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0128] Referring to FIG. 5c, the operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S210) of charging or discharging batteries.

[0129] The step (S210) of charging or discharging batteries (BATs) can be performed by a battery management device (120) upon a request from a target device outside the battery system (100). In the step (S210) of charging or discharging batteries (BATs), the battery management device (120) can charge the batteries (BATs) by supplying power applied from outside the battery system (100) to the batteries (BATs), or provide power provided through the discharge of the batteries (BATs) to the target device.

[0130] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S220) of receiving sensing data from the sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may generate sensing data through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including physical quantities regarding the batteries (BATs). The sensing data may include the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs), the voltage of each of the batteries (BATs), or the current of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensing data may further include the gas concentration, pressure, or displacement of each of the batteries (BATs).

[0131] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S230) of determining whether the temperature of each of the batteries (BAT) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BAT). The temperature range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BAT) may correspond to a conditional safety temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the first reference temperature (TR1) of the battery (BAT) and less than the second reference temperature (TR2). The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the temperature of the batteries (BAT) is greater than the first threshold temperature based on sensing data.

[0132] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S240) of terminating the charging and discharging of batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S230-e) that the temperature of at least one battery (BAT) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may control the relay (130) to turn off. The turned-off relay (130) may block the charge-discharge path between the battery device (110) and the target device. The control unit (1213) may also stop the charging and discharging of each of the batteries (BATs) included in the battery device (110).

[0133] At this time, the operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S250) of determining at least one battery (BAT) to be in an abnormal state in response to a determination (S230-e) that the temperature of at least one battery (BAT) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The battery (BAT) determined to be in an abnormal state is a battery (BAT) exposed to a conditionally safe temperature range, and its performance may be irreversibly reduced. Even if a recovery operation is performed, the performance of the battery (BAT) determined to be in an abnormal state may not be restored to a preset level.

[0134] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a battery replacement signal based on the determination that at least one battery is in an abnormal state. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may generate a battery replacement signal. The battery replacement signal may be output to the outside of the battery system (100). A target device (e.g., an electric vehicle) outside the battery system (100) may notify the user of the replacement of the battery (BAT) in response to the battery replacement signal. For example, the electric vehicle may display a battery replacement notification through a display or provide a warning voice through a speaker.

[0135] Meanwhile, the operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S260) of calculating a state change indicator for each of the batteries (BATs).

[0136] The state change indicator of each battery (BAT) may include at least one of the temperature rise rate, voltage change rate, current change rate, and resistance (or impedance) change rate of each battery (BAT). For example, the state change indicator of each battery (BAT) may be the temperature rise rate of the batteries (BAT). The computation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) based on data regarding the battery (BAT). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the voltage or current of the battery (BAT). The computation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the voltage change rate of the battery (BAT) based on the sensing data regarding the battery (BAT). The battery management device (120) may also calculate the current change rate of the battery (BAT). The battery management device (120) may also calculate the rate of change of resistance (or impedance) of the battery (BAT).

[0137] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S270) of outputting a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs) based on a state change indicator. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the state change indicator corresponds to a preset range. For example, if the state change indicator includes a temperature change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) exceeds a preset range. For example, if the state change indicator includes a temperature change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) is greater than 1℃ / min. If the state change indicator includes a voltage change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage change rate of the battery (BAT) is greater than 0.2 V / sec or less than -0.2 V / sec. If the state change indicator includes the rate of change of current, the control unit (1213) can determine whether the rate of change of current of the battery (BAT) is more than 200% of the initial value or less than 50% of the initial value per second. If the state change indicator includes the rate of change of resistance, the control unit (1213) can determine whether the rate of change of resistance of the battery (BAT) is more than 200% of the initial value per second or less than 50% of the initial value per second.

[0138] Meanwhile, the preset first range that serves as the subject of comparison for the state change indicator described above is exemplary. The type of the preset first range that serves as the criterion for judging the state change indicator may vary depending on the type of the state change indicator. The preset first range may be determined within an appropriate range for judging the state of the battery (BAT). If the state change indicator includes a temperature rise rate, the preset first range may be set to a range greater than or equal to 1°C, but may also be set based on a temperature rise rate greater than 1°C or a temperature rise rate less than 1°C to judge the state of the battery (BAT). For example, the preset first range may be a temperature rise rate greater than or equal to 0.8°C. The preset first range may be a temperature rise rate greater than or equal to 1.2°C. Similarly, if the state change indicator includes a voltage change rate, the preset first range may be set to a voltage change rate greater than or equal to 0.2 V / sec or a voltage change rate less than 0.2 V / sec. For example, a preset first range may be a voltage change rate greater than or equal to 1.5 V / sec. A preset first range may be 2.5 V / sec. If the state change indicator includes a current change rate or a resistance change rate, a preset first range may be a range less than 60% or greater than 150% of the initial value. A preset first range may be a range less than 40% or greater than 250% of the initial value.

[0139] The control unit (1213) can generate a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs) based on the determination that the state change indicator corresponds to a preset range. The cooling control signal can be transmitted to a cooler (151). The cooler (151) of the battery system (100) can perform a cooling operation in response to the cooling control signal. The battery management device (120) can output a cooling control signal until the temperature of the batteries (BATs) reaches a second critical temperature corresponding to the operating temperature range. The second critical temperature may be greater than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the battery (BAT) and less than the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the battery (BAT).

[0140] The control unit (1213) can determine the cooling intensity based on a state change indicator. For example, the more abnormal the state change indicator corresponds to the state of the battery (BAT), the more likely it is to generate a cooling control signal containing a relatively higher cooling intensity. When the state change indicator is determined based on the temperature rise rate, the cooling control signal output when the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) is 3°C / min may correspond to a higher intensity cooling operation than the cooling control signal output when the temperature rise rate of the battery (BAT) is 2°C / min. If the cooler (151) operates in an air-cooling manner, the battery (BAT) can be cooled at a higher fan rotation speed when the temperature rise rate is 3°C / min. If the cooler (151) operates in a water-cooling manner, the refrigerant circulation pump may be driven at a higher output when the temperature rise rate is 3°C / min.

[0141] The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal until the temperature of the batteries (BAT) reaches a second critical temperature. The second critical temperature may correspond to a temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BAT). The temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BAT) may correspond to an operating temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. The second critical temperature may be greater than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the batteries (BAT) and less than the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the batteries (BAT).

[0142] The control unit (1213) can provide safety to the user by outputting a cooling control signal based on the state change indicator of the battery (BAT), thereby cooling the battery (BAT) before the temperature of the battery (BAT) reaches a dangerous temperature range.

[0143] The operation method (S200) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step (S280) of outputting a warning signal to display a danger warning based on a state change indicator. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may generate a warning signal to display a danger warning to the batteries (BATs) based on the determination that the state change indicator corresponds to a preset range. The warning signal may be output to the outside of the battery system (100). A target device outside the battery system (100) may notify the user that there is a dangerous situation based on the warning signal through a display or speaker. Through the notification from the target device, the user may recognize that there is a risk of gas generation or ignition due to pouch opening.

[0144] Meanwhile, the step (S240) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) may be performed in series or in parallel with the step (S260) of calculating the state change indicator of each of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may perform the step S260 after performing the step S240. The battery management device (120) may also perform the steps S240 and S260 simultaneously. At this time, the battery management device (120) may receive power from outside the battery system (100) or operate through a separate power source other than the battery device (110).

[0145] FIG. 6a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0146] Referring to FIG. 6a, the operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S310) of receiving sensing data containing physical quantities of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensor device (140) may detect the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may generate sensing data containing the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may receive sensing data containing physical quantities regarding the batteries (BATs) from the sensor device (140). The sensing data may include the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs), the voltage of each of the batteries (BATs), or the current of each of the batteries (BATs). The step of receiving the sensing data (S310) may be performed by the data collection unit (1211).

[0147] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S320) of determining whether the temperature of each of the batteries (BAT) is greater than a first threshold temperature based on received sensing data. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range associated with reversible performance reduction of the battery (BAT). The temperature range associated with reversible performance reduction of the battery (BAT) may correspond to a limited operating temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the battery (BAT) and less than a first reference temperature (TR1).

[0148] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S330) of measuring the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination (S320-e) that the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the first threshold temperature.

[0149] At this time, the step (S330) of measuring the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) may further include the step of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs), and the step of calculating the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) based on sensing data received during at least one charge-discharge cycle. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may control the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) to perform at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs) in order to measure the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may discharge the batteries (BATs) before performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). When performing at least one charge-discharge cycle, the control unit (1213) may charge and discharge the batteries (BATs) using a preset C-rate (current rate). For example, the control unit (1213) can charge and discharge the battery (BAT) for 5 hours at a C-rate of 0.2C.

[0150] The calculation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) can calculate the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) based on sensing data received during at least one charge-discharge cycle. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the charge capacity during at least one charge cycle and can calculate the discharge capacity during at least one discharge cycle. When at least one charge-discharge cycle is performed for the batteries (BATs), the calculation unit (1212) can calculate the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) based on the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity.

[0151] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S340) of cooling the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs). The step (S340) of cooling the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs) may include a step of determining whether the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs) is smaller than a preset threshold efficiency, and a step of outputting a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination that the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is smaller than the preset threshold efficiency.

[0152] A preset threshold efficiency can be used as an indicator to evaluate the performance of the battery (BAT). The preset threshold efficiency may correspond to a preset multiplier for the initial room temperature efficiency of each of the batteries (BAT). The preset multiplier may correspond to 80% to 99%, 85% to 95%, or 88% to 92%. For example, the preset threshold efficiency may correspond to a value of 90% for the initial room temperature efficiency. The initial room temperature efficiency is the room temperature state of the battery (BAT) and may be the discharge efficiency measured through the first charge-discharge cycle.

[0153] In the step of outputting a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs), a cooling control signal to control the cooler (151) may be output. The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal in response to the determination that the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is smaller than a preset threshold efficiency. The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation to cool the batteries (BATs) based on the cooling control signal. For example, the cooler may drive a cooling fan or drive a cooling pump to circulate a refrigerant based on the cooling control signal. The temperature of the batteries (BATs) may be reduced by the cooling operation of the cooler (151).

[0154] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of determining whether the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature, and the step of stopping the output of a cooling signal in response to the determination that the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than the second threshold temperature. At this time, the second threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs). The temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) may correspond to an operating temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. The second threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the minimum operating temperature (TOm) of the batteries (BATs) and lower than the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may stop the output of a cooling signal when the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs) is lower than the minimum second threshold temperature.

[0155] The method of operation (S300) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of measuring the discharge efficiency of the batteries in response to the determination that the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature, the step of determining whether the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a preset threshold efficiency, and the step of determining the batteries (BATs) to be in an abnormal state based on the determination that the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a preset threshold capacity.

[0156] The control unit (1213) may further measure the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination that the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may perform at least one charge-discharge cycle on the batteries (BATs) to further measure the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs). The calculation unit (1212) may calculate the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs) based on the sensing data received while at least one charge-discharge cycle is performed. The control unit (1213) may determine the batteries (BATs) to be in an abnormal state based on the determination that the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a preset threshold capacity.

[0157] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a display signal to display a message corresponding to batteries determined to be in an abnormal state. The display signal may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide information regarding the battery (BAT) corresponding to the abnormal state based on the display signal through a display or speaker, etc. Through this, a message instructing a recommendation to replace a specific battery (BAT) may be output.

[0158] The operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) can measure the discharge capacity of batteries (BATs) that have been exposed to a temperature corresponding to reversible degradation, and determine the degree of degradation of the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge efficiency. In the battery system (100), relatively large resources may be consumed when performing the charge-discharge cycle of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) can stably manage the batteries (BATs) by measuring the discharge efficiency to determine the state of the batteries (BATs) when a temperature greater than a first threshold temperature is detected. In addition, the operation method (S300) of the battery management device (120) can improve the stability of the batteries (BATs) by cooling the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge efficiency.

[0159] FIG. 6b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0160] Referring to FIG. 6b, the operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S410) of receiving sensing data containing physical quantities of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensor device (140) may detect the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may generate sensing data containing the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may receive sensing data containing physical quantities regarding the batteries (BATs) from the sensor device (140). The sensing data may include the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs), the voltage of each of the batteries (BATs), or the current of each of the batteries (BATs). The step of receiving the sensing data (S410) may be performed by the data collection unit (1211).

[0161] The operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S420) of determining whether the temperature of each of the batteries (BAT) is greater than a first threshold temperature based on received sensing data. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range associated with reversible performance reduction of the battery (BAT). The temperature range associated with reversible performance reduction of the battery (BAT) may correspond to a limited operating temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the maximum operating temperature (TOM) of the battery (BAT) and less than the first reference temperature (TR1).

[0162] The operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S430) of cooling the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S420-e) that the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The step of cooling the batteries (BATs) may include a step of outputting a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination that the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal when the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation based on the cooling control signal. For example, the cooler may drive a cooling fan or drive a cooling pump to circulate a refrigerant based on the cooling control signal. The temperature of the batteries (BATs) may be reduced by the cooling operation of the cooler (151). A cooling control signal can be output until the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature corresponding to the temperature range associated with the normal operation of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can stop outputting the cooling control signal when the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than the second threshold temperature.

[0163] The operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S440) of measuring the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). The step (S440) of measuring the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs) may include a step of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for each of the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination that the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature, and a step of calculating the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) based on sensing data collected during at least one charge-discharge cycle. The control unit (1213) may control the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) to perform at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs) in order to measure the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may discharge the batteries (BATs) before performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can charge and discharge batteries (BATs) using a preset C-rate (current rate) when performing at least one charge-discharge cycle. For example, the control unit (1213) can charge and discharge batteries (BATs) for 5 hours at a C-rate of 0.2C. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) based on the sensing data received during at least one charge-discharge cycle.

[0164] The operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S450) of checking the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs). The step (S450) of checking the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) may include a step of determining whether the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold capacity, a step of calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination that the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the preset threshold capacity, and a step of outputting a display signal to indicate the expected lifespan.

[0165] In the step of determining whether the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BAT) is greater than a preset threshold capacity, the control unit (1213) can determine whether the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BAT) is greater than a preset threshold capacity. The calculation unit (1212) can use the batteries (BAT) that are greater than or equal to the preset threshold capacity among the batteries (BAT) to calculate the expected lifespan. The calculation unit (1212) can exclude the batteries (BAT) that are smaller than the preset threshold capacity among the batteries (BAT) when calculating the expected lifespan. The preset threshold capacity may correspond to a preset multiplier for the initial room temperature efficiency of each of the batteries (BAT). For example, the preset threshold capacity may be set to 30% of the initial room temperature efficiency of the battery (BAT). This is exemplary, and the preset multiplier may be determined to an appropriate value to ensure the performance of the battery (BAT).

[0166] The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the expected lifespan by considering batteries (BATs) having a discharge capacity greater than a preset threshold capacity. At this time, the expected lifespan can be expressed in various ways. For example, it can be expressed as the remaining charge-discharge cycles of the batteries (BATs). If the battery system (100) is included in an electric vehicle or in an electronic system constituting an electric vehicle, it can be expressed as the maximum driving range when the batteries (BATs) are fully charged.

[0167] In the step of outputting a display signal to indicate the expected lifespan, the display signal generated by the control unit (1213) can be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device can provide the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) to the user based on the display signal through a display or speaker, etc.

[0168] The operation method (S400) of the battery management device (120) can check the expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs) after cooling the batteries (BATs) that have been exposed to a temperature corresponding to irreversible degradation. Through this, the battery management device (120) can operate the batteries (BATs) up to a temperature corresponding to reversible degradation and effectively provide power to the target device. The battery management device (120) can secure the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) that were exposed to the irreversible degradation region and provide the remaining expected lifespan to the user.

[0169] FIG. 6c is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0170] Referring to FIG. 6c, the operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S510) of receiving sensing data containing physical quantities of each of the batteries (BATs). The sensor device (140) may detect the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may generate sensing data containing the physical quantities of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may receive sensing data containing physical quantities regarding the batteries (BATs) from the sensor device (140). The sensing data may include the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs), the voltage of each of the batteries (BATs), or the current of each of the batteries (BATs). The step of receiving the sensing data (S510) may be performed by the data collection unit (1211).

[0171] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S520) of determining whether the temperature of each of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature based on received sensing data. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BATs). The temperature range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BATs) may correspond to a conditional safe temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to a first reference temperature (TR1) of the battery (BAT) and less than a second reference temperature (TR2).

[0172] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S530) of measuring the open circuit voltage of the battery (BAT) in response to the determination (S520-Yes) that the temperature of at least one of the batteries (BAT) is greater than the first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may control the connection between the batteries (BAT) and the load to be cut off in order to measure the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the batteries (BAT). The sensor device (140) may measure the voltage of the batteries (BAT) in an open circuit state and transmit it to the battery management device (120).

[0173] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S540) of determining whether the hourly rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold rate of change. The calculation unit (1212) may calculate the hourly rate of change of the open circuit voltage based on the received open circuit voltages of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may compare the calculated hourly rate of change of the open circuit voltage with a preset threshold rate of change. For example, the preset threshold rate of change may be 0.001mV / s to 100mV / s, 0.01mV / s to 10mV / s, or 0.1mV / s to 1mV / s. For example, if the rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the measured battery (BAT) per hour is 0.2 mV / s and the preset threshold rate of change is 0.1 mV / s, the control unit (1213) can determine that the rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the battery (BAT) per hour is greater than the preset threshold rate of change.

[0174] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S550) of cooling the batteries (BATs) based on the determination (S540-e) that the hourly rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold rate of change. The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal when the hourly rate of change of the open circuit voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold rate of change. The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation based on the cooling control signal. For example, the cooler may drive a cooling fan or drive a cooling pump to circulate a refrigerant based on the cooling control signal. The temperature of the batteries (BATs) may be reduced by the cooling operation of the cooler (151). The cooling control signal may be output until the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature corresponding to a temperature range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can stop outputting a cooling control signal when the temperature of the batteries (BAT) is lower than the second threshold temperature.

[0175] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for each of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination that the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is lower than a second threshold temperature, and the step of calculating the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) based on sensing data collected during at least one charge-discharge cycle.

[0176] The control unit (1213) can control the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) to perform at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs) in order to measure the discharge efficiency of each of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) can discharge the batteries (BATs) before performing at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). When performing at least one charge-discharge cycle, the control unit (1213) can charge and discharge the batteries (BATs) using a preset C-rate (current rate). For example, the control unit (1213) can charge and discharge the batteries (BATs) for 5 hours at a C-rate of 0.2C. The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs) based on the sensing data received during at least one charge-discharge cycle.

[0177] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may further include the steps of determining whether the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold capacity, calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination that the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a preset threshold capacity, and outputting a display signal to indicate the expected lifespan.

[0178] The calculation unit (1212) can calculate the expected lifespan by considering batteries (BATs) having a discharge capacity greater than a preset threshold capacity. At this time, the expected lifespan can be expressed in various ways. For example, it can be expressed as the remaining charge-discharge cycles of the batteries (BATs). If the battery system (100) is included in an electric vehicle or in an electronic system constituting an electric vehicle, it can be expressed as the maximum driving range when the batteries (BATs) are fully charged.

[0179] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of determining each of the batteries (BATs) to be in an abnormal state in response to the determination that the discharge capacity of each of the batteries (BATs) is not greater than a preset threshold capacity. The battery management device (120) may output a display signal to display a notification recommending replacement for the battery (BAT) corresponding to the abnormal state. The display signal may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). A display or speaker included in the target device may notify the user of battery replacement in response to the display signal.

[0180] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of stopping the charging and discharging of batteries determined to be in an abnormal state.

[0181] The operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) can determine the degree of degradation of the batteries (BATs) based on the hourly change in open circuit voltage when the batteries (BATs) have a temperature corresponding to an irreversible performance reduction region. By cooling the batteries (BATs) based on the hourly change in open circuit voltage, the operation method (S500) of the battery management device (120) can minimize the reduction in capacity due to irreversible degradation of the batteries even when the batteries (BATs) are exposed to high temperatures.

[0182] FIG. 7a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0183] Referring to FIG. 7a, the operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S610) of detecting the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the temperature of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the temperature of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs).

[0184] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S620) of determining whether the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a temperature range related to a dangerous situation of the batteries (BATs). The temperature range related to a dangerous situation of the batteries (BATs) may correspond to a dangerous temperature area described with reference to FIG. 3. In the dangerous temperature area, there is a risk that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) will open or that the batteries (BATs) will ignite. That is, the first threshold temperature may be determined based on a second reference temperature (TR2). The second reference temperature may be 140°C to 160°C, 145°C to 155°C, or 147°C to 153°C.

[0185] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S630) of calculating the amount of change in hydrogen sulfide concentration for the plurality of batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S620-e) that the temperature of one of the plurality of batteries is greater than a first threshold temperature. The battery management device (120) may detect the hydrogen sulfide concentration for the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140) to calculate the amount of change in hydrogen sulfide concentration for the batteries (BATs). A gas sensor (144) included in the sensor device (140) may detect the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The sensor device (140) may include a plurality of gas sensors (144). Each of the plurality of gas sensors (144) may correspond to one or more of the plurality of batteries (BATs). The plurality of batteries (BATs) may be divided into a plurality of battery groups. Each of the plurality of gas sensors (144) may correspond to each of the plurality of battery groups. For example, the first gas sensor (144) may correspond to the first battery group among the plurality of batteries (BAT), and the second gas sensor (144) may correspond to the second battery group among the plurality of batteries (BAT). Each of the plurality of gas sensors (144) included in the sensor device (140) may generate sensing data including the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The data collection unit (1211) may receive sensing data including the hydrogen sulfide concentrations sensed through the plurality of gas sensors (144). The calculation unit (1212) of the battery management device (120) may calculate the amount of change in hydrogen sulfide concentration corresponding to each of the plurality of gas sensors (144). The amount of change in hydrogen sulfide concentration can be calculated based on the difference between the hydrogen sulfide concentrations detected at the point when the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be greater than the first critical temperature and the hydrogen sulfide concentrations sensed thereafter.

[0186] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S640) of determining whether each of the changes in hydrogen sulfide concentration is greater than a threshold change amount. For example, the control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the first change in hydrogen sulfide concentration of the first gas sensor (144) and the second change in hydrogen sulfide concentration of the second gas sensor (144) among a plurality of gas sensors are each greater than a threshold change amount. For example, it is assumed that the first change in hydrogen sulfide concentration of the first gas sensor (144) calculated through the calculation unit (1212) is greater than a threshold change amount, and the second change in hydrogen sulfide concentration of the second gas sensor (144) is less than a threshold change amount. The control unit (1213) can determine that the first hydrogen sulfide concentration change amount corresponding to the first gas sensor (144) is greater than the critical change amount, and the second hydrogen sulfide concentration change amount corresponding to the second gas sensor (144) is not greater than the critical change amount.

[0187] The method may include a step (S650) of determining which batteries (BATs) have open pouches among a plurality of batteries (BATs) based on the determination that each of the hydrogen sulfide concentration change amounts is greater than the threshold change amount (S640-e). The control unit (1213) may determine which batteries (BATs) have open pouches based on the result of comparing the hydrogen sulfide concentration change amounts corresponding to each of the plurality of gas sensors (144) with the threshold change amount. For example, based on the determination that the first hydrogen sulfide concentration change amount corresponding to the first gas sensor (144) is greater than the threshold change amount, it may be determined that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) corresponding to the first battery group are open.

[0188] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of storing pouch open information in memory (1230) based on batteries (BATs) with open pouches. The control unit (1213) may write the pouch open information to memory (1230). The pouch open information may include information indicating batteries (BATs) with open pouches. For example, it may include data regarding a battery group determined to have an open battery (BAT) among a plurality of battery groups. The pouch open information stored in memory (1230) may subsequently be written to a storage device or used to indicate an open pouch.

[0189] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting an exhaust control signal for the operation of the gas exhauster (152) in response to a determination (S640-Yes) that any of the changes in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is greater than a critical change amount. The control unit (1213) may output an exhaust control signal in response to a determination that any of the changes in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is greater than a critical change amount. The exhaust control signal may be output to the outside of the battery management device (120) and transmitted to the gas exhauster (152). The gas exhauster (152) may perform an exhaust operation in response to the received exhaust signal. If the control unit (1213) determines that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) are open, it may control the gas exhauster (152) to perform an exhaust operation to prevent a situation in which users are exposed to hydrogen sulfide.

[0190] The operation method (S600) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a cooling control signal for the operation of a cooler in response to a determination (S640-Yes) that any of the changes in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is greater than a critical change amount. The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal in response to a determination that any of the changes in the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is greater than a critical change amount. The cooling control signal may be output to the outside of the battery management device (120) and transmitted to the cooler (151). The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation in response to the received exhaust signal. If the control unit (1213) determines that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) are open, it may control the cooler (151) to perform a cooling operation to minimize the generation of hydrogen sulfide for users.

[0191] At temperatures before the batteries (BATs) reach ignition, the pouch surrounding the batteries (BATs) may melt and open. If the pouch of the batteries (BATs) opens, hydrogen sulfide gas may leak. The operation method of the battery management device (120) may monitor the opened pouch. Pouch open information, which includes information regarding the opened pouches, may be used to protect the user from hydrogen sulfide. Pouch open information may also be used to determine the status of the batteries (BATs).

[0192] FIG. 7b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0193] Referring to FIG. 7b, the operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S710) of detecting the temperature of one or more batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the temperature of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the temperature of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs).

[0194] The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S720) of determining whether the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) is greater than the first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a fourth temperature range corresponding to a dangerous situation. The fourth temperature range may correspond to a dangerous temperature area described with reference to FIG. 3. In the dangerous temperature area, there is a risk that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) will open or that the batteries (BATs) will ignite. That is, the first threshold temperature may be determined based on a second reference temperature (TR2). The second reference temperature may be 140°C to 160°C, 145°C to 155°C, or 147°C to 153°C.

[0195] The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S730) of detecting the concentration of hydrogen sulfide for one or more batteries (BATs) in response to the determination (S720-e) that the temperature of one or more batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The battery management device (120) may detect the concentration of hydrogen sulfide through a gas sensor (144). The gas sensor (144) may detect the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the concentration of hydrogen sulfide detected through the gas sensor (144).

[0196] The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S740) of determining whether the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the detected concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition. The warning condition may correspond to the environment to which the user is exposed, such as the concentration and duration of hydrogen sulfide. Meanwhile, the warning condition may be determined based on the concentration of hydrogen sulfide, the duration of the concentration, and the number of occurrences of situations satisfying the concentration and duration. Table 1 is intended to explain the impact on the user according to the concentration of hydrogen sulfide.

[0197] Concentration (ppm) Health Effects Exposure Time 108-hour Work Exposure Standards 8 hours 5-100 Mild irritation (eyes, airway) 3 hours 200-300 Significant irritation 1 hour 500-700 Unconsciousness, death 3 hours - 1 hour > 1,000 Unconsciousness, death Moisture

[0198] Referring to Table 1, if a user is exposed to a hydrogen sulfide concentration of 500 ppm or higher for 30 minutes or more, the user may become unconscious or die. If a user is exposed to a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide exceeding 1000 ppm, the user may become critically ill regardless of the duration. Warning conditions may be determined by considering the effects of hydrogen sulfide on the user. When either the first condition, defined based on a first concentration and a first duration, or the second condition, defined based on a second concentration and a second duration, is satisfied, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide may be determined to correspond to a warning condition. In this case, the first concentration may be lower than the second concentration, and the first duration may be longer than the second duration.

[0199] Table 2 shows examples of warning conditions according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0200] Standard 1 Condition 2 Condition 3 Concentration (ppm) 10 50 200 Exposure time (sec) 600 305 Number of exposures 10 11

[0201] The control unit (1213) may determine that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition when any one of a plurality of conditions is satisfied. For example, if the detected concentration of hydrogen sulfide is 10 ppm or higher and lasts for 600 seconds or more, a warning signal may be generated 10 or more times. Or, if the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is 50 ppm or higher, a warning signal may be generated if the condition lasts for 30 seconds or more, even if the condition lasts for 600 seconds or more does not last 10 or more times. If the concentration of hydrogen sulfide is 200 ppm or higher, a warning signal may be generated if it lasts for 5 seconds or more. At this time, each condition may be determined by considering the effect of hydrogen sulfide on the user. For example, the first concentration of the first condition may be smaller than the second concentration of the second condition, and the first duration of the first condition may be larger than the second duration of the second condition. That is, in the case of a low concentration, the duration may be set to be relatively long, and in the case of a high concentration, the duration may be set to be short. Meanwhile, the first to third conditions of Table 2 are exemplary, and the warning conditions may have fewer or more conditions. In addition, the hydrogen sulfide concentration (ppm), exposure time (seconds), and number of exposures for each condition may have values ​​different from those in Table 2. The method of operation (S700) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S750) of outputting a warning signal in response to the determination that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition (S740-Yes). The warning signal may be related to the evacuation of a user. For example, the warning signal may be a signal instructing the user to evacuate through a display or speaker. The warning signal output from the battery management device (120) may be output to the outside of the battery system (100) and transmitted to a target device. The display or speaker of the target device may output a notification instructing the user to escape in response to the warning signal.

[0202] The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting an exhaust control signal for the operation of the gas exhauster (152) in response to the determination (S740-Yes) that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition. The control unit (1213) may output an exhaust control signal when the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition. The exhaust control signal may be output to the outside of the battery management device (120) and transmitted to the gas exhauster (152). The gas exhauster (152) may perform an exhaust operation in response to the received exhaust control signal. Through this, the control unit (1213) may control the gas exhauster (152) to perform an exhaust operation to prevent a situation in which users are exposed to hydrogen sulfide when the pouches of the batteries (BATs) are open.

[0203] The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a cooling control signal for the operation of the cooler (151) in response to the determination that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition (S740-Yes). The control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal when the concentration of hydrogen sulfide corresponds to a warning condition. The cooling control signal may be output to the outside of the battery management device (120) and transmitted to the cooler (151). The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation in response to the received exhaust signal. When the control unit (1213) determines that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) are open, it may control the cooler (151) to perform a cooling operation to minimize the generation of hydrogen sulfide for users.

[0204] Before the batteries (BATs) ignite, a situation may occur where the pouches of the batteries (BATs) melt and open. At this time, hydrogen sulfide generated from the batteries (BATs) may leak. The operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) may display a warning to users based on whether the concentration of hydrogen sulfide satisfies the warning condition. By displaying a warning to users, the operation method (S700) of the battery management device (120) can secure time to evacuate from an environment where hydrogen sulfide is leaking.

[0205] FIG. 7c is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0206] Referring to FIG. 7c, the operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S810) of detecting the temperature of one or more batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the temperature of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation regarding the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the temperature of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs).

[0207] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S820) of determining whether the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the temperature of a plurality of batteries (BATs) is greater than the first threshold temperature. The first threshold temperature may correspond to a third temperature range corresponding to irreversible performance reduction. The third temperature range may correspond to a conditional safety temperature range described with reference to FIG. 3. That is, the first threshold temperature may be greater than or equal to the first reference temperature (TR1) of the battery (BAT) and less than the second reference temperature (TR2). The first threshold temperature may be determined based on the first reference temperature (TR1). The first reference temperature (TR1) may be 120°C to 140°C, 125°C to 135°C, or 127°C to 133°C.

[0208] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S830) of detecting hydrogen sulfide in one or more batteries in response to a determination (S820-e) that the temperature of one or more batteries is greater than a first threshold temperature. The battery management device (120) may detect the concentration of hydrogen sulfide through a gas sensor (144). The gas sensor (144) may detect whether hydrogen sulfide is generated. The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive sensing data including whether hydrogen sulfide is generated.

[0209] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S840) of determining whether hydrogen sulfide is detected based on sensing data. The control unit (1213) may determine that hydrogen sulfide is detected if the sensing data contains a signal indicating the occurrence of hydrogen sulfide (S840-Yes). If the sensing data does not contain a signal indicating the occurrence of hydrogen sulfide, the control unit (1213) may determine that hydrogen sulfide is not detected (S840-No).

[0210] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S850) of determining that at least one pouch of the batteries (BATs) is open in response to the detection of hydrogen sulfide (S840-e). The control unit (1213) may determine that at least one pouch of the batteries (BATs) is open when the generation of hydrogen sulfide is detected while the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be greater than a first threshold temperature.

[0211] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting an exhaust control signal to perform an exhaust operation for one or more batteries (BATs) in response to a determination that at least one pouch among the batteries (BATs) is open. The control unit (1213) may output an exhaust control signal in response to a determination that at least one pouch is open. The exhaust control signal may be transmitted to a gas exhauster (152). The gas exhauster (152) may perform an exhaust operation in response to the exhaust control signal. The control unit (1213) may control the gas exhauster (152) to perform an exhaust operation to prevent users from being exposed to hydrogen sulfide when at least one pouch among the batteries (BATs) is open. Meanwhile, the protection device (150) of the battery system (100) may further include a hydrogen sulfide remover using a hydrogen sulfide adsorbent. The hydrogen sulfide remover can be configured to use a hydrogen sulfide adsorbent based on an exhaust control signal output from the control unit (1213). For example, the hydrogen sulfide remover can filter the air using the hydrogen sulfide adsorbent as a filter.

[0212] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S860) of cooling the batteries (BATs) in response to the fact that hydrogen sulfide is not detected (S840 - No). In the step (S860) of cooling the batteries (BATs), a cooling control signal for cooling the batteries (BATs) may be output. The control unit (1213) may generate a cooling control signal when hydrogen sulfide is not detected in a situation where the temperature of the batteries (BATs) is greater than a first threshold temperature. The cooling control signal may be output to the outside of the battery management device (120) and transmitted to the cooler (151). The cooler (151) may perform a cooling operation in response to the received exhaust signal. If the control unit (1213) determines that the pouches of the batteries (BATs) are not open, the cooler (151) may be controlled to perform a cooling operation to prevent the generation of hydrogen sulfide in advance.

[0213] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a warning signal to instruct the user to escape in response to the determination that at least one pouch among the batteries (BAT) has been opened. The warning signal output from the battery management device (120) may be output to the outside of the battery system (100) and transmitted to a target device. The display or speaker of the target device may output a notification instructing the user to escape in response to the warning signal.

[0214] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of determining the batteries (BATs) to be in an abnormal state in response to a determination (S820-e) that the temperature is greater than the first threshold temperature. The control unit (1213) may determine the state of the batteries (BATs) to be abnormal if the batteries (BATs) are exposed to a temperature greater than the first threshold temperature, because the batteries (BATs) have been exposed to an irreversible degradation region. If the batteries (BATs) are determined to be in an abnormal state, the control unit (1213) may stop the operation of the batteries (BATs). For example, the control unit (1213) may stop the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may provide information regarding the batteries (BATs) determined to be in an abnormal state. The state of the batteries (BATs) may be stored in a storage device or displayed to a user through a display.

[0215] The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) can determine that the batteries (BAT) are in an abnormal state when the batteries (BAT) are exposed to a temperature corresponding to an irreversible performance reduction. The operation method (S800) of the battery management device (0) can detect whether hydrogen sulfide is generated in the batteries (BAT) and, accordingly, can perform forced evacuation or hydrogen sulfide adsorption to protect the user. If hydrogen sulfide is not generated in the batteries (BAT), the operation method (S800) of the battery management device (120) can prevent the situation in which hydrogen sulfide is generated by cooling the batteries (BAT).

[0216] FIG. 8a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0217] Referring to FIG. 8a, the operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S901) of detecting the voltage of one or more batteries. The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0218] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S902) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating range. The operating voltage range may correspond to the voltage range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is higher than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and lower than the maximum operating voltage (VAM). If the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range (S902-Yes), a step (S901) of detecting the voltage of the batteries (BATs) may be performed.

[0219] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S903) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range when the voltage of the batteries (BATs) does not correspond to an operating voltage range (S902-No). The first limited usage voltage range may correspond to a voltage range related to the reversible performance reduction of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is higher than or equal to the maximum operating voltage (VAM) and lower than the first reference voltage (VR1).

[0220] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S904) of stopping the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) for a first reference time in response to a determination (S903-Yes) that the voltage of the battery (BAT) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range. The first reference time corresponds to a time for ensuring safety by considering the state of the batteries (BATs).

[0221] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S905) of measuring the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries through one charge-discharge cycle. After step S905, the control unit (1213) may perform one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). Before one charge-discharge cycle is performed, the batteries (BATs) may be discharged by a preset capacity at a preset current. The control unit (1213) may collect data regarding the batteries (BATs) while the charge-discharge cycle is being performed. The charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) may be determined based on the data regarding the batteries (BATs).

[0222] Meanwhile, the operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of detecting the temperature of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination (S903-Yes) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range. The control unit (1213) may output a display signal to indicate to the user that an abnormal temperature has occurred if the temperature of the batteries (BATs) exceeds a preset temperature range. If the temperature of the batteries (BATs) does not exceed a preset temperature, step S904 may be performed.

[0223] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S906) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a second limiting voltage in response to a determination (S903-No) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) does not correspond to a first limiting voltage.

[0224] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S907) of stopping the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) for a first reference time in response to the determination (S906-Yes) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a second limited usage voltage range.

[0225] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S906) of measuring the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) through one charge-discharge cycle. After step S907, the control unit (1213) may perform at least two charge-discharge cycles for the batteries (BATs). Before at least two charge-discharge cycles are performed, the batteries (BATs) may be discharged by a preset capacity at a preset current. The control unit (1213) may collect data regarding the batteries (BATs) while the charge-discharge cycles are being performed. The charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) may be determined based on the data regarding the batteries (BATs).

[0226] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S909) of determining whether the measured charge-discharge efficiency is greater than the critical efficiency. The critical efficiency may correspond to a criterion for determining the performance of the batteries (BATs).

[0227] The method of operation (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S910) of resuming charging or discharging of the batteries (BATs) based on the fact that the charging-discharging efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the critical efficiency (S909-e).

[0228] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of writing the exposed voltage range of the batteries (BATs) to memory based on the fact that the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the critical efficiency (S909-e). For example, if the batteries (BATs) correspond to a first limited usage voltage range, information that the battery (BAT) is exposed to the first limited usage voltage range may be stored in memory. The written information may be used to determine the state of the battery (BAT).

[0229] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S911) of determining the state of the batteries (BATs) as abnormal based on the fact that the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is not greater than the critical efficiency (S909-No).

[0230] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a first indicator signal indicating a request for battery replacement based on batteries (BATs) determined to be abnormal. The first indicator signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide a request for battery (BAT) replacement to a user based on the first indicator signal through a display or speaker, etc.

[0231] Meanwhile, the operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S912) of stopping the use of the corresponding battery (BAT) in response to the fact that the voltage of the batteries (BAT) does not correspond to the second limited usage voltage range (S906-No). The control unit (1213) may stop the use of the batteries (BAT) when the voltage of the batteries (BAT) exceeds the second limited usage voltage range. The control unit (1213) may cut off the voltage or current applied to the battery (BAT) to stop the use of the batteries (BAT).

[0232] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a second indicator signal to indicate that the batteries (BATs) are unusable in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) exceeding a second limited usage voltage range. The second indicator signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide information to a user that the batteries (BATs) are unusable based on the first indicator signal through a display or speaker, etc.

[0233] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S913) of cooling the batteries (BATs) in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponding to a dangerous voltage range. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a dangerous voltage range. The dangerous voltage range may correspond to the unsafe voltage range of FIG. 3, where charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) is impossible and there is a risk of ignition. That is, the dangerous voltage range may correspond to a voltage range where the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than or equal to the third reference voltage (VR3). When the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a dangerous voltage range, the control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs).

[0234] The operation method (S900) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a warning signal to indicate the risk of ignition of the batteries (BATs) in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponding to a dangerous voltage range. The warning signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide the user, through a display or speaker, that there is a risk of the batteries (BATs) igniting based on the warning signal.

[0235] The battery management device (120) can measure the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) by varying the number of charge-discharge cycles according to the exposed voltage range. Through this, the discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) that are expected to experience a significant performance reduction due to exposure to relatively higher temperatures can be closely measured. This ensures the reliability and safety of the battery (BAT) performance.

[0236] FIG. 8b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0237] Referring to FIG. 8a, the operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S1001) of detecting the voltage of one or more batteries. The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0238] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1002) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range. The control unit (1213) of the battery management device (120) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating range. The operating voltage range may correspond to the voltage range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is higher than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and lower than the maximum operating voltage (VAM). If the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range (S1002-Yes), a step (S1001) of detecting the voltage of the batteries may be performed.

[0239] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1003) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range when the voltage of the batteries (BATs) does not correspond to an operating voltage range (S1002-No). The first limited usage voltage range may correspond to a voltage range related to the reversible performance reduction of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is higher than or equal to the maximum operating voltage (VAM) and lower than the first reference voltage (VR1).

[0240] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1004) of stopping the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) for a first reference time in response to a determination (S1003-Yes) that the voltage of the battery (BAT) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range. The first reference time corresponds to a time for ensuring safety by considering the state of the batteries (BATs).

[0241] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of detecting the temperature of the batteries (BATs) in response to the determination (S1003-Yes) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a first limited usage voltage range. The control unit (1213) may output a display signal to indicate to the user that an abnormal temperature has occurred if the temperature of the batteries (BATs) exceeds a preset temperature range. If the temperature of the batteries (BATs) does not exceed a preset temperature, step S1004 may be performed.

[0242] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1005) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a second limiting voltage in response to a determination (S1003-No) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) does not correspond to a first limiting voltage.

[0243] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S1006) of stopping the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) for a second reference time greater than the first reference time in response to the determination (S1005-Yes) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a second limited usage voltage range. The second reference time is a time for stabilizing the state of the batteries (BATs) and may be set to a value greater than the first reference time. For example, if the first reference time is set to 6 hours, the second reference time may be set to 12 hours. This is exemplary, and each of the first and second reference times may be determined by considering both the stabilization and rapid reuse of the batteries (BATs).

[0244] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1007) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range. Step S1007 may be performed after step S1004 or step S1006 has been performed. The operating voltage range may correspond to a voltage range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and less than the maximum operating voltage (VAM).

[0245] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1008) of measuring the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S1007-Yes) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to an operating voltage range. The control unit (1213) may perform at least one charge-discharge cycle for the batteries (BATs). Before at least one charge-discharge cycle is performed, the batteries (BATs) may be discharged by a preset capacity at a preset current. The control unit (1213) may collect data regarding the batteries (BATs) while the charge-discharge cycle is being performed. The charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) may be determined based on the data regarding the batteries (BATs).

[0246] The control unit (1213) can resume charging or discharging the batteries (BATs) based on the fact that the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is greater than the critical efficiency. The control unit (1213) can write the exposed voltage range of the batteries (BATs) to memory. For example, if the batteries (BATs) correspond to a first limited usage voltage range, information that the battery (BAT) is exposed to the first limited usage voltage range can be stored in memory. The written information can be used to determine the state of the battery (BAT).

[0247] The control unit (1213) can determine that the state of the batteries (BATs) is abnormal based on the fact that the charge-discharge efficiency of the batteries (BATs) is not greater than the critical efficiency.

[0248] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1009) of determining the state of the batteries (BATs) as abnormal in response to a determination (S1007-No) that the voltage of the batteries (BATs) does not correspond to an operating voltage range.

[0249] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a first indicator signal indicating a request for battery replacement based on batteries (BATs) determined to be abnormal. The first indicator signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide a request for battery (BAT) replacement to a user based on the first indicator signal through a display or speaker, etc.

[0250] Meanwhile, the operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1010) of stopping the use of the corresponding battery (BAT) in response to the fact that the voltage of the batteries (BAT) does not correspond to the second limited usage voltage range (S1005-No). The control unit (1213) may stop the use of the batteries (BAT) when the voltage of the batteries (BAT) exceeds the second limited usage voltage range. The control unit (1213) may cut off the voltage or current applied to the battery (BAT) to stop the use of the batteries (BAT).

[0251] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a second indicator signal to indicate that the batteries (BATs) are unusable in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) exceeding a second limited usage voltage range. The second indicator signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide information to a user that the battery (BAT) is unusable based on the first indicator signal through a display or speaker, etc.

[0252] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1011) of cooling the batteries (BATs) in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponding to a dangerous voltage range. The control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a dangerous voltage range. The dangerous voltage range may correspond to the unsafe voltage range of FIG. 3, where charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) is impossible and there is a risk of ignition. That is, the dangerous voltage range may correspond to a voltage range where the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is greater than or equal to the third reference voltage (VR3). When the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponds to a dangerous voltage range, the control unit (1213) may output a cooling control signal to cool the batteries (BATs).

[0253] The operation method (S1000) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step of outputting a warning signal to indicate the risk of ignition of the batteries (BATs) in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) corresponding to a dangerous voltage range. The warning signal generated by the control unit (1213) may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). The target device may provide the user, through a display or speaker, that there is a risk of the battery (BAT) igniting based on the warning signal.

[0254] The battery management device (120) can stabilize the batteries (BATs) by varying the time for stopping charging and discharging according to the exposed voltage range. Through this, it is possible to stabilize the batteries (BATs) that are expected to experience a significant decrease in performance due to exposure to relatively higher temperatures. Through this, the reliability and safety of the battery (BAT) performance can be ensured.

[0255] FIG. 9a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0256] Referring to FIG. 9a, the operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1110) of detecting the voltage of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0257] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1120) of determining whether the voltage of the battery (BAT) has reached a first threshold voltage. The first threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BAT). The first threshold voltage may correspond to a second limited usage voltage range described with reference to FIG. 4. The first threshold voltage may be higher than or equal to a first reference voltage (VR1) and lower than a second reference voltage (VR2).

[0258] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S1140) of discharging the batteries (BATs) to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage in response to the detected voltage of the batteries (BATs) reaching a first threshold voltage (S1120-Yes). The second threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs). The second threshold voltage may correspond to an operating voltage range described with reference to FIG. 4. The second threshold voltage may be higher than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and lower than the maximum operating voltage (VAM).

[0259] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1150) of calculating the expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). In the step S1150, the control unit (1213) may measure the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). The calculation unit (1212) may calculate the expected lifespan of the current batteries (BATs) based on the measured discharge capacity and the initial discharge capacity. The expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) may be expressed as the remaining charge-discharge cycles of the batteries (BATs). If the battery system (100) is included in an electric vehicle or in an electronic system constituting an electric vehicle, it may be expressed as the maximum driving range when the batteries (BATs) are fully charged.

[0260] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1160) of outputting the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs). In the step (S1160) of outputting the expected lifespan, the control unit (1213) may output a display signal for outputting the expected lifespan. The display signal may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100) and may be provided to a user through a display or speaker, etc.

[0261] Meanwhile, the operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1130) of determining whether there are batteries corresponding to a conditional usage voltage range in response to the detected voltage of the battery (BAT) reaching a first threshold voltage (S1120-yes) before step S1140 is performed. The conditional usage voltage range may be a voltage range in which charging and discharging of the batteries (BAT) is impossible but ignition does not occur, as described with reference to FIG. 4. The conditional usage voltage range may be higher than or equal to a second reference voltage (VR2) and lower than a third reference voltage (VR3).

[0262] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of determining the state of the batteries (BAT) corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range as abnormal.

[0263] If it is determined that there are no batteries (BATs) corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range (S1130-No), step S1140 may be performed.

[0264] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1170) of cutting off the current of the battery (BAT) corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range when there are batteries (BAT) corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range (S1130-yes).

[0265] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1180) of completely discharging the remaining batteries (BAT) excluding the battery (BAT) whose current has been cut off. After step S1180, step S1150 may be performed.

[0266] The operation method (S1100) of the battery management device (120) can secure as many batteries (BAT) as possible that do not undergo irreversible performance degradation. Through this, the expected lifespan of the batteries (BAT) can be guaranteed.

[0267] FIG. 9b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0268] Referring to FIG. 9b, the operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1210) of detecting the voltage of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0269] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1220) of determining whether the voltage of the battery (BAT) has reached a first threshold voltage. The first threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range in which charging and discharging of the batteries (BAT) is impossible and ignition does not occur. The first threshold voltage may correspond to a conditional usage voltage range described with reference to FIG. 4. The first threshold voltage may be higher than or equal to a second reference voltage (VR2) and lower than a third reference voltage (VR3).

[0270] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1230) of stopping the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) in response to the detected voltage of the batteries (BATs) reaching a first threshold voltage (S1220-e).

[0271] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1250) of calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). In step S1250, the control unit (1213) may measure the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). The calculation unit (1212) may calculate the expected lifespan of the current batteries (BATs) based on the measured discharge capacity and the initial discharge capacity. The expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) may be expressed as the remaining charge-discharge cycles of the batteries (BATs). If the battery system (100) is included in an electric vehicle or in an electronic system constituting an electric vehicle, it may be expressed as the maximum driving range when the batteries (BATs) are fully charged.

[0272] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1260) of outputting the expected lifespan of the batteries (BAT). In the step (S1260) of outputting the expected lifespan, the control unit (1213) may output a display signal for outputting the expected lifespan. The display signal may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100) and may be provided to a user through a display or speaker, etc.

[0273] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S1240) of cutting off the current of the battery (BAT) that exceeds the conditional usage voltage range after step S1230.

[0274] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of determining the state of the battery (BAT) that exceeds the conditional usage voltage range as abnormal after step S1230.

[0275] Meanwhile, when the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) is calculated in the step (S1250) of calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) based on the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs), the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) can be calculated based on the discharge capacity of the remaining batteries (BATs), excluding the battery (BAT) that was cut off in the step (S1240) of cutting off the current of the battery (BAT) that exceeds the conditional usage voltage range.

[0276] The operation method (S1200) of the battery management device (120) can stop the charging and discharging of batteries (BATs) exposed to high voltage that makes operation impossible, thereby minimizing the performance degradation of the batteries (BATs).

[0277] FIG. 10a is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0278] Referring to FIG. 10a, the operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1310) of detecting the voltage of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0279] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1320) of determining whether the voltage of the batteries (BATs) exceeds an operating voltage range. The operating voltage range may correspond to a voltage range related to the normal operation of the batteries (BATs) described with reference to FIG. 4. The operating voltage range may be higher than or equal to the minimum operating voltage (VAm) and lower than the maximum operating voltage (VAM).

[0280] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1330) of checking the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) in response to the detected voltage of the batteries (BATs) reaching a first threshold voltage (S1320-e). The control unit (1213) may generate information related to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) and the time of exposure to the corresponding voltage and store it in memory. For example, if the batteries (BATs) are exposed for 30 minutes in a first limited usage voltage range, information indicating the voltage of the batteries (BATs) and the exposure time of 30 minutes may be generated and stored in memory.

[0281] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1340) of determining whether the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) exceed a reference condition. The reference condition may be determined by the exposure time according to each voltage range. Table 3 shows an example of a reference condition.

[0282] Voltage Range Voltage Exposure Time Estimated Expected Life Management Process Conditional Safe Voltage Range <2V 10 mins Abnormal 50% of Capacity Center Inspection Alert Operating Voltage Range <4.25V --- 1st Limit Usage Voltage Range <4.5V 60 mins 80% of Normal Capacity Discharge Capacity Check <5V 10 mins 70% of Normal Capacity Discharge Capacity Check 2nd Limit Usage Voltage Range <5.5V 5 mins 60% of Normal Capacity Center Inspection Alert <6V 1 mins 50% of Normal Capacity Center Inspection Alert Conditional Usage Voltage Range <8V Occurrence Unavailable Unavailable Alert Non-Safe Voltage Range ≥8V Occurrence Unavailable Unavailable Alert

[0283] The control unit (1213) may determine that the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) exceed the reference conditions if the exposure time corresponding to the voltage range for the batteries (BATs) is exceeded. For example, if the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is exposed for 30 minutes at 4.3V, the expected lifespan corresponds to 80% of the normal capacity, and the battery management device (120) itself can check the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). As another example, if the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is exposed for 80 minutes at 4.3V, the control unit (1213) may determine that the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) exceed the reference conditions. The voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) in Table 3 are exemplary and may be set differently depending on the characteristics of the batteries (BATs). In addition, the expected lifespan and the management process for the batteries (BATs) may also be set differently. For example, in the first limited usage voltage range, at a voltage lower than 4.5V, the standard exposure time may be set to 5 minutes instead of 60 minutes. In this case, if 4 minutes have passed with the battery (BAT) voltage at 4.4V, it may be determined that the standard condition is satisfied, but if 6 minutes have passed, it may be determined that the standard condition is exceeded.

[0284] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1350) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S1340-Yes) that the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) exceed a reference condition.

[0285] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step (S1360) of outputting a display signal to indicate that the batteries (BATs) are unusable in response to the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) exceeding a reference condition (S1340-e). The display signal may be transmitted to a target device outside the battery system (100). A display or speaker included in the target device may notify the user that the batteries (BATs) are unusable in response to the display signal.

[0286] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1370) of checking the state of the batteries (BATs) in response to a determination (S1340-Yes) that the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs) do not exceed a reference condition. The state of the batteries (BATs) may be determined based on data regarding the batteries (BATs), such as whether hydrogen sulfide is generated, the current, voltage, and resistance of the batteries (BATs), changes in the thickness of the batteries (BATs), changes in the pressure of the batteries (BATs), and changes in the temperature of the batteries (BATs).

[0287] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step of performing a management process corresponding to the state of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may provide a management processor corresponding to the corresponding reference condition. For example, if the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is 4.3V and the exposure time does not exceed 60 minutes, the control unit (1213) may check the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). If the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is 5.2V and the exposure time does not exceed 5 minutes, the control unit (1213) may output a display signal requesting that the batteries (BATs) be inspected. The display signal is transmitted to the target device, and based on the display signal, a notification to the user to perform an inspection of the batteries (BATs) may be delivered through a display or speaker. If a situation occurs where the voltage of the batteries (BATs) is 9V, the control unit (1213) may output a display signal indicating that the batteries (BATs) cannot be used. The indicator signal is transmitted to the target device, and a notification that the batteries (BATs) cannot be used may be conveyed via the display or speaker.

[0288] The step (S1300) of checking the status of the batteries (BATs) may further include a step of checking whether the batteries (BATs) can operate normally. For example, the control unit (1213) may check whether the batteries (BATs) can be charged or discharged. When checking whether the batteries (BATs) can operate normally, the control unit (1213) may measure the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs). The control unit (1213) may perform a charge-discharge cycle on the batteries (BATs) to measure the discharge capacity of the batteries (BATs).

[0289] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S1380) of calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) based on the state of the batteries (BATs). The expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) may be calculated based on data regarding the batteries (BATs) collected in the step (S1370) of checking the state of the batteries (BATs).

[0290] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S1390) of determining whether the state of the batteries (BATs) is abnormal. If the state of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be abnormal (S1390-Yes), a step (S1350) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) may be performed. If the state of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be normal (S1390-No), the batteries (BATs) operate normally, and the battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0291] The operation method (S1300) of the battery management device (120) can perform management of the batteries (BATs) by considering the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs). Through this, the performance degradation of the batteries (BATs) can be minimized and the batteries (BATs) can be managed stably.

[0292] FIG. 10b is a flowchart illustrating a method of operation of a battery management device according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0293] Referring to FIG. 10b, the operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1410) of detecting the voltage of the batteries (BATs). The battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensor device (140). The sensor device (140) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs) through a sensing operation on the batteries (BATs) and may transmit sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs) to the battery management device (120). The data collection unit (1211) of the battery management device (120) may receive the sensing data including the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0294] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1420) of determining whether the first threshold voltage of the batteries (BATs) is exceeded. The first threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range associated with the reversible performance reduction of the batteries (BATs). That is, the first threshold voltage may correspond to the first limited operating voltage range described with reference to FIG. 4. The first threshold voltage may be higher than or equal to the maximum operating voltage (AM) and lower than the first reference voltage (VR1).

[0295] The method of operation (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include the step (S1430) of calculating a voltage change indicator of the batteries (BATs) in response to the detected voltage of the batteries (BATs) reaching a first threshold voltage (S1420-yes). The voltage change indicator of the batteries (BATs) may be a detected voltage change rate over time (i.e., a first derivative with respect to time) or a voltage change acceleration (i.e., a second derivative with respect to time).

[0296] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1440) of determining whether a voltage change indicator exceeds a reference condition. If the voltage change indicator of the batteries (BATs) is a voltage change rate, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the voltage change rate of the batteries (BATs) exceeds a threshold rate. If the voltage change indicator is a voltage change acceleration, the control unit (1213) may determine whether the absolute value (i.e., magnitude) of the voltage change acceleration of the batteries (BATs) exceeds a threshold acceleration. The threshold rate and threshold acceleration may be set according to the characteristics of the batteries (BATs).

[0297] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1450) of terminating the charging and discharging of batteries (BATs) in response to a voltage change indicator exceeding a reference condition (S1440-e).

[0298] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may further include the step (S1460) of performing a protection operation for the batteries (BATs).

[0299] The step (S1460) of performing a protection operation for the batteries (BATs) may further include the step of outputting a cooling control signal for the operation of a cooler in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) exceeding a second threshold voltage. The second threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range associated with irreversible performance degradation of the batteries (BATs). The second threshold voltage may correspond to a second limited usage voltage range described with reference to FIG. 4. The second threshold voltage may be a voltage higher than or equal to the first reference voltage (VR1) and lower than the second reference voltage (VR2).

[0300] The step (S1460) of performing a protection operation for the batteries (BATs) may further include the step of outputting a fire extinguishing control signal for the operation of a fire extinguisher in response to the voltage of the batteries (BATs) exceeding a third threshold voltage. The third threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range associated with the inability to charge and discharge and ignition of the batteries (BATs) in a range higher than the second threshold voltage. The third threshold voltage may correspond to the unsafe voltage region described with reference to FIG. 4. The third threshold voltage may correspond to a voltage range higher than or equal to the third reference voltage (VR3).

[0301] Meanwhile, the operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may include a step (S1470) of checking the state of the batteries (BATs) in response to the voltage change indicator not exceeding a reference condition (S1440-No). The state of the batteries (BATs) may be determined based on data regarding the batteries (BATs), such as whether hydrogen sulfide is generated, the current, voltage, and resistance of the batteries (BATs), changes in the thickness of the batteries (BATs), changes in the pressure of the batteries (BATs), and changes in the temperature of the batteries (BATs).

[0302] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S1480) of calculating the expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) based on the state of the batteries (BATs). The expected lifespan of the batteries (BATs) may be calculated based on data regarding the batteries (BATs) collected in the step (S1470) of checking the state of the batteries (BATs).

[0303] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) may further include a step (S1490) of determining whether the state of the batteries (BATs) is abnormal. If the state of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be abnormal (S1490-Yes), a step (S1450) of terminating the charging and discharging of the batteries (BATs) may be performed. If the state of the batteries (BATs) is determined to be normal (S1490-No), the batteries (BATs) operate normally, and the battery management device (120) may detect the voltage of the batteries (BATs).

[0304] The operation method (S1400) of the battery management device (120) can perform management of the batteries (BATs) by considering the voltage and exposure time of the batteries (BATs). Through this, the performance degradation of the batteries (BATs) can be minimized and the batteries (BATs) can be managed stably.

[0305] FIGS. 11a to 11c are cross-sectional views of an all-solid-state battery according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0306] Referring to FIG. 11a, an all-solid-state battery (1) according to one embodiment includes a positive electrode layer (10), a negative electrode layer (20) facing the positive electrode layer (10), and a solid electrolyte layer (30) disposed between the positive electrode layer (10) and the negative electrode layer (20). However, the all-solid-state battery (1) is not limited thereto and may further include an additional functional layer, such as an adhesion-enhancing layer, disposed between the positive electrode layer (10) and the solid electrolyte layer (30) or between the negative electrode layer (20) and the solid electrolyte layer (30).

[0307] The anode layer (10) of one embodiment includes an anode current collector (11) and an anode active material layer (12) disposed on the anode current collector (11). The anode active material layer (12) may include an anode active material, a solid electrolyte, a conductive material, and a binder.

[0308] The positive current collector (11) can provide a reference surface on which the positive active material layer (12) is placed. The positive current collector (11) may include, for example, a plate or foil comprising indium (In), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), lithium (Li), or an alloy thereof.

[0309] Meanwhile, unlike as illustrated in FIG. 11a, the positive current collector (11) may be omitted in one embodiment of the present invention. Although not illustrated, a carbon layer with a thickness of 0.1 μm to 4 μm may be further disposed between the positive current collector (11) and the positive active material layer (12) to increase the bonding strength between the positive current collector (11) and the positive active material layer (12).

[0310] The cathode active material is a material capable of reversibly absorbing and desorbing lithium ions. The cathode active material may include, for example, lithium transition metal oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM), lithium manganate, and lithium iron phosphate, as well as nickel sulfide, copper sulfide, lithium sulfide, iron oxide, or vanadium oxide, but is not necessarily limited to these. Each cathode active material may be a single material or a mixture of two or more materials.

[0311] Lithium transition metal oxides are, for example, LiaA1-bBbD2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5), LiaE1-bBbO2-cDc(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05), LiE2-bBbO4-cDc(0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05), LiaNi1-b-cCobBcDα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNi1-b-cCobBcO2-αFα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNi1-b-cMnbBcDα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α≤2), LiaNi1-b-cMnbBcO2-αFα(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, 0<α<2), LiaNibEcGdO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0.001≤d≤0.1), LiaNibCocMndGeO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0≤d≤0.5, 0.001≤e≤0.1), LiaNiGbO2(0.9≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaCoGbO2(0.90≤a≤1, It is a compound represented by any one of 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaMnGbO2(0.90≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), LiaMn2GbO4(0.90≤a≤1, 0.001≤b≤0.1), QO2, QS2, LiQS2, V2O5, LiV2O5, LiIO2, LiNiVO4, Li3-fJ2(PO4)3(0≤f≤2), Li3-fFe2(PO4)3(0≤f≤2), and LiFePO4.In these compounds, the uppercase “A” is Ni, Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “B” is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “D” is O, F, S, P, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “E” is Co, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “F” is F, S, P, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “G” is Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, V, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “Q” is Ti, Mo, Mn, or a combination thereof; the uppercase “I” is Cr, V, Fe, Sc, Y, or a combination thereof; and the uppercase “J” is V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, or a combination thereof.

[0312] The cathode active material may include, for example, a lithium salt of a transition metal oxide having a layered rock salt type structure among the lithium transition metal oxides described above. The "layered rock salt type structure" is, for example, a cubic rock salt type structure. <111> It is a structure in which oxygen and metal atomic layers are alternately and regularly arranged in the direction, thereby forming a two-dimensional plane for each atomic layer. The "cubic rock salt type structure" represents a sodium chloride (NaCl type) structure, which is a type of crystal structure; specifically, it represents a structure in which face-centered cubic lattices (fcc) formed by cations and anions, respectively, are offset from each other by half the ridge of the unit lattice. Lithium transition metal oxides having such a layered rock salt type structure include, for example, LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) or LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) (0 <x<1,0<y<1, 0<z<1, x+y+z=1) 등의 삼원계 리튬전이금속산화물일 수 있다. 양극활물질이 층상암염형 구조를 갖는 삼원계 리튬전이금속산화물을 포함하는 경우, 전고체 전지(1)의 에너지 밀도가 커지고 열안정성이 향상될 수 있다.

[0313] The aforementioned compound contained in the cathode active material may be covered by a coating layer (not shown). The cathode active material may also be a mixture of the aforementioned compound and the compound to which the coating layer is added. Meanwhile, the coating layer added to the surface of the cathode active material may include, for example, oxides, hydroxides, oxyhydroxides, oxycarbonates, or hydroxycarbonates of the following coating elements. The compounds forming this coating layer are amorphous or crystalline. The coating elements included in the coating layer may include Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Sn, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr, or mixtures thereof. The coating layer may include, for example, Li2O-ZrO2 (LZO). The method for forming the coating layer is selected within a range that does not adversely affect the physical properties of the cathode active material. The method for forming the coating layer is, for example, spray coating or immersion.

[0314] When the positive electrode active material is a ternary lithium transition metal oxide such as NCA or NCM and contains nickel (Ni), the capacity density of the all-solid-state battery (1) is increased, and the metal leaching of the positive electrode active material in the charged state can be reduced. As a result, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) in the charged state are improved. Meanwhile, “cycle characteristics” is a characteristic that indicates the degree of deterioration of the all-solid-state battery (1) due to charging and discharging of the all-solid-state battery (1). An all-solid-state battery (1) with high cycle characteristics has a small degree of deterioration due to charging and discharging, while an all-solid-state battery (1) with low cycle characteristics may have a large degree of deterioration due to charging and discharging.

[0315] The shape of the cathode active material may include particle shapes such as spheres or ellipsoids. The particle size and content of the cathode active material are not particularly limited.

[0316] The solid electrolyte may include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte with excellent lithium ion conductivity characteristics. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are, for example, Li2S-P2S5, Li2S-P2S5-LiX (where X is a halogen element), Li2S-P2S5-Li2O, Li2S-P2S5-Li2O-LiI, Li2S-SiS2, Li2S-SiS2-LiI, Li2S-SiS2-LiBr, Li2S-SiS2-LiCl, Li2S-SiS2-B2S3-LiI, Li2S-SiS2-P2S5-LiI, Li2S-B2S3, Li2S-P2S5-ZmSn (where m and n are positive numbers, and the uppercase “Z” represents one of Ge, Zn, or Ga), Li2S-GeS2, Li2S-SiS2-Li3PO4, and Li2S-SiS2-LipMOq (where p and q are positive numbers, and the uppercase “M” represents P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In It may include at least one selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2).

[0317] The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising, for example, one or more selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2). In particular, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising one or more selected from Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br, and Li6PS5I. The density of the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte may be 1.5 g / cc to 2.0 g / cc. By having a density of 1.5 g / cc or higher for the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte, the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery is reduced, and defects such as penetration and short circuit of the solid electrolyte film due to lithium dendrite formation can be prevented. The elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte can be, for example, 15 GPa to 35 GPa.

[0318] The solid electrolyte included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) may have a smaller average particle size (D50) of intermediate particle size compared to the solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30). For example, the average particle size (D50) of the solid electrolyte included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) may be 90% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, or 20% or less of the average particle size (D50) of the solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30). Meanwhile, the average particle size (D50) may be a median diameter measured using a laser particle size distribution meter.

[0319] The positive active material layer (12) may include a conductive material. The conductive material may have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the all-solid-state battery (1), thereby increasing the conductivity of the positive active material and the solid electrolyte. The conductive material may include a carbon-based material. The conductive material may include, for example, one or more selected from graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, carbon nanofibers, and carbon nanotubes.

[0320] The positive active material layer (12) may further include a binder. The binder may include a material for bonding the positive active material, solid electrolyte, and conductive material contained in the positive active material layer (12), and for improving the bonding strength with the positive current collector (11). The binder may include, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethyl methacrylate.

[0321] Based on 100 parts by weight of the total positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 85 parts by weight or more and 92 parts by weight or less of the positive active material. Based on 100 parts by weight of the total positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 0.5 parts by weight or more and 1.5 parts by weight or less of the binder.

[0322] Based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the positive active material layer (12) may contain 1 part by weight or more and 50 parts by weight or less of a conductive material. If the conductive material is included in the positive active material layer (12) in an amount less than 1 part by weight based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the proportion of the conductive material decreases, and the electrical conductivity of the positive active material layer (12) may decrease. If the conductive material is included in the positive active material layer (12) in an amount exceeding 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of solid electrolyte, the proportion of the conductive material is excessively high, and a coating layer covering the surface of the solid electrolyte may not be properly formed.

[0323] The positive active material layer (12) may further include additives such as fillers, coating agents, dispersants, and ion conductivity aids in addition to the positive active material, solid electrolyte, conductive material, and binder described above.

[0324] The solid electrolyte layer (30) is disposed between the anode layer (10) and the cathode layer (20) and includes a sulfide-based solid electrolyte with excellent lithium ion conductivity characteristics. The solid electrolyte included in the solid electrolyte layer (30) may be the same as or different from any one of the materials that can be included in the solid electrolyte included in the aforementioned anode active material layer (12).

[0325] The solid electrolyte layer (30) of one embodiment may include a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be manufactured by processing starting materials, such as Li2S or P2S5, by a melt quenching method or a mechanical milling method. Additionally, heat treatment may be performed after such processing. The solid electrolyte may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Furthermore, the solid electrolyte may include sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and lithium (Li) as at least constituent elements among the sulfide-based solid electrolyte materials described above, for example. For example, the solid electrolyte may be a material containing Li2S-P2S5. When using a sulfide-based solid electrolyte material containing Li2S-P2S5 to form the solid electrolyte, the molar ratio of Li2S and P2S5 is, for example, in the range of Li2S : P2S5 = 50 : 50 to 90 : 10.

[0326] The sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising, for example, one or more selected from Li7-xPS6-xClx (0≤x≤2), Li7-xPS6-xBrx (0≤x≤2), and Li7-xPS6-xIx (0≤x≤2). In particular, the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be an argyrodite-type compound comprising one or more selected from Li6PS5Cl, Li6PS5Br, and Li6PS5I. The density of the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte may be 1.5 g / cc to 2.0 g / cc. By having a density of 1.5 g / cc or higher for the argyrodite-type solid electrolyte, the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery is reduced, and defects such as penetration and short circuit of the solid electrolyte film due to lithium dendrite formation can be prevented. The elastic modulus of the solid electrolyte is, for example, 15 GPa to 35 GPa.

[0327] The solid electrolyte layer (30) may further include a binder. The binder included in the solid electrolyte layer (30) is, for example, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, etc., but is not limited to these. The binder of the solid electrolyte layer (30) may be the same as or different from the binder included in the positive electrode active material layer (12) or the binder included in the negative electrode active material layer (22).

[0328] The negative electrode layer (20) includes a negative electrode current collector (21) and a negative electrode active material layer (22) disposed on the negative electrode current collector (21). The negative electrode active material layer (22) may include a negative electrode active material and a binder.

[0329] The negative electrode current collector (21) can provide a reference surface on which the negative electrode active material layer (22) is disposed. The negative electrode current collector (21) may include, for example, a material that does not react with lithium, that is, does not form any alloys or compounds with lithium. The material constituting the negative electrode current collector (21) may be, for example, copper (Cu), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), but is not necessarily limited to these, and any material used as an electrode current collector is possible. The thickness of the negative electrode current collector may be 1 to 20 μm, for example 5 to 15 μm, for example 7 to 10 μm.

[0330] The negative current collector (21) may be composed of one of the metals described above, or may include an alloy of two or more metals or a coating material. The negative current collector (21) is, for example, in the form of a plate or foil. Meanwhile, in one embodiment, the negative current collector (21) may be omitted.

[0331] The negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode active material layer (22) may have a particle shape. The intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) of the negative electrode active material having a particle shape may be, for example, 4 µm or less, 2 µm or less, 1 µm or less, or 900 nm or less. The intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) of the negative electrode active material may be, for example, 10 nm to 4 µm, 10 nm to 2 µm, or 10 nm to 900 nm. As the negative electrode active material has an intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) within this range, the reversible absorption and / or desorption of lithium during charging and discharging may be more easily facilitated. Meanwhile, the intermediate particle size average diameter (D50) may be a median diameter measured using a laser particle size distribution meter.

[0332] The cathode active material may include, for example, one or more selected from carbon-based cathode active materials and metal or metalloid cathode active materials.

[0333] Carbon-based cathode active materials may be amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon includes, for example, carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), furnace black (FB), ketjen black (KB), graphene, etc., but is not necessarily limited to these. Amorphous carbon is carbon that does not have crystallinity or has very low crystallinity, and is distinguished from crystalline carbon or graphite-based carbon.

[0334] The metal or metalloid cathode active material comprises one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn), but is not necessarily limited to these, and may be a metal cathode active material or a metalloid cathode active material that forms an alloy or compound with lithium. Meanwhile, nickel (Ni) does not form an alloy with lithium, so it does not qualify as a metal cathode active material.

[0335] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may include one type of negative electrode active material among these negative electrode active materials, or a mixture of multiple different negative electrode active materials. For example, the negative electrode active material layer (22) may include only amorphous carbon, or one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn).

[0336] In one embodiment, the negative electrode active material layer (22) may comprise a mixture of amorphous carbon and one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). The mixing ratio of the mixture of amorphous carbon and gold (Au), etc., may be, for example, 10:1 to 1:2, 5:1 to 1:1, or 4:1 to 2:1 by weight, but is not necessarily limited to these ranges and may be selected according to the required characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1). By having the negative electrode active material have such a composition, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be further improved.

[0337] The binder included in the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, etc., but is not necessarily limited to these. The binder may include one or a plurality of different binders.

[0338] By including a binder in the negative active material layer (22), the negative active material layer (22) can be stably formed on the negative current collector (21). That is, the bonding strength between the negative active material layer (22) and the negative current collector (21) can be increased. In addition, cracking of the negative active material layer (22) is suppressed despite changes in volume and / or relative position of the negative active material layer (22) during the charging and discharging process. If the negative active material layer (22) does not include a binder, the negative active material layer (22) can be easily separated from the negative current collector (21). As the negative active material layer (22) detaches from the negative current collector (21), the negative current collector (21) may come into contact with the solid electrolyte layer in the exposed portion of the negative current collector (21), and accordingly, the possibility of a short circuit occurring increases.

[0339] The negative electrode active material layer (22) is manufactured, for example, by providing a mixture in which the material constituting the negative electrode active material layer (22) is dispersed onto a negative electrode current collector (21). Since a binder is included in the material constituting the negative electrode active material layer (22), stable dispersion of the negative electrode active material is possible in the mixture. For example, when the mixture is applied onto the negative electrode current collector (21) by a screen printing method, it is possible to suppress clogging of the screen (for example, clogging caused by aggregates of the negative electrode active material) by the binder.

[0340] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may further include other additives in addition to the negative electrode active material and binder. The negative electrode active material layer (22) may further include, for example, fillers, coating agents, dispersants, ion conductivity aids, etc.

[0341] The negative electrode active material layer (22) may have a smaller thickness compared to the positive electrode active material layer (12). The thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may be, for example, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less of the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer (12). The thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may be, for example, 1 µm to 20 µm, 2 µm to 10 µm, or 3 µm to 7 µm. If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is excessively thin, lithium dendrites formed between the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the negative electrode current collector (21) may cause the negative electrode active material layer (22) to collapse, thereby degrading the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1). If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively, the energy density of the all-solid-state battery (1) decreases, and the internal resistance of the all-solid-state battery (1) due to the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases, which may degrade the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1).

[0342] If the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) decreases, for example, the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) may also decrease. The charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, or 2% or less compared to the charging capacity of the positive electrode active material layer (12). The charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is, for example, 0.1% to 50%, 0.1% to 40%, 0.1% to 30%, 0.1% to 20%, 0.1% to 10%, 0.1% to 5%, or 0.1% to 2% compared to the charging capacity of the positive electrode active material layer (12). If the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) is excessively small, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) becomes very thin, and the same defect as the above-described defect that occurs when the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) becomes excessively thin may occur. If the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively, the same defect as the above-described defect that occurs when the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer (22) increases excessively may occur.

[0343] The charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12) can be obtained by multiplying the charge capacity density (mAh / g) of the positive active material by the mass of the positive active material in the positive active material layer (12). If the positive active material layer (12) contains various types of positive active materials, the value [charge capacity density × mass] is calculated for each positive active material, and the sum of these values ​​of the positive active materials is the charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12). The charge capacity of the negative active material layer (22) can also be calculated in the same way. That is, the charge capacity of the negative active material layer (22) is obtained by multiplying the charge capacity density (mAh / g) of the negative active material by the mass of the negative active material in the negative active material layer (22). If the negative active material layer (22) contains various types of negative active materials, the value [charge capacity density × mass] is calculated for each negative active material, and the sum of these values ​​of the negative active materials is the capacity of the negative active material layer (22). Here, the charge capacity density of the positive active material and the negative active material may be the capacity estimated using an all-solid-state half-cell using lithium metal as the counter electrode. The charge capacity of the positive active material layer (12) and the negative active material layer (22) can be directly measured by measuring the charge capacity using an all-solid-state half-cell. By dividing the measured charge capacity by the mass of each active material, the charge capacity density can be obtained. Meanwhile, in this specification, the “charge capacity” of the positive active material layer (12) and the negative active material layer (22) refers to the initial charge capacity measured during the first cycle of charging.

[0344] Meanwhile, although not shown, a carbon layer may be further included to improve adhesion between the cathode active material layer (22) and the solid electrolyte layer (30).

[0345] FIGS. 11b and FIGS. 11c illustrate an all-solid-state battery (1) having a negative electrode layer (20) different from the all-solid-state battery (1) shown in FIG. 11a.

[0346] Referring to FIG. 11b, the negative electrode layer (20) of the all-solid-state battery (1) may further include an additional negative electrode active material layer (230) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22). The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be a metal layer containing lithium or a lithium alloy. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may, for example, function as a lithium reservoir. The lithium alloy may be, for example, a Li-Al alloy, a Li-Sn alloy, a Li-In alloy, a Li-Ag alloy, a Li-Au alloy, a Li-Zn alloy, a Li-Ge alloy, a Li-Si alloy, etc., but is not limited to these, and any alloy used as a lithium alloy is possible. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may include one of these alloys or lithium, or may include various types of alloys.

[0347] The thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 1 µm to 1000 µm, 1 µm to 500 µm, 1 µm to 200 µm, 1 µm to 150 µm, 1 µm to 100 µm, or 1 µm to 50 µm. If the thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is excessively thin, it is difficult for the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) to perform the role of a lithium reservoir. If the thickness of the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is excessively thick, the mass and volume of the all-solid-state battery (1) increase, and the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) may deteriorate. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be, for example, a metal foil having a thickness within this range.

[0348] An additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) before assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), for example. In one embodiment, the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be formed by precipitation between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) by charging after assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1).

[0349] When an additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is disposed between the negative electrode current collector (21) and the negative electrode active material layer (22) before assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) can function as a lithium reservoir. Accordingly, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) including the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) can be further improved.

[0350] In the case where an additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is formed by charging after assembly of the all-solid-state battery (1), the all-solid-state battery (1) is charged in excess of the charging capacity of the negative electrode active material layer (22), and lithium may be absorbed in the negative electrode active material layer (22) during the initial charging phase. That is, the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer (22) may form an alloy or compound with lithium ions that have moved from the positive electrode layer (10), and accordingly, lithium may be precipitated between the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the negative electrode current collector (21), and a metal layer corresponding to the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) may be formed by the precipitated lithium. The additional negative electrode active material layer (23) is a metal layer composed mainly of lithium (i.e., metallic lithium). During discharge, the lithium in the negative electrode active material layer (22) and the additional negative electrode active material layer (23), i.e., the metal layer, may be ionized and move toward the positive electrode layer (10). Therefore, lithium can be used as a negative electrode active material in the all-solid-state battery (1). In addition, the negative electrode active material layer (22) is formed to cover the additional negative electrode active material layer (23), thereby serving as a protective layer for the additional negative electrode active material layer (23) while simultaneously suppressing the precipitation growth of lithium dendrites. Thus, short circuits and capacity degradation of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be suppressed, and consequently, the cycle characteristics of the all-solid-state battery (1) can be improved.

[0351] Referring to FIG. 11c, the negative electrode layer (20) of the all-solid-state battery (1) may include a negative electrode current collector (21), a metal layer (23-1) disposed on the negative electrode current collector (21), and a negative electrode coating layer (22-1) disposed on the metal layer (23-1).

[0352] The metal layer (23-1) may be a thin metal film containing lithium or a lithium alloy. The lithium alloy is not limited to, for example, Li-Al alloy, Li-Sn alloy, Li-In alloy, Li-Ag alloy, Li-Au alloy, Li-Zn alloy, Li-Ge alloy, Li-Si alloy, etc., and any alloy used as a lithium alloy is possible. The metal layer (23-1) may contain one of these alloys or lithium. Alternatively, the metal layer (23-1) may contain various types of alloys.

[0353] The negative electrode coating layer (22-1) is disposed on the metal layer (23-1), and the negative electrode coating layer (22-1) is formed to cover the metal layer (23-1), thereby serving as a protective layer for the metal layer (23-1) and simultaneously suppressing the precipitation and growth of lithium dendrites in the metal layer (23-1) containing lithium or a lithium alloy.

[0354] The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include amorphous carbon. The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include, for example, at least one of carbon black, acetylene black, furnace black, ketjen black, and graphene. The cathode coating layer (22-1) may include a metallic material in addition to the amorphous carbon described above. For example, the cathode coating layer (22-1) may include at least one of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn). In one embodiment, the cathode coating layer (22-1) may include a mixture of carbon black and silver (Ag).

[0355] FIG. 12 is a drawing showing a battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0356] Referring to FIG. 12, the battery (1000) may include an electrode assembly (1110) and a pouch (1130) that accommodates the electrode assembly.

[0357] The electrode assembly (1110) includes a first electrode plate, a negative plate (1112), a second electrode plate, an positive plate (1114), and a separator (1116) interposed between them. The negative plate (1112) is provided with a negative tab (1112a) electrically connected to a negative non-negative portion, and the positive plate (1114) is provided with a positive tab (1114a) electrically connected to a positive non-negative portion. The negative tab (1112a) and the positive tab (1114a) are welded to the negative lead (1152) and positive lead (1154) of an external terminal to be electrically connected to the outside. A tab film (1156) for insulation from a pouch (1130) is attached to the negative lead (1152) and the positive lead (1154).

[0358] The pouch (1130) is sealed by the sealing portions (1132) at the edges coming into contact with each other while the pouch (1130) accommodates the electrode assembly (1110). At this time, the sealing is performed with a tab film (1156) placed between the sealing portions (1132). The form in which the tab film (1156) is attached to the negative tab (1112a) and the positive tab (1114a), respectively, is defined as a 'separable tab film' (this sealing structure is defined as a separable sealing structure).

[0359] The sealing portion (1132) of the pouch (1130) is made of a heat-fusion material and has a structure in which a seal is achieved by bonding heat-fusion layers together. Since the heat-fusion material generally has weak adhesion to metal, a thin film-shaped tab film (1156) is attached to the tab to be fused with the pouch (1130).

[0360] When the electrode assembly (1110) corresponds to the all-solid-state battery (1) described in FIGS. 11a to 11c, the ignition temperature of the battery (1000) may be higher than the melting temperature of the heat-fused material of the pouch (1130). The battery (BAT) of FIG. 1 may correspond to the battery (1000).

[0361] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing an example of an electronic system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0362] Referring to FIG. 13, the electronic system (2000) may include a main processor (2010), a main memory (2020), and a power supply (2100). The electronic system (2000) may additionally include a storage device (2030), a communication device (2040), a user input device (2050), a sensor device (2060), a display (2070), and a speaker (2080). The electronic system (2000) may also include a movement controller (2090).

[0363] The electronic system (2000) may include electric vehicles (EV), energy storage systems (ESS), portable electronic devices such as smartphones and laptops, power tools, etc., but is not limited thereto.

[0364] The main processor (2010) can control the general operations of the electronic system (2000). The main processor (2010) can control the operations of other components included in the electronic system (2000). The main processor (2010) can be implemented as various processing devices, such as a general-purpose processor or a dedicated processor. The main processor (2010) may include at least one CPU (central processing unit) core. The main processor (2010) may also include a dedicated processor for a specific purpose, such as a GPU (graphics processing unit), NPU (neural processing unit), or DPU (data processing unit).

[0365] The main memory (2020) may include volatile memory such as SRAM or DRAM, but may also include non-volatile memory such as flash memory. The main memory (2020) may store data and instructions of the electronic system (2000).

[0366] The power supply unit (2100) can convert power supplied from outside the electronic system (2000). The power supply unit (2100) can provide the converted power to each component of the electronic system (2000). The power supply unit (2100) may include a battery system (2110). The battery system (2110) can store electrical energy provided from the outside through charging. The battery system (2110) can provide power used by each component of the electronic system (2000) through discharging. The battery system (2110) may correspond to the battery system (100) of FIG. 1.

[0367] The storage device (2030) may be a non-volatile storage capable of storing data regardless of the power supply. The storage device (2030) may have a storage capacity that is relatively larger than that of the main memory (2020). The storage device (2030) may store program codes executed by the main processor (2010) and non-temporarily stored data.

[0368] The communication device (2040) can receive signals from outside the electronic system (2000) or transmit signals to outside the electronic system (2000) according to various communication protocols. The communication device (2040) may include an antenna, a transceiver, and a modem.

[0369] The user input device (2050) can receive various types of data input from a user of the electronic system (2000). The user input device (2050) may include a touchpad, a keyboard, a mouse, or a microphone.

[0370] The sensor device (2060) can detect various types of physical quantities obtained from outside the electronic system (2000) and can convert the detected physical quantities into signals. The sensor device (2060) may include a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, an illuminance sensor, a position sensor, an acceleration sensor, a biosensor, or a gyroscope sensor. The sensor device (2060) may include an image capture device that captures still images or videos, such as a camera, a camcorder, or a webcam.

[0371] Each of the display (2070) and the speaker (2080) can serve as an output device that outputs visual information and auditory information to the user of the electronic system (2000). The display (2070) or the speaker (2080) can output notifications or warnings generated by the electronic system (2000).

[0372] If the electronic system (2000) corresponds to an electric vehicle, the movement controller (2090) can control the motor, steering device, braking device, etc. included in the electric vehicle for the movement of the electric vehicle.

[0373] Meanwhile, the operation of the battery management device (120) described in FIGS. 1 and 2 can be implemented by the main processor (2010) of the electronic system (2000). For example, the main processor (2010) can load code stored in the storage device (2030) into the main memory (2020). The main processor (2010) can execute the program loaded into the main memory (2020) to perform operations for managing the battery device (110) included in the battery system (2110). For example, the main processor (2010) can execute the operation method of the battery management device described in FIGS. 4a through 4c. The main processor (2010) can transmit signals for managing and controlling the battery device (110) to the battery system (2110).

[0374] FIGS. 14a and FIGS. 14b are drawings illustrating an exemplary battery pack according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0375] Referring to FIG. 14a, the battery pack (3091) may include a battery pack cover (3013) which is part of the vehicle under body (3092) and a pack frame (3010) positioned at the bottom of the vehicle under body (3092). The pack frame (3010) and the battery pack cover (3013) may be structures formed integrally with the vehicle floor portion (3082).

[0376] The vehicle underbody (3092) separates the interior and exterior of the vehicle, and the carrier frame (3010) can be positioned on the exterior of the vehicle.

[0377] Referring to FIG. 14a and FIG. 14b, the vehicle (4000) may be formed by combining additional parts, such as a hood (3097) at the front of the vehicle and fenders (3098) located at the front and rear of the vehicle, respectively, with the vehicle body (3000).

[0378] The above vehicle body (3000) may further include a vehicle floor portion (3082) and a battery pack cover (3013), which are one of the vehicle body parts (3090) including the battery pack (3091) including the pack frame (3010).

[0379] A vehicle (4000) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may correspond to an electric vehicle including the electronic system (2000) of FIG. 13. A battery pack (3091) according to an embodiment of the present disclosure may correspond to the battery system (100) of FIG. 1.

[0380] A battery system, a battery management device, and a method of operation thereof according to an embodiment of the present disclosure can provide a battery management method for an all-solid-state battery having physical / electrochemical characteristics different from those of a lithium-ion battery. The battery management device can take measures to maintain the performance of the battery according to the temperature of the battery. In addition, the battery management device can take measures for the safety of the user according to the temperature of the battery.

[0381] Although embodiments of the present invention have been described above with reference to the attached drawings, the present invention may be implemented in other specific forms without altering its technical concept or essential features. Therefore, the embodiments described above should be understood as illustrative in all respects and not restrictive.

Claims

1. A step of detecting the voltage of one or more batteries; A step of discharging one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage in response to the detected voltage reaching a first threshold voltage; A step of calculating an expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of one or more of the batteries; and It includes the step of outputting a display signal for outputting the above-mentioned expected lifespan, and The above first threshold voltage is a method of operation of a battery management device corresponding to a voltage range associated with irreversible performance reduction of the battery.

2. In Paragraph 1, The above second threshold voltage is a method of operation of a battery management device corresponding to a voltage range associated with the normal operation of one or more batteries.

3. In Paragraph 1, A step of determining whether there is a battery among the one or more batteries that corresponds to a conditional usage voltage range; and It further includes the step of cutting off the current of the battery corresponding to the above conditional usage voltage range, and A method of operation of a battery management device in which the above conditional usage voltage range is a range higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the ignition voltage of the battery, corresponding to a voltage range related to the inability to charge and discharge the battery.

4. In Paragraph 3, A method of operation of a battery management device comprising further a step of determining the state of batteries corresponding to the above-mentioned conditional usage voltage range as abnormal.

5. In Paragraph 3, A step of completely discharging the remaining batteries among the one or more batteries, excluding the battery corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range; and A method of operating a battery management device comprising the step of calculating an expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of the remaining batteries mentioned above.

6. In Paragraph 1, The above expected lifespan is expressed as a driving range based on full charge, in a method of operation for a battery management device.

7. In Paragraph 1, A method of operation of a battery management device comprising an all-solid-state battery, wherein each of the above one or more batteries comprises a solid electrolyte layer.

8. A data collection unit that receives the detected voltage of one or more batteries; A control unit that determines whether the detected voltage has reached a first threshold voltage and, in response to the detected voltage reaching the first threshold voltage, discharges the one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage; and It includes a calculation unit that calculates an expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of one or more of the batteries mentioned above, and The above control unit outputs a display signal for outputting the above expected lifespan, and The above first threshold voltage is a battery management device corresponding to a region associated with irreversible performance reduction of the battery.

9. In Paragraph 8, A battery management device in which the second threshold voltage corresponds to a region related to the normal operation of one or more batteries.

10. In Paragraph 8, The control unit determines whether there is a battery among the one or more batteries that corresponds to a conditional usage voltage range, and cuts off the current of the battery corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range. A battery management device in which the above conditional usage voltage range is a range higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the ignition voltage of the battery, and is a range related to the inability to charge and discharge the battery.

11. In accordance with Paragraph 10, The above control unit is a battery management device that determines the state of batteries corresponding to the above conditional usage voltage range as abnormal.

12. In Paragraph 10, A battery management device in which the control unit completely discharges the remaining batteries among the one or more batteries, excluding the battery corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range, and calculates the expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of the remaining batteries.

13. In Paragraph 8, A battery management device in which the above expected lifespan is expressed as the driving range upon full charge.

14. In Paragraph 8, A battery management device comprising each of the above one or more batteries, wherein the all-solid-state battery comprises a solid electrolyte layer.

15. Display; A battery device comprising one or more batteries; A sensor device for detecting the voltage of the one or more of the above batteries; and A battery management device comprising receiving a detected voltage of one or more batteries, determining whether the detected voltage reaches a first threshold voltage, and in response to the detected voltage reaching the first threshold voltage, discharging the one or more batteries to a second threshold voltage lower than the first threshold voltage, calculating an expected life based on the discharge capacity of the one or more batteries, and outputting the expected life through the display. The above first threshold voltage corresponds to an electronic system in a region associated with irreversible performance reduction of the battery.

16. In Paragraph 15, The above second threshold voltage corresponds to an electronic system in a region associated with the normal operation of one or more batteries.

17. In Paragraph 16, The battery management device determines whether there is a battery among the one or more batteries that corresponds to a conditional usage voltage range, and cuts off the current of the battery corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range. The above conditional usage voltage range is an electronic system that is a range higher than the first threshold voltage and lower than the ignition voltage of the battery, and is a range related to the inability to charge and discharge the battery.

18. In accordance with Paragraph 17, The above battery management device is an electronic system that determines the state of batteries corresponding to the above conditional usage voltage range as abnormal.

19. In Paragraph 17, The above battery management device is an electronic system that completely discharges the remaining batteries among the one or more batteries, excluding the battery corresponding to the conditional usage voltage range, and calculates the expected lifespan based on the discharge capacity of the remaining batteries.

20. In Paragraph 15, The above expected lifespan is an electronic system expressed as the driving range based on charging.

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