Measurement procedure associated with a receive antenna array with a spatial non-stationarity sub- array configuration

Abstract

Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a measurement procedure associated with a receive antenna array with a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration. In an aspect, the measurement procedure may be a positioning procedure or a sensing procedure. In an aspect, the SnS sub-array configuration comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics. In an aspect, a measurement procedure configuration for the measurement procedure comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as improved measurement procedure accuracy, latency, etc., by leveraging knowledge of the SnS sub-array configuration in association with the measurement procedure.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO1 / 98MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ASSOCIATED WITH A RECEIVE ANTENNA ARRAY WITH A SPATIAL NON-STATIONARITY SUB- ARRAY CONFIGURATIONTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) sendee (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax), There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g,, based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), RF sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency¬ bands, enable improved RF sensing and 5G-based positioning.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO2 / 98SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview¬ relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary' has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method performed by a wireless node includes receiving, from a measurement procedure management entity', a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated yvith a second set of SnS subarray characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and performing the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance yvith the measurement procedure configuration.

[0006] In an aspect, a method performed by a measurement procedure management entity includes determining a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated yvith a receive (Rx) antenna array of a i reless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated yvith a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and yvherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated yvith the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmitting, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0007] In an aspect, a yvireless node includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: receive, from a measurement procedure managementQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO3 / 98entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and perform the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0008] In an aspect, a measurement procedure management entity includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: determine a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmit, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0009] in an aspect, a wireless node includes means for receiving, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wlierein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and means for performing the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0010] In an aspect, a measurement procedure management entity includes means for determining a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated w ith a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antennaQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO4 / 98array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and means for transmitting, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0011] in an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and perform the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a measurement procedure management entity, cause the measurement procedure management entity to: determine a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmit, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0013] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein w ill be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO5 / 98

[0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0015] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure,

[0016] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example -wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIGS, 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0018] FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure,

[0019] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate various scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and side link positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 6 illustrates an example Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) procedure between a UE and a location server (illustrated as a location management function (LMF)) for performing positioning operations.

[0021] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of tire disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example downlink positioning reference signal (DL- PRS) configuration for two transmission-reception points (TRPs) operating in the same positioning frequency layer, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0023] FIGS, 9 A and 9B illustrate different types of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0024] FIGS. 10A to 10F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure,

[0025] FIG. 11 illustrates an example call flow for a New Radio (NR)-based sensing procedure in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 12 illustrates non-stationarity (SnS) path characteristics of a receive (Rx) antenna array, in accordance with aspects of the disclosure.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO6 / 98

[0027] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary’ process of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary process of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0030] Channel modeling enhancement for FR3 (6 - 28GHz) may factor the impact due to spatial non-stationarity and near-field spherical wave. In some designs, positioning reporting may include reporting of positioning measurements with transmit / receive reference point (TRP) or antenna panel reference point (ARP) levels. In some designs, positioning reporting may also include measurement reporting -with positioning reference signal (PRS) resource level (i.e., PRS beam) which represents spatial sector of one ARP or TRP. One particular problem that can occur in case of a PRS beam or TRP / ARP, if a large antenna array is used, there is high chance of experiencing a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) condition for observed positioning or sensing measurements.

[0031] Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a measurement procedure associated with a receive antenna array with a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration. In an aspect, the measurement procedure may be a positioning procedure or a sensing procedure. In an aspect, the SnS sub-array configuration comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics. In an aspect, a measurement procedure configuration for the measurement procedure comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as improved measurement procedure accuracy, latency, etc., by leveraging knowledge of the SnS sub-array configuration in association with the measurement procedure.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO7 / 98

[0032] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the di scussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0033] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below' may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on tire particular application, in part on tire desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc,

[0034] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device, it will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform tire described action.

[0035] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality' (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE mayQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO8 / 98be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term ‘TIE’’ may be referred to interchangeably as an "‘access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wdred access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0036] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or foiward link channel (e.g,, a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel,

[0037] Tire term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, w'here the term “base station” refers to a single phy sical TRI’, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO9 / 98system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives ■wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0038] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g,, when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0039] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through tire space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. lire base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network,QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO10 / 98or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.[0041j The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g,, an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0042] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0043] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used forQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO11 / 98communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs, Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0044] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0045] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO12 / 98

[0046] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0047] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0048] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication w ith a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength betw een 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it w ill be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0049] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction.Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, itQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO13 / 98broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a "‘phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that tire radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0050] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-locaied. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF' signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0051] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., toQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO14 / 98increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0052] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related, A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam,

[0053] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming tire uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0054] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24,25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF)QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO15 / 98band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0055] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies.Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0056] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FRI, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0057] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary' serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FRI) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signalingQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO16 / 98information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE- specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a ‘‘serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0058] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary’ carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0059] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0060] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of side link communication.Sidelink-capable LTEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X)QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO17 / 98communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many ( 1: M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0061] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other w i reless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated w ith wireless communication betw een one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs, Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0062] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they mayQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO18 / 98beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over side link 160.

[0063] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SV s 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information, A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SV s 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SV s 112.

[0064] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems,

[0065] in an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non¬ terrestrial networks (N'TNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to otherQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO19 / 98elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0066] Tire wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks’1). In the example of FIG, 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0067] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0068] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physicallyQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO20 / 98separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0069] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). Tire functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). Tire AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMFQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO21 / 98264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0070] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0071] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification, The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.

[0072] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to tire LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), tire SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clientsQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WOnm(e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0073] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0074] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3’’ interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0075] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred toQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO23 / 98as the “Fl” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as tire “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0076] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0077] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes, Tire DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0078] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unitQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO24 / 98virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design, The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.[0079j FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.[00801 Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of tire units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0081] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO25 / 98may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units, The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0082] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0083] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication w ith one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0084] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support theQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO26 / 98deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (0-eNB) 261, via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0085] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy -based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0086] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO27 / 98(such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0087] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity' 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support die operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may¬ be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system -on-chip (SoC), etc,). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality-. Also, a given apparatus may- contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0088] Hie UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an L IE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g,, NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO28 / 98more transmiters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.[0089j The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) -with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transcei vers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0090] Tire UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or otherQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO29 / 98non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles.

[0091] The satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NA VIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are non¬ terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. Tire satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Tire satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0092] Tire optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitters) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO30 / 98

[0093] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0094] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wareless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry' of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wared network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit '‘beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry' (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry' may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO31 / 98

[0095] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g,, UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0096] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0097] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include SnS sub-array component 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The SnS sub-array component 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In otherQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO32 / 98aspects, the SnS sub-array component 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the SnS sub-array component 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the SnS sub-array component 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the SnS sub-array component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory’ 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the SnS sub-array component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0098] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0099] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, aQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO33 / 98microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0100] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. lire one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g,, master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re -segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0101] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast FourierQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO34 / 98transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0102] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316.The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer- 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal, The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0103] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0104] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., M1B, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, andQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO35 / 98measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization,

[0105] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0106] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0107] in the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0108] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A,QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO36 / 98a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH®1capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi ‘"hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0109] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0110] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g,, by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate codeQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO37 / 98and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc.,, such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the SnS sub-array component 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0111] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0112] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in L IE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 4 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 410, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location,

[0113] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 420, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multipleQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO38 / 98downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s).[01141 Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (U L-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA), UE-TDOA is similar to DE-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0115] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0116] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi -round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as "‘multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e g,, an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT- related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception -to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time differenceQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO39 / 98measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., tire speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 430, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 440.

[0117] Tire E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements, in E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0118] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells / TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, tire assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc,). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0119] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / - 500 microseconds (ps). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expectedQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO40 / 98RSTD may be + / - 32 us. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 8 us.

[0120] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0121] NR supports, or enables, various sidelink positioning techniques. FIG. 5A illustrates various scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In scenario 510, at least one peer UE with a known location can improve the Uu-based positioning (e.g., multi-cell round-trip-time (RTT), downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), etc.) of a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e g., using sidelink RTT (SL-RTT)). In scenario 520, a low-end (e.g., reduced capacity, or “RedCap”) target UE may obtain the assistance of premium UEs to determine its location using, e.g., sidelink positioning and ranging procedures with the premium UEs. Compared to the low-end UE, the premium UEs may have more capabilities, such as more sensors, a faster processor, more memory, more antenna elements, higher transmit power capability, access to additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In scenario 530, a relay UE (e.g., with a known location) participates in the positioning estimation of a remote UE without performing uplink positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission over the Uu interface. Scenario 540 illustrates the joint positioning of multiple UEs. Specifically, in scenario 540, two UEs with unknown positions can be jointly located in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions by utilizing constraints from nearby UEs.

[0122] FIG. 5B illustrates additional scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In scenario 550, UEs used for public safety (e.g., by police, firefighters, and / or the like) may perform peer-to-peer (P2P)QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO41 / 98positioning and ranging for public safety and other uses. For example, in scenario 550, the public safety UEs may be out of coverage of a network and determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the public safety UEs using sidelink positioning techniques. Similarly, scenario 560 shows multiple UEs that are out of coverage and determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position using sidelink positioning techniques, such as SL-RTT.

[0123] FIG. 6 illustrates an example Long-Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP) procedure 600 between a UE 604 and a location server (illustrated as a location management function (LMF) 670) for performing positioning operations. As illustrated in FIG. 6, positioning of the UE 604 is supported via an exchange of LPP messages between the UE 604 and the LMF 670. The LPP messages may be exchanged between UE 604 and the LMF 670 via the UE’s 604 serving base station (illustrated as a serving gNB 602) and a core network (not shown). The LPP procedure 600 may be used to position the UE 604 in order to support various location-related services, such as navigation for UE 604 (or for the user of UE 604), or for routing, or for provision of an accurate location to a public safety answering point (PSAP) in association with an emergency call from UE 604 to a PSAP, or for some other reason. The LPP procedure 600 may also be referred to as a positioning session, and there may be multiple positioning sessions for different types of positioning methods (e.g., downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), round-trip-time (RTT), enhanced cell identity (E-CID), etc.).

[0124] Initially, the UE 604 may receive a request for its positioning capabilities from the LMF 670 at stage 610 (e.g., an LPP Request Capabilities message). At stage 620, the UE 604 provides its positioning capabilities to the LMF 670 relative to the LPP protocol by sending an LPP Provide Capabilities message to LMF 670 indicating the position methods and features of these position methods that are supported by the UE 604 using LPP The capabilities indicated in the LPP Provide Capabilities message may, in some aspects, indicate the type of positioning the UE 604 supports (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E- CID, etc.) and may indicate the capabilities of the UE 604 to support those types of positioning.

[0125] Upon reception of the LPP Provide Capabilities message, at stage 620, the LMF 670 determines to use a particular type of positioning method (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based on the indicated type(s) of positioning the UE 604 supports and determines aQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO42 / 98set of one or more transmission-reception points (TRPs) from which the UE 604 is to measure downlink positioning reference signals or towards which the UE 604 is to transmit uplink positioning reference signals. At stage 630, the LMF 670 sends an LPP Provide Assistance Data message to the UE 604 identifying the set of TRPs.

[0126] In some implementations, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message at stage 630 may be sent by the LMF 670 to the UE 604 in response to an LPP Request Assistance Data message sent by the UE 604 to the LMF 670 (not shown in FIG. 6). An LPP Request Assistance Data message may include an identifier of the UE’s 604 serving TRP and a request for the positioning reference signal (PRS) configuration of neighboring TRPs.

[0127] At stage 640, the LMF 670 sends a request for location information to the UE 604. The request may be an LPP Request Location Information message. This message usually includes information elements defining the location information type, desired accuracy of the location estimate, and response time (i.e., desired latency). Note that a low latency requirement allows for a longer response time while a high latency requirement requires a shorter response time. However, a long response time is referred to as high latency and a short response time is referred to as low latency.

[0128] Note that in some implementations, the LPP Provide Assistance Data message sent at stage 630 may be sent after the LPP Request Location Information message at 640 if, for example, the UE 604 sends a request for assistance data to LMF 670 (e.g., in an LPP Request Assistance Data message, not shown in FIG. 6) after receiving the request for location information at stage 640.

[0129] At stage 650, the UE 604 utilizes the assistance information received at stage 630 and any additional data (e.g., a desired location accuracy or a maximum response time) received at stage 640 to perform positioning operations (e.g., measurements of DL-PRS, transmission of UL-PRS, etc.) for the selected positioning method.

[0130] At stage 660, the UE 604 may send an LPP Provide Location Information message to the LMF 670 conveying the results of any measurements that were obtained at stage 650 (e.g., time of arrival (ToA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx), etc.) and before or when any maximum response time has expired (e.g., a maximum response time provided by the LMF 670 at stage 640). The LPP Provide Location Information message at stage 660 may also include the time (or times) at which the positioning measurements were obtained and the identity of the TRP(s) from whichQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO43 / 98the positioning measurements were obtained. Note that the time between the request for location information at 640 and the response at 660 is the “response time” and indicates the latency of the positioning session.

[0131] The LMF 670 computes an estimated location of the UE 604 using the appropriate positioning techniques (e.g., DL-TDOA, RTT, E-CID, etc.) based, at least in part, on measurements received in the LPP Provide Location Information message at stage 660.

[0132] Various frame structures may be used to support downlink and uplink transmissions between network nodes (e.g., base stations and UEs). FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example frame structure, according to aspects of the disclosure. The frame structure may be a downlink or uplink frame structure. Other wireless communications technologies may have different frame structures and / or different channels.

[0133] LTE, and in some cases NR, utilizes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) on the downlink and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) on the uplink. Unlike LTE, however, NR has an option to use OFDM on the uplink as well. OFDM and SC-FDM partition the system bandwidth into multiple (K) orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. In general, modulation symbols are sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers (K) may be dependent on the system bandwidth. For example, the spacing of the subcarriers may be 15 kilohertz (kHz) and the minimum resource allocation (resource block) may be 12 subcarriers (or 180 kHz). Consequently, the nominal fast Fourier transform (FFT) size may be equal to 128, 256, 512, 1024, or 2048 for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 megahertz (MHz), respectively. Tire system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover 1.08 MHz (i.e., 6 resource blocks), and there may be 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 subbands for system bandwidth of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 MHz, respectively.

[0134] LTE supports a single numerology (subcarrier spacing (SCS), symbol length, etc.). In contrast, NR may support multiple numerologies ( i), for example, subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz (p=0), 30 kHz (p=l), 60 kHz (p=2), 120 kHz (p=3), and 240 kHz (p=4) or greater may be available. In each subcarrier spacing, there are 14 symbols per slot. For 15 kHz SCS (p=0), there is one slot per subframe, 10 slots per frame, the slot duration is 1 millisecond (ms), the symbol duration is 66.7 microseconds (pis), and the maximumQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO44 / 98nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 50. For 30 kHz SCS (p=1), there are two slots per subframe, 20 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.5 ms, the symbol duration is 33.3 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 100. For 60 kHz SCS (p=2), there are four slots per subframe, 40 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the symbol duration is 16.7 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 200. For 120 kHz SCS (p=3), there are eight slots per subframe, 80 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.125 ms, the symbol duration is 8.33 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 400. For 240 kHz SCS (p=4), there are 16 slots per subframe, 160 slots per frame, the slot duration is 0.0625 ms, the symbol duration is 4.17 ps, and the maximum nominal system bandwidth (in MHz) with a 4K FFT size is 800.

[0135] In the example of FIG. 7, a numerology of 1 kHz is used, Thus, in the time domain, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized subframes of 1 ms each, and each subframe includes one time slot. In FIG. 7, time is represented horizontally (on the X axis) with time increasing from left to right, while frequency is represented vertically (on the Y axis) with frequency increasing (or decreasing) from bottom to top.

[0136] A resource grid may be used to represent time slots, each time slot including one or more time-concurrent resource blocks (RBs) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs)) in tire frequency domain. Tire resource grid is further divided into multiple resource elements (REs). An RE may correspond to one symbol length in the time domain and one subcarrier in the frequency domain. In the numerology of FIG. 7, for a normal cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and seven consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 84 REs. For an extended cyclic prefix, an RB may contain 12 consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain and six consecutive symbols in the time domain, for a total of 72 REs. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.

[0137] Some of the REs may carry reference (pilot) signals (RS). The reference signals may include positioning reference signals (PRS), tracking reference signals (TRS), phase tracking reference signals (PTRS), cell-specific reference signals (CRS), channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), demodulation reference signals (DMRS), primary synchronization signals (PSS), secondary synchronization signals (SSS), synchronization signal blocks (SSBs), sounding reference signals (SRS), etc., dependingQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO45 / 98on whether the illustrated frame structure is used for uplink or downlink communication, FIG. 7 illustrates example locations ofREs carrying a reference signal (labeled “R”).

[0138] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example PRS configuration for two TRPs (labeled “TRP1” and “TRP2”) operating in the same positioning frequency layer (labeled “Positioning Frequency Layer 1”), according to aspects of the disclosure. For a positioning session, a UE may be provided with assistance data indicating the illustrated PRS configuration. In the example of FIG. 8, the first TRP (“TRP1”) is associated with (e.g., transmits) two PRS resource sets, labeled “PRS Resource Set 1” and “PRS Resource Set 2,” and the second TRP (“TRP2”) is associated with one PRS resource set, labeled “PRS Resource Set 3.” Each PRS resource set comprises at least two PRS resources. Specifically, the first PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 1”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 1” and “PRS Resource 2,” the second PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 2”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 3” and “PRS Resource 4,” and the third PRS resource set (“PRS Resource Set 3”) includes PRS resources labeled “PRS Resource 5” and “PRS Resource 6.”

[0139] When a UE is configured in the assistance data of a positioning method with a number of PRS resources beyond its capability, the UE assumes the PRS resources in the assistance data are sorted in a decreasing order of measurement priority. Currently, the 64 TRPs per frequency layer are sorted according to priority and the two PRS resource sets per TRP of the frequency layer are sorted according to priority. However, the four frequency layers may or may not be sorted according to priority, and the 64 PRS resources of the PRS resource set per TRP per frequency layer may or may not be sorted according to priority. The reference indicated by the assistance data parameter “nr-DL-PRS-Referencelnfo” for each frequency layer has the highest priority, at least for DL-TDOA positioning procedures.

[0140] Wireless communication signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry’ orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in accordance with a wireless communications standard, such as LTE, NR, etc.) transmitted between a UE and a base station can be used for environment sensing (also referred to as “RF sensing” or “wireless sensing”). Using wireless communication signals for environment sensing can be regarded as consumer-level wireless sensing with advanced detection capabilities that enable, among other tilings, to uchless / de vice -free interaction with a de vice / system. TheQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO46 / 98wireless communication signals may be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals, such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a particular example, the wireless communication signals may be an OFDM waveform as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter wave (mmW) RF signals, are especially beneficial to use as sensing signals because the higher frequency provides, at least, more accurate range (distance) detection.

[0141] Possible use cases of RF sensing include health monitoring use cases, such as heartbeat detection, respiration rate monitoring, and the like, gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, sign language recognition, and the like, contextual information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, range estimation, and the like, and automotive sensing use cases, such as smart cruise control, collision avoidance, and the like.

[0142] There are different types of sensing, including monostatic sensing (also referred to as “active sensing”) and bistatic sensing (also referred to as “passive sensing”). FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate these different types of sensing. Specifically, FIG, 9A is a diagram 900 illustrating a monostatic sensing scenario and FIG. 9B is a diagram 930 illustrating a bistatic sensing scenario. In FIG. 9A, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same sensing device 904 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 904 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 934 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) where the sensing device 904 is a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 934 reflect off a target object 906 (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). The sensing device 904 can measure various properties (e.g., times of arrival (ToAs), angles of arrival (AoAs), phase shift, etc.) of the reflections 936 of the RF sensing signals 934 to determine characteristics of the target object 906 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0143] In FIG. 9B, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located, that is, they are separate devices (e.g., a UE and a base station). Note that while FIG. 9B illustrates using a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 932, uplink RF signals or sidelink RF signals can also be used as RF sensing signals 932. In a downlink scenario, as shown, the transmitter device 902 is a base station (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver device 908 is a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a V2X-capable vehicle, a roadside unit (RSU), etc,), whereas in an uplink scenario, the transmitter device 902 is a UE and the receiver device 908 is a base station. Where the transmitter device 902 is a base station and the receiver device 908 aQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO47 / 98UE, the sensing is referred to as UE-assisted sensing. In UE-assisted sensing, the position of receiver device 908 should be known by the network (e.g., by GPS or other UE positioning method).

[0144] Referring to FIG. 9B in greater detail, the transmitter device 902 transmits RF sensing signals 932 and 934 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to the receiver device 908, but some of the RF sensing signals 934 reflect off a target object 906. Tire receiver device 908 (also referred to as the “sensing device”) can measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the RF sensing signals 932 received directly from the transmitter device 902 and the ToAs of the reflections 936 of the RF sensing signals 934 reflected from the target object 906.

[0145] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time at which the receiver detects the first cluster of channel taps is considered the ToA of the RF signal on the line-of-sight (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and the receiver). Later clusters of channel taps are considered to have reflected off objects between the transmitter and the receiver and therefore to have followed non-LOS (NLOS) paths between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0146] Thus, referring back to FIG. 9B, the RF sensing signals 932 followed the LOS path between the transmitter device 902 and the receiver device 908, and the RF sensing signals 934 followed an NLOS path between the transmitter device 902 and the receiver device 908 due to reflecting off the target object 906. The transmitter device 902 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 932, 934, some of which followed the LOS path and others of which followed the NLOS path. Alternatively, tire transmitter device 902 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a broad enough beam that a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the LOS path (RF sensing signal 932) and a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 934).

[0147] Based on the ToA of tire LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device 908 can determine the distance to the target object(s). For example, the receiver device 908 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speedQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO48 / 98of light. In addition, if the receiver device 908 is capable of receive beamforming, the receiver device 908 may be able to determine the general direction to a target object 906 as the direction (angle) of the receive beam on which the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path was received. That is, the receiver device 908 may determine the direction to the target object 906 as the Ao A of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. The receiver device 908 may then optionally report this information to the transmitter device 902, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or some other sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device 908 may report the ToA measurements to the transmitter device 902, or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device 908 does not have the processing capability to perform the calculations itself), and the transmitter device 902 may determine the distance and, optionally, the direction to the target object 906.

[0148] Note that if the RF sensing signals are uplink RF signals transmitted by a UE to a base station, the base station would perform object detection based on the uplink RF signals just like the UE does based on the downlink RF signals.

[0149] Like conventional wireless sensing, wireless communication-based sensing signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target object. However, the performance (e.g., resolution and maximum values of range, velocity, and angle) may depend on tire design of the reference signal.

[0150] FIGS. 10A to 10F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 10A, agNBl-to-gNBl monostatic sensing use case 1000 is depicted. In FIG, 10B, a UEl-to-UEl monostatic sensing use case 1010 is depicted. In FIG. 10C, agNBl-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing use case 1020 is depicted. In FIG. 10D, a gNBl-to-UEl bistatic sensing use case 1030 is depicted. In FIG. 10E, a UEl- to-gNBl bistatic sensing use case 1040 is depicted. In FIG. 10F, a UEl-to-UE2 bistatic sensing use case 1050 is depicted.

[0151] FIG. 11 illustrates an example call flow 1100 for an NR-based sensing procedure (e.g., a bistatic sensing procedure) in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure, Although FIG. 11 illustrates a network-coordinated sensing procedure, the sensing procedure could be coordinated over sidelink channels.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO49 / 98

[0152] At stage 1105, a sensing server 1170 (e.g., inside or outside the core network) sends a request for network (NW) information to a gNB 1122 (e.g., the serving gNB of a UE 1104). The request may be for a list of the UE’s 1104 serving cell and any neighboring cells. At stage 1110, the gNB 1122 sends the requested information to the sensing server 1170. At stage 1115, the sensing server 1170 sends a request for sensing capabilities to the UE 1104. At stage 1120, the UE 1104 provides its sensing capabilities to the sensing server 1170.

[0153] At stage 1125, the sensing server 1170 sends a configuration to the UE 1104 indicating one or more reference signal (RS) resources that will be transmitted for sensing. The reference signal resources may be transmitted by the serving and / or neighboring cells identified at stage 1110. In some cases, the NR-based sensing procedure illustrated in FIG. 11 may be a sensing-only procedure or a joint communication and sensing (JCS) procedure. In the case of a sensing-only procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources specifically configured for sensing purposes, in the case of a JCS procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources for communication that can also be used for sensing purposes. Alternatively, tire reference signal resources for sensing may be multiplexed (e.g., time-division multiplexed) with reference signal resources for communication. For example, the reference signal resources for communication may be an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, while the reference signal resources for sensing may be a frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) waveform.

[0154] At stage 1130, the sensing server 1170 sends a request for sensing information to the UE 1104, The UE 1104 then measures the transmitted reference signals and, at stage 1135, sends the measurements, or any sensing results determined from the measurements, to the sensing server 1170.

[0155] In an aspect, the communication between the UE 1104 and the sensing server 1170 may be via the LTE positioning protocol (LPP). The communication between the sensing server 1170 and the gNB may be via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa).

[0156] A large antenna array can experience distinct propagation responses (different channel realizations) on different antenna parts due to spatial variations and different visibility to environment blockers / reflectors / scatterers / etc. across the array. In some cases, this happens when antenna array size is considerably large when compared to wavelengthQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO50 / 98and / or surrounding environment reflection / blocking spread. This is referred to as spatial non-stationarity (SnS).

[0157] FIG. 12 illustrates non-stationarity (SnS) path characteristics 1200 of a receive (Rx) antenna array 1210, in accordance with aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12, different propagation paths may occur based on the spatial location where an incoming signal contacts the Rx antenna array 1210 and environmental characteristics (e.g., the presence of diffraction scatterers, reflection scatterers, blockage / obstacles, etc.), in particular, the SnS path characteristics 1200 include LOS path(s), blocked LOS path(s), reflected path(s) and diffracted path(s).

[0158] In some designs, proper channel models may be developed for the entire range of spectrum applicable for 6G. While the existing 5G channel models support channel modelling from 0.5 GHz to 100 GHz, such 5G channel models primarily target sub-6 GHz and above 24 GHz mm Wave bands. With 6G studies on the horizon, having a well- established channel model is important for achieving certain performance objectives, in some designs, 3GPP channel models are not just used within the 3GPP community, but are recognized all over the wireless industry for various commercial activities.

[0159] Large MIMO antenna array deployments for mid-band may test the limits of the existing channel models. Such considerations include near-field effects of the channel, and spatial non-stationarity SnS effects of the channel - e.g., the modelling of ray cluster blockages and / or channel parameter correlation effect on a subset of the antenna elements of a large antenna array. Additional considerations may also include the number / power of paths, cluster structure, material / building penetration loss models, and spatial consistency between a UE and different non-co-located TRPs, for example,

[0160] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, at least the following options may be utilized to identify the impacted ray / cluster and element-pair link:® Option 1: Introducing per ray / cluster the visible probability, or visibility region for set of antenna element.• Option 2: Introducing the physical blocker to emulate the blockage impact on the link for each element-pairQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO51 / 98

[0161] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the assumption on the aperture size of antenna array, the following may be considered for near-field and spatial non-stationarity channel model, e.g., simulation / measurement and calibration:• Up to 1.5 m for UMa with maximum antenna elements in the array is [5k] for single Polarization.® Up to 1 m for UMi with maximum antenna elements in the array is [2.22k] for single Polarization.• Up to [0.71] m for Indoor factory’ with maximum antenna elements in the array is [1.12k] for single Polarization.• Up to [0.25 (for rectangular antenna array), 0.5 (for linear antenna array)] m for Indoor office with maximum antenna elements in the array is [138, 24] for single Polarization, respectively,

[0162] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if necessary, the variation (e.g., reduction) of power for the impacted ray / cluster within the element-pair link may be modelled,

[0163] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if necessary, if visible probability (VP) or visibility region (VR) is adopted, at least the following aspects may be considered for definition of VR / VP:• Granularity of visible probability or visibility region (e.g., per cluster or per ray). ® Determination of visible probability (e.g., distribution) or visibility region (e.g., size, location).

[0164] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if necessary’, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, the following aspects may be considered for definition of blocker:® Blocker size / type:• Blocker location, e.g. distribution of the blocker, relative distance between blocker and BS or UE• Number of physical blockers.

[0165] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, For the assumption on the aperture size of antenna array, the following is considered for near-field and spatial non-stationarity channel model study, e.g., simulation / measurement and calibration:QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO52 / 98• Up to 1,5 m for UMa with maximum antenna elements in the array is 5k for single Polarization.• Up to 1 m for UMi with maximum antenna elements in the array is 2.22k for single Polarization.• Up to 0.71 m for Indoor factory with maximum antenna elements in the array is 1.12k for single Polarization.• Up to 0.25 (for rectangular antenna array), 0.5 (for linear antenna array) m for Indoor office with maximum antenna elements in the array is 256, 80 for single Polarization, respectively

[0166] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, the spatial non-stationarity characteristics, i.e., the antenna element-wise power variation at least at BS side, may be supported in the channel modelling.

[0167] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, according to the inputs from multiple sources, partial blockage effect may cause the spatial non-stationarity.

[0168] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, the variation (e.g., reduction) of power for the impacted ray / cluster within the element¬ pair link may be modelled as:• If visible probability (VP) or visibility region (VR) is adopted, a power attenuation factor within

[0001] is introduced.• If physical blocker-based approach is adopted: tire existing knife edge attenuation model in 5G in blockage Model-B to model the power attenuation per element with following update as: for each ray / cluster, rotating the blocker to ensure the arrival / departure direction at each Receive / Transmit antenna element is always perpendicular to the screen, respectively.

[0169] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, the following additional blocker type can be considered forblockage model B:• Building edge for outdoor scenario.• Small object, e.g., billboard, street lamp, pillar, for either indoor or outdoor scenario.• UE-side (self-blockage) blocker for both indoor and outdoor scenario,• Details, e.g., blocker types such as Single hand grip, dual-hand grip, and head with one hand grip.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO53 / 98• The number and the location of the blocker between BS and one specific UE.• The applicability and details for blockage Model-A.[0170J In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if visible probability or visibility region is adopted, visible probability or visibility region is modelled per cluster. Ratio of UEs and clusters may have SNS impact. Rectangle can be considered as starting point for shape of VR with following alternatives to define the size, e.g.:• Alt 1: VR size is defined as number of elements generated by a distribution• Alt 2: VR size is derived based on distance between antenna array of BS and UE / cluster• Alt 3: VR size is randomly generated with a minimum size limit

[0171] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, the spatial non-stationarity’ characteristics at UE side (e.g., due to the impact of hand(s) and / or head), i.e., the antenna element-wise power variation, is supported in the channel modelling in 3GPP.

[0172] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, at least for blockage model B, the following new blocker type / size can be introduced, e.g.:Typical set of Blocker dimensions Mobility blockers pattern Outdoor Billboard Cartesian: w=2.4m; h=3.6m Stationary Outdoor Street lamp Cartesian: w=0.4m; h=0.8m Stationary Outdoor Building edge Cartesian: w:::X m; h:::Y m Stationary Indoor Pillar Cartesian: w=0.3m; h=3m StationaryTable 1Indoor; Outdoor FFS: User Cartesian: Stationary’hand w::::[0.2|m;h=[0.1]mQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO54 / 98Indoor; Outdoor FFS: User Cartesian: Stationaryhead w::::[0.24]m;h=[0.20] mTable 2

[0173] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at BS side, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, for blockage model B, tire procedure to determine the number of blockers and locations may be the same as existing blockage model B. In some designs, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at UE side, if blocker-based approach is adopted, an attenuation per antenna element is introduced, the following options can be considered with down-selection by, e.g.:• Option- 1: generated by leveraging the existing blockage Model-B with potential updates. At most 2 hand type blockers and one head type blocker for a specific UE is assumed.• Option-2: generated by leveraging the existing blockage Model-A with potential updates• Option-3: generated by a distribution or a fixed value due to tire hand grip and / or head proximity

[0174] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at BS side, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, the nearest K blockers from BS are selected. In some designs, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at BS side, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, at least for blockage model B, the following parameters to define the building edge may be defined. In the blockage model B, the following equation is used to calculate the attenuation caused by the building edge: LdB=^20logl00.5-F, where F represents one of Fhl, Fh2, Fvl, and Fv2 may be defined.4 set of blockers:r dimensions ty pattern3r ig edge ian: w= =50 m; h=20 laryTa rle 3

[0175] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at BS side, if stochastic based approach, at least for unified visible probability (VP) and visibility region (VR), is adopted, the following operations may be considered:• Operation 1: Determine whether a cluster is impacted by SM SQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO55 / 98• Operation 2: Generate the visibility region® Operation 3: Calculate the power attenuation factor

[0176] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at UE side mainly due to close proximity, if blocker-based approach is adopted, the Option-3 is supported with following details. First, three typical cases are introduced: one hand grip, dual hand grip, head and one hand grip. For each case, to model tire attenuation for each of antenna in the candidate antenna location defined in the UE antenna model for handheld device with one of following alternatives, e.g,: Alt 1: Introduce a fixed value for each candidate antenna position per case; Alt 2: Introduce a distribution for candidate antenna position.

[0177] In some designs for FR3 channel modeling, for the modelling of spatial non-stationarity at BS side, if physical blocker-based approach is adopted, the rotation and power variation calculation are conducted in ray level.

[0178] in RF sensing, a wireless signal can be transmitted from one or multiple transmit points and received at one or multiple receive points after being reflected off a target. RF sensing can facilitate many candidate applications, including intruder detection, animal / pedestrian / UAV intrusion detection in highways and railways, rainfall monitoring, flooding awareness, autonomous driving, AGV detection / tracking / collision avoidance, smart parking & assistance, UAV trajectory’ and tracking, crowd management, sleep / health monitoring, gesture recognition, XR streaming, public safety search & rescue. In some designs, RF sensing is implemented via integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) configurations and systems.

[0179] Channel modeling enhancement for FR3 (6 - 28GHz) may factor the impact due to spatial non-stationarity and near-field spherical wave. In some designs, positioning reporting may include reporting of positioning measurements with transmit / receive reference point (TRP) or antenna panel reference point (ARP) levels. In some designs, positioning reporting may also include measurement reporting with positioning reference signal (PRS) resource level (i.e., PRS beam) which represents spatial sector of one ARP or TRP. One particular problem that can occur in case of a PRS beam or TRP / ARP, if a large antenna array is used, there is high chance of experiencing a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) condition for observed positioning or sensing measurements.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO56 / 98

[0180] Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a measurement procedure associated with a receive antenna array with a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration. In an aspect, the measurement procedure may be a positioning procedure or a sensing procedure. In an aspect, the SnS sub-array configuration comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics. In an aspect, a measurement procedure configuration for the measurement procedure comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as improved measurement procedure accuracy, latency, etc., by leveraging knowledge of the SnS sub-array configuration in association with the measurement procedure.

[0181] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary’ process 1300 of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure. Tire process 1300 of FIG. 13 is performed by a wireless node, such as a UE (e.g., UE 302) or a wireless network component such as gNB / BS / TRP 304 or O- RAN component such as RU. Note that in some designs, a position estimation entity and / or a sensing estimation entity is deployed separately from the wireless node (e.g., at another UE or at a network component such as LMF or SnMF integrated at gNB / BS / TRP 304 or O-RAN component or a remote location server such as network entity 306, etc.). In scenarios where the position estimation entity and / or a sensing estimation entity is integrated with the wireless node itself, reference to any Rx / Tx operations between the position estimation entity and / or a sensing estimation entity and the wireless node in which the position estimation entity and / or a sensing estimation entity is integrated may correspond to transfer of information between different logical components of the wireless node over a data bus, etc.

[0182] Referring to FIG. 13, at 1310, the wireless node (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 332 or 352 or 362 or 372, network transceiver(s) 380, data bus 308 or 382, etc.) receives, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node. In some designs or implementations, the measurement procedure management component may correspond to a location server (e.g., LMF) or sensing server (e.g., SnMF). In some designs or implementations, the measurement procedure management component may be integrated at a UE (e.g., UE 302, which may be a target UE forQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO57 / 98positioning or an anchor UE or reference UE or server UE for positioning / 'sensing) or a wireless network component (e.g., gNB / BS / TRP 304 or O-RAN component such as RU) or other network component (e.g., network entity 306, etc.). In scenarios where the measurement procedure management component is integrated with another device (e.g., UE, gNB / BS / TRP, LMF, SnMF, etc.), reference to any Rx / Tx operations between the measurement procedure management component and the other device in which the measurement procedure management component is integrated may correspond to transfer of information between different logical components of the device over a data bus, etc. In an aspect, the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS subarray characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS subarray characteristics. In an aspect, the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration. In some designs, a means for performing the reception of 1310 includes receiver 312 or 322 or 332 or 352 or 362 or 372, network transceiver(s) 380, data bus 308 or 382, etc., of FIGS, 3A-3B.

[0183] Referring to FIG. 13, at 1320, the wireless node (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 332 or 352 or 362 or 372, transmitter 314 or 324 or 334 or 354 or 364 or 374, processor(s) 342 or 384, SnS sub-array component 348 or 388, etc.) performs the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration. In some designs, a means for performing the measurement procedure of 1320 includes receiver 312 or 322 or 332 or 352 or 362 or 372, transmitter 314 or 324 or 334 or 354 or 364 or 374, processor(s) 342 or 384, SnS sub-array component 348 or 388, etc., of FIGS.3A-3B.

[0184] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0185] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or the first SnS subarray, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO58 / 98

[0186] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the wireless node further transmits, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both. In an aspect, the information comprises:» measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or• SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or ® information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub¬ array, or both, or® an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or® a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or• a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS subarray, or both, or® boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub¬ array, or both, or• any combination thereof.

[0187] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).

[0188] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the wireless node further transmits, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node. In an aspect, the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information. In an aspect, the SnS sub-array capability information indicates:• whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or• a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or• a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or® a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or• a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO59 / 98• a maximum boundary' information supported per sub-array, or• a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or• a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or• a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or« any combination thereof.

[0189] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the measurement procedure configuration comprises:• whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or• a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or® an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or• an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both,• a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or• an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or« any combination thereof.

[0190] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array. In an aspect, the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise:• a SnS flag, or• a SnS sub-array type, or» a device or object association (e.g., a common device / object association or target¬ specific device / object association), or• a number of SnS sub-arrays, or• SnS sub-array duration information, or• SnS sub-array boundary’ information, or® any combination thereof.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO60 / 98

[0191] Referring to FIG, 13, in some designs, the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0192] Referring to FIG. 13, in some designs, the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0193] FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplar}' process 1400 of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure. The process 1400 of FIG. 14 is performed by a measurement procedure management component. In some designs or implementations, the measurement procedure management component may correspond to a location sen er (e.g, LMF) or sensing server (e.g., SnMF). In some designs or implementations, the measurement procedure management component may be integrated at a UE (e.g., UE 302, which may be a target UE for positioning or an anchor UE or reference UE or server UE for positioning / sensing) or a wireless network component (e.g., gNB / BS / TRP 304 or O-RAN component such as RU) or other network component (e.g., network entity 306, etc.).. In scenarios where the measurement procedure management component is integrated with another device (e.g., UE, gNB / BS / TRP, LMF, SnMF, etc.), reference to any Rx / Tx operations between the measurement procedure management component and the other device in which the measurement procedure management component is integrated may correspond to transfer of information between different logical components of the device over a data bus, etc.

[0194] Referring to FIG. 14, at 1410, the measurement procedure management component (e.g., processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, SnS sub-array component 348 or 388 or 398, etc.) determines a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node. In an aspect, the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, in an aspect, the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration. In some designs, a means for performing the determination of 1410 includes processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, SnS sub-array component 348 or 388 or 398, etc, of FIGS. 3A-3C.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO61 / 98

[0195] Referring to FIG. 14, at 1420, the measurement procedure management component (e.g., network transceiver(s) 380 or 390, transmitter 314 or 324 or 334 or 354 or 364 or 374, data bus 308 or 382 or 392, etc.) transmits, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration. In some designs, a means for performing the transmission of 1420 includes network transceiver(s) 380 or 390, transmitter 314 or 324 or 334 or 354 or 364 or 374, data bus 308 or 382 or 392, etc., of FIGS. 3A-3C.

[0196] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed overtime, or the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0197] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or the first SnS subarray, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0198] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the measurement procedure management component further receives, from the wireless node, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both. In an aspect, the information comprises:® measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or* SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or ® information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub¬ array, or both, or® an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary' over time, or® a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or• a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS subarray, or both, or® boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub¬ array, or both, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO62 / 98• any combination thereof.

[0199] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IEs).

[0200] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the measurement procedure management component further receives, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node. In an aspect, the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information, the SnS sub-array capability information indicates:• whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or® a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or• a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or• a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or• a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or® a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or• a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or® a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or• a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or• any combination thereof.

[0201] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the measurement procedure configuration comprises:® whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or• a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or• an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or• an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both,• a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or® an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO63 / 98• any combination thereof.

[0202] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array. In an aspect,

[0203] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise:• a SnS flag, or• a SnS sub-array type, or« a device or object association (e.g., a common device / object association or targetspecific device / object association), or• a number of SnS sub-arrays, or• SnS sub-array duration information, or• SnS sub-array boundary information, or« any combination thereof.

[0204] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0205] Referring to FIG. 14, in some designs, the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0206] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, SnS sub-array reporting may be implemented for positioning and / or sensing measurements. In an aspect, boundar(ies) between SnS sub-arrays of the Rx antenna array may be fixed or floating / time varying. In an aspect, such boundar(ies) can also be mapped to visibility region (VR). In an aspect, signaling may be implemented between wireless device (UE or gNB / TRP / ARP) and location / sensing server to report and / or request positioning and / or sensing measurements on SnS sub-array level. Capability and / or assistance data signaling may also be supported. Note that as used herein, sub-array region, virtual array region, virtual sub-array region, array region, visibility region, etc,, may be used to indicate part of an antenna array for the sake of SnS-based measurement reporting.

[0207] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, SnS sub-arrays (or regions) of a Rx antenna array to be one of two types, e.g.:• Type I: Static and fixed determined,QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO64 / 98• Type 2: Dynamic and time-varying.

[0208] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, SnS sub-arrays (or regions) of a Rx antenna array may be customized in different ways, e.g.:• Option 1: common to all targets / users (i.e., SnS configuration for the Rx antenna array is common to all users)® Option 2: target-Zuser-specific (i.e., each user / target can have different SnS for same Rx antenna array)

[0209] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, a wireless device (e.g., UE / PRU, gNB / TRP / ARP) may receive (e.g., measure) reference signals (RSs), may obtain SnS sub-array-based positioning or sensing information that corresponds to positioning or sensing measurements obtained from an SnS array, and may report measurement information to a network entity (e.g., location or sensing server, including LMF, SnMF, a Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF), an over-the-top (OTT) positioning or sensing server, etc.).

[0210] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, SnS sub-array-based positioning or sensing info includes any combination of, e.g.:• Indication if array experiences a SnS (e.g., flag),® Type of SnS (e.g., static / fixed or dynamic / time varying),• User / target customization of SnS (e.g., common or user- / target-specific),® Number of subarrays (if SnS is experienced),® Timing validity indicator of each sub-array (e.g., correlation time or coherence time of stationarity, stationary duration of each subarray),• Boundary info of each sub-array (e.g., location information of elements, indexes of antenna elements, # of antenna elements, shape info of array elements of subarray), ® Positioning measurements per each subarray (e.g., RS ID, RTOA, ToA, Rx- Tx time difference, RSRP, Reference Signal Received Path Power (RSRPP), Received Signal Code Power (RSCP), reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD), AoA-Z / A, AoD-Z / A, CIR, power delay profile (PDP), DP, etc.), and / or• Sensing measurements per each subarray (e.g., range-doppler map, range-doppler- space cube),

[0211] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, reporting sub-array-based positioning or sensing information may be implemented by repurposing existing ARP-based / TRP-basedQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO65 / 98reporting, but add additional fields to indicate sub-array related info (e.g., repeated indication with additional info), or via reporting IES to include sub-array-based positioning info.

[0212] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, wireless device may indicate to network entity capability, "support of obtaining sub-array-based positioning or sensing measurements based on SnS of an array. In an aspect, the capability may comprise or indicate, e.g.:• Support of SnS characterization,• Supported SnS type(s),• Supported SnS customization,• Maximum number of sub-arrays,• Support for timing validity indication of each sub-array (e.g., correlation time or coherence time of stationarity, stationary duration of each subarray),• Maximum and / or minimum boundary info of each sub-array,® Supported positioning measurements per each subarray,® Supported sensing measurements per each subarray, and / or• Supported reporting periodicity and quantity for SnS-based measurements.

[0213] In an aspect, the above-noted capability signaling may be sent in response to a request from a network entity.

[0214] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, wireless device may receive from network entity request / configurations of obtaining sub-array-based positioning or sensing measurements based on SnS characteristics of an array. In an aspect, the request / configuration may comprise or indicate, e.g.:• Whether to measure and report SnS related measurements,• Reporting configurations of SnS related measurements (e.g., periodicity, measurements),® SnS type and / or customization to be considered (if any),• Number of subarrays to be considered, and / or• Availability of assistance for SnS measurements

[0215] Referring to FIGS. 13-14, in a specific example, wireless device may receive from network entity assistance / configurations of obtaining sub-array-based positioning orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO66 / 98sensing measurements based on SnS of an array. In an aspect, assistance / configurations may comprise or indicate, e.g.:• Recommendation / expectation on whether array would experience a SnS (e.g., flag), or• Expected type of SnS (e.g., static / fixed or dynamic / time varying), or• Expected User / target customization of SnS (e.g., common or user- / target-specific), or • Recommended number of subarrays (if SnS is experienced), or• Recommended / expected duration of SnS of each sub-array (e.g., correlation time or coherence time of stationarity, stationary duration of each subarray), and / or • Recommended / expected boundary info of each sub-array (e.g., location information of elements, indexes of antenna elements, # of antenna elements, shape info of array elements of subarray).

[0216] In an aspect, the above-noted assistance data signaling may be sent in response to a request from the wireless device.

[0217] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0218] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO67 / 98

[0219] Clause 1, A method performed by a wireless node, comprising: receiving, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS subarray characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS subarray characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and performing the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0220] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS subarray characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0221] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or w ireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0222] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising: transmitting, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0223] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, wdierein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of subarrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary informationQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO68 / 98associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0224] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 4 to 5, wherein the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)- based signaling, or wherein the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).

[0225] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, further comprising: transmitting, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS subarray capability information.

[0226] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0227] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0228] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO69 / 98

[0229] Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary' information, or any combination thereof.

[0230] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0231] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0232] Clause 14. A method performed by a measurement procedure management entity, comprising: determining a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmitting, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0233] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub¬ array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary' over time.

[0234] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 14 to 15, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0235] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 14 to 16, further comprising: receiving, from the wireless node, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO70 / 98

[0236] Clause 18, The method of clause 17, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub¬ arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary' information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0237] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 17 to 18, wherein the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)- based signaling, or wherein the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).

[0238] Clause 20. The method of any of clauses 14 to 19, further comprising: receiving, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

[0239] Clause 21. The method of clause 20, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0240] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 14 to 21, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type forQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO71 / 98the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0241] Clause 23. The method of any of clauses 14 to 22, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0242] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.

[0243] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 14 to 24, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0244] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 14 to 25, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0245] Clause 27. A wireless node, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: receive, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and perform the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0246] Clause 28. The wireless node of clause 27, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set ofQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WOnmstatic SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0247] Clause 29. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 28, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0248] Clause 30. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0249] Clause 31. The wireless node of clause 30, wherein the information comprises:measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0250] Clause 32. The wireless node of any of clauses 30 to 31, wherein the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IEs).

[0251] Clause 33. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 32, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS subarray capability information.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO73 / 98

[0252] Clause 34, The wireless node of clause 33, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary’ information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof,

[0253] Clause 35. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 34, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array- specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0254] Clause 36. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 35, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0255] Clause 37. The wireless node of clause 36, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary’ information, or any combination thereof.

[0256] Clause 38. The wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 37, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0257] Clause 39. Tire wireless node of any of clauses 27 to 38, w’herein the wareless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO74 / 98

[0258] Clause 40. A measurement procedure management entity, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: determine a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmit, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0259] Clause 41. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 40, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0260] Clause 42. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 41, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0261] Clause 43. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 42, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, from the wireless node, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0262] Clause 44. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 43, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, theQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO75 / 98second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0263] Clause 45. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 43 to 44, wherein the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IEs).

[0264] Clause 46. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 45, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on tire SnS sub-array capability information.

[0265] Clause 47. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 46, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array- are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0266] Clause 48. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 47, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurementQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO76 / 98procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0267] Clause 49. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 48, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array,

[0268] Clause 50. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 49, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.

[0269] Clause 1. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 50, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0270] Clause 52, Tire measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 40 to 51, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0271] Clause 53. A wireless node, comprising: means for receiving, from a measurement procedure management entity, ameasurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and means for performing the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0272] Clause 54. Tire wireless node of clause 53, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO77 / 98

[0273] Clause 55. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 54, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0274] Clause 56. Tire wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 55, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0275] Clause 57. The wireless node of clause 56, wherein the information comprises:measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, tire second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0276] Clause 58. The wireless node of any of clauses 56 to 57, wherein the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IEs).

[0277] Clause 59. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 58, further comprising: means for transmitting, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information,

[0278] Clause 60. The wireless node of clause 59, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set ofQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO78 / 98sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0279] Clause 61. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 60, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array- specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with tire measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, tire second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0280] Clause 62. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 61, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0281] Clause 63. The wireless node of clause 62, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.

[0282] Clause 64. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 63, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0283] Clause 65. The wireless node of any of clauses 53 to 64, wherein the w'ireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0284] Clause 66, A measurement procedure management entity, comprising: means for determining a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated w ith the SnSQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO79 / 98sub-array configuration; and means for transmitting, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

[0285] Clause 67. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 66, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0286] Clause 68. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 67, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0287] Clause 69. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 68, further comprising: means for receiving, from the wireless node, information associated with tire measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0288] Clause 70. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 69, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0289] Clause 71. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 69 to 70, wherein the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO80 / 98

[0290] Clause 72, The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 71, further comprising: means for receiving, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

[0291] Clause 73. The measurement procedure management entity of clause 72, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof,

[0292] Clause 74. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 73, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0293] Clause 75, The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 74, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0294] Clause 76, The measurement procedure management entity of clause 75, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.

[0295] Clause 77. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 76, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of aQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO81 / 98target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0296] Clause 78. The measurement procedure management entity of any of clauses 66 to 77, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0297] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a wireless node, cause the wireless node to: receive, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and perform the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

[0298] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 79, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed overtime, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.

[0299] Clause 81, The non-transitory’ computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 80, wherein tire first SnS sub-array, tire second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0300] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 81, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO

[0301] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 82, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS sub¬ array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0302] Clause 84. Tire non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 82 to 83, wherein the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES),

[0303] Clause 85. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 84, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the wireless node, cause the wireless node to: transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-arrays capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

[0304] Clause 86. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of clause 85, wherein the SnS sub-array capability' information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary’ information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0305] Clause 87, The non-transitory’ computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 86, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurementQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO83 / 98procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0306] Clause 88, The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 87, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0307] Clause 89. lire non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 88, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.

[0308] Clause 90. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 89, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0309] Clause 91. Tire non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 90, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0310] Clause 92. A non-transitory' computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a measurement procedure management entity, cause the measurement procedure management entity to: determine a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node, wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub-array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, and wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; and transmit, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO84 / 98

[0311] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 92, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, tire second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed overtime, or wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary’ over time.

[0312] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 93, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, or wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

[0313] Clause 95. Tire non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 94, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the measurement procedure management entity, cause the measurement procedure management entity to; receive, from the wireless node, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

[0314] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 95, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, or SnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary' over time, or a number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, or a timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or boundary information associated with the first SnS subarray, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or any combination thereof.

[0315] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 95 to 96, wherein the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, or wherein the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO85 / 98

[0316] Clause 98, The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 97, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the measurement procedure management entity, cause the measurement procedure management entity to: receive, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability information of the wireless node, wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

[0317] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 98, wherein the SnS sub-array capability' information indicates: whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, or a set of supported SnS sub-array types, or a set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, or a maximum number of supported sub-arrays, or a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, or a maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, or a set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, or a set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, or a SnS sub-array reporting capability, or any combination thereof.

[0318] Clause 100. Tire non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 99, ■wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises: whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, or a reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, or an indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, or any combination thereof.

[0319] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 100, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

[0320] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 101, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise: a SnS flag, or a SnS sub-array type, or a device or object association, or a number of SnS sub-arrays, or SnS sub-array duration information, or SnS sub-array boundary information, or any combination thereof.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO86 / 98

[0321] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 102, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), or wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

[0322] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 103, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component.

[0323] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0324] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in vary ing ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0325] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computingQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO87 / 98devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0326] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of tire two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. Tire ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0327] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, opticalQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO88 / 98disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0328] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B), Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to tire singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination.QC2501790WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO89 / 98CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A wireless node, comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:receive, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node,wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated w ith a first set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS subarray characteristics, andwherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; andperform the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

2. The wireless node of claim 1,wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS subarray characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, orwherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS subarray characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary overtime.

3. The wireless node of claim 1,wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO90 / 98wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

4. The wireless node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

5. The wireless node of claim 4, wherein the information comprises: measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, orSnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, or information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS subarray, or both, oran indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time, ora number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, ora timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, orboundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, orany combination thereof.

6. The wireless node of claim 4,wherein the information is transmitted via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, orwherein the information is transmitted via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IEs).

7. The wireless node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO91 / 98transmit, to the measurement procedure management entity, SnS sub-array capability information of tire wireless node,wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

8. The wireless node of claim 7, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates:whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, ora set of supported SnS sub-array types, ora set of SnS sub-array customization options or features, ora maximum number of supported sub-arrays, ora maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, ora maximum boundary information supported per sub-array, ora set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, ora set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, ora SnS sub-array reporting capability, orany combination thereof.

9. The wireless node of claim 1, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises:whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association w ith the measurement procedure, ora reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, oran indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both,a number of sub-arrays associated w ith the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, orany combination thereof.QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO92 / 9810. The wireless node of claim 1, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

11. The wireless node of claim 10, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise:a SnS flag, ora SnS sub-array type, ora device or object association, ora number of SnS sub-arrays, orSnS sub-array duration information, orSnS sub-array boundary information, orany combination thereof.

12. The wireless node of claim 1,wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), orwherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

13. The w ireless node of claim 1, wherein the w ireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless netw ork component.

14. A measurement procedure management entity, comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:determine a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node,QC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO93 / 98wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics, andwherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; andtransmit, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

15. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, orwherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS subarray characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary’ overtime,16. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are common to a group of target objects or wireless devices, orwherein the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, are specific to a target object or wireless device associated with the measurement procedure.

17. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:receive, from the wireless node, information associated with the measurement procedure, the Rx antenna array, or both.

18. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 17, wherein the information comprises:measurement information obtained the measurement procedure, orSnS sub-array information associated with the measurement information, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO94 / 98information indicating the presence of the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS subarray, or both, oran indication of whether the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time or a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that ary over time, ora number of sub-arrays associated with the Rx antenna array, ora timing validity indicator associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, orboundary information associated with the first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub¬ array, or both, orany combination thereof.

19. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 17, wherein the information is received via antenna reception point (ARP)-based signaling or transmission reception point (TRP)-based signaling, orwherein the information is received via one or more SnS sub-array reporting information element (IES).

20. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:receive, from the wireless node, SnS sub-array capability’ information of the wireless node,wherein the measurement procedure configuration is based on the SnS sub-array capability information.

21. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 20, wherein the SnS sub-array capability information indicates:whether sub-arrays for the Rx antenna array are supported, orQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO95 / 98a maximum timing validity information supported per sub-array, ora maximum boundary' information supported per sub-array, ora set of positioning measurements supported per sub-array, ora set of sensing measurements supported per sub-array, ora SnS sub-array reporting capability, orany combination thereof.

22. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises:whether to perform, report, or both, sub-array-specific measurement information in association with the measurement procedure, ora reporting configuration associated with the measurement procedure that is specific to tire first SnS sub-array, the second SnS sub-array, or both, oran indication of a SnS sub-array type for the measurement procedure, or an indication of one or more changes to the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub-array characteristics, or both,a number of sub-arrays associated with the measurement procedure, or an indication of whether assistance data is available for SnS sub-array measurements, orany combination thereof.

23. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises an indication of one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array.

24. The measurement procedure management entity' of claim 23, wherein the one or more expected or preferred parameters associated with the Rx antenna array comprise:a SnS flag, ora SnS sub-array type, ora device or object association, ora number of SnS sub-arrays, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO96 / 98SnS sub-array duration information, orSnS sub-array boundary information, orany combination thereof.

25. The measurement procedure management entity' of claim 14, wherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a position estimation session of a target user equipment (UE), orwherein the measurement procedure corresponds to a sensing session of a target object.

26. The measurement procedure management entity of claim 14, wherein the wireless node corresponds to a user equipment (UE) or a wireless network component,27. A method performed by a wireless node, comprising:receiving, from a measurement procedure management entity, a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of the wireless node,wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS subarray characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS subarray characteristics, andwherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; andperforming the measurement procedure via the Rx antenna array in accordance with the measurement procedure configuration.

28. The method of claim 27,wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, orQC2501790WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2501790WO97 / 98wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS subarray characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary overtime.29, A method performed by a measurement procedure management entity, comprising:determining a measurement procedure configuration for a measurement procedure associated with a receive (Rx) antenna array of a wireless node,wherein the Rx antenna array comprises a spatial non-stationarity (SnS) sub-array configuration that comprises a first SnS sub-array associated with a first set of SnS subarray characteristics and a second SnS sub-array associated with a second set of SnS subarray characteristics, andwherein the measurement procedure configuration comprises information associated with the SnS sub-array configuration; andtransmitting, to the wireless node, the measurement procedure configuration.

30. The method of claim 29,wherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS subarray characteristics, or both, comprise a set of static SnS sub-array characteristics that remain fixed over time, orwherein the first set of SnS sub-array characteristics, the second set of SnS sub¬ array characteristics, or both, comprise a set of dynamic SnS sub-array characteristics that vary over time.QC2501790WO

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