The invention discloses a traction power supply system fault location method applied to multiple operation modes. The method comprises the following steps: 1, reclosing is carried out when a traction network line fails, and if reclosing fails, a reactance method ranging principle is adopted for ranging, and if reclosing succeeds, the second step is carried out; 2, the operation mode of the traction network line is judged according to switch position signals, fault uplink and fault downlink are determined according to the specific operation mode, faults can be determined to be T-type faults, F-type faults or TF-type faults, and then according to the fault type of the specific operation mode, adopting of a suction current ratio principle, a reactance method ranging principle, an uplink downlink current ratio ranging principle or a transverse line current ratio ranging principle is determined to calculate the fault distance. When the method of the invention is adopted for traction network line fault location, the fault position can be quickly and accurately positioned, and thus, the fault clearing efficiency can be enhanced, normal power supply can be quickly recovered, and safe operation of the railway can be ensured.