The invention provides a high-performance thermal insulation material and a preparation method thereof. The thermal insulation material comprises silicon dioxide aerogel and a fiber material, wherein, the silicon dioxide aerogel takes silicon dioxide hydrosol as a raw material, and is prepared by adding a catalyst. The method comprises the following steps: sol preparing, sol dipping, gelating, gel ageing, hydrophobization treating and drying and the like. The method can conveniently and selectively prepare the materials of planes, abnormal-shape surfaces and multiple sizes, has simple and convenient operation and small environmental pollution. The material has excellent mechanical performance, good high-temperature stability and heat insulation performance, and has wide application prospect in the fields of civilian industries, space flight and aviation industries, military industries and the like.