MÉTODO PARA PRODUÇÃO DE UM FILME DE CAMADA ÚNICA OU MÚLTIPLA, CAMADA ÚNICA OU MÚLTIPLA, EXTRUDADO SIMULTANEAMENTE ESTIRADO BIAXIALMENTE E TERMOFIXADO E USOS CORRESPONDENTES

Abstract

The invention relates to: single- or multi-layer, extruded, simultaneously biaxially stretched, and heat-set films comprising a first polypropylene PP1 having a heat deflection temperature of greater than 75°C, which films can be used, for example, as packaging materials, in particular for food products; a method for producing said films; and the use of said films, preferably for packaging a food product.

Description

1 / 69 METHOD FOR PRODUCING A SINGLE OR MULTIPLE LAYER FILM, SIMULTANEOUSLY EXTRUDED, BIAXIALLY STRETCHED AND HEAT-SET. AND CORRESPONDING USES Technical field

[001] The present invention relates to extruded films, single or multi-layered, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, which can be used, for example, as packaging materials, in particular for food products, a method for their production and use, preferably for packaging a food product. State of the art and problem definition

[002] In the course of improving the reuse or recyclability of plastic-based packaging materials, so-called monomaterials, i.e., single-origin materials consisting of only one type of plastic, are ideally used. However, the materials currently available often reach their technical limits for more complex applications with a higher requirements profile, as is the case with food packaging. This is because no single plastic fulfills all the properties that are needed in total to achieve the ideal packaging properties.Typically, each type of plastic fulfills only one or two of the following properties, such as barrier properties against water, water vapor, aroma components or gases like oxygen, sufficient rigidity, puncture resistance, delamination resistance and other mechanical properties, good heat resistance, good sealing properties, attractive optical properties such as low turbidity and good printability.

[003] This sometimes leads to complex multi-layered structures, with up to 13 layers and a large number of functional polymers. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 6 / 93 2 / 69 nais, which makes it difficult or even impossible to recycle the resulting packaging materials.

[004] As a result, there is still a lack of solutions for recyclable plastic-based packaging materials, especially for food, that preferably meet all of the following requirements: rigidity, heat resistance, oxygen, gas and aroma barrier, low or no shrinkage. Object of the invention

[005] Therefore, one of the objectives of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a single or multi-layer film and a single or multi-layer film, extruded, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, which can be produced by means thereof, which is suitable as a food packaging material or which can be processed into a suitable packaging material and which has improved recyclability. It is also an objective to provide corresponding uses. Definitions and measurement methods of the invention

[006] extrusion: passing at least one type of molten thermoplastic material through a die to form a film (sheet material with a low thickness of < 3 mm) as the thermoplastic material re-emerges from the die, the die preferably being a ring or groove die.

[007] after extrusion means temporally and / or spatially immediately after the film leaves the die, to the extent that this is technically feasible.

[008] before stretching means temporally and / or spatially before the simultaneous application of forces in the machine direction and in the direction transverse to the film for the purpose of biaxial stretching.

[009] moment when stretching begins means the first point in time or point in time when the force in the direction of Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 7 / 93 3 / 69 The machine and the force in the transverse direction act simultaneously on the film for biaxial stretching purposes.

[0010] after stretching means temporally and / or spatially immediately after the end of the simultaneous application of forces in the machine direction and in the transverse direction on the film for the purposes of biaxial stretching, insofar as technically feasible.

[0011] before heat setting means temporally and / or spatially before the film is heated to the temperature at which heat setting is performed (third temperature (T3)).

[0012] In the context of the present invention, relaxation or unwinding means the controlled retraction of the film in MD and / or TD. Controlled retraction in MD is achieved by using different pull-out or unwring-out speeds, i.e., the pull-out or unwring-out of the downstream film in the relaxation process occurs or pulls at a lower speed than the pull-out of the upstream film in the process. In TD, controlled retraction is achieved by reducing the width of the film between the two pull-outs. An example of a relaxation process for extruded and stretched films, single or multi-layer, is known to those skilled in the art by Savic, Z., Savic. I, Sausage Casings, VICTUS Lebensmittelindustriebedarf. Society de Vertriebs mbH., Vienna, 1st edition, June 2002, chapter 7, subchapter 4.2, pages 267 to 270, in particular Figure 7-13a and 7-13b. Density: measured according to DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09

[0013] Film temperature (e.g., during stretching, heat setting or relaxation): is the surface temperature of the film, preferably measured without contact using an infrared temperature sensor.

[0014] Shrinkage (or also called hot shrinkage): measured in water at 90°C, preferably within 1 second after immersion, but at least within 10 seconds after immersion. From Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 8 / 93 4 / 69 According to the invention, the sample is immersed in water at 90 °C for a predetermined period of time, in particular the aforementioned period, to determine shrinkage (or hot shrinkage) and immediately cooled to room temperature with water after removal. The length of a pre-marked section after this treatment is measured and related to the measured length of the same section of the sample before treatment. The resulting length ratio (shrunk to un-shrunk), expressed as a percentage, defines the shrinkage. Depending on the direction of length measurement, shrinkage results in the longitudinal (MD) and transverse (TD) directions. The total shrinkage is calculated by summing the shrinkages in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Multiple determinations, such as triple or quintuple determinations, of length measurements and the formation of corresponding average values ​​from them advantageously increase the precision of the determination.According to the invention, shrinkage and total shrinkage can be determined, in particular, in accordance with ASTM D2732-14, 2020 edition, dated April 14, 2020.

[0015] Heat deflection temperature: is the heat deflection temperature, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18.

[0016] Strength: tensile properties (DIN EN ISO 5271:2019-12, edition 2019-12, and DIN EN ISO 527-2:2012-06, edition 2012-06), bending properties (3-point method) (ASTM D079017, edition of July 24, 2017) or bending properties (4-point method) (ASTM D6272-17e1, edition of July 14, 2020).

[0017] Stiffness: measured according to DIN EN ISO 527-1:2019- 12, edition 2019-12, and DIN EN ISO 527-2:2012-06, edition 2012-06.

[0018] Transparency / opacity / clarity: measured according to ASTM D1003-21; edition of June 7, 2021.

[0019] Printability: measured according to DIN 16500-2:2018 Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 9 / 93 5 / 69 09, edition 2018-09, or defined as polarity in the form of surface tension, given in the unit Dyn / cm (= 10-3N / m).

[0020] Sealability: for example, sealing / welding properties of films / hot adhesion test of films: measured according to DIN 55571-2:2021-07

[0021] Sealing seam strength: measured according to DIN 55529:2012-09

[0022] Sealing temperature: is the sealing temperature = temperature that the material to be sealed exhibits during sealing, measured as the film temperature, as defined above.

[0023] Hot sealing / hot bonding: is the bonding of thermoplastic coatings to substrate materials or of purely thermoplastic materials under the effects of time, pressure (contact) and temperature, but the substrate materials are not melted.

[0024] The following definitions of length apply in the context of this invention (in each case with respect to the machine direction or the transverse direction): L0 := length of a predetermined section of the film before stretching; L1:= length of the same section of the film after stretching and before relaxation; L2:= length of the same section of film after stretching and after relaxation.

[0025] Stretch factor: stretch factor V = length L1 of a given section of the film after stretching and before relaxation, divided by the length L0 of the same section of the film before stretching; (V = L1 / L0). The stretching factor V, in which the lengths L0 and L1 are determined in the direction of the MD machine, is also called the VMD stretching factor, according to the invention. The stretching factor V, in which the lengths L0 and L1 Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 10 / 93 6 / 69 are determined in the transverse direction TD, also referred to as the stretch factor VTD, according to the invention.

[0026] Relaxation factor: relaxation factor R = 1 - (length L2 of a given section of the film after stretching and after relaxation divided by the length L1 of the same section of the film after stretching and before relaxation); (R = 1 - (L2 / L1)). The relaxation factor R, calculated as indicated above and in which the lengths L2 and L1 are determined in the MD machine direction, is also called the RMD relaxation factor in the MD machine direction, according to the invention. The relaxation factor R, calculated as indicated above and in which the lengths L2 and L1 are determined in the TD transverse direction, is also called the RTD relaxation factor, according to the invention, in the TD transverse direction.

[0027] After performing the two stages of the method, stretching and heat setting, here with relaxation, a residual stretch or residual elongation is obtained in the film. It is possible to determine a residual stretch factor RV, defined in detail below, based on the ratio between the length L2 of a section of the film after stretching and after heat setting, including relaxation, and the length L0 of the same section before stretching and before relaxation.

[0028] Residual stretch factor: residual stretch factor RV = length L2 of a predetermined section of the film after stretching and after relaxation divided by the length L0 of the same section of the film before stretching and before relaxation; RV = L2 / L0. According to the invention, the residual stretch factor RV, in which the lengths L2 and L0 are determined in the MD machine direction, is also called the residual stretch factor RVMD. The residual stretch factor RV, in which the lengths L2 and L0 are determined in the transverse direction TD, is also called Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 11 / 93 7 / 69 of the residual stretch factor RVtd according to the invention.

[0029] film stretched simultaneously biaxially: means a film that has been stretched simultaneously in the machine direction and in the transverse direction.

[0030] Stable method or stable process: a method or process that allows continuous operation (execution of the method or process) and by which it is possible to produce a film usable for the intended application. Consequently, unstable means not stable in the sense described above.

[0031] Other definitions that apply in the context of the present invention, in particular to the objects of the invention and the embodiments of the invention defined in the claims and description, are listed below. For the purposes of the present invention, the numerical terms first, second, third, etc., such as second polypropylene or second polypropylene PP2, used in the designation of the polymers, are merely a designation of the respective polymer, as defined below, and do not imply the description of a specific number or order of polymers. For example, according to the present invention, the statement "the film contains a third polypropylene PP3" does not mean that the film also contains or should contain a first polypropylene PP1 and a second polypropylene PP2. Instead, it only means that the film contains the third polypropylene PP3, as defined below, regardless of other components, if any.Therefore, the third polypropylene could also have any other designation, such as polypropylene C. The same applies to the first polyethylene, the second polyethylene, the third polyethylene, the first polypropylene and the second polypropylene, the second polymer and the third polymer, as defined below. The limitations of said polymers, established below by definition, also apply regardless of whether the respective polymer is used with... Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 12 / 93 8 / 69 the indefinite or definite article in the description and / or claims.

[0032] Polyethylene (PE): is a thermoplastic polymer with the repeating unit [C2H4] (molecular formula) with the structural formula that can be produced by chain polymerization of ethene:

[0033] First polyethylene (PE1) (= high-density polyethylene (HDPE)): is a polyethylene (PE) with a density greater than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably greater than 0.950 g / cm3, in particular greater than 0.960 g / cm3, and less than or equal to 1.010 g / cm3, preferably less than 1.000 g / cm3, in particular less than 0.970 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. According to the invention, the first polyethylene (PE1) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of polymers (e.g., with different chain lengths) of the polyethylene type. If the first polyethylene (PE1) consists of a mixture of several types of polyethylene-type polymers, the aforementioned density ranges apply to the mixture after its homogenization.

[0034] Second polyethylene (PE2): is a polyethylene (PE) with a density of less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09, preferably a sealable polyethylene or a polyethylene suitable for forming a sealable layer. According to the invention, the second polyethylene (PE2) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of polymers (e.g., different chain lengths) of the polyethylene type. If the second polyethylene (PE2) consists of a mixture of several types of polyethylene-type polymers, the aforementioned density ranges apply. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 13 / 93 9 / 69 to the mixture after homogenization. The second polyethylene (PE2) is not identical to the first polyethylene (PE1).

[0035] Third polyethylene (PE3): is a polyethylene (PE) with a density lower than that of first polyethylene (PE1) and higher than that of second polyethylene (PE2), measured according to the DIN EN ISO 11831:2019-09 standard. According to the invention, third polyethylene (PE3) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of polymers (e.g., different chain lengths) of the polyethylene type. If third polyethylene (PE3) consists of a mixture of several types of polyethylene-type polymers, the aforementioned density ranges apply to the mixture after its homogenization. Third polyethylene (PE3) is not identical to second polyethylene (PE2) and is not identical to first polyethylene (PE1).

[0036] Polypropylene (PP): is a thermoplastic polymer with the repeating unit [C3H6] (molecular formula) with the following structural formula that can be produced by chain polymerization of propene:

[0037] First polypropylene (PP1): is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature (= deflection temperature) greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and preferably with a density greater than 0.895 g / cm3 and less than 0.920 g / cm3, preferably greater than 0.899 g / cm3 and less than 0.910 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11831:2019-09. According to the invention, the first polypropylene (PP1) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 14 / 93 10 / 69 Polypropylene-type polymers (e.g., different chain lengths). If the first polypropylene (PP1) consists of a mixture of several types of polypropylene-type polymers, the above ranges for heat deflection temperature and, preferably, also for density apply to the mixture after homogenization.

[0038] Second polypropylene (PP2): is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 75°C, preferably below 65°C, in particular below 55°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18, preferably a sealable polypropylene or a polypropylene suitable for forming a sealable layer. According to the invention, the second polypropylene (PP2) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of polymers (e.g., different chain lengths) of the polypropylene type. If the second polypropylene (PP2) consists of a mixture of several types of polypropylene-type polymers, the above ranges for the heat deflection temperature apply to the mixture after its homogenization.

[0039] Third polypropylene (PP3): is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2), measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18. According to the invention, the third polypropylene (PP3) comprises one type of polymer or a mixture of several types of polymers (e.g., different chain lengths) of the polypropylene type. If the third polypropylene (PP3) consists of a mixture of several types of polypropylene-type polymers, the aforementioned heat deflection temperature ranges apply to the mixture after its homogenization.

[0040] Second polymer (PM2): is a polymer (preferably a polyolefin) that is preferably sealable, in particular heat sealable, preferably a polyethylene (PE), a polypropylene Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 15 / 93 11 / 69 (PP), an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), an ionomer (IO), an ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA). If the second polymer (PM2) is a polyolefin, which is preferred, it is referred to as the second polyolefin (PO2) according to the invention.

[0041] Third polymer (PM3): is a polymer (preferably a polyolefin) that is preferably non-sealable, more preferably non-heat-sealable, in particular, has a sealing temperature higher than the sealing temperature of the second polymer (PM2) (preferably the second polyolefin (PO2)) and preferably comprises or consists of a polyethylene (PE) and / or a polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof. When the third polymer (PM3) is a polyolefin, which is preferred, it is referred to as the third polyolefin (PO3) according to the invention.

[0042] Polyethylene terephthalate (PET): polyethylene terephthalate that can be obtained by the polycondensation of terephthalic acid (1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and ethylene glycol (1,2-dihydroxyethane).

[0043] Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC): is a thermoplastic formed from vinylidene dichloride (1,1-dichloroethene), analogous to PVC. PVDC decomposes near its melting point of approximately 200°C.

[0044] Polyamide (PA): is a material selected from a group, consisting of PA made of ε-caprolactam or poly(ε-caprolactam) (PA6), PA made of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid or polyhexamethylene adipinamide (PA6.6), PA made of ε-caprolactam and hexamethylenediamine / adipic acid (PA6.66), PA made of hexamethylenediamine and dodecanedioic acid or polyhexamethylenedodecanamide (PA6.12), PA made of 11-aminoundecanoic acid or polyundecanamide (PA11), PA made of 12-laurin lactam or poly(ω-laurin lactam) (PA12), or a mixture of these PAs or a mixture of these PAs with amorphous PA or Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 16 / 93 12 / 69 with other polymers. The general notation PAx.y is synonymous with PAx / y or PAxy.

[0045] Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH): is a fully saponified copolymer made of ethylene and vinyl acetate with the repeating units [C2H4O] and [C2H4] (molecular formula) and with the structural formula:

[0046] Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH): is a polymer that can be produced by the complete saponification (hydrolysis) of polyvinyl acetate (PVAC), with the repeating unit [C2H4O] (molecular formula) and the structural formula:

[0047] Adhesion Promoter (HV): can be provided as intermediate layers in the film according to the invention and represents adhesive layers that ensure good composite adhesion of the individual layers to each other. The HV can be based on a base material, selected from a group consisting of PE, PP, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA), ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA) and an ionomer, or a mixture thereof. Particularly suitable adhesion promoters according to the invention are ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 17 / 93 13 / 69 vinyl (EVA), ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA) or ethylene-methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), each with a purity of > 99%, preferably > 99.9%. Unless defined above, those skilled in the art understand that the abbreviations used mean conventional definitions commonly used in the technical field of the invention.

[0048] For the purposes of the present invention, the designation of a material as a layer component means that a layer of the film, according to the invention, comprises at least partially that material. For the purposes of the present invention, the term layer component may include, in particular, that the layer consists wholly or exclusively of that material.

[0049] For the purposes of the present invention, inner layer means a layer of the film which, if the film, according to the invention, is used as packaging material as intended or as part thereof, is a surface of the film facing or in contact with a product to be packaged. Consequently, the inner layer is the interface of the film with the product to be packaged when the film is used as packaging material, or represents the interface of the film with an additional layer or a layered package if an additional layer or a layered package is laminated onto the film, according to the invention, during further processing.

[0050] For the purposes of the present invention, outer layer means a layer of the film that forms an external surface of the film and which, when the film according to the invention is used as packaging material or as part thereof, according to its purpose, does not come into direct contact with the products to be packaged. The outer layer is therefore the interface between the film and the external environment. The outer layer and the inner layer are the two Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 18 / 93 14 / 69 layers that seal the film to the outside and are virtually opposite each other.

[0051] For the purposes of the present invention, intermediate or intermediate layer means a layer of the film that is disposed between the outer layer and the inner layer of the film.

[0052] All mass fractions (in %), temperatures (in °C) and durations (in seconds) described in the context of this application are considered specified and determined with one decimal place (for example, 50% means 50.0%; 120 °C means 120.0 °C; 2 seconds means 2.0 seconds; 1.5 seconds means 1.5 seconds), unless specified more precisely (for example, 0.05 seconds means 0.05 seconds). Description of the invention

[0053] The above-mentioned object is resolved by the subject matter defined in the claims and / or described below.

[0054] The method according to the invention can be carried out or produced using a plurality of process techniques known to those skilled in the art. These include, in particular, the so-called triple bubble process, the double bubble process with heat setting or downstream heat setting, and the stretch frame process with simultaneous biaxial stretching. In the heat setting process, the films are passed through an oven and heat-treated, in most cases, as in the stretch frame process, using hot air. Alternatively, in the triple bubble process, the film is heat-set using infrared or hot water vapor to reduce shrinkage caused by stretching. Alternatively, in the double bubble process, downstream heat setting can be carried out using tempering rollers or a horizontal hot air oven.Consequently, the film according to the invention can be produced using these process techniques or other process techniques. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 19 / 93 15 / 69 suitable techniques known to the person skilled in the art. Such process techniques are known to the specialist from relevant literature, for example, the book Savic, Z., Savic, I.: Sausage Casings, publisher: VICTUS Lebensmittelindustriebedarf Society de Vertriebs mbH., Vienna, 1st edition, June 2002, chapter 7, in particular subchapter 4.2, pages 244 to 301, or from their practical work.

[0055] In particular, the method according to the invention and the film according to the invention can preferably be carried out or produced using the double bubble process and, in particular, the triple bubble process, for which the applicant provides suitable equipment. The film can be coextruded from the respective molten resins, preferably with thermal separation of the individual layers, for example, by means of a nozzle blow head or die blow head of the applicant, configured for the production of single-layer films or composites with two, three or more layers, coextruded with a water cooling system of the applicant, reheated, simultaneously biaxially stretched (in the machine direction (MD) and in the transverse direction (TD)) by means of a closed compressed air bubble and, finally, in a subsequent step, heat-set at a defined temperature regime and, optionally, relaxed.Relaxation can occur in both directions, i.e., both in the machine direction (MD) and in the transverse direction (TD). It is essential for the method according to the invention that relaxation, if used, does not occur equally in both directions (MD and TD), but that the relaxation factor in the transverse direction TD is always greater than the relaxation factor in the machine direction MD. Furthermore, relaxation is also possible in only one direction, i.e., only in TD.

[0056] The direction of relaxation can always be selected independently. The quantitative expression of relaxation is express Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 20 / 93 16 / 69 sa in the context of the present invention by the so-called relaxation factor, as defined in more detail below.

[0057] Another way of producing the film according to the invention is by stretching a flat (co-)extruded film according to the stretcher-frame process known to those skilled in the art.

[0058] The film of the present invention can be advantageously obtained in a device or system of the applicant for the production of tubular films for food packaging, such as shrink films or shrink bags, using the nozzle blowing process, provided that the device described in the same applicant's patent specification DE 199 16 428 B4 is also used for the rapid cooling of thin thermoplastic tubes after extrusion. For this purpose, a corresponding further development, according to patent specification DE 100 48 178 B4, may also be considered.

[0059] Here, the tubular film produced from the molten plastic in the nozzle blow head is subjected to intensive cooling, during which the amorphous structure of the molten plastic thermoplastics is preserved. The tubular film extruded vertically from the molten plastic in the nozzle blow head initially moves into the cooling device for cooling without touching the wall, as described in detail in publications DE 199 16 428 B4 and DE 100 48 178 B4. To avoid repetition, refer to the full contents of documents DE 199 16 428 B4 and DE 100 48 178 B4 for details on the methods, design, and operation of this cooling device, also known as a calibration device.

[0060] The tubular film then passes through the supports of the cooling device, against which the film is supported due to a differential pressure between the inside of the tubular film and the refrigerant, man Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 21 / 93 17 / 69 having a liquid film between the film and the supports, so that the adhesion of the tubular film is excluded. The diameter of the supports influences the diameter of the tubular film, which is why this cooling device from the same applicant is also called a calibration device.

[0061] Using the method according to the present invention, it is possible, for the first time, to produce a single-layer or multi-layer polypropylene (PP) film that meets the high requirements of a food packaging material. According to the present invention, it is essential that the film be PP-based. The film according to the present invention contains polypropylene (hereinafter referred to as first polypropylene PP1 and compound as defined above as first polypropylene PP1). In the film according to the present invention, the mass fraction of first polypropylene PP1 is greater than 30% to 100%, based on the total mass of the film.

[0062] The produced film exhibits little or no shrinkage (0 to 3%, preferably 0 to 2%, in particular 0 to 1% shrinkage in both the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (DT), measured at 90°C according to ASTM D2732-14, as described above). The inventor has surprisingly found that the manufacturing process according to the present invention can only be operated stably and the resulting film exhibits satisfactory properties, particularly with regard to its mechanical properties, if the stretch in the machine direction is greater than the stretch in the transverse direction during simultaneous biaxial stretching. This is a unique feature of the method according to the present invention, since in simultaneous biaxial stretching, especially in the double bubble and triple bubble processes, the stretch in the machine direction is conventionally always adjusted to be less than the stretch in the transverse direction. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 22 / 93 18 / 69

[0063] Furthermore, the inventor has surprisingly established that, contrary to all expectations in the art, the following relationship applies to the method according to the invention: the greater the film stretch according to the present invention at the stretching temperature foreseen according to the present invention, the less shrinkage and less haze (greater transparency) of the film and the stiffer the film. Therefore, in the method according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a small shrinkage of the films or even eliminate it completely by selecting high stretch factors in both directions. However, the stretch factor should not exceed 8.0, preferably 7.5, in the machine direction and 7.0, preferably 6.5, in the transverse direction; otherwise, the stability of the stretching process and, consequently, of the film manufacturing method can no longer be guaranteed.

[0064] Another finding of the invention is that the longer the heat-setting (residence time during heat-setting = duration of fixation at the fixation temperature specified according to the present invention) of the film in the method according to the present invention, the more transparent the resulting film was. It was also observed that the higher the temperature during heat-setting, the more transparent or less cloudy the resulting film was.

[0065] Furthermore, during the development of the method according to the present invention, it was surprisingly discovered that the higher the temperature during heat setting, the more transparent the resulting film and the greater the rigidity and mechanical stability of the resulting film. And: The less relaxation during heat setting, the more transparent the resulting film and the greater the rigidity of the resulting film. This is probably due to the fact that the greater the stretching, the more crystalline and therefore more transparent the resulting film. This is also accompanied by less shrinkage of the film. If the Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 23 / 93 19 / 69 relaxation is completely dispensed with within the method according to the present invention, the resulting film becomes even more transparent in the sense of being more transparent.

[0066] In general, the inventor of the present invention recognized that an increase in stretch factors during stretching, combined with a higher stretch factor in the machine direction than in the transverse direction, and a higher temperature and lower relaxation factors (or no relaxation) during heat setting, results in high transparency or clarity, high stiffness, and low shrinkage of the resulting film, according to the present invention. He suspects that the reason for this surprising achievement of improved properties is the higher crystallinity of the main component of the films, according to the present invention, the first polypropylene PP1, compared with conventional methods or films. In the film, according to the present invention, the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD) is preferably greater than 2.8 and less than 4.4, more preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 4.4, in particular greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4.Furthermore, the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 5.4, more preferably greater than 4.1 and less than 5.4, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4. The above ranges for RVtd and RVmd are particularly suitable if the film according to the invention contains a first polypropylene PP1 with a heat deflection temperature greater than 85°C. In the film according to the present invention, which contains a first polypropylene PP1 with a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C and less than or equal to 85°C, the residual stretch factor (RVTD) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is preferably greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, more preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 24 / 93 20 / 69 that 6.0. Furthermore, the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film, which is a first polypropylene PP1 with a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C, is preferably greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0 in the machine direction (MD), more preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0. In any case, however, the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) of the film according to the present invention is preferably greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

[0067] In addition, the inventor has surprisingly established the following correlations in connection with the method according to the present invention and the film according to the present invention: • The greater the elongation factor or degree of elongation in simultaneous biaxial stretching, the less the resulting film shrinkage will be. • The greater the elongation factor or degree of elongation in simultaneous biaxial elongation, the less haze there will be and the greater the clarity or transparency of the resulting film. • The greater the elongation factor or degree of elongation in simultaneous biaxial stretching, the greater the stiffness of the resulting film. • The higher the temperature during the heat setting of the film, the greater the clarity or transparency and stability of the resulting film. • The longer the film's heat setting time, the greater the clarity or transparency and stability of the resulting film. • The lower the relaxation factor during heat setting, the greater the clarity or transparency of the resulting film. • The lower the relaxation factor during heat setting, the greater the stiffness of the resulting film. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 25 / 93 21 / 69

[0068] The method according to the present invention allows for the complete omission of a lamination or extrusion coating step of the film, of individual layers or of layer packages. On the one hand, this saves an additional step of the method, which simplifies the method according to the present invention in terms of implementation and the equipment required. On the other hand, the resulting film is mechanically more stable, since the lamination interfaces of a laminated film always represent a mechanical weak point and increase the risk of delamination of one or more layers of the film. As the film according to the present invention is extruded or co-extruded in a single step, the resulting film can be up to 50% thinner, in contrast to films that are produced by separate extrusion of layers and subsequent lamination of the separately extruded layers and have thicknesses of, for example, 40 to 60 µm.This is also due to the fact that the method according to the present invention allows PP (= PP1) to be used as a layer component with a comparatively high density for the production of the film according to the present invention. In any case, the film according to the present invention, which is up to 50% thinner and has a thickness of 20 to 30 µm, for example, results in a corresponding saving in material and therefore also in energy, compared with a comparable film produced by lamination with an analogous layer structure.

[0069] However, it is not excluded that the film according to the present invention may be laminated in a separate step with one or more other layers to form a ready-to-use film.

[0070] Another essential aspect of the method according to the present invention is that the film is cooled very rapidly after extrusion to a temperature of 20°C or less. As a result, thermal energy is removed from the film practically immediately after Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 26 / 93 22 / 69 its formation by extrusion or co-extrusion, thus preventing the crystallization of the polymer molecules or, at least, preventing the progress of crystallization. Consequently, it is also important to heat the film to the stretching temperature a few seconds before stretching and, preferably, to perform the stretching immediately after reaching the stretching temperature, i.e., preferably without any delay. In addition, it is advantageous in this context, but not absolutely necessary, that the film be cooled to a temperature below 50°C as quickly as possible after stretching.

[0071] By limiting the film's exposure time to high temperatures, such as before or during stretching, according to the present invention, PP1 crystallization is avoided as much as possible. Technically, this is ensured by extremely short heating and cooling times and by minimizing the phases during which the film is exposed to high temperatures, for example, the phase between reaching the stretching temperature and the start of stretching. Thus, the film, according to the present invention, must be heated from the temperature to which it was cooled after extrusion to the stretching temperature within a period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, in particular 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching. In other words, at usual film operating speeds, heating should occur at a distance of between about 5 and 50 cm.Such heating cannot technically be carried out in a time period of less than 1 second, according to the current stage of development. On the other hand, if the heating takes too long, particularly more than 18 seconds, there is a risk that the crystallization of the polyolefin material will begin or advance too far. The objective is to expose the film to a high temperature and, consequently, to a thermal load, with the risk of crystallization progressing for the shortest time. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 27 / 93 23 / 69 po is also possible by the measure of cooling the film immediately after extrusion, as provided for in the present invention.

[0072] In the method according to the present invention, it is fundamental that the film does not crystallize or does not crystallize too much before stretching. If, on the other hand, the film crystallizes after stretching, this is basically no problem or even desirable, as it is advantageous. At most, there is a risk that the bubble retained by the film during stretching may cause the film to rupture and thus lead to an unstable process (this applies in particular to the triple bubble process and the double bubble process).

[0073] To avoid crystallization of the polyolefinic material of the film, the method according to the present invention can therefore also provide for very rapid cooling of the film to a temperature below 50°C after stretching and before heat setting. Depending on the process technology used, this cooling step may be mandatory, as in the triple bubble or double bubble process, or optional, as in the stretcher-frame process. For example, the inventor found that when manufacturing the film according to the present invention using the triple bubble process, cooling the film after stretching to a temperature below 50°C, preferably below 40°C, or even better below 30°C, is essential, because otherwise the manufacturing process is unstable.

[0074] Furthermore, compliance with the temperature ranges specified for heat setting according to the present invention is essential. For example, the inventor found that when heat setting the film at a film temperature, measured on the film surface, below 60°C, depending on the polymeric material used, and below 100°C, the film becomes very cloudy and therefore unusable for most intended uses, especially as a food film. If, Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 28 / 93 24 / 69 On the other hand, if the film temperature is above 200°C during heat setting, the film is thermally damaged and may, for example, break. In contrast, the temperature windows provided according to the present invention, in particular windows greater than 60°C and less than 200°C, preferably greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, and in particular greater than 100°C and less than 160°C, provide very transparent films with good stability. These temperature windows apply, in particular, if the first polypropylene PP1 contained in the film according to the present invention has a heat deflection temperature greater than 95°C. The same temperature windows also preferably apply if the film according to the present invention contains the second polyethylene PE2 in the inner layer or if the inner layer consists of the second polyethylene PE2.

[0075] If, on the other hand, the first polypropylene PP1 contained in the film according to the present invention has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85°C and less than or equal to 95°C, the film temperature, measured at the film surface, will preferably be greater than 80°C and less than 180°C during heat setting. If, on the other hand, the first polypropylene PP1 contained in the film according to the present invention has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C and less than or equal to 85°C, the film temperature, measured at the film surface, will preferably be greater than 60°C and less than 160°C during heat setting.

[0076] The particular advantage of the film according to the present invention is that it is recyclable. The film according to the present invention is preferably flat or tubular.

[0077] In the film according to the present invention, EVOH can serve as a layer component for a good barrier against oxygen and other gases. In addition, or instead, PVOH also Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 29 / 93 25 / 69 can also be provided as a layer component in the film according to the present invention. According to the invention, PVOH is more thermally sensitive and therefore can only be processed up to a temperature of about 190 °C, in addition to being more expensive. However, PVOH offers an even better gas barrier than EVOH. Furthermore, PVOH is easy to process together with polyethylene or polypropylene and therefore can also be combined very well with the PE and PP materials processed in this application.

[0078] According to the present invention, it is preferable that the inner layer of the film according to the present invention be a polyolefin sealing layer which preferably comprises or consists of a polypropylene PP, in particular the second polypropylene PP2 or the third polypropylene PP3.

[0079] According to the present invention, it is preferable that one or more intermediate layers of the film according to the present invention comprise or consist of a polyolefin polymer, preferably a polypropylene PP, in particular the third polypropylene PP3.

[0080] Alternatively, according to the present invention, it can be provided that the film, according to the present invention, comprises an outer layer consisting of the first polypropylene PP1 and an inner layer consisting of the second polyethylene PE2 or the third polyethylene PE3 instead of polypropylene (for example, instead of the second polypropylene PP2). This arrangement improves the weldability of the film compared to a film consisting only of PP, for example. This is because the second polyethylene PE2 in the inner layer has a lower melting temperature compared to PP (55 to 75°C for PE2 vs. > 75 to 105°C for PP2, for example) and therefore the weldability of the entire film is improved, while maintaining the good heat resistance of the film, which is caused or Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 30 / 93 26 / 69 supported by the PP1 outer layer. Furthermore, this constellation increases the difference in melting temperatures between the outer and inner layers compared to a film where the outer and inner layers each consist of polypropylene. This improves the overall film processability at higher temperatures, meaning that higher cycle rates can be achieved in the film production method. Preferred embodiments of the film according to the present invention

[0081] Some exemplary embodiments of the film according to the present invention are listed schematically below. These embodiments are suitable for both immediate use (ready-to-use or RTU) and for lamination in additional layers. If only one material is specified for a layer, this means that the layer consists of the specified material. The respective layer structure is shown below (the sequence of layers from left to right in the line means from the outer layer to the inner layer): • Single-layer film made of: PP1 • Single-layer film made of: > 65% by mass PP1 + < 35% by mass PP2 or PP3; for example, 75% by mass PP1 + 25% by mass PP2; or 70% by mass PP1 + 20% by mass PP2 + 10% by mass PP3 • 2-layer film: PP1 / / PP1 • 2-layer film: PP1 / / PP2 • 2-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 • 3-layer film: PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 • 3-layer film: PP2 / / PP1 / / PP2 • 3-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 • 3-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / PP3 • 3-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 31 / 93 27 / 69 3-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PE2 4-layer film PP2 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 4-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 4-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 4-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 4-layer film PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 4-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 4-layer film PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 5-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP2 5-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 5-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PE2 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP2 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PE2 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP2 5-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP2 / / PE2 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 6-layer film PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP2 / / PE2 6-layer film PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PE2 6-layer film PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PE2 7-layer film PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 7-layer film PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 32 / 93 28 / 69 • 7-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 • 7-layer film: PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 7-layer film: PP2 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP2 • 7-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 • 7-layer film: PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 8-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 8-layer film: PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 8-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 • 8-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 / / PE2 • 8-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / HV / / PE2 • 8-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP2 / / PE2 • 9-layer film: PP2 / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 9-layer film: PP2 / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP1 / / PP3 / / PP2 • 9-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 9-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / EVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 / / PE2 • 9-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / HV / / PE2 • 9-layer film: PP1 / / PP3 / / HV / / PVOH / / HV / / PP3 / / PP1 / / PP2 / / PE2 Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 33 / 93 29 / 69

[0082] Explanations and abbreviations for the preferred modalities described above: • / / symbolizes the layer boundary; for example, A / / B / / C means: a multilayer film with a total of three layers, of which the outer layer consists of component A, the intermediate layer consists of component B, and the inner layer consists of component C; • Identical reference signs correspond to polymer components identical to those in the claims; • all the embodiments shown can be produced by means of the method according to the present invention using triple bubble technology; • all embodiments of the film according to the present invention shown have at least the limitations of at least one of the product claims; in particular, all embodiments are extruded films, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set; • PE1 = first polyethylene (PE1) (= HDPE) as defined above; • PE2 = second polyethylene (PE2) as defined above, sealable; • PE3 = third polyethylene (PE3) as defined above; • PP1 = first polypropylene (PP1) as defined above; • PP2 = second polypropylene (PP2) as defined above, sealable; • PP3 = third polypropylene (PP3) as defined above; • PM2 = second polymer (PM2) as defined above, preferably second polyolefin (PO2) as defined above, sealable; • PM3 = third polymer (PM3) as defined above, preferably Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 34 / 93 30 / 69 potentially third polyolefin (PO3) as defined above; • EVOH = ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) as defined above; • PVOH = polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) as defined above; and • HV = adhesion promoter (HV) as defined above.

[0083] The following are the preferred embodiments of the method according to the present invention: Mode 1 (V1)

[0084] (V1) A method for producing a single or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: a single-layer extrusion step or multi-layer co-extrusion, through which an extruded film is obtained; a step of simultaneous biaxial stretching of the extruded film; and a step of heat setting of the stretched film; wherein the film contains a first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, particularly preferably greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C, particularly preferably greater than 95 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA); wherein the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) below 20 °C, particularly preferably below 15 °C, within a time period of 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, particularly preferably 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after extrusion; Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 35 / 93 31 / 69 wherein a stretch factor (V md) in the machine direction or in the longitudinal direction (MD) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, particularly preferably greater than 7.0 and less than 8.0; wherein a stretching factor (V td) in the transverse direction or transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, particularly preferably greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; where the stretch factor (Vmd) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the stretch factor (Vtd) in the transverse direction (TD); wherein the film has a second temperature (T2) greater than 130 °C and less than 170 °C, particularly preferably greater than 140 °C and less than 160 °C, during stretching; wherein the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) within a time period of 1.0 to 12 seconds, particularly preferably 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching; wherein a time period (Δt) (= t2 - t1) between a first time point (t1) at which the film reaches the second temperature (T2) and a second time point (t2) at which the stretching of the film begins is from 0.1 to 3 seconds, particularly preferably from 0.3 to 1.5 seconds; wherein the film has a third temperature (T3) greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, particularly preferably greater than 100°C and less than 160°C, during heat setting; and wherein a dwell time during heat setting (= duration of the film's heat setting), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 1 second and less than 45 seconds, particularly preferably greater than 3 seconds and less than 45 seconds. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 36 / 93 32 / 69 which is 30 seconds. Mode 2 (V2) (V2) The method, according to (V1), in which the method further comprises relaxing the film during the heat-fixing of the film; where a relaxation factor (RMD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, particularly preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03; wherein a relaxation factor (RTD) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, more preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05; and wherein the relaxation factor (RTD) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than the relaxation factor (R MD) in the machine direction (MD); wherein the film has the third temperature (T3) during relaxation; and wherein the duration of the film relaxation during which the film has the third temperature (T3) is preferably greater than 5 seconds, more preferably greater than 10 seconds and less than 30 seconds. Mode 3 (V3)

[0085] (V3) The method, according to (V1) or (V2), wherein the method further comprises cooling the film after stretching and before heat setting; wherein the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) below 40°C, particularly preferably below 30°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 0.5 seconds, particularly preferably 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after stretching; Embodiment 4 (V4) Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 37 / 93 33 / 69

[0086] (V4) The Method, according to (V1), (V2) or (V3), wherein the film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2); and wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. Mode 5 (V5)

[0087] (V5) The Method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3) or (V4), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). Mode 6 (V6)

[0088] (V6) The method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4) or (V5), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; in which the film has at least one layer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 7 (V7)

[0089] (V7) The method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5) or (V6), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has an outer layer consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) has a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, which is particularly preferable. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 38 / 93 34 / 69 in which the temperature is below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the outer layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 8 (V8)

[0090] (V8) The method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6) or (V7), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has an inner layer consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) has a heat deflection temperature of less than 65 °C, particularly preferably less than 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the inner layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 9 (V9)

[0091] (V9) The method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7) or (V8), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, particularly preferably below 55 °C, measured in accordance with Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 39 / 93 35 / 69 ASTM D648-18; wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a third polypropylene (PP3), the third polypropylene (PP3) having a heat deflection temperature that is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 10 (V10)

[0092] (V10) The Method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7), (V8) or (V9), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a third polypropylene (PP3); wherein the film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) copolymer; wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) is a polyethylene (PE) with a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, particularly preferably below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the third polypropylene (PP3) has a temperature Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 40 / 93 36 / 69 of thermal deflection which is lower than the thermal deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the thermal deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2). Mode 11 (V11)

[0093] (V11) The method, according to (V1), (V2), (V3), (V4), (V5), (V6), (V7), (V8), (V9) or (V10), wherein the method does not comprise a lamination or extrusion coating step of the film or its components, particularly preferably film layers; and / or wherein the film is multilayer and the co-extrusion of the multilayer film is carried out in a single step. The following are the preferred embodiments of the film according to the present invention, which are preferably produced using the method according to the present invention, in particular using one of the methods V1 to V11 above: Embodiment 1 (F1)

[0094] (F1) An extruded film, single or multi-layer, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably produced by the method according to the present invention or by a method, according to one of the embodiments (V1) to (V11), wherein the film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C, particularly preferably greater than 95 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, particularly preferably greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 41 / 93 37 / 69 selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA). Mode 2 (F2)

[0095] (F2) The film, according to (F1), in which the film is not laminated. Mode 3 (F3)

[0096] (F3) The film, according to (F1) or (F2), in which the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 42 / 93 38 / 69 where the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD). Mode 4 (F4)

[0097] (F4) The film, according to (F1), (F2) or (F3), wherein the film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2); and wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. Mode 5 (F5)

[0098] (F5) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3) or (F4), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer. Mode 6 (F6)

[0099] (F6) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4) or (F5), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 7 (F7)

[00100] (F7) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5) or (F6), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has an outer layer consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); where the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 43 / 93 39 / 69 less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) has a heat deflection temperature of less than 65 °C, particularly preferably less than 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the outer layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 8 (F8)

[00101] (F8) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6) or (F7), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has an inner layer comprising or consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) is a polyethylene (PE) with a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, particularly preferably below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the inner layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 9 (F9)

[00102] (F9) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6), (F7) or (F8), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 44 / 93 40 / 69 wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, particularly preferably below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a third polypropylene (PP3), the third polypropylene (PP3) having a heat deflection temperature that is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH). Mode 10 (F10)

[00103] (F10) The film, according to (F1), (F2), (F3), (F4), (F5), (F6), (F7), (F8) or (F9), in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a second polyethylene (PE2) and / or a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of a third polypropylene (PP3); wherein the film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) is a polyethylene (PE) with a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, me Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 45 / 93 41 / 69 designed in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09; wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 65 °C, particularly preferably below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the third polypropylene (PP3) has a heat deflection temperature that is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2). Mode 11 (F11)

[00104] (F11) The film, according to (F1), (F2) or (F3), wherein the film consists of a single layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); or wherein the film consists of several, preferably two, three, four or five layers, each consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1). The following are the preferred embodiments of use according to the present invention: Mode 1 (U1)

[00105] (U1) A use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for an extruded film, single or multi-layer, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably for the film according to the present invention or a film, according to one of the embodiments (F1) to (F11), or for the production thereof; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, particularly preferably greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C, particularly preferably Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 46 / 93 42 / 69 has a temperature greater than 95 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA). Mode 2 (U2)

[00106] (U2) The use, according to (U1), wherein the film further comprises a second polyethylene (PE2); and wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 1183-1:2019-09. Mode 3 (U3)

[00107] (U3) A use of a film, according to one of the embodiments (F1) to (F11) as a ready-to-use food packaging material or to produce a ready-to-use food packaging material by laminating an additional polymer layer or several additional polymer layers or a multi-layer polymer packaging.

[00108] It is explicitly part of the description of the present invention to combine any selection of the features labeled as particularly or particularly preferred in the claims or description in the sense of a particularly preferred general embodiment of the invention.

[00109] Furthermore, it is explicitly part of the description of the present invention to combine any selection of the features preferably labeled in the claims or description in the sense of a preferred general embodiment of the invention.

[00110] It is also explicitly part of the description of the present invention to combine any selection of the features labeled as particularly preferred in the embodiments mentioned above or below in the sense of a particularly preferred general embodiment of the invention. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 47 / 93 43 / 69

[00111] Furthermore, it is explicitly part of the description of the present invention to combine any selection of the features preferably labeled in the embodiments mentioned above or below in the sense of a preferred general embodiment of the invention. Further description of the invention

[00112] In the context of the present invention, the term produced according to the method is synonymous with producible according to the method and can be replaced by it.

[00113] The object of the independent method claim may be limited by any of the following features or by any selection of the following features, including all features: • wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) comprises a mass fraction greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; • wherein a dwell time during heat setting (= duration of heat setting of the film), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 1.5 seconds and less than 50 seconds, preferably greater than 2 seconds and less than 40 seconds, in particular greater than 3 seconds and less than 30 seconds.

[00114] The scope of the independent product claim may be further limited by the following feature: • wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film;

[00115] Within the scope of the invention, in particular in claim 2, the characteristic Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 48 / 93 44 / 69 • wherein the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) below 20°C, preferably below 15°C, in particular below 10°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after extrusion; This can be replaced or supplemented by the feature • in which the film is cooled after extrusion at a cooling rate of 240 to 24,000°C / second, preferably 800 to 3,500°C / second.

[00116] Within the scope of the invention, in particular in claim 2, the feature • wherein the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) within a time period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, in particular 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching; This can be replaced or supplemented by the feature • in which the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) at a heating rate of 5 to 170°C / second, preferably 10 to 85°C / second.

[00117] Within the scope of the invention, in particular in claim 6, the feature • wherein the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) below 50 °C, preferably below 40 °C, in particular below 30 °C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after stretching; This can be replaced or supplemented by the feature • in which the film is cooled after stretching at a cooling rate of 100 to 10,000 °C / second to a fourth temperature (T4) below 50 °C, preferably below 40 °C, in particular Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 49 / 93 45 / 69 below 30 °C. Further description of the invention

[00118] The following items 1 to 53 define the objects of the invention that belong to and are covered by the present invention:

[00119] 1. A method for producing a single or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: a single-layer extrusion step or multi-layer co-extrusion, through which an extruded film is obtained; a step of simultaneous biaxial stretching of the extruded film; and a step of heat setting of the stretched film; wherein the film comprises a first layer of polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA); where the stretch factor (V MD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the stretch factor (V TD) in the transverse direction (TD); wherein the film has a second temperature (T2) greater than 120 °C and less than 180 °C, preferably greater than 130 °C Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 50 / 93 46 / 69 and less than 170°C, in particular greater than 140°C and less than 160°C, during stretching; and wherein the film has a third temperature (T3) greater than 60°C and less than 200°C, preferably greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, in particular greater than 100°C and less than 160°C, during heat setting.

[00120] 2. A method for producing a single or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: a single-layer extrusion step or a multi-layer co-extrusion step, whereby an extruded film is obtained; a step of simultaneous biaxial stretching of the extruded film; and a step of heat setting of the stretched film; wherein the film comprises a first layer of polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA); where the film is cooled to an initial temperature (T1) below 20°C, preferably below 15°C, in particular below 10°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, pre Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 51 / 93 47 / 69 preferably from 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular from 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after extrusion; where the stretch factor (VMD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the stretch factor (Vtd) in the transverse direction (TD); wherein the film has a second temperature (T2) greater than 120 °C and less than 180 °C, preferably greater than 130 °C and less than 170 °C, in particular greater than 140 °C and less than 160 °C, during stretching; where the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) within a time period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, in particular 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching; wherein a time period (Δt) (= t2 - t1) between a first time point (t1) at which the film reaches the second temperature (T2) and a second time point (t2) at which the stretching of the film begins is from 0.05 to 6 seconds, preferably from 0.1 to 3 seconds, in particular from 0.3 to 1.5 seconds; wherein the film has a third temperature (T3) during heat setting greater than 60 °C and less than 200 °C, preferably greater than 80 °C and less than 180 °C, in particular greater than 100 °C and less than 160 °C; and wherein a dwell time during heat setting (= duration of the film's heat setting), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 1 second and less than 60 seconds, preferably greater than 2 seconds and less than 45 seconds, in particular greater than 3 seconds and less than 30 seconds.

[00121] 3. A method for producing a single or multi-layer film, the method comprising at least the following steps: a single-layer extrusion or co-extrusion step of Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 52 / 93 48 / 69 several layers, through which an extruded film is obtained; a step of simultaneous biaxial stretching of the extruded film; and a step of heat setting of the stretched film; wherein the film contains a first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA); wherein the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) below 20°C, preferably below 15°C, in particular below 10°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after extrusion; wherein a stretch factor (VMD) in the machine direction or in the longitudinal direction (MD) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, in particular greater than 7.0 and less than 8.0; wherein a stretch factor (V TD) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; where the stretch factor (V MD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the stretch factor (V td) in the transverse direction (TD); Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 53 / 93 49 / 69 wherein the film during stretching has a second temperature (T2) greater than 120 °C and less than 180 °C, preferably greater than 130 °C and less than 170 °C, in particular greater than 140 °C and less than 160 °C; where the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) within a time period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, in particular 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching; wherein a time period (Δ t) (= t2 - t1) between a first time point (t1) at which the film reaches the second temperature (T2) and a second time point (t2) at which the stretching of the film begins is from 0.05 to 3 seconds, preferably from 0.1 to 3 seconds, in particular from 0.3 to 1.5 seconds; wherein the film has a third temperature (T3) during heat setting greater than 60°C and less than 200°C, preferably greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, in particular greater than 100°C and less than 160°C; and wherein a dwell time during heat setting (= duration of the film's heat setting), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 2 seconds and less than 60 seconds, preferably greater than 3 seconds and less than 45 seconds, in particular greater than 4 seconds and less than 30 seconds.

[00122] 4. The method, according to any of items 1 to 3, wherein the method still provides for the relaxation of the film during the heat-setting of the film; where a relaxation factor (RMD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, in particular greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03; Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 54 / 93 50 / 69 wherein a relaxation factor (Rtd) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, in particular greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05; and wherein the relaxation factor (Rtd) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than the relaxation factor (Rmd) in the machine direction (MD).

[00123] 5. The method, according to item 4, in which the film has the third temperature (T3) during relaxation; and in which the duration of the relaxation of the film, during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 2 seconds, preferably greater than 3 seconds, in particular greater than 4 seconds, and less than 45 seconds, preferably less than 30 seconds.

[00124] 6. The method, according to any of items 1 to 5, wherein the method also provides for cooling the film after stretching and before heat setting; wherein the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) below 50°C, preferably below 40°C, in particular below 30°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after stretching.

[00125] 7. The method, according to one of items 1 to 6, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) is a polyethylene (PE) with a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 55 / 93 51 / 69 ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[00126] 8. The method, according to one of items 1 to 7, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 75 °C, preferably below 65 °C, in particular below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18.

[00127] 9. The method, according to one of items 1 to 8, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3); wherein the third polypropylene (PP3) has a heat deflection temperature that is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[00128] 10. The method, according to any of items 1 to 9, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) in a mass fraction less than or equal to 5%, preferably less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; wherein the film comprises at least one intermediate layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH); wherein at least one intermediate layer containing ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP); and Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 56 / 93 52 / 69 wherein preferably the intermediate layer containing ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is surrounded on both sides by layers, each containing an adhesion promoter (HV).

[00129] 11. The method, according to one of items 1 to 10, wherein the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in a mass fraction less than or equal to 5%, preferably less than 5%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the film has at least one intermediate layer containing or consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); wherein at least one intermediate layer containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP); and wherein preferably the intermediate layer containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is surrounded on both sides by layers, each containing an adhesion promoter (HV).

[00130] 12. The method, according to one of items 1 to 9, in which the film does not contain any ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or any polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00131] 13. The method, according to any of items 1 to 9, in which the film comprises an outer layer and an inner layer; wherein the outer layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); and wherein the inner layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00132] 14. The method, according to any of items 1 to 13, in which the film does not contain any of the following selected polymers Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 57 / 93 53 / 69 from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

[00133] 15. The method, according to any of items 1 to 14, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polyethylene (PE2).

[00134] 16. The method, according to any of items 1 to 15, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2); or wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the third polypropylene (PP3); or wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2) and at least one layer consisting of the third polypropylene (PP3).

[00135] 17. The method, according to any of items 1 to 16, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of first-generation polypropylene (PP1); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00136] 18. The method, according to one of items 1 to 17, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 58 / 93 54 / 69 wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of second-generation polyethylene (PE2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00137] 19. The method, according to any of items 1 to 18, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of second-generation polypropylene (PP2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00138] 20. The method, according to any of items 1 to 19, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of third-generation polypropylene (PP3); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00139] 21. The method, according to any of items 1 to 20, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2); in which the film comprises at least one layer con Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 59 / 93 55 / 69 having or consisting of third-generation polypropylene (PP3); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00140] 22. The method, according to any of items 1 to 21, wherein the method does not comprise a lamination or extrusion coating step of the film or its components, in particular film layers; and / or wherein the film is multilayered and the co-extrusion of the multilayered film is carried out in a single step.

[00141] 23. The method, according to any of items 1 to 22, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film has at least one outer layer and / or one inner layer, preferably an inner layer, which contains or consists of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2); wherein the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable, in particular heat sealable, and preferably comprises or consists of a polyethylene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), an ionomer (IO), an ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA) or any mixture thereof.

[00142] 24. The method, according to any of items 1 to 23, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one outer layer and / or one inner layer, preferably an outer layer, comprising or consisting of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3); wherein the third polymer (PM3), preferably having Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 60 / 93 56 / 69 polyolefin wax (PO3), is preferably non-sealable, more preferably non-heat sealable, in particular has a sealing temperature that is higher than the sealing temperature of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), and preferably contains or consists of a polyethylene (PE) and / or a polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof.

[00143] 25. A single- or multi-layer extruded film, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably produced by the method according to any of items 1 to 24, wherein the film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C, preferably greater than 85 °C, in particular greater than 95 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

[00144] 26. An extruded film, single or multi-layered, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably produced by the method according to any of items 1 to 24, wherein the film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1); where the first polypropylene (PP1) has a temperature Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 61 / 93 57 / 69 with a thermal deflection greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

[00145] 27. The film, according to item 25 or 26, in which the film is not laminated.

[00146] 28. The film, according to item 25 or 26, in which the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed; where a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 62 / 93 58 / 69 greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0; and where the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or in which the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or in which the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVTD) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

[00147] 29. The film, according to item 25 or 26, in which the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, preferably greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4; where a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 63 / 93 59 / 69 transverse direction (TD) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4, preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, in particular greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVMD) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVTD) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, and a residual stretch factor (RVTD) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVMD) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVTD) in the transverse direction (TD); or where the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, and a residual stretch factor (RVTD) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVMD) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVTD) in the transverse direction (TD); or where the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C; where a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4, and a factor Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 64 / 93 60 / 69 residual stretch (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

[00148] 30. The film, according to item 25 or 26, in which the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 65 / 93 61 / 69 or where the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVTD) in the transverse direction (TD); or in which the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVMD) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

[00149] 31. The film, according to any of items 25 to 30, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a second polyethylene (PE2); wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) is a polyethylene (PE) with a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 66 / 93 62 / 69 ISO 1183-1:2019-09.

[00150] 32. The film, according to one of items 25 to 31, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) is a polypropylene (PP) with a heat deflection temperature below 75 °C, preferably below 65 °C, in particular below 55 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18.

[00151] 33. The film, according to any of items 25 to 32, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer, preferably an outer layer and / or an inner layer, which contains or consists of a third polypropylene (PP3); wherein the third polypropylene (PP3) has a heat deflection temperature that is lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2).

[00152] 34. The film, according to any of items 25 to 33, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) in a mass fraction less than or equal to 5%, preferably less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; wherein the film comprises at least one intermediate layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH); wherein at least one intermediate layer containing ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP); and Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 67 / 93 63 / 69 wherein preferably the intermediate layer containing ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) is surrounded on both sides by layers, each containing an adhesion promoter (HV).

[00153] 35. The film, according to any of items 25 to 34, wherein the film is multilayer; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) in a mass fraction less than or equal to 5%, preferably less than 5%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the film has at least one intermediate layer containing or consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); wherein at least one intermediate layer containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) does not contain polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP); and wherein preferably the intermediate layer containing polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) or consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) is surrounded on both sides by layers, each containing an adhesion promoter (HV).

[00154] 36. The film, according to any of items 25 to 33, wherein the film does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and no polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00155] 37. The film, according to any of items 25 to 33, wherein the film comprises an outer layer and an inner layer; wherein the outer layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH); and wherein the inner layer does not contain ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00156] 38. The film, according to any of items 25 to 37, in which the film does not contain any of the following selected polymers. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 68 / 93 64 / 69 from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

[00157] 39. The film, according to any of items 25 to 38, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polyethylene (PE2).

[00158] 40. The film, according to any of items 25 to 39, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2); or wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the third polypropylene (PP3); or wherein the film comprises at least one layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) and at least one layer consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2) and at least one layer consisting of the third polypropylene (PP3).

[00159] 41. The film, according to any of items 25 to 40, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) copolymer.

[00160] 42. The film, according to any of items 25 to 41, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of first-generation polypropylene (PP1); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH). Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 69 / 93 65 / 69 and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00161] 43. The film, according to any of items 25 to 42, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of second-generation polyethylene (PE2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00162] 44. The film, according to any of items 25 to 43, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of second-generation polypropylene (PP2); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00163] 45. The film, according to any of items 25 to 44, where the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of third-generation polypropylene (PP3); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00164] 46. The film, according to any of items 25 to 45, in which the film is multilayered; Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 70 / 93 66 / 69 wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises at least one layer comprising or consisting of the second polypropylene (PP2); wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of third-generation polypropylene (PP3); and wherein the film comprises at least one layer containing or consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) and / or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).

[00165] 47. The film, according to any of items 25 to 46, wherein the film consists of a single layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); or wherein the film consists of several, preferably two, three, four or five layers, each consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1).

[00166] 48. The film, according to any of items 25 to 47, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one outer layer and / or one inner layer, preferably an inner layer, comprising or consisting of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2); wherein the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable, in particular heat sealable, and preferably comprises or consists of a polyethylene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), an ionomer (IO), an ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA) or any mixture thereof.

[00167] 49. The film, according to any of items 25 to 47, in which the film is multilayered; Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 71 / 93 67 / 69 wherein the film comprises at least an outer layer and / or an inner layer, preferably an outer layer, which contains or consists of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3); wherein the third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is preferably non-sealable, more preferably non-heat-sealable, in particular has a sealing temperature that is higher than the sealing temperature of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), and preferably contains or consists of a polyethylene (PE) and / or a polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof.

[00168] 50. The film, according to any of items 25 to 49, wherein the film has an outer layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1) wherein the film has an inner layer consisting of a second polypropylene (PP2) or a third polypropylene (PP3) or a second polyethylene (PE2); wherein the second polypropylene (PP2) has a heat deflection temperature of less than 75°C, preferably less than 65°C, in particular less than 55°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the third polypropylene (PP3) has a heat deflection temperature lower than the heat deflection temperature of the first polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of the second polypropylene (PP2), each measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11831:2019-09. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 72 / 93 68 / 69

[00169] 51. The film, according to any of items 25 to 50, in which the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer; or in which the film is multi-layered; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) copolymer in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) copolymer.

[00170] 52. A use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for an extruded film, single or multi-layer, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably for a film, according to any of items 25 to 51, or for the production thereof; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 73 / 93 69 / 69 (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

[00171] 53. Use of a film, according to any of items to 51, as a ready-to-use food packaging material or to produce a ready-to-use food packaging material by laminating an additional polymer layer or several additional polymer layers or a multi-layer polymer packaging. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 74 / 93

Claims

1 / 12 CLAIMS 1. A method for producing a single or multi-layer film, characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps: a step of extruding a single layer or co-extruding a plurality of layers, thereby obtaining an extruded film; a step of simultaneous biaxial stretching of the extruded film; and a step of heat-setting the stretched film; wherein the film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C, preferably greater than 85 °C, in particular greater than 95 °C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film;wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA); wherein the stretch factor (VMD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the stretch factor (Vtd) in the transverse direction (TD); wherein the film has a second temperature (T2) greater than 120 °C and less than 180 °C, preferably greater than 130 °C and less than 170 °C, in particular greater than 140 °C and less than 160 °C, during stretching; and Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, p. 75 / 93 2 / 12 where the film has a third temperature (T3) greater than 60°C and less than 200°C, preferably greater than 80°C and less than 180°C, in particular greater than 100°C and less than 160°C, during heat setting.

2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the film is cooled to a first temperature (T1) below 20°C, preferably below 15°C, in particular below 10°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after extrusion; wherein the film is heated from the first temperature (T1) to the second temperature (T2) within a time period of 1 to 18 seconds, preferably 1.5 to 12 seconds, in particular 2 to 9 seconds, before stretching; wherein a time period (Δt) (= t2 - t1) between a first time point (t1) at which the film reaches the second temperature (T2) and a second time point (t2) at which the stretching of the film begins is from 0.05 to 6 seconds, preferably from 0.1 to 3 seconds, in particular from 0.3 to 1.5 seconds;wherein the dwell time during heat setting (= duration of the film's heat setting), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 1 second and less than 60 seconds, preferably greater than 2 seconds and less than 45 seconds, in particular greater than 3 seconds and less than 30 seconds.

3. Method, according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that a stretch factor (VMD) in the machine direction or in the longitudinal direction (MD) is greater than 5.0, preferably greater than 6.0, in particular greater than 7.0 and less than 8.0; wherein a stretch factor (Vtd) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0, preferably greater than 5.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; wherein a dwell time during heat setting (= duration of heat setting of the film), during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 2 seconds and less than 60 seconds, preferably greater than 3 seconds and less than 45 seconds, in particular greater than 4 seconds and less than 30 seconds.

4. Method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the method further comprises relaxing the film during the film heat setting; wherein a relaxation factor (R MD) in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05, in particular greater than 0.00 and less than 0.03; wherein a relaxation factor (Rtd) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 0.00 and less than 0.20, preferably greater than 0.00 and less than 0.10, in particular greater than 0.00 and less than 0.05; and wherein the relaxation factor (RTD) in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than the relaxation factor (RMD) in the machine direction (MD).

5. Method according to claim 4, characterized in that the film has the third temperature (T3) during relaxation; and wherein the duration of the film relaxation, during which the film has the third temperature (T3), is greater than 2 seconds, preferably greater than 3 seconds, in particular greater than 4 seconds, and less than 45 seconds, preferably less than 30 seconds. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 77 / 93 4 / 12 6. Method according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the method further comprises cooling the film after stretching and before heat setting; wherein the film is cooled to a fourth temperature (T4) below 50°C, preferably below 40°C, in particular below 30°C, within a time period of 0.01 to 1 second, preferably 0.05 to 0.5 seconds, in particular 0.07 to 0.3 seconds, after stretching.

7. A method according to claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the method does not comprise a lamination or extrusion coating step of the film or its components, in particular of film layers; and / or in which the film is multilayered and the co-extrusion of the multilayered film is carried out in a single step.

8. Extruded film, single or multi-layer, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably produced by the method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the film comprises a first polypropylene (PP1); wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page.78 / 93 5 / 12 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, in relation to the total mass of the film; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

9. Film, according to claim 8, characterized in that the film is not laminated.

10. Film, according to any one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0;and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 79 / 93 6 / 12 wherein the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0;and where the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

11. Film, according to any one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85°C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.899 g / cm3 and less than 0.920 g / cm3; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, preferably greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4, preferably greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, in particular greater than 4.1 and Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 80 / 93 7 / 12 less than 4.4; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD);or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.899 g / cm3 and less than 0.920 g / cm3; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 2.8 and less than 3.4; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or in which the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.899 g / cm3 and less than 0.920 g / cm3;wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 3.6 and less than 3.9; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 85 °C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.899 g / cm3 and less than 0.920 g / cm3;wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 5.4, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.1 and less than 4.4, and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).

12. Film, according to any one of claims 8 or 9, characterized in that the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C and less than or equal to 85°C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.895 g / cm3 and less than or equal to 0.899 g / cm3; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, preferably greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, in particular greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0, preferably greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0, in particular greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0; and where the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD);or in which the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.895 g / cm3 and less than or equal to 0.899 g / cm3; Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 82 / 93 9 / 12 in which a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.0 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75 °C and less than or equal to 85 °C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.895 g / cm3 and less than or equal to 0.899 g / cm3;wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 5.5 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVtd) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 4.5 and less than 6.0; and wherein the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD); or wherein the film is relaxed and the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C and less than or equal to 85°C and, preferably, a density greater than 0.895 g / cm3 and less than or equal to 0.899 g / cm3; wherein a residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than 6.0 and less than 7.0, and a residual stretch factor (RVTD) of the film in the transverse direction (TD) is greater than 5.0 and less than 6.0;and where the residual stretch factor (RVmd) of the film in the machine direction (MD) is greater than the residual stretch factor Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 83 / 93 10 / 12 (RVtd) in the transverse direction (TD).; 13. Film, according to any one of claims 8 to 12, characterized in that the film consists of a single layer consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1); or in that the film consists of several, preferably two, three, four or five layers, each consisting of the first polypropylene (PP1).

14. Film, according to any one of claims 8 to 13, characterized in that the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one outer layer and / or one inner layer, preferably an inner layer, comprising or consisting of a second polymer (PM2), preferably a second polyolefin (PO2); wherein the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), is preferably sealable, in particular heat sealable, and preferably comprises or consists of a polyethylene (PE), a polypropylene (PP), an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), an ionomer (IO), an ethylene methyl methacrylate copolymer (EMMA), an ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMA) or any mixture thereof.

15. Film, according to any one of claims 8 to 14, characterized in that the film is multilayered; wherein the film comprises at least one outer layer and / or one inner layer, preferably an outer layer, comprising or consisting of a third polymer (PM3), preferably a third polyolefin (PO3); wherein the third polymer (PM3), preferably the third polyolefin (PO3), is preferably non-sealable, more preferably non-heat-sealable, in particular has a sealing temperature that is higher than the sealing temperature of the second polymer (PM2), preferably the second polyolefin (PO2), and preferably comprises or consists of a polyethylene (PE) and / or a polypropylene (PP) or any mixture thereof.

16. Film, according to any one of claims 8 to 15, characterized in that the film comprises an outer layer consisting of first-generation polypropylene (PP1); wherein the film comprises an inner layer consisting of second-generation polypropylene (PP2) or third-generation polypropylene (PP3) or second-generation polyethylene (PE2); wherein the second-generation polypropylene (PP2) has a heat deflection temperature of less than 75°C, preferably less than 65°C, in particular less than 55°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; wherein the third-generation polypropylene (PP3) has a heat deflection temperature lower than the heat deflection temperature of first-generation polypropylene (PP1) and higher than the heat deflection temperature of second-generation polypropylene (PP2), each measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the second polyethylene (PE2) has a density less than 0.940 g / cm3, preferably less than 0.920 g / cm3 and greater than 0.870 g / cm3, measured in accordance with DIN EN ISO 11831:2019-09.

17. Film, according to any one of claims 8 to 16, characterized in that the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH); or Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, page 85 / 93 12 / 12 wherein the film is multilayered; wherein the film contains polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH) in a mass fraction of less than 5%, based on the total mass of the film; and wherein the film has at least one layer consisting of polyvinyl alcohol copolymer (PVOH).

18. Use of a first polypropylene (PP1) for an extruded film, single or multi-layer, simultaneously biaxially stretched and heat-set, preferably for a film as defined in any of claims 8 to 17, or for the production thereof; characterized in that the film contains the first polypropylene (PP1) in a mass fraction greater than 30%, preferably greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, preferably greater than 65%, preferably greater than 80%, in particular greater than 90%, relative to the total mass of the film; wherein the first polypropylene (PP1) has a heat deflection temperature greater than 75°C, preferably greater than 85°C, in particular greater than 95°C, measured in accordance with ASTM D648-18; and wherein the film does not contain any of the following polymers selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyamide (PA).

19. Use of a film as defined in any of claims 8 to 17, characterized in that it is a ready-to-use food packaging material or for producing a ready-to-use food packaging material by laminating an additional polymer layer or multiple additional polymer layers or a multi-layer polymer packaging. Petition 870250081592, dated 11 / 09 / 2025, pp. 86 / 93