COMPOSIÇÃO DE REVESTIMENTO, MÉTODO DE PREPARAÇÃO DA COMPOSIÇÃO DE REVESTIMENTO, MÉTODO, E, ARTIGO

Abstract

The present application relates to a coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible. Also described is a method of preparing the coating composition and an article containing the coating composition described herein.

Description

1 / 23 Coating Composition, Coating Composition Preparation Method, Method, and, Field Article

[001] The present disclosure relates generally to a coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible. A method of preparing the coating and an article containing the coating are also disclosed. BACKGROUND

[002] More recently, transparent finishing resins and semi-transparent colorants (“salts”), both water-based and solvent-based, have been used in numerous applications, including, but not limited to, general industrial applications, building materials, residential and commercial applications, wood, composites, and other products that can be coated.

[003] Many of these coatings are used in exterior applications and are cured by an ultraviolet (UV) curing process. UV curing, also known as radical UV curing, is a standard curing process that has been used in the coatings industry. Although this UV curing process can occur with exposure to sunlight, some parts of the coating may not fully cure, such as shaded areas or areas with only indirect light. Furthermore, external conditions can change frequently, which can delay or interrupt the radical UV curing process. Additionally, many interior coatings can be cured by UV light, but a lack of access to suitable UV curing equipment can prevent such a coating from fully curing. These interior coatings may also lack exposure to a suitable UV light source, for example, a window, further reducing their effectiveness. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 10 / 40 2 / 23 of complete cure. Furthermore, oxygen inhibition during the typical UV radical curing process can lead to inadequate surface cure. Specifically, free radical polymerization of UV radical curing coatings is susceptible to oxygen inhibition, as oxygen can come into contact with the coating surface and then terminate the reaction. This can lead to insufficient cure, or the formation of extremely thin films on the surface, preventing cure. Additionally, users of UV radical curing products may face other problems such as toxicity, skin irritation, and odor.

[004] Alternatively, cationic curing can be used instead of radical UV curing. Cationic curing chemistry is a UV-initiated cationic polymerization. While exposure of a coating to sunlight can initiate the cationic curing process, continuous exposure to UV light is not required for complete curing. Cationic curing is also not inhibited by oxygen, allowing curing to occur after UV initiation. Although cationic curing is used in ink printing and 3D printing applications, curing conditions need to be tightly controlled or it may not cure properly. For example, cationic curing can be terminated, delayed, or interrupted by the presence of moisture, which can frequently occur in outdoor applications or other applications where moisture cannot be controlled.These disadvantages have led to limitations in the use of cationic curing in coatings, especially with exterior products and in curing conditions that cannot be controlled.

[005] In addition, consumers need to choose between solvent-based and water-based coatings. Often, these solvent-based coatings are oil-based coatings that cure through oxidative crosslinking. Typically, oil-based coatings are often easier to apply to substrates such as wood than water-based coatings. Water-based coatings Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 11 / 40 3 / 23 Oil penetrates the wood, reducing collar marks and future peeling. Meanwhile, oil-based coatings take longer to dry than water-based coatings and contain high levels of VOCs. Furthermore, they are more likely to act as a food source for mold, mildew, and algae. For example, long-oil alkyd resin has been used for high-solids coatings, especially wood stains. However, its performance is hampered by long drying times and stickiness. To overcome these challenges and achieve the low VOC target, a water-reducible alkyd resin-based technology was developed; however, the high polarity of alkyd resin reduces its performance properties, including weather resistance.

[006] Alternatively, water-based coatings generally provide better UV resistance and color retention. Although water-based coatings have improved drying time and resistance to mold, mildew, and algae compared to oil-based coatings, they are more difficult to apply. Since they have more difficulty penetrating substrates like wood, they also have a potential to peel if the coating is applied in excess.

[007] There is a growing demand from consumers for coatings with specific performance requirements, especially coatings for exterior wood, where curing can be consistent and minimally affected by varying external conditions. Consumers are continually looking for coatings that exhibit properties such as weather resistance, wear resistance, adhesion, application, curing time, and resistance to mold, mildew, and algae, without sacrificing other performance properties. In view of these challenges with many conventional coatings, the need remains for improved coatings that can provide weather resistance, wear resistance, adhesion, and other improved properties, as well as other Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 12 / 40 4 / 23 advantages after healing. SUMMARY

[008] The embodiments described in the present invention are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit what is presented in the claimed matter and are disclosed in the detailed description. Instead, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may recognize and understand the principles and practices of what is presented in the claimed matter.

[009] A coating and methods of preparation are shown and described. The coating composition may comprise at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible.

[0010] A method for preparing the coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material is also described, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible. An article containing the coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material is also described, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible.

[0011] To achieve the above and related purposes, the following description presents certain illustrative aspects and implementations. These are indicative of some of the various ways in which one or more aspects may be employed. Other aspects, advantages, and innovative features of the revelation will become evident from the following detailed description when considered. Brief description of the drawings Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 13 / 40 5 / 23

[0012] The preferred embodiment, which will be described in detail in the descriptive report and illustrated in the attached drawings that form part thereof, and in which: Figure 1 illustrates a panel coated with a conventionally cured coating and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material, which has been subjected to outdoor weathering conditions.

[0013] Figure 2 illustrates a panel coated with a conventionally cured coating and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material, which has been subjected to outdoor weathering conditions.

[0014] Figure 3 illustrates a wood panel coated with the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material and cured in comparison with an untreated board for water resistance. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0015] Aspects of what is described in the present invention are disclosed in the following description relating to specific embodiments. Alternative embodiments may be developed without departing from the scope of what is described in the present invention. Additionally, well-known embodiments of what is described in the present invention may not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of what is described in the present invention. Furthermore, to facilitate understanding of the description, the discussion of various terms used in the present invention follows.

[0016] As used in the present invention, the word “exemplifier” means “that which serves as an example, instance, or illustration.” The embodiments described in this invention are not limiting, but merely illustrative. It should be understood that the Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, p. 14 / 40 6 / 23 The modalities described should not necessarily be interpreted as preferential or advantageous in relation to other modalities. Furthermore, the term “modality(ies)” does not require that all modalities include the feature, advantage, or mode of operation discussed.

[0017] The present disclosure relates generally to coating systems that provide advantageous improvements over current coatings. It has been found that the use of a specific coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material; and at least one cationic curing material; wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible, can surprisingly lead to preferential performance properties when used in a coating, namely, improved weather resistance, wear resistance, adhesion, drying time and tackiness, application, curing time, reduced odor, lower toxicity, reduced skin irritation and resistance to mold, mildew and algae, and also to a reduction in VOCs without sacrificing other performance properties, in addition to other advantages.In particular, the coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible, may have improved properties when used in typical UV or cationic curing coatings. Furthermore, the coating composition described herein comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible, may have certain improved properties in many solvent-based or water-based coatings, as well as in traditional coatings utilizing radical UV curing. Through the combination of at least one hydrophobic material. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 15 / 40 7 / 23 anhydrous and at least one cationic curing material, many problems with typical cationic curing can be substantially overcome.

[0018] Although not limited by theory, the cationic curing and chain transfer capabilities of hydroxyl groups, such as the hydroxyl groups in cellulose and wood lignin, can provide a method for covalently linking the coating composition to a substrate and providing improved adhesion and performance. Applications using UV curing and cationic curing can be formulated with photoinitiators that will decompose in the presence of normal sunlight, allowing the reaction to initiate in the environment. However, photoinitiators for cationic curing do not decompose to form free radicals, but instead form a strong Bronsted acid. The term “anhydrous hydrophobic” means a material for a coating composition that is substantially free of water, preferably a material in which water is present at a content of less than or equal to 2% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition, and that does not substantially interact with water."Cationic" describes the portion of the initiator that is the base conjugated to Bronsted acid and refers to the portion of the molecule that absorbs radiation to initiate curing. Free radicals generated by UV radical curing photoinitiators can have a relatively short half-life (typically seconds), therefore requiring the curing mechanism to be constantly exposed to UV to continue generating new free radicals and complete the curing process. Unlike free radicals, Bronsted acid in cationic curing has a longer half-life, typically hours to days, allowing it to persist in the coating and complete curing. As such, UV cationic curing chemistry can be used for exterior coating products in outdoor conditions, whereas the UV radical curing product would be prevented from fully curing in areas without a suitable UV source, such as shaded and dark areas. UV cationic curing also provides a cure. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 16 / 40 8 / 23 more consistent and uniform compared to radical UV curing, since the products would not be affected by shadows from clouds, trees and other plants or structures during different conditions throughout the day. Furthermore, Bronsted acid can catalyze cationic curing resins through a ring-opening reaction, potentially leading to less shrinkage and greater coating adhesion. Table 1 below further highlights the benefits of using cationic curing compared to radical UV curing. Table I: Radical Chemistry - Free Radical vs. Cationic Cationic Free Radical Characteristic Cure Speed ​​High Moderate to high Initiation Light Light to heat Oxygen Sensitivity Yes No Shrinkage Large Insignificant Adhesion Moderate to good Excellent Post-cure Effect Limited Strong effect Chemical Resistance Good Moderate to good Moisture Resistance No Yes Acid / Base Sensitivity No Yes

[0019] From: Verschueren, Kris and Kaur, Balwant “Cycloaliphatic Epoxide Resins for Cationic UV-Cure” (Proceedings of the RADTECH ASIA '99 Conference. Radiation Curing: the technology for the next millennium)

[0020] The UV cationic curing reaction provided below shows the polymerization process in which a ring-opening reaction occurs. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 17 / 40 9 / 23

[0021] With the coating composition described herein, the cationic reaction mechanism can be protected against water or moisture that may occur in certain environments, especially in an external environment, by creating an anhydrous or substantially anhydrous environment, thus providing a curing coating composition not subject to inhibition by oxygen or water. Since it is also hydrophobic, there is also reduced exposure to water.

[0022] The coating composition described herein is a UV cationic curing coating. The coating composition described herein cures when UV initiates the cationic curing reaction, but is not required to sustain it. Furthermore, in some embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material may copolymerize. In addition, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material may cure, either in addition to UV and cationic curing or separately from these curing methods, by oxidative drying.

[0023] In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein comprises at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material; and at least one cationic curing material; wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible. If at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 18 / 40 10 / 23 If at least one cationic curing material is not fully miscible or substantially miscible, then the anhydrous hydrophobic material or materials and the cationic curing material or materials may be adjusted to ensure compatibility so that they are substantially miscible. Adjustments to ensure compatibility may be made through choices of coating composition materials.

[0024] Furthermore, in many embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material of the coating composition described herein comprises at least one alkyd resin, at least one polymer in solution, at least one solvent-based acrylic, at least one urethane, at least one oil, at least one solvent, or combinations thereof. In many embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material may be substantially miscible in a solvent-based coating. In some embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material may be substantially miscible in a water-based coating. In many embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material of the coating composition may penetrate at least partially into a substrate. Not to be limited by theory, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material may create an anhydrous hydrophobic environment that may protect the cationic curing material in the coating composition from inhibition of the reaction with water.By inhibiting or preventing the reaction with water, the coating composition described here can be cured under outdoor conditions or conditions in which humidity cannot be controlled.

[0025] In many embodiments, at least one alkyd resin may comprise several lengths of oil. In some embodiments, at least one alkyd resin may be derived from a bio-based source, such as vegetable oils.

[0026] In many embodiments, at least one solution polymer Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, p. 19 / 40 11 / 23 comprises at least one of the following: acrylic polyol, acrylic, alkyd, oil-modified urethane, acrylic-modified alkyd, or combinations thereof. Typical solvents used for solution polymerization may include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol, a mixture of water and ethanol, ethyl ether, benzene, and benzyl alcohol. The solvents used in solution polymerization may be removed during the processing of the solution polymer.

[0027] In some embodiments, the acrylic portion of at least one solvent-based acrylic may comprise alkyl (meth)acrylates and vinyl monomers, for example, but not limited to methyl (meth)acrylate, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, n- / i- / t-butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, lauryl (meth)acrylate, stearyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl glycidyl acrylate ether, 2-(acetoacetoxy)ethyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, stearyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, diacetone acrylamide, acrylamide, methacrylamide, methylol (meth)acrylamide, styrene, α-methyl styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, allyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof.In some embodiments, the alkyl methacrylate polymers may be those prepared from a range of C12 to C22 alkyl methacrylates. Some preferred monomers include styrene, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, hydroxyethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, or combinations thereof. Others are also contemplated.

[0028] In many embodiments, at least one oil is a conjugated oil. In some embodiments, the conjugated oil comprises linseed oil, castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, pine oil, nahar oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, rubber seed oil, karanja oil, lesquerella oil, tung oil, or Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 20 / 40 12 / 23 combinations of the same. Other oils are also included.

[0029] In many embodiments, at least one solvent comprises a non-drying oil. In some embodiments, at least one solvent comprises mineral distillates, butyl acetate, n-butyl propionate, diethylene glycol monoethyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl isobutyrate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, n-amyl methyl ketone, isoamyl methyl ketone, propyl methyl ketone, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propyl acetate, n-propyl propionate, or combinations thereof. Other solvents are also contemplated.

[0030] In many embodiments, at least one cationic curing material comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator, at least one acid catalyst, or combinations thereof. At least one cationic curing material may be UV initiated. However, the use of at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material may substantially reduce or prevent termination of the cationic reaction by water. In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein is substantially immiscible with water. In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein is completely immiscible with water.

[0031] In some embodiments, the coating composition described herein comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator. The cationic photoinitiator may be UV-resistant. In one embodiment, at least one cationic photoinitiator comprises triphenylsulfonium, diaryliodonium, diazonium salts, diaryliodonium salts, ferrocene salts, triarylsulfonium salt, alkylsulfonium salt, ferroarene salt, sulfonyloxyketone, triarylsiloxysiloxane, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, at least one cationic photoinitiator comprises various other metallocene compounds. In yet another embodiment, at least one cationic photoinitiator Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 21 / 40 13 / 23 comprises bis-(4-t-butylphenyl)-iodonium hexafluorophosphate. In yet another embodiment, at least one cationic photoinitiator may be sensitized with at least one UV photoinitiator in order to achieve UV curing initiation and assist in the UV cationic curing reaction. Other cationic photoinitiators are also contemplated.

[0032] In some embodiments, the coating composition described herein comprises at least one acid catalyst. In many embodiments, at least one acid catalyst comprises sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, organic sulfonic acid, ferric sulfate, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, heteropolyacids, zeolites, acetic acid, or combinations thereof. Other acrylic resins are also contemplated. In some embodiments, a 2K system for the coating composition may be provided using at least one acid catalyst.

[0033] Additionally, various additives, as used in the present invention, refer to a general category of components or other raw materials that can be added to the compositions of the present invention to promote various properties. In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein further comprises at least one polymer, at least one reactive diluent, at least one non-reactive diluent, at least one solvent, at least one desiccant, at least one dye, at least one pigment, at least one surfactant, at least one dispersant, at least one wax, at least one anti-film-forming agent, at least one antifoaming agent, at least one fungicide, at least one biocide, at least one anti-mold agent, at least one thickener, or combinations thereof.Other additives may include, but are not limited to, polymers or polymer dispersions, leveling agents, anti-settling agents, pH buffers, corrosion inhibitors, driers, anti-filming agents, anti-crater agents, anti-slip agents. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 22 / 40 14 / 23 heat stabilizers, UV absorbers / inhibitors, HALS (hindered amine photostabilizers), antioxidants, wetting agents, flow agents, and the like, and various combinations thereof, as required for a particular application. Other additives are also contemplated.

[0034] In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein further comprises radical UV materials. The radical UV materials in the coating composition may provide a hybrid cationic / radical UV cure.

[0035] In other embodiments, the coating composition described herein further comprises at least one epoxy. The epoxy may react within the UV cationic curing process. The use of an epoxy with at least one alkyd resin, at least one solution polymer, at least one solvent-based acrylic, at least one urethane, or combinations thereof, may provide certain advantages with a hybrid system. These advantages may include a slower cure time than at least one alkyd resin, at least one solution polymer, at least one solvent-based acrylic, at least one urethane, or combinations thereof if such a slower cure time is desired. In some embodiments, at least one epoxy may be derived from a bio-based source, such as soybean oil.Furthermore, in many embodiments, the coating composition described herein, further comprising epoxy, may include at least one polyol, including, but not limited to, acrylic polyols, polyester polyols, or combinations thereof, as the chain of the cationic curing mechanism transfers with hydroxyl groups. The addition of at least one polyol may allow adjustments to the film hardness of the coating composition described herein.

[0036] In some embodiments, at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material forms part of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN). Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 23 / 40 15 / 23 In many embodiments, having an IPN can result in additional performance improvements. In one embodiment, the described IPN can be provided through free radical polymerization (as in UV radical curing), oxidative crosslinking, or combinations thereof. Other polymerizations and crosslinking mechanisms are also contemplated.

[0037] In some embodiments, the coating composition described herein further comprises at least one dual functional material. This dual functional material acts to cure by a mechanism other than IPN. In some embodiments, at least one dual functional material comprises: 1) a cyclic ether or hydroxyl with an unsaturated alkene, 2) a cyclic ether with an acrylate, or 3) combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the described dual functional material may be provided by free radical polymerization (as in UV radical curing), oxidative crosslinking, or combinations thereof. For example, the dual functional material may be provided using either free radical polymerization of acrylates (as in UV radical curing) or oxidative crosslinking of alkyds. Other polymerizations and crosslinking mechanisms are also contemplated.

[0038] In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein can provide a coating formulation with lower VOC levels. In many embodiments, the VOCs of the coating composition described herein are 500 g / l or less, as measured by ASTM D3960. In some embodiments, the coating composition described herein has a volatile organic compound (VOC) as measured by ASTM D3960 of less than 250 g / l. In other embodiments, the coating composition described herein may have a volatile organic compound (VOC), as measured by ASTM D3960, less than 450 g / l, less than 400 g / l, less than 350 g / l, less than 300 g / l, less than 275 g / l, less than 225 g / l, less than 200 g / l, less than 175 g / l, less than 150 g / l, less than 125 g / l. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, p. 24 / 40 16 / 23 less than 100 g / l, less than 75 g / l, less than 50 g / l and less than 25 g / l. Lower and higher levels of VOCs are also considered.

[0039] In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein has a volatile organic compound content of less than about 250 g / L according to EPA M24. In other embodiments, the coating composition described herein may have a volatile organic compound (VOC) content as measured by EPA M24 of less than 225 g / L, less than 200 g / L, less than 175 g / L, less than 150 g / L, less than 125 g / L, less than 100 g / L, less than 75 g / L, less than 50 g / L, and less than 25 g / L. Lower and higher levels of VOCs are also contemplated.

[0040] In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein may provide a high-solids coating formulation.

[0041] In many embodiments, the coating composition described herein is a wood stain. In many embodiments, the coating composition is a transparent coating, a semi-transparent coating, a semi-solid coating, or a solid color coating. In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein is a semi-transparent or lightly tinted wood stain. In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein is a semi-transparent wood stain. In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein is a solid color wood stain. In another embodiment, the coating composition described herein is a transparent finishing resin. In one embodiment, the coating composition described herein is a primer (undercoat). In still other embodiments, the coating composition described herein is a base coat.In some other embodiments, the coating composition described here is a top coating.

[0042] In many forms, the coating composition here Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 25 / 40 17 / 23 described is a one-part system. In other embodiments, the coating composition described here is a two-part system.

[0043] Also described in this document is a method for preparing the coating described herein, comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible.

[0044] A method is further described for at least partially applying the coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible with at least one substrate. In many embodiments, at least one substrate is wood, metal, glass, plastic, paper, leather, fabric, ceramic, concrete, composites, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, at least one substrate is a previously coated substrate. In many embodiments, at least partial application of the coating can be achieved by brush, roller, spraying (air atomized, airless, high volume low pressure (HVLP) and electrostatic), pad, dip coating, roller coating, rotary coating, flow coating, curtain coating, centrifugal coating, continuous coating and self-deposition.Other application methods are also considered.

[0045] In many embodiments, an article comprising the coating composition described herein is also disclosed. The article comprises the coating composition comprising at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible. In some embodiments, an article may comprise: 1) a substrate having at least one surface; and Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 26 / 40 18 / 23 2) the coating composition described herein. In some embodiments, the substrate is wood, metal, glass, plastic, paper, leather, fabric, ceramic, concrete, composites, or combinations thereof. In other embodiments, the substrate is a previously coated substrate. The previously coated substrate may be a substrate that is covered by a water-based coating or a solvent-based coating. In many embodiments, the previously coated substrate comprises a coating. In yet another embodiment, the previously coated substrate comprises at least one additional coating. In many embodiments, at least one additional coating may comprise a solvent-based coating or a water-based coating. In one embodiment, at least one additional coating may be different from the coating composition described herein.In another embodiment, at least one additional coating may be the same as the coating composition described herein.

[0046] Figure 1 details a photograph of a panel coated with a conventional UV-cured coating and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material. The panel shown in Figure 1 was subjected to outdoor weathering conditions in northeastern Ohio, USA, with multiple freeze-thaw cycles over a one-year period. The photograph shows the difference between the conventional UV-cured solvent-based coating (shown as B) and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material (shown as A) after one year. Although similar in appearance and indistinguishable from each other before outdoor weathering, the cationic coating composition is now clearly showing less wear and color inconsistencies than the conventional UV-cured coating after one year of outdoor exposure.

[0047] Figure 2 also details photographs of coated panels Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, p. 27 / 40 19 / 23 with a conventional alkyd-based exterior wood stain and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material. The panels shown in Figure 2 were subjected to outdoor weathering conditions in northeastern Ohio, USA, with multiple freeze-thaw cycles over a one-year period. The photograph shows the conventional alkyd-based exterior wood stain described herein (shown as D) and the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material (shown as C) before outdoor weathering. However, they are differentiated after one year of outdoor exposure.Although similar in appearance and indistinguishable from each other before outdoor weathering, the cationic coating composition (shown as E) is now clearly showing less wear and color inconsistencies than the conventional alkyd-based exterior wood stain (shown as F) after one year of outdoor exposure. Furthermore, the conventional alkyd-based exterior wood stain (shown as F) shows signs of fading and flaking compared to the cationic coating composition (shown as E). The conventional alkyd-based exterior wood stain (shown as F) has a significant color change compared to its appearance before exposure (shown as D), namely a graying of the color.

[0048] Figure 3 provides a wood panel coated with the coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material (shown as G) compared to an untreated wood substrate for water resistance (shown as H). The coating composition described herein comprising a cationic curing material can provide both penetration into a wood substrate and water resistance properties, whereas water penetrates the untreated wood substrate (shown as H). Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 28 / 40 20 / 23 Modalities

[0049] The following modalities are contemplated. All combinations of resources and modalities are contemplated.

[0050] Embodiment 1: A coating composition comprising: at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material; and at least one cationic curing material; wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible.

[0051] Embodiment 2: An embodiment of Embodiment 1, wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material comprises at least one alkyd resin, at least one polymer in solution, at least one solvent-based acrylic, at least one urethane, at least one oil, at least one solvent, or combinations thereof.

[0052] Embodiment 3: An embodiment of Embodiment 2, wherein at least one polymer in solution comprises at least one of: acrylic polyol, acrylic, alkyd, oil-modified urethane, acrylic-modified alkyd, or combinations thereof.

[0053] Modality 4: A modality of Modality 2, in which at least one oil is a conjugate oil.

[0054] Modality 5: An embodiment of Modality 4, wherein the combined oil comprises linseed oil, castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, pine oil, nahar oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, rubber seed oil, karanja oil, lesquerella oil, tung oil, or combinations thereof.

[0055] Embodiment 6: An embodiment of Embodiment 2, wherein at least one solvent comprises mineral distillates, butyl acetate, n-butyl propionate, diethylene glycol monoethyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl isobutyrate, acetate Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 29 / 40 21 / 23 of isopropyl, methyl acetate, n-amyl methyl ketone, isoamyl methyl ketone, propyl methyl ketone, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propyl acetate, n-propyl propionate, or combinations thereof.

[0056] Embodiment 7: An embodiment of any of Embodiments 1 to 6, wherein at least one cationic curing material comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator, at least one acid catalyst, or combinations thereof.

[0057] Modality 8: A modality of any of the Modalities 1 to 7, in which the coating composition is substantially immiscible in water.

[0058] Embodiment 9: An embodiment of any of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the coating composition further comprises at least one polymer, at least one reactive diluent, at least one non-reactive diluent, at least one solvent, at least one desiccant, at least one dye, at least one pigment, at least one surfactant, at least one dispersant, at least one wax, at least one anti-film-forming agent, at least one antifoaming agent, at least one fungicide, at least one biocide, at least one anti-mold agent, at least one thickener, or combinations thereof.

[0059] Embodiment 10: An embodiment of any of Embodiments 1 to 9, in which at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material forms part of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN).

[0060] Modality 11: A modality of any of the Modalities 1 to 9 further comprising at least one double functional material.

[0061] Embodiment 12: An embodiment of Embodiment 11, wherein at least one double functional material comprises a cyclic ether or hydroxyl group with an unsaturated alkene, a cyclic ether with an acrylate, or Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, pp. 30 / 40 22 / 23 combinations of them.

[0062] Modality 13: A modality of any of the Modalities 1 to 12, in which the coating composition is a wood stain.

[0063] Modality 14: An embodiment of any of the Modalities 1 to 12, in which the coating composition is a transparent coating, a semi-transparent coating, a semi-solid coating or a solid color coating.

[0064] Modality 15: A modality of any of the Modalities 1 to 14, in which the coating composition is a one-part system.

[0065] Modality 16: A modality of any of the Modalities 1 to 14, where the coating system is a two-part system.

[0066] Modality 17: A method for preparing the coating composition of any of the Modalities 1 to 16.

[0067] Embodiment 18: A method for applying at least partially the coating composition of any of Embodiments 1 to 16 to at least one substrate.

[0068] Modality 19: A modality of Modality 18, in which at least one substrate is wood, metal, glass, plastic, paper, leather, fabric, ceramic, concrete, composites, or combinations thereof.

[0069] Modality 20: A modality of Modality 18, where at least one substrate is a previously coated substrate.

[0070] Modality 21: An item comprising the coating system of any of Modalities 1 to 16.

[0071] What has been described above includes examples of the matter claimed. All details and any modifications described with respect to the Background and Detailed Description are within the spirit and Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, pp. 31 / 40 23 / 23 The scope of the claimed matter will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it should be understood that aspects of the claimed matter and parts of various embodiments and various features mentioned below and / or in the appended claims may be combined or interchanged in whole or in part. In the above descriptions of the various embodiments, those embodiments that refer to another embodiment may be suitably combined with other embodiments, as will be recognized by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the above description is only illustrative and is not intended to limit the claimed matter, allowing for many additional combinations and permutations of the claimed matter to be possible. Obviously, it is not possible to describe all conceivable combinations of components or methodologies in order to describe the claimed matter, but one skilled in the art may recognize them.Consequently, the subject matter claimed is intended to encompass all such alterations, modifications, and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term “includes” is used in the detailed description or claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising,” since “includes” is interpreted as “comprising” when used as a transitional word in a claim. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, pp. 32 / 40

Claims

1 / 4 CLAIMS 1. Coating composition, characterized in that it comprises: at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material; and at least one cationic curing material; wherein at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material and at least one cationic curing material are substantially miscible.

2. Coating composition according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material comprises at least one alkyd resin, at least one polymer in solution, at least one solvent-based acrylic, at least one urethane, at least one oil, at least one solvent, or combinations thereof.

3. Coating composition according to claim 2, characterized in that at least one polymer in solution comprises at least one of: acrylic polyol, acrylic, alkyd, oil-modified urethane, acrylic-modified alkyd, or combinations thereof.

4. Coating composition according to claim 2, characterized in that at least one oil is a conjugate oil.

5. Coating composition according to claim 4, characterized in that the conjugated oil comprises linseed oil, castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, pine oil, nahar oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, rubber seed oil, karanja oil, lesquerella oil, tung oil, or combinations thereof.

6. Coating composition according to claim 2, characterized in that at least one solvent comprises mineral distillates, butyl acetate, n-butyl propionate, diethylene glycol monoethyl acetate, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, isobutyl isobutyrate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, n-amyl methyl ketone, isoamyl methyl ketone, propyl methyl ketone, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, propyl acetate, n-propyl propionate, or combinations thereof.

7. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that at least one cationic curing material comprises at least one cationic photoinitiator, at least one acid catalyst, or combinations thereof.

8. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the coating composition being characterized by being substantially immiscible in water.

9. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 8, the coating composition being characterized in that it further comprises at least one polymer, at least one reactive diluent, at least one non-reactive diluent, at least one solvent, at least one desiccant, at least one dye, at least one pigment, at least one surfactant, at least one dispersant, at least one wax, at least one anti-film forming agent, at least one antifoaming agent, at least one fungicide, at least one biocide, at least one anti-mold agent, at least one thickener, or combinations thereof.

10. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that at least one anhydrous hydrophobic material forms part of an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN).

11. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that it further comprises at least one dual-functional material.

12. Coating composition according to Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 34 / 40 3 / 4 claim 11, characterized in that at least one double functional material comprises a cyclic ether or hydroxyl with an unsaturated alkene, a cyclic ether with an acrylate, or combinations thereof.

13. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 12, the coating composition being characterized by being a wood stain.

14. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, the coating composition being characterized by being a transparent coating, a semi-transparent coating, a semi-solid coating or a solid color coating.

15. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14, the coating composition being characterized by being a one-part system.

16. Coating composition according to any one of claims 1 to 14, the coating composition being characterized by being a two-part system.

17. Method for preparing the coating composition, characterized in that the composition is as defined in any one of claims 1 to 16.

18. Method, characterized in that it at least partially applies the coating composition, as defined in any of claims 1 to 16, to at least one substrate.

19. Method according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one substrate is wood, metal, glass, plastic, paper, leather, fabric, ceramic, concrete, composites, or combinations thereof.

20. Method according to claim 18, characterized in that at least one substrate is a previously coated substrate. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, page 35 / 40 4 / 4 21. Article, characterized in that it comprises the coating composition as defined in any of claims 1 to 16. Petition 870250084761, dated 09 / 19 / 2025, pp. 36 / 40

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