Anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps absorb and retain collagen and plump up the skin

Abstract

This application relates to the field of anti-wrinkle and firming skincare products, and more specifically, to an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling. An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling comprises, by weight percentage: 0.05-1% collagen, 0.1-5% perilla extract, 0.1-5% four o'clock flower extract, 0.1-5% goldenrod extract, 0.1-5% centella asiatica extract, 0.1-5% white truffle extract, and a solvent. This application can help collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, further enhancing the anti-wrinkle and firming effect.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of anti-wrinkle and firming skincare products, and more specifically, to anti-wrinkle and firming compositions that help collagen absorption, retention, and filling of the skin. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing demand for beauty and anti-aging products, skin firmness and anti-wrinkle properties have become a research hotspot in the cosmetics and skincare industry. The aging process of skin is accompanied by a significant loss of collagen, which is one of the main causes of sagging skin, wrinkles, and fine lines. Collagen, as the most important structural protein in the skin, is responsible for maintaining skin elasticity and firmness; a decline in its content and quality directly affects the appearance and perceived age of the skin.

[0003] Collagen plays a vital role in the skin. It not only forms the main framework of the dermis but also participates in cell adhesion and signal transduction, playing a crucial role in maintaining normal skin physiological functions. However, with age and the influence of external environmental factors, the rate of collagen synthesis in the skin gradually slows down, while the rate of degradation accelerates, leading to a significant decrease in collagen content. This imbalance causes the skin to lose elasticity, resulting in sagging and wrinkles, severely affecting the skin's appearance and feel.

[0004] While collagen supplementation is crucial for improving skin condition, its absorption and retention face several challenges. First, as a large protein molecule, collagen struggles to penetrate the skin barrier and reach the dermis. Second, even if some collagen does penetrate the skin, it is easily degraded by skin enzymes, resulting in a limited retention time. Furthermore, individual differences in skin condition and absorption capacity lead to varying effects from person to person, resulting in inconsistent anti-wrinkle and firming results.

[0005] Therefore, there is still room for improvement. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned issues and further enhance the anti-wrinkle and firming effect, this application provides an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that facilitates collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling.

[0007] The anti-wrinkle and firming composition provided in this application, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, comprising, by weight percentage: 0.05-1% collagen, 0.1-5% perilla extract, 0.1-5% four o'clock flower extract, 0.1-5% goldenrod extract, 0.1-5% centella asiatica extract, 0.1-5% white truffle extract, and solvent.

[0009] If plant extracts are not selected and properly combined, they may fail to achieve the desired effects or even produce adverse effects, worsening skin problems. By adopting the above technical solution and selecting special plant extracts, safety, efficacy, and stability are ensured.

[0010] Specifically, the combined effects of perilla extract, four o'clock flower extract, and goldenrod extract allow for rapid penetration into the skin, effectively promoting hyaluronic acid production. Hyaluronic acid is a key ingredient in skin hydration, increasing skin moisture content and providing a favorable environment for collagen production, thus aiding in collagen absorption and retention. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of these three ingredients helps eliminate some free radicals, slowing down the cell aging process and maintaining youthful skin vitality. Young skin cells more easily absorb and retain collagen.

[0011] The combination of these three ingredients can also promote the more complete stimulation of ceramide and hyaluronic acid synthesis by the four o'clock flower extract, thereby improving the skin barrier function. A healthy skin barrier helps reduce the damage of harmful external substances to the skin, while maintaining the skin's moisture and nutrients, creating favorable conditions for collagen absorption and retention.

[0012] Through various combinations, we can further improve the overall condition of the skin, making it healthier, smoother, and firmer, and making it easier to absorb and retain collagen.

[0013] Preferably, the anti-wrinkle and firming composition comprises, by weight percentage: 0.1% collagen, 1% perilla extract, 1% four o'clock extract, 1% goldenrod extract, 1% centella asiatica extract, 1% white truffle extract, and solvent.

[0014] Preferably, the solvent is water.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the dosage and combination of each component in the anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention and skin filling are further defined, which can give fuller play to the synergistic effect and promote the absorption and retention of collagen, thereby achieving a good anti-wrinkle and firming effect.

[0016] Preferably, the preparation method of the perilla extract includes the following steps:

[0017] Step a: Wash and chop the perilla leaves, and mix them with water to obtain a perilla solution. The mass ratio of perilla to water is 1:(3-5).

[0018] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution to obtain microwave perilla solution;

[0019] Step c: Mix the microwave-safe perilla solution with Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis, and incubate at 25-30℃ for 40-50 h to obtain a perilla mixture; the mass ratio of Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis and microwave-safe perilla solution is (0.001-0.005):(0.001-0.005):1, with the mass of microwave-safe perilla solution as the reference.

[0020] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, filter, and obtain perilla extract.

[0021] While perilla extract itself doesn't have a cooling sensation, studies have shown that perilla extract obtained using the aforementioned technique, when combined with extracts from Mirabilis jalapa and Hedyotis diffusa, can effectively alleviate skin discomfort. Especially in cases of sensitive skin, it can reduce discomfort, alleviate redness and swelling, providing a cooling sensation, improving skin condition, and allowing for faster and better collagen absorption, resulting in a more significant anti-wrinkle and firming effect.

[0022] Preferably, the mass ratio of perilla to water is 1:5, and the mass ratio of Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis, and microwave perilla solution is 0.002:0.002:1.

[0023] By adopting the above technical solution, the dosage ratio of Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis, and microwave-treated perilla solution is further defined. In the mixed preparation process, more active ingredients can be released more effectively, and the metabolic activities of Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis can alter the active ingredients in the extract, thereby obtaining a specific perilla extract with superior performance.

[0024] Preferably, the microwave treatment in step b is performed at 65-75°C and 300-400W for 3-5 minutes.

[0025] By adopting the above technical solution and further limiting the conditions of microwave treatment, the entire system can be rapidly heated and uniformly heated, which helps to release more active substances and is also conducive to subsequent synergistic effects with Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis.

[0026] Preferably, the method for preparing the anti-wrinkle and firming combination that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling is to mix all raw materials until homogeneous.

[0027] Preferably, all raw materials are mixed under stirring at 1000-1500 r / min.

[0028] By adopting the above technical solution, the mixing conditions of each raw material are further limited, and the mixing is carried out under higher speed conditions, so that the raw materials are mixed more thoroughly and evenly. After contact with the skin, they can respond quickly and penetrate into the skin to enhance the skin's ability to absorb collagen, thereby playing a better role in anti-wrinkle and firming.

[0029] In summary, this application has the following beneficial effects:

[0030] 1. With the combined effects of perilla extract, four o'clock flower extract, and goldenrod extract, it improves the overall condition of the skin by promoting hyaluronic acid production and stimulating ceramide synthesis, creating favorable conditions for collagen absorption and retention, making the skin healthier, smoother, and firmer, and making it easier to absorb and retain collagen.

[0031] 2. This application preferably uses a specific method to prepare perilla extract, which, when combined with four o'clock flower extract and nine-leaf clover extract, can effectively relieve skin discomfort. Especially when the skin is sensitive, it can reduce user discomfort, relieve redness and swelling, give the user a cooling sensation, improve skin condition, and allow the skin to absorb collagen faster and better, thus achieving a more significant anti-wrinkle and firming effect. Detailed Implementation

[0032] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0033] The raw materials used in the following examples and comparative examples are all commercially available products.

[0034] Example

[0035] Example 1

[0036] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, comprising the following components: collagen, perilla extract, four o'clock flower extract, yellow clover extract, centella asiatica extract, white truffle extract, and solvent.

[0037] The content of each component is detailed in Table 1.

[0038] The collagen was commercially available and purchased from Shaanxi Jinbo Biomedical Co., Ltd., model number micoreCol.III-CP5-SMART.

[0039] The perilla extract was prepared in-house, and the preparation method included the following steps:

[0040] Step a: Wash the perilla leaves with clean water, then chop them. Mix the chopped perilla leaves with water at a mass ratio of 1:4 to obtain a perilla solution.

[0041] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution for 4 minutes at 70℃ and 350W to obtain microwave perilla solution.

[0042] Step c: Based on the mass of the microwave perilla solution, prepare Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis and microwave perilla solution in a mass ratio of 0.002:0.002:1.

[0043] Add Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis to the microwaved perilla solution and mix until homogeneous.

[0044] The mixture was cultured at 28℃ for 48 hours to obtain a perilla mixture.

[0045] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, and filter it through a 0.3 μm filter membrane to obtain perilla extract.

[0046] Propionibacterium fibrillosa was commercially available and purchased from Hubei Haijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0047] The Rhodotorula glutinis was commercially available and purchased from Ruichu Biotechnology (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd.

[0048] The Mirabilis jalapa extract was commercially available and purchased from Lanzhou Waterles Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0049] The extract of *Hedyotis diffusa* is commercially available and was purchased from Xi'an Clover Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0050] Centella asiatica extract was purchased from Xi'an Ruierli Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; white truffle extract was purchased from Shaanxi Dongjiang Kangtai Health Industry Co., Ltd.

[0051] The solvent is water.

[0052] A method for preparing an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling includes the following steps: mixing all raw materials until homogeneous by stirring at 1200 r / min to obtain an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling.

[0053] Example 2

[0054] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that it includes the following components: collagen, perilla extract, four o'clock extract, yellow clover extract, centella asiatica extract, white truffle extract, and solvent.

[0055] The content of each component is detailed in Table 1.

[0056] The collagen was commercially available and purchased from Shaanxi Jinbo Biomedical Co., Ltd., model number micoreCol.III-CP5-SMART.

[0057] The perilla extract was prepared in-house, and the preparation method included the following steps:

[0058] Step a: Wash the perilla leaves with clean water, then chop them. Mix the chopped perilla leaves with water at a mass ratio of 1:5 to obtain a perilla solution.

[0059] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution for 3 minutes at 65℃ and 400W to obtain microwave perilla solution.

[0060] Step c: Based on the mass of the microwave perilla solution, prepare Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis and microwave perilla solution in a mass ratio of 0.005:0.005:1.

[0061] Add Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis to the microwaved perilla solution and mix until homogeneous.

[0062] The mixture was cultured at 25℃ for 50 hours to obtain a perilla mixture.

[0063] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, and filter it through a 0.3 μm filter membrane to obtain perilla extract.

[0064] Propionibacterium fibrillosa was commercially available and purchased from Hubei Haijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0065] The Rhodotorula glutinis was commercially available and purchased from Ruichu Biotechnology (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd.

[0066] The Mirabilis jalapa extract was commercially available and purchased from Lanzhou Waterles Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0067] The extract of *Hedyotis diffusa* is commercially available and was purchased from Xi'an Clover Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0068] Centella asiatica extract was purchased from Xi'an Ruierli Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; white truffle extract was purchased from Shaanxi Dongjiang Kangtai Health Industry Co., Ltd.

[0069] The solvent is water.

[0070] A method for preparing an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling includes the following steps: mixing all raw materials until homogeneous by stirring at 1000 r / min to obtain an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling.

[0071] Example 3

[0072] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that it includes the following components: collagen, perilla extract, four o'clock extract, yellow clover extract, centella asiatica extract, white truffle extract, and solvent.

[0073] The content of each component is detailed in Table 1.

[0074] The collagen was commercially available and purchased from Shaanxi Jinbo Biomedical Co., Ltd., model number micoreCol.III-CP5-SMART.

[0075] The perilla extract was prepared in-house, and the preparation method included the following steps:

[0076] Step a: Wash the perilla leaves with clean water, then chop them. Mix the chopped perilla leaves with water at a mass ratio of 1:3 to obtain a perilla solution.

[0077] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution for 5 minutes at 75℃ and 300W to obtain microwave perilla solution.

[0078] Step c: Based on the mass of the microwave perilla solution, prepare Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis and microwave perilla solution in a mass ratio of 0.001:0.001:1.

[0079] Add Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis to the microwaved perilla solution and mix until homogeneous.

[0080] The mixture was cultured at 30℃ for 40 hours to obtain a perilla mixture.

[0081] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, and filter it through a 0.3 μm filter membrane to obtain perilla extract.

[0082] Propionibacterium fibrillosa was commercially available and purchased from Hubei Haijia Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0083] The Rhodotorula glutinis was commercially available and purchased from Ruichu Biotechnology (Jiangsu) Co., Ltd.

[0084] The Mirabilis jalapa extract was commercially available and purchased from Lanzhou Waterles Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0085] The extract of *Hedyotis diffusa* is commercially available and was purchased from Xi'an Clover Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0086] Centella asiatica extract was purchased from Xi'an Ruierli Biotechnology Co., Ltd.; white truffle extract was purchased from Shaanxi Dongjiang Kangtai Health Industry Co., Ltd.

[0087] The solvent is water.

[0088] A method for preparing an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling includes the following steps: mixing all raw materials until homogeneous by stirring at 1500 r / min to obtain an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling.

[0089] Table 1

[0090] Category Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 collagen(%) 0.1 0.05 1 Perilla extract (%) 1 0.1 5 Mirabilis jalapa extract (%) 1 0.1 5 Yellow-flowered nine-leaf grass extract (%) 1 0.1 5 Centella Asiatica extract (%) 1 0.1 5 White truffle extract (%) 1 0.1 5 Solvent (%) to 100 to 100 to 100

[0091] Comparative Example

[0092] Comparative Example 1

[0093] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that white truffle extract is used instead of perilla extract.

[0094] Comparative Example 2

[0095] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that white truffle extract is used instead of four o'clock flower extract.

[0096] Comparative Example 3

[0097] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that white truffle extract is used instead of yellow clover extract.

[0098] Comparative Example 4

[0099] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that the preparation method of the perilla extract includes the following steps:

[0100] Step a: Wash the perilla leaves with clean water, then chop them. Mix the chopped perilla leaves with water at a mass ratio of 1:4 to obtain a perilla solution.

[0101] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution for 4 minutes at 70℃ and 350W to obtain microwave perilla solution.

[0102] Step c: Based on the mass of the microwave perilla solution, prepare the red yeast by setting the mass ratio of red yeast to microwave perilla solution at 0.004:1.

[0103] Add red yeast to the microwaved perilla solution and mix until homogeneous.

[0104] The mixture was cultured at 28℃ for 48 hours to obtain a perilla mixture.

[0105] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, and filter it through a 0.3 μm filter membrane to obtain perilla extract.

[0106] Comparative Example 5

[0107] An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, differs from Example 1 in that the preparation method of the perilla extract includes the following steps:

[0108] Step a: Wash the perilla leaves with clean water, then chop them. Mix the chopped perilla leaves with water at a mass ratio of 1:4 to obtain a perilla solution.

[0109] Step b: Microwave the perilla solution for 4 minutes at 70℃ and 350W to obtain microwave perilla solution.

[0110] Step c: Based on the mass of the microwave perilla solution, prepare Propionibacterium fischeri with a mass ratio of 0.004:1 to the microwave perilla solution.

[0111] Add Propionibacterium fischeri to the microwaved perilla solution and mix until homogeneous.

[0112] The mixture was cultured at 28℃ for 48 hours to obtain a perilla mixture.

[0113] Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, and filter it through a 0.3 μm filter membrane to obtain perilla extract.

[0114] Performance testing

[0115] Sample preparation for testing:

[0116] An essence, comprising, by weight percentage, the following components: 5% 1,3-propanediol, 2% polyglycerol-10, 1% dipropylene glycol, 1% propylene glycol, 0.5% ammonium acryloyldimethyl taurate / VP copolymer, 0.1% phenoxyethanol, 0.2% ethylhexylglycerin, 0.2% sodium hyaluronate, 0.06% carbomer, 0.06% triethanolamine, 1% an anti-wrinkle and firming composition that aids in collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, with water as the balance.

[0117] Mix the above components until homogeneous to obtain the essence.

[0118] Volunteer selection:

[0119] Eighty female volunteers aged 35-40 with wrinkles around their eyes were selected. The degree of wrinkles was similar among the volunteers. They were randomly divided into eight groups of ten, with each group corresponding to a specific test sample.

[0120] 1. Anti-wrinkle: Volunteers cleansed their faces with water, took 2mL of the test sample and applied it evenly to their faces, once in the morning and once in the evening.

[0121] Before the testing began and 28 days after the test samples were used, the face was photographed using the VISIA facial image analyzer to record the wrinkle area and wrinkle depth.

[0122] The wrinkle area change rate and wrinkle depth change rate were calculated according to the following formula, and the average value of the volunteers in the same group was used as the data for that group, and recorded in Table 2.

[0123]

[0124] 2. Firming: Volunteers cleansed their faces with water, then applied 2mL of the test sample evenly to their faces, once in the morning and once in the evening.

[0125] Before the start of the test and 28 days after the test sample was used, the skin elasticity was measured using a skin elasticity tester, and the R2 value was recorded.

[0126] The skin elasticity change rate was calculated according to the following formula, and the average value of the volunteers in the same group was used as the data for that group, and recorded in Table 2.

[0127] Table 2

[0128]

[0129]

[0130] As shown in Table 2, the samples tested in Examples 1-3 exhibited better anti-wrinkle and firming effects compared to Comparative Examples 1-5. This indicates that the combined effects of perilla extract, four o'clock flower extract, and goldenrod extract enable the skin to better absorb and retain collagen, filling the skin and achieving a firming and anti-wrinkle effect.

[0131] 3. Sensitive skin test: 80 female volunteers aged 35-40 who self-tested as having sensitive skin were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 people each, with each group corresponding to a test sample.

[0132] Cleanse your face with water, then apply 2 drops of 2% histamine solution to your face. When obvious redness, swelling, and itching occur, apply 2 mL of the test sample to the irritated area and spread it evenly.

[0133] Questionnaires were distributed to volunteers to ask about their experience using the test samples. The questionnaire included the following:

[0134] (1) Did you feel a cooling or refreshing sensation? Use a scale of 0-10, with scores closer to 10 indicating a stronger cooling or refreshing sensation. Record the average scores of the volunteers in the same group in Table 3.

[0135] A score of 0-4 indicates a weak or insignificant cooling sensation; a score of 5-7 indicates a noticeable cooling sensation; and a score of 8-10 indicates a strong cooling sensation.

[0136] (2) Test whether the sample causes discomfort. The results are represented by "yes" and "no". The number of people who "have" discomfort is recorded in Table 3.

[0137] (3) Whether it can relieve discomfort such as redness, swelling and itching. The number of people who made each choice was recorded in Table 3, with "can effectively relieve", "can relieve, but the effect is average" and "cannot relieve".

[0138] Table 3

[0139]

[0140]

[0141] According to the test results in Table 3, the test samples of Examples 1-3 can bring volunteers a feeling similar to cooling or refreshing, effectively relieving discomfort. The test samples of Comparative Examples 1-5 are not as effective in relieving discomfort as those of Examples 1-3.

[0142] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present application and is not a limitation of the present application. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make non-creative modifications to the present embodiment as needed, but as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present application, they are protected by the patent law.

Claims

1. An anti-wrinkle and firming composition that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, characterized in that, By weight percentage, it includes the following components: 0.05-1% collagen, 0.1-5% perilla extract, 0.1-5% four o'clock flower extract, 0.1-5% goldenrod extract, 0.1-5% centella asiatica extract, 0.1-5% white truffle extract, and the balance being water; The preparation method of the perilla extract includes the following steps: Step a: Wash and chop the perilla leaves, and mix them with water to obtain a perilla suspension. The mass ratio of perilla to water is 1:(3-5). Step b: Microwave treatment of the perilla suspension to obtain microwave perilla suspension; Step c: Mix the microwave-safe perilla suspension with Propionibacterium fischeri and Rhodotorula glutinis, and incubate at 25-30℃ for 40-50 h to obtain a perilla mixture; the mass ratio of Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis and microwave-safe perilla suspension is (0.001-0.005):(0.001-0.005):1, with the mass of microwave-safe perilla suspension as the baseline; Step d: Centrifuge the perilla mixture, collect the supernatant, filter, and obtain perilla extract.

2. The anti-wrinkle and firming composition according to claim 1, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, is characterized in that: The anti-wrinkle and firming composition comprises, by weight percentage, the following components: 0.1% collagen, 1% perilla extract, 1% four o'clock flower extract, 1% goldenrod extract, 1% centella asiatica extract, 1% white truffle extract, and the balance being water.

3. The anti-wrinkle and firming composition according to claim 1, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, is characterized in that: The mass ratio of perilla to water is 1:5, and the mass ratio of Propionibacterium fischeri, Rhodotorula glutinis, and microwaved perilla suspension is 0.002:0.002:

1.

4. The anti-wrinkle and firming composition according to claim 1, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, is characterized in that: The microwave treatment in step b is carried out at 65-75℃ and 300-400W for 3-5 minutes.

5. The anti-wrinkle and firming composition according to any one of claims 1-4, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, is characterized in that: The method for preparing the anti-wrinkle and firming combination that helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling involves mixing all raw materials until homogeneous.

6. The anti-wrinkle and firming composition according to claim 5, which helps collagen absorption, retention, and skin filling, is characterized in that: When mixing all the raw materials, stir at 1000-1500 rpm.

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