Photovoltaic photo-thermal coupling system and preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of solar power generation, in particular to a photovoltaic and photo-thermal coupling system and a preparation method and application thereof.The photovoltaic and photo-thermal coupling system comprises a semitransparent photovoltaic cell, a photo-thermal reflector, a photo-thermal heat collection unit and a coupling support; the semitransparent photovoltaic cell is fixedly arranged above the photo-thermal reflecting mirror through the coupling support, and the photo-thermal heat collection unit is arranged above the semitransparent photovoltaic cell and is connected with the photo-thermal reflecting mirror through the coupling support. According to the photovoltaic and photo-thermal coupling system, the advantages of photovoltaic power generation and photo-thermal conversion are combined, the utilization efficiency of solar energy is remarkably improved, and multifunctional integration is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of solar power generation, and in particular to a photovoltaic-thermal coupling system and a preparation method and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous advancement of new energy technologies, photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal power generation have attracted much attention as two major application directions of clean energy. However, due to the limitations of single energy conversion efficiency, the separate application of photovoltaic and solar thermal in existing technologies often leads to repeated use and waste of land and resources, limiting the improvement of comprehensive efficiency.

[0003] The emergence of photovoltaic-thermal coupling system aims to achieve efficient use of space and energy by integrating photovoltaic and thermal functions into the same system. In particular, the design of integrating semi-transparent photovoltaic cells on thermal reflectors enables the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system to divert visible light for photovoltaic power generation while receiving solar energy, and reflect infrared light for thermal absorption, thereby improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. At present, the introduction of semi-transparent photovoltaic cells has made it possible to achieve this synergistic effect of photovoltaics and thermal energy. However, in order to achieve the stability and efficiency of photovoltaic-thermal components, it is still necessary to optimize the structure and materials of semi-transparent photovoltaic cells, thermal reflectors and coupling brackets to achieve the best match and stable operation of photovoltaic-thermal conversion.

[0004] In view of this, the present invention is proposed. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic-thermal coupling system and its preparation method and application. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system combines the advantages of photovoltaic power generation and photothermal conversion, ensures the effective connection between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, significantly improves the utilization efficiency of solar energy, and realizes multifunctional integration. In addition, the present invention provides a new technical solution for the application of various photovoltaic-thermal coupling structures such as trough type, dish type and tower type.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, comprising a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell, a thermal reflector, a thermal collector unit and a coupling bracket, wherein the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell is fixedly arranged above the thermal reflector via the coupling bracket, and the thermal collector unit is arranged above the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and connected to the thermal reflector via the coupling bracket.

[0007] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the coupling bracket includes a flexible connector and a retractable support member, the two ends of the flexible connector are respectively movably connected to the edges of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, the retractable support member is adjustably arranged on the outer surface of the photothermal reflector, and the two ends of the retractable support member are respectively movably connected to the flexible connector at the edge of the photothermal reflector.

[0008] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell comprises a high-transmittance glass substrate, a first transparent electrode, a semi-transparent light absorbing layer, a second transparent electrode and an encapsulation layer arranged in sequence from bottom to top;

[0009] Preferably, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell comprises a high-transmittance glass substrate, a first transparent electrode, a first interface modification layer, a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer, a second interface modification layer, a semi-transparent light absorption layer, a third interface modification layer, an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer, a fourth interface modification layer, a second transparent electrode, an encapsulation layer and a first anti-reflection layer, which are arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the upper surface and / or the lower surface of the high-transmittance glass substrate is provided with a dual-function selective transflective film;

[0011] Preferably, the translucent light absorbing layer is a double-layer or multi-layer translucent light absorbing layer;

[0012] Preferably, a phase change material is provided in any one or more of the first interface modification layer, the second interface modification layer, the third interface modification layer and the fourth interface modification layer;

[0013] Preferably, the encapsulation layer is a self-cleaning encapsulation layer;

[0014] Preferably, the semi-transparent light absorbing layer and the first anti-reflection layer are both provided with a photothermal control micro-nano structure;

[0015] Preferably, the first anti-reflection layer is an anti-reflection heat dissipation layer.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the photothermal reflector includes an anti-corrosion paint layer, a base layer, a reflective film layer and a glass layer which are arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0017] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the photothermal reflector includes an anti-corrosion paint layer, a base layer, a first reflective film layer, a heat insulation layer, a second reflective film layer, a protective layer, a second anti-reflection layer and a dustproof self-cleaning layer arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the first reflective film layer adopts a high reflectivity metal coating, and the surface of the high reflectivity metal coating is provided with a nanostructure;

[0019] Preferably, the heat insulation layer is made of high temperature resistant and low thermal conductivity material;

[0020] Preferably, the second reflective film layer is a multi-layer dielectric film structure;

[0021] Preferably, the protective layer is made of anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion materials;

[0022] Preferably, the second anti-reflection layer is made of a low refractive index material;

[0023] Preferably, the dustproof self-cleaning layer is made of super hydrophobic or super hydrophilic material.

[0024] In a second aspect, the present invention further provides a method for preparing the above photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, wherein the method for preparing the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell comprises the following steps:

[0025] S1, depositing a dual-functional selective transflective film on the surface of a high-transmittance glass substrate;

[0026] S2, depositing a first transparent electrode on a high-transmittance glass substrate;

[0027] S3, depositing a first interface modification layer on the first transparent electrode;

[0028] S4, depositing a hole transport layer or an electron transport layer on the first interface modification layer;

[0029] S5, depositing a second interface modification layer on the hole transport layer or the electron transport layer;

[0030] S6, sequentially depositing a first light absorbing layer and a second light absorbing layer on the second interface modification layer, and preparing a photothermal control micro-nanostructure on the second light absorbing layer;

[0031] S7, depositing a third interface modification layer on the second light absorbing layer;

[0032] S8, depositing an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer on the third interface modification layer;

[0033] S9, depositing a fourth interface modification layer on the electron transport layer or the hole transport layer;

[0034] S10, depositing a second transparent electrode on the fourth interface modification layer;

[0035] S11, depositing a self-cleaning encapsulation layer on the second transparent electrode;

[0036] S12. Depositing an anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer on the self-cleaning packaging layer, and preparing a photothermal control micro-nano structure on the anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer.

[0037] As a preferred embodiment of the present technical solution, the method for preparing the photothermal reflector comprises the following steps:

[0038] T1. Apply an anti-corrosion paint layer on the lower surface of the base layer;

[0039] T2, depositing a first reflective film layer on the upper surface of the substrate layer;

[0040] T3, depositing a heat insulation layer on the first reflective film layer;

[0041] T4, depositing a multilayer dielectric film structure on the thermal insulation layer to obtain a second reflective film layer;

[0042] T5, depositing a protective layer on the second reflective film layer;

[0043] T6, depositing a second anti-reflection layer on the protective layer;

[0044] T7. Prepare a dustproof self-cleaning layer on the second anti-reflection layer.

[0045] In the third aspect, the present invention also provides the application of the above-mentioned photovoltaic thermal coupling system, specifically, the application of the photovoltaic thermal coupling system in a trough-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structure, a dish-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structure, a tower-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structure, a linear Fresnel photovoltaic thermal coupling structure, a photovoltaic thermal coupling structure, a compound parabolic photovoltaic thermal coupling structure or a distributed modular photovoltaic thermal coupling structure should also fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0046] The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention has at least the following beneficial effects:

[0047] The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention includes a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell, a photothermal reflector, a photothermal heat collection unit and a coupling bracket. The coupling system utilizes the synergistic effect of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector to achieve selective separation and efficient utilization of different spectra, wherein visible light is absorbed by the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and converted into electrical energy, and infrared light passes through the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell into the photothermal reflector for photothermal conversion, thereby achieving maximum utilization of solar energy. In addition, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector are fixedly connected by a coupling bracket, and the coupling bracket plays the key role of fixing, adjusting and supporting the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector, effectively ensuring the structural stability, durability and high efficiency of the photovoltaic and photothermal integration of the coupling system under different environmental conditions, and can adapt to different installation angles and sunlight incident angles, ensuring the stability and adjustment flexibility of the entire system, and improving the energy collection efficiency of the overall system. Therefore, the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention combines the advantages of photovoltaic power generation and photothermal conversion, significantly improves the utilization efficiency of solar energy, and achieves multifunctional integration. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0048] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific implementation methods of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the specific implementation methods or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some implementation methods of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0049] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the photothermal reflector of the present invention;

[0051] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the coupling bracket of the present invention;

[0052] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of a trough-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure of the present invention;

[0053] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the butterfly-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure of the present invention.

[0054] Description of reference numerals:

[0055] 1: Semi-transparent photovoltaic cells;

[0056] 101: high-transmittance glass substrate; 102: first transparent electrode; 103: first interface modification layer; 104: hole transport layer; 105: second interface modification layer; 106: semi-transparent light absorption layer; 107: third interface modification layer; 108: electron transport layer; 109: fourth interface modification layer; 110: second transparent electrode; 111: encapsulation layer; 112: first anti-reflection layer;

[0057] 2: Photothermal reflector;

[0058] 201: anti-corrosion paint layer; 202: base layer; 203: first reflective film layer; 204: heat insulation layer; 205: second reflective film layer; 206: protective layer; 207: second anti-reflection layer; 208: dustproof self-cleaning layer;

[0059] 3: Rotating bracket;

[0060] 4: Sunlight;

[0061] 5: Infrared light;

[0062] 6: Photothermal collector unit;

[0063] 7: spherical connector; 8: first support arm; 9: second support arm; 10: positioning locking component. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0064] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0065] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "up", "down", "front", "back", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inside", "outside", "clockwise", "counterclockwise" and the like indicate orientations or positional relationships based on the orientations or positional relationships shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the referred device or element must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be understood as limiting the present invention.

[0066] In addition, the terms "first" and "second" are only used for descriptive purposes and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Therefore, the features defined as "first" and "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the features. In the description of the present invention, "multiple" means two or more, unless otherwise clearly and specifically defined. In addition, the terms "installed", "connected" and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal connection of two components. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0067] Example 1

[0068] like Figure 1-5As shown, this embodiment provides a photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, including a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, a photothermal reflector 2, a photothermal heat collecting unit 6 and a coupling bracket, wherein the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 is fixedly arranged above the photothermal reflector 2 through the coupling bracket, and the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 is suspended above the photothermal reflector 2. The air barrier between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 helps to control heat conduction and reduce the problem of overheating affecting the performance of the photovoltaic cell; the coupling bracket plays a key role in fixing, adjusting and supporting the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, effectively ensuring the structural stability, durability and high efficiency of the photovoltaic and photothermal integration of the coupling system under different environmental conditions, and can adapt to different installation angles and sunlight incident angles, ensuring the stability and adjustment flexibility of the entire system, and improving the energy collection efficiency of the overall system. Therefore, in the coupling system, visible light is absorbed by the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and converted into electrical energy, and infrared light 5 passes through the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and enters the photothermal reflector 2 for photothermal conversion. The synergistic effect of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 can achieve the selective separation and efficient utilization of different spectra. The photothermal heat collection unit 6 is arranged above the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and connected to the photothermal reflector 2 through a coupling bracket. By automatically tracking the movement of the sun, the photothermal reflector 2 can ensure that the sunlight 4 is always accurately focused on the receiving surface of the photothermal heat collection unit 6 to ensure that the sunlight 4 can be efficiently captured and converted into thermal energy, and the photothermal heat collection unit 6 can be further connected to the heat exchange system through a pipeline or other fluid channel to achieve the conduction and storage of photothermal energy for power generation or energy storage.

[0069] The coupling system of the present invention realizes the selective separation and efficient utilization of the solar light spectrum through the synergistic effect of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2. The specific working principle is as follows:

[0070] Spectral selective separation: The coupling system uses the spectral selective characteristics of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 to separate light of different wavelengths. Visible light is absorbed by the semi-transparent photovoltaic material on the photovoltaic cell and converted into electrical energy, while infrared light 5 passes through the photovoltaic cell and enters the photothermal reflector 2 below. The photothermal reflector 2 reflects the infrared light 5 and focuses it on the photothermal collector unit 6, thereby achieving efficient collection of photothermal energy.

[0071] Synergistic conversion of photovoltaic and photothermal: Under sunlight, visible light photons are absorbed by the light absorption layer of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 to generate photocurrent, which is directly converted into electrical energy. The infrared light 5 that passes through is refocused by the reflector and heats the heat collection unit to achieve photothermal conversion. Through this separation, the system effectively avoids the thermal effect caused by the infrared light 5 directly irradiating the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1.

[0072] Heat control and heat dissipation optimization: In order to avoid the influence of heat accumulation on the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, the photothermal heat collection unit 6 can adopt a heat insulation coating and a vacuum insulation design to reduce heat conduction. At the same time, the air barrier design between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 controls the heat conduction rate, so that the high-temperature heat collection area is relatively isolated from the photovoltaic area, ensuring that the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 works under suitable temperature conditions and prolongs its service life.

[0073] Energy output and system modularization: Photovoltaic power generation and photothermal energy collection are relatively independent dual-channel outputs. The electric energy generated by the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can be directly connected to the power grid or energy storage device, while the heat energy generated by the photothermal collector unit 6 can be used for power generation, hot water supply or heating. The system adopts a modular design, so that each component has independent maintenance, replacement and scalability, so as to meet the needs of different application scenarios.

[0074] In this embodiment, the coupling bracket specifically includes a flexible connector and a retractable support member, wherein the two ends of the flexible connector are respectively movably connected to the edges of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, the retractable support member is adjustably arranged on the outer surface of the photothermal reflector 2, and the two ends of the retractable support member are respectively movably connected to the flexible connector at the edge of the photothermal reflector 2.

[0075] Specifically, the flexible connector includes a first support arm 8 and a spherical connector 7 rotatably arranged at both ends of the first support arm 8. The two ends of the first support arm 8 are movably connected to the edges of the translucent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 through the corresponding spherical connectors 7, and are provided with damping and shock absorbing components and positioning locking components 10 at the connection points. The damping and shock absorbing components can effectively alleviate the impact of wind load on the top cover of the translucent photovoltaic cell 1; and the positioning locking component 10 can lock the spherical connector 7 after the angle and distance between the translucent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 are adjusted to the right position to prevent loosening caused by vibration or gravity during long-term use. For example, a fastening bolt adjusted by a wrench or a buckle on a universal wheel can be used. Reference can be made to the prior art here and no further details will be given. Therefore, under the action of the first support arm 8, the spherical connector 7 and the damping and shock-absorbing assembly, the angle adjustment in the horizontal and vertical directions can be achieved, thereby realizing the precise coupling of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, and reducing the impact of vibration on the battery assembly in an environment with strong winds, alleviating the slight displacement caused by thermal expansion and contraction, and significantly improving the overall durability and stability of the system.

[0076] On the basis of the above technical solution, the first support arm 8 can further be set as a retractable structure, thereby realizing the adjustment of the distance between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, so that the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 maintain an appropriate distance to avoid excessive heat conduction due to being too close.

[0077] Specifically, the retractable support member includes a plurality of second support arms 9 and a plurality of spherical connectors 7, and the second support arms 9 are the same as the first support arms 8, and are both retractable structures, and the stretching range thereof is 10-30 cm, and any adjacent second support arms 9 are movably connected by the spherical connectors 7, and the retractable support member is adjustably arranged on the outer surface of the photothermal reflector 2, and under the joint action of the plurality of retractable second support arms 9 and the plurality of spherical connectors 7, the retractable support member can be adaptively adjusted according to the curvature of the photothermal reflector 2, so that the retractable support member can adapt to photothermal reflectors 2 with different curvatures. In addition, one end of the first support member close to the photothermal reflector 2 is movably connected to the first second support member at the edge of the photothermal reflector 2 by the spherical connector 7, thereby realizing the linkage adjustment of the distance between the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2 and the curvature of the photothermal reflector 2.

[0078] Here, it is also necessary to explain that, as with the flexible connector, a damping and shock absorbing component and a positioning and locking component 10 are correspondingly provided at the connection between any second support arm 9 and the spherical connector 7 to fix the position of the second support arm 9.

[0079] On the basis of the above technical solution, in order to further reduce the heat conduction from the coupling bracket to the photovoltaic cell, the first support arm 8 and the second support arm 9 of the present invention are both made of composite material structure, the outer layer of which is a high-strength UV-resistant weather-resistant coating, and the inner layer is embedded with a low thermal conductivity composite material, such as a ceramic-based composite material or thermal insulation foam. This not only ensures the mechanical strength and weather resistance of the coupling bracket, but also effectively reduces the risk of heat conduction from the photothermal reflector 2 to the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, thereby improving the power generation efficiency and service life of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1.

[0080] Finally, in order to realize the automatic tracking of sunlight 4 by the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflective coupling structure, a rotating bracket 3 is further provided in the middle of the outer surface of the photothermal reflector 2, and reference may be made to the prior art here.

[0081] In summary, the coupling bracket of the present invention can not only realize the precise coupling of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the photothermal reflector 2, ensuring that the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can maintain the optimal coupling position with the photothermal reflector 2 under different lighting angles, ensuring the stability of the structure and the adjustment flexibility. At the same time, the composite material structure and shock-absorbing design effectively isolate the high temperature influence of the photothermal reflector 2 and reduce the influence of environmental vibration on the system, so that solar energy can be efficiently utilized under different environmental conditions, thereby improving the overall power generation efficiency and thermal energy utilization rate of the system.

[0082] On the basis of the above technical solution, the solar thermal collector unit 6 can further adopt advanced heat insulation coating or double-layer vacuum structure to significantly reduce the heat radiation on the surface of the collector tube and ensure that the high temperature is kept inside the collector tube. In addition, this design can effectively control the surface temperature of the collector tube and prevent the system from overheating during long-term operation, thereby ensuring the stability of the system and the continuous and efficient operation of the photovoltaic module.

[0083] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 includes a high-transmittance glass substrate 101, a first transparent electrode 102, a semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106, a second transparent electrode 110 and an encapsulation layer 111 arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0084] The high-transmittance glass substrate 101 is made of low-iron glass or ultra-white glass with high transmittance, and is preferably glass coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) or calcium fluoride to increase the transmittance of ultraviolet and visible light. The thickness of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 is 1-2 mm, which is selected according to the mechanical strength requirements. The polished glass substrate can be directly used as a substrate after cleaning and drying.

[0085] In addition, in order to further enhance the weather resistance and optical performance of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101, an anti-reflection coating is prepared on the surface of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 by vacuum coating.

[0086] The material of the first transparent electrode 102 includes indium tin oxide (ITO) or zinc aluminum oxide (AZO), and is preferably ITO to ensure conductivity and light transmittance. The thickness of the first transparent electrode 102 is any value between 80-100nm, and the present invention does not strictly limit it. When preparing the first transparent electrode 102, indium tin oxide (ITO) or zinc aluminum oxide (AZO) can be deposited on the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 by magnetron sputtering deposition or electron beam evaporation process. After the deposition is completed, heat treatment is performed at 200-300°C to improve the conductivity and transparency of the electrode.

[0087] The material of the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 is a perovskite compound such as methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) and methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3), and its thickness is any value between 300-500nm. When preparing the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106, a solution spin coating method can be used to mix the perovskite precursor solution (such as MAI and PbI2 solution) evenly and then spin coat it on the first transparent electrode 102, and then heat treat it at 100-150°C to crystallize the thin film to form a uniform and dense perovskite light absorbing layer.

[0088] The second transparent electrode 110 is made of indium tin oxide (ITO) or aluminum zinc oxide (AZO) and has a thickness of 80-100 nm. During its preparation, magnetron sputtering or electron beam evaporation can be used to deposit the second transparent electrode 110 layer on the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 to form a complete electrode structure.

[0089] The material of the encapsulation layer 111 is epoxy resin or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), etc., and its thickness is 0.5-1 mm. The encapsulation layer 111 can effectively prevent moisture, dust and other pollutants in the external environment from entering the photovoltaic cell, thereby extending the service life of the photovoltaic cell.

[0090] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 includes a high-transmittance glass substrate 101, a first transparent electrode 102, a first interface modification layer 103, a hole transport layer 104 or an electron transport layer 108, a second interface modification layer 105, a semi-transparent light absorption layer 106, a third interface modification layer 107, an electron transport layer 108 or a hole transport layer 104, a fourth interface modification layer 109, a second transparent electrode 110, an encapsulation layer 111 and a first anti-reflection layer 112, which are arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0091] The configurations of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 , the first transparent electrode 102 , the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 , the second transparent electrode 110 and the encapsulation layer 111 are the same as above and will not be described in detail herein.

[0092] The material of the first interface modification layer 103 is nickel oxide (NiO) or poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), and its thickness is 10-20nm. When preparing the first interface modification layer 103, it can be deposited on the first transparent electrode 102 by spin coating or solution dipping, and the spin coating speed is controlled at 2000-4000rpm to ensure the formation of a uniform thin layer. After deposition, heat treatment is performed at 100-150°C to enhance adhesion and reduce interface defects.

[0093] The hole transport layer 104 can be made of PEDOT:PSS or PTAA (polytriphenylamine), and the electron transport layer 108 can be made of fullerene C60 or PCBM, both of which have a thickness of 20-40 nm. Both the hole transport layer 104 and the electron transport layer 108 can be formed by spin coating or evaporation, wherein the hole transport layer 104 is cured at low temperature after spin coating or evaporation, and the electron transport layer 108 is heat treated at 80-100°C.

[0094] The second interface modification layer 105 is made of bismuth titanate (Bi2TiO4) or fullerene derivatives, and has a thickness of 10-20 nm. The second interface modification layer 105 can be prepared by spin coating or sol-gel method, and after forming a uniform layer, heat treatment is required at low temperature to improve the interface bonding strength.

[0095] The material of the third interface modification layer 107 is magnesium fluoride (MgF2) or silicon dioxide (SiO2), and its thickness is 5-10nm. When the second interface modification layer 105 is prepared, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or atomic layer deposition (ALD) can be used to form a thin layer, and the second interface modification layer 105 can optimize the light reflection and transmission characteristics of the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106.

[0096] The fourth interface modification layer 109 is also called a selective transflective film, and preferably uses a nano multilayer photonic crystal structure, and the material includes titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide, etc., and its thickness is 10-20nm. ALD or CVD can be used to deposit on the electron transport layer 108 or the hole transport layer 104, and the film thickness is controlled by optical optimization to achieve the desired transflective properties.

[0097] The first anti-reflection layer 112 is magnesium fluoride (MgF2) or a multi-layer nano-anti-reflection coating with a thickness of 50-100 nm. It can usually be prepared by vacuum coating or thermal evaporation to control light transmittance.

[0098] On the basis of the above technical solution, a layer of nanomaterial or low refractive index material with high anti-reflection performance, such as magnesium fluoride or nanostructured aluminum oxide, can be further coated on the outside of the first anti-reflection layer 112 to reduce light reflection and improve the utilization efficiency of incident light.

[0099] In a more preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, a dual-function selective reflective film is disposed on the upper surface and / or the lower surface of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 .

[0100] A dual-function selective transflective film is applied on the upper surface or the lower surface or the upper and lower surfaces of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101, so that the film layer can be highly transparent to infrared light 5, and at the same time have a high reflectivity to ultraviolet light and visible light, thereby achieving the efficiency of both the photovoltaic and photothermal systems. This film not only enhances the visible light absorption of the photovoltaic cell, but also effectively reflects the infrared light 5 into the photothermal reflector 2, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the entire system.

[0101] The dual-function selective transflective film is a material with specific optical properties, such as a composite material containing metal oxides or nitrides. For example, a combination of indium tin oxide (ITO) and silicon nitride can achieve high transmittance for infrared light 5 and high reflectivity for ultraviolet light and visible light. The dual-function selective transflective film can be formed using physical vapor deposition (PVD) technology, such as magnetron sputtering.

[0102] Specifically, the high-transmittance glass substrate 101 can be placed in a vacuum chamber, and an electric field is applied to the target material so that the target atoms are sputtered out and deposited on the surface of the substrate to form a film layer. A chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method can also be considered, using a gaseous precursor to react chemically on the surface of the substrate to generate the desired film layer. The thickness of the dual-function selective transflective film is usually between tens of nanometers and hundreds of nanometers. The specific thickness needs to be adjusted according to the optical properties of the material and the required transflective performance, and is generally around 100-300nm.

[0103] On the basis of the above technical solution, it is further preferred that the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 is a double-layer or multi-layer semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106. A layer of material with high absorption of short wavelengths (such as ultraviolet to visible light band) is placed on the bottom light absorbing layer to improve the photovoltaic conversion efficiency; the other layer uses a semi-transparent light absorbing material with a wide band gap to enhance the absorption of different spectra. This structure not only enhances light absorption, but also effectively reduces the heat caused by the light absorbing layer, further improving the thermal management performance of the system.

[0104] For example, when the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 is a double-layer semi-transparent light absorbing layer, the bottom first light absorbing layer can be made of a material with high absorption of short wavelengths (ultraviolet to visible light band), such as copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe); the upper second light absorbing layer is made of a semi-transparent light absorbing material with a wide band gap, such as an organic semiconductor material or a perovskite material. During preparation, a vacuum thermal evaporation method can be used to heat different light absorbing materials to an evaporation temperature, evaporate them in a vacuum environment and deposit them on a substrate to form different light absorbing layers. A solution method can also be used, such as a spin coating method or a spray coating method, in which the light absorbing material is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, and then the solution is uniformly coated on the substrate, and a light absorbing layer is formed by drying and annealing. The thickness of the bottom first light absorbing layer is generally between several hundred nanometers and several micrometers, such as 500-2000nm; the thickness of the upper second light absorbing layer can be relatively thin, between tens of nanometers and hundreds of nanometers, such as 50-300nm.

[0105] On the basis of the above technical scheme, in view of the large temperature fluctuation of the working environment of the battery, a temperature adaptive interface modification material is introduced, that is, a phase change material is provided in any one or more interface modification layers of the first interface modification layer 103, the second interface modification layer 105, the third interface modification layer 107 and the fourth interface modification layer 109. For example, a phase change material is added to the first and third interface modification layers 107 so that the interface conductivity or light absorption characteristics can be changed when the temperature is too high, thereby reducing the degree to which the battery efficiency is affected by temperature. Thus, the system can still maintain a high conversion efficiency at high temperatures, reducing the impact of the photothermal collector on the photovoltaic cell. Specifically, the interface modification material in any one or more interface modification layers of the first interface modification layer 103, the second interface modification layer 105, the third interface modification layer 107 and the fourth interface modification layer 109 can select materials with good electrical properties and stability, such as zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium oxide (TiO2), etc.; and the phase change material can select materials with a suitable phase change temperature, such as paraffin or fatty acids. Phase change material can be introduced into the interface modification layer by doping or co-deposition. For example, in the process of preparing the interface modification layer, the phase change material and the interface modification material are subjected to physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition. A solution mixing method can also be adopted to dissolve the phase change material and the interface modification material in a suitable solvent, and then prepare the interface modification layer by spin coating or spray coating. The thickness of the interface modification layer is usually between several nanometers and tens of nanometers, such as 5-50nm.

[0106] On the basis of the above technical solution, it is further preferred that the encapsulation layer 111 is a self-cleaning encapsulation layer. Nano-scale hydrophobic materials are used on the encapsulation layer 111 or self-cleaning coatings are introduced to avoid the accumulation of dust or pollutants on photovoltaic cells, thereby reducing the cleaning frequency, ensuring the long-term stability of photoelectric efficiency, and extending the battery life. Commonly used hydrophobic materials include fluorinated polymers, silane coupling agents, etc., for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or fluorosilane, etc. First, a sol-gel method can be used to prepare a nano-scale hydrophobic material, and then a precursor containing a hydrophobic group is dissolved in a solvent, a sol is formed through hydrolysis and polycondensation, and finally the sol is coated on the battery surface, and a self-cleaning encapsulation layer is formed through drying and curing. It is also possible to deposit self-cleaning materials directly on the encapsulation layer 111 by a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) method. The thickness of the self-cleaning encapsulation layer is generally between tens of nanometers and hundreds of nanometers.

[0107] On the basis of the above technical solution, it is further preferred that the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 and the first anti-reflection layer 112 are both provided with photothermal control micro-nano structures. Photothermal control micro-nano structures (such as micro-nano structure arrays or microlenses) are introduced into the semi-transparent light absorbing layer 106 or the first anti-reflection layer 112 to separate and guide light of different wavelengths. The micro-nano structure can increase the residence time of light in the light absorbing layer by adjusting the incident light path, thereby improving the overall light absorption rate, while reducing the proportion of infrared light 5 directly passing through the photovoltaic structure, and guiding it to the photothermal reflector 2, thereby improving the photothermal utilization rate of the system.

[0108] Specifically, the material of the photothermal control micro-nano structure is the same as that of the translucent light absorbing layer 106 or the first anti-reflection layer to ensure the compatibility of the microstructure with the surrounding materials. For the photothermal control micro-nano structure, nanoimprinting technology can be used to first make a template with a micro-nano structure, and then imprint the template on the translucent light absorbing layer 106 or the first anti-reflection layer 112, and form the material into a micro-nano structure by methods such as hot pressing or ultraviolet curing. The photothermal control micro-nano structure can also be a microlens, and the microlens can be prepared by photolithography and thermal reflow technology. For example, photolithography is first performed on the surface of the material to form a pattern of the microlens, and then the material is softened and reflowed by heating to form a microlens shape. The thickness of the photothermal control micro-nano structure depends on its specific shape and size, generally between tens of nanometers and several microns.

[0109] On the basis of the above technical solution, it is further preferred that the first anti-reflection layer 112 is an anti-reflection heat dissipation layer, and a multilayer structure is further introduced for the function of the anti-reflection layer, which can effectively increase the transmittance of visible light and realize the heat dissipation function on the top layer of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1. The first anti-reflection layer 112 not only reduces the reflection loss of visible light, but also significantly reduces the internal temperature of the cell by adding heat dissipation materials such as heat-conducting nanoparticles or microchannels on the top, thereby maintaining its long-term stability and high efficiency, and reducing the impact of the solar thermal collector on the life of the photovoltaic cell.

[0110] Specifically, the material of the anti-reflection heat dissipation layer includes a low refractive index material and a heat dissipation material, wherein the low refractive index material includes silicon dioxide (SiO2) or magnesium fluoride (MgF2), etc., and the heat dissipation material is a heat-conducting nanoparticle, such as aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or boron nitride (BN), etc., or a material with a microchannel structure. The anti-reflection heat dissipation layer can adopt a multilayer film deposition technology, such as alternately depositing thin films of different materials, for example, by physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition methods, sequentially depositing material layers with anti-reflection and heat dissipation functions. A nano-composite material preparation method can also be adopted, in which heat-conducting nanoparticles or microchannel materials are mixed with anti-reflection materials (low refractive index materials), and then the anti-reflection heat dissipation layer is prepared by spin coating or spray coating. The total thickness of the anti-reflection heat dissipation layer is generally between several hundred nanometers and several microns, and the specific thickness is adjusted according to the requirements of anti-reflection and heat dissipation performance, for example, 500-3000nm.

[0111] The semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 of the present invention not only improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, but also optimizes the thermal energy management capability in its photothermal coupling system and enhances environmental adaptability such as anti-pollution and anti-aging. Installing it on the photothermal reflector 2 can significantly improve the infrared reflectivity of the photothermal reflector 2 and the efficiency of the overall photoelectric photothermal coupling system.

[0112] In a specific embodiment of the present invention, the photothermal reflector 2 includes an anti-corrosion paint layer 201, a base layer 202, a reflective film layer and a glass layer arranged in sequence from bottom to top, and the photothermal reflector 2 is preferably a curved photothermal reflector 2.

[0113] The anti-corrosion paint layer 201 may be one or more combinations of topcoat, midcoat, and primer, such as epoxy resin paint or polyurethane paint. It is coated on the surface of the base layer 202 by spraying or dipping, and forms a protective coating after drying. Each layer is about 10-20 μm, and the total thickness does not exceed 50 μm. The anti-corrosion paint layer 201 can improve the corrosion resistance of the photothermal reflector 2, prevent oxidation and aging of the base, and extend its service life.

[0114] The base layer 202 preferably uses a lightweight and high-strength aluminum alloy (such as 6061 or 7075 aluminum alloy), a composite material (such as a carbon fiber composite material) or a high-temperature resistant plastic (such as polyimide), etc., to ensure the structural stability and wind and earthquake resistance of the photothermal reflector 2, and still have a low thermal expansion coefficient in a high temperature environment, ensuring that it has a long service life in a harsh environment. The base layer 202 is usually processed by stamping or hot pressing to ensure the uniformity and strength of the material. Its thickness is 3-10mm, depending on the structural requirements of the design. The base layer 202 provides structural support for the photothermal reflector 2, ensuring its stability under high temperature and bad weather.

[0115] The reflective film layer includes one or more layers of metal such as silver / copper.

[0116] The glass layer includes float glass, ultra-clear glass, low-iron glass, high-strength tempered glass, etc.

[0117] The design of the curved structure of the photothermal reflector 2 can achieve efficient reflection of light at multiple angles, allowing the photothermal system to maintain high efficiency operation under different lighting angles.

[0118] In another specific embodiment of the present invention, the photothermal reflector 2 includes an anti-corrosion paint layer 201, a base layer 202, a first reflective film layer 203, a thermal insulation layer 204, a second reflective film layer 205, a protective layer 206, a second anti-reflection layer 207 and a dustproof self-cleaning layer 208 arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

[0119] The configuration of the anti-corrosion paint layer 201 and the base layer 202 is the same as above and will not be described in detail herein.

[0120] The first reflective film layer 203 is located on the base layer 202, and is coated with a high reflectivity metal coating (such as silver or aluminum) and is nano-processed to improve its reflection effect on infrared light 5. The main function of this film layer is to efficiently reflect light in the infrared band of the spectrum to more efficiently concentrate heat energy into the photothermal system, thereby improving the photothermal efficiency. Its thickness is 50-150nm, and it is usually prepared by vacuum evaporation or magnetron sputtering, and nano-processing is used to improve the reflection efficiency.

[0121] The heat insulation layer 204 is used to form a heat insulation effect between the base layer 202 and the first reflective film layer 203 to prevent the heat caused by high temperature from being transferred to the base material. Usually, high temperature resistant and low thermal conductivity materials such as ceramic matrix composite materials or aerogels are used to effectively isolate heat and prevent heat from diffusing to the reflective base layer 202. This layer design helps the photothermal system to operate stably at high temperatures and prolong the service life of the base layer 202 of the photothermal reflector 2. Its thickness is 1-5 mm, wherein the aerogel is sprayed or thermally sprayed, and the ceramic matrix composite material is sintered.

[0122] The second reflective film layer 205 is adjacent to the heat-insulating layer 204 and generally adopts a multi-layer dielectric film structure to enhance its reflective performance. This layer further improves the reflectivity of visible light and infrared light 5 by multiple reflections and concentrations of light, ensuring that the light energy in the photothermal coupling system is utilized to the maximum extent. The design of the multi-layer dielectric film structure can accurately control the reflection and transmission ratio according to different bands of the spectrum and optimize the overall photothermal conversion efficiency.

[0123] Specifically, the multilayer dielectric film structure is usually a combination of materials such as SiO2 and TiO2 to regulate the reflection and transmission spectral characteristics. During preparation, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method can be used to sequentially deposit the multilayer film structure on the thermal insulation layer 204. The thickness of each film layer is about 50-200nm, and the total thickness of the entire multilayer film can reach 500-1000nm. The multilayer dielectric film structure can enhance the reflectivity of visible light and infrared light 5 and maximize the utilization of light energy.

[0124] The protective layer 206 is located on the second reflective film layer 205 and is made of an anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion material (such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride) to protect the reflective layer from environmental influences (such as moisture, acid and alkali, temperature fluctuations, etc.). The protective layer 206 can effectively reduce the aging speed of the reflective layer and ensure the long-term stability of the curved light-heat reflector 2 in an outdoor environment. The thickness is 100-300nm and can be coated on the second reflective film layer 205 using a PVD or CVD process.

[0125] The second anti-reflection layer 207 is used to reduce the reflection loss of light caused by interface refraction on the surface of the reflector. This layer is preferably a low refractive index material, such as magnesium fluoride or aluminum oxide nanolayer, which can improve the overall optical anti-reflection effect. This layer structure can also improve the incident angle range of light, so that the optical performance of the optical reflector can be fully utilized under different illumination angles. Its thickness is 100-150nm, and it can be evenly coated on the protective layer 206 by sputtering or evaporation process.

[0126] The dustproof self-cleaning layer 208 adopts super-hydrophobic or super-hydrophilic materials, and can selectively adopt nanostructured self-cleaning coating to prevent the attachment of dust, rainwater and pollutants, thereby reducing the cleaning frequency and maintenance cost. This layer design is particularly suitable for outdoor dust environment, and can effectively improve the reflection effect of the photothermal reflector 2 under the condition of long-term outdoor exposure. For example, silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanostructured coating can be adopted, and during preparation, a super-hydrophobic surface is formed by spraying a nano self-cleaning coating, and its thickness is about 50-100nm.

[0127] The double reflective film layer structure of the first reflective film layer 203 and the second reflective film layer 205 in the photothermal reflector 2 of the present invention can not only realize a high degree of reflection of infrared light 5, but also gather and reflect visible light, thereby improving the absorption efficiency of the photothermal system, and is particularly suitable for a photovoltaic photothermal top cover coupling structure. This design can form a synergistic effect with the spectral separation function of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 to maximize the photoelectric and photothermal conversion efficiency; the combination of the second anti-reflection layer 207 and the dustproof self-cleaning layer 208 can effectively reduce the attachment of pollutants on the surface of the reflector and improve its optical performance under long-term use; the dustproof self-cleaning layer 208 reduces the need for manual cleaning and optimizes the maintenance cost of the system; the combined design of the heat insulation layer 204 and the protective layer 206 can not only suppress the conduction of high temperature to the reflective base layer 202, but also ensure the material strength and weather resistance of the photothermal reflector 2 under complex climatic conditions, thereby significantly extending the service life of the photothermal reflector 2.

[0128] The photothermal reflector 2 of the present invention integrates the functions of each layer, and has excellent photothermal reflective performance, structural stability and environmental adaptability. By coupling and installing with the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, the structure can maximize the photoelectric and photothermal conversion efficiency while maintaining long-term stable optical performance, providing strong support for the efficient operation of the photovoltaic and photothermal integrated system, and maximizing the overall light energy utilization rate of the system.

[0129] Example 2

[0130] This embodiment provides a method for preparing the above photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, wherein the method for preparing the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 comprises the following steps:

[0131] S1, depositing a dual-function selective transflective film on the surface of the high-transmittance glass substrate 101;

[0132] S2, depositing a first transparent electrode 102 on the high-transmittance glass substrate 101;

[0133] S3, depositing a first interface modification layer 103 on the first transparent electrode 102;

[0134] S4, depositing a hole transport layer 104 or an electron transport layer 108 on the first interface modification layer 103;

[0135] S5, depositing a second interface modification layer 105 on the hole transport layer 104 or the electron transport layer 108;

[0136] S6, depositing a first light absorbing layer and a second light absorbing layer in sequence on the second interface modification layer 105, and preparing a photothermal control micro-nano structure on the second light absorbing layer;

[0137] S7, depositing a third interface modification layer 107 on the second light absorbing layer;

[0138] S8, depositing an electron transport layer 108 or a hole transport layer 104 on the third interface modification layer 107;

[0139] S9, depositing a fourth interface modification layer 109 on the electron transport layer 108 or the hole transport layer 104;

[0140] S10, depositing a second transparent electrode 110 on the fourth interface modification 109;

[0141] S11, depositing a self-cleaning encapsulation layer on the second transparent electrode 110;

[0142] S12. Depositing an anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer on the self-cleaning packaging layer, and preparing a photothermal control micro-nano structure on the anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer.

[0143] The preparation of each layer in the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can be referred to Example 1, which will not be described in detail here.

[0144] The preparation method of the photothermal reflector 2 comprises the following steps:

[0145] T1, coating an anti-corrosion paint layer 201 on the lower surface of the base layer 202;

[0146] T2, depositing a first reflective film layer 203 on the upper surface of the base layer 202;

[0147] T3, depositing a heat insulation layer 204 on the first reflective film layer 203;

[0148] T4, depositing a multi-layer dielectric film structure on the heat insulation layer 204 to obtain a second reflective film layer 205;

[0149] T5, depositing a protective layer 206 on the second reflective film layer 205;

[0150] T6, depositing a second anti-reflection layer 207 on the protective layer 206;

[0151] T7. Prepare a dustproof self-cleaning layer 208 on the second anti-reflection layer 207.

[0152] The preparation of each layer in the photothermal reflector 2 can be referred to Example 1, which will not be described in detail here.

[0153] Example 3

[0154] This embodiment provides applications of the above-mentioned photovoltaic thermal coupling system, specifically including applications in trough-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structures, dish-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structures, tower-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structures, linear Fresnel-type photovoltaic thermal coupling structures, photovoltaic thermal coupling structures, compound parabolic photovoltaic thermal coupling structures or distributed modular photovoltaic thermal coupling structures.

[0155] In summary, the present invention realizes the efficient application of semi-transparent photovoltaic cells 1 in photovoltaic and thermal systems through the innovative design of multi-layer structures, and significantly improves the thermal management performance, environmental adaptability and long-term stability of the system. The system maximizes the comprehensive utilization efficiency of solar energy through reasonable spectral separation and parallel conversion of photovoltaic and thermal energy. The independent energy output of the photovoltaic and thermal parts enables the coupling system to adapt to multi-functional needs, such as power generation, industrial heating, building heating and other application scenarios of solar power stations. In addition, the self-cleaning function reduces dust accumulation and maintenance costs, ensuring long-term stable and efficient operation of the system. Therefore, the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system of the present invention realizes multi-path and efficient conversion of solar energy, bringing broader application prospects to trough-type thermal power stations and distributed photovoltaic-thermal systems. The following is a specific explanation:

[0156] 1. Dual-function selective transflective film improves photoelectric and photothermal conversion efficiency

[0157] The dual-function selective transflective film on the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can efficiently reflect ultraviolet light and visible light (average reflectivity ≥ 90%), and allow infrared light 5 to be highly transparent (average transmittance ≥ 85%). This selective reflective film not only enhances visible light absorption, thereby improving photovoltaic conversion efficiency, but also guides infrared light 5 to the photothermal reflector 2, achieving more efficient use of photothermal energy. Tests show that under the same lighting conditions, the overall photothermal conversion efficiency of the system has increased by more than 15%, significantly optimizing the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic and photothermal systems.

[0158] 2. Double or multi-layer translucent light absorption layer improves light absorption efficiency and thermal management performance

[0159] The semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 adopts a double-layer or multi-layer semi-transparent light absorption layer structure, which can be used to absorb short-wave ultraviolet-visible light and wide-bandgap spectra, further improving the light absorption efficiency. This design optimizes the absorption of spectra of different bands by the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1, while reducing the heating problem caused by light absorption. After experimental data verification, this design improves the thermal management performance of the battery by about 30%, and the operating temperature can be reduced by 5°C to 10°C under high light, significantly extending the service life of the battery.

[0160] 3. Temperature-adaptive interface modification materials keep conversion efficiency stable

[0161] For outdoor environments with large temperature fluctuations, phase change materials are added to the interface modification layer, which can adaptively adjust the interface conductivity or light absorption characteristics within the temperature range of -20°C to 80°C, thereby reducing the impact of temperature on conversion efficiency. Experiments have shown that this adaptive design reduces the fluctuation range of photoelectric conversion efficiency by 20%-30%, effectively ensuring the performance stability of photovoltaic cells at extreme temperatures and significantly enhancing the environmental adaptability of the cells.

[0162] 4. Self-cleaning encapsulation layer enhances environmental adaptability

[0163] The self-cleaning material is introduced on the encapsulation layer 111 to make it highly hydrophobic and anti-fouling, reducing the adhesion of dust and pollutants to the surface of the photovoltaic cells. Data shows that the self-cleaning encapsulation layer can reduce the dust coverage by 90% and increase the visible light transmittance by about 3%, thereby maintaining high photovoltaic efficiency in outdoor dusty environments. In addition, the design also effectively extends the cleaning and maintenance cycle of photovoltaic cells, extending the maintenance frequency from once a month to once a quarter, reducing operating costs.

[0164] 5. High-efficiency reflective curved photothermal reflector 2 improves photothermal coupling performance

[0165] The surface structure of the photothermal reflector 2 of the present invention adopts a combination of high-reflectivity film layers, and through the optimized design of the multi-layer dielectric film structure and the thermal insulation layer 204, the total reflectivity of visible light and infrared light 5 reaches more than 95%. The interior of the photothermal reflector 2 is made of high-strength lightweight materials, and a thermal insulation layer 204 and an anti-corrosion protection layer 206 are added, which can still maintain its stability and durability in a high-temperature environment. Studies have shown that the efficient coupling of the curved photothermal reflector 2 with the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 can further increase the photothermal efficiency of the system by 10%, realize the functional complementarity of the photovoltaic cell and the photothermal reflector 2, and ensure the long-term and efficient operation of the overall system in a complex environment.

[0166] Therefore, the coupling system of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell 1 and the curved photothermal reflector 2 of the present invention has been greatly improved in terms of photoelectric and photothermal conversion efficiency, environmental adaptability and thermal management performance.

[0167] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein with equivalents. However, these modifications or replacements do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic-thermal coupling system, characterized in that: The invention comprises a semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1), a photothermal reflector (2), a photothermal heat collection unit (6) and a coupling bracket, wherein the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) is fixedly arranged above the photothermal reflector (2) via the coupling bracket, and the photothermal heat collection unit (6) is arranged above the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and connected to the photothermal reflector (2) via the coupling bracket.

2. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The coupling bracket comprises a flexible connector and a retractable support member, the two ends of the flexible connector are respectively movably connected to the edges of the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) and the photothermal reflector (2), the retractable support member is adjustably arranged on the outer surface of the photothermal reflector (2), and the two ends of the retractable support member are respectively movably connected to the flexible connector at the edge of the photothermal reflector (2).

3. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) comprises a high-transmittance glass substrate (101), a first transparent electrode (102), a semi-transparent light absorbing layer (106), a second transparent electrode (110) and an encapsulation layer (111) which are arranged in order from bottom to top; Preferably, the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) comprises, arranged in order from bottom to top, a high-transmittance glass substrate (101), a first transparent electrode (102), a first interface modification layer (103), a hole transport layer (104) or an electron transport layer (108), a second interface modification layer (105), a semi-transparent light absorption layer (106), a third interface modification layer (107), an electron transport layer (108) or a hole transport layer (104), a fourth interface modification layer (109), a second transparent electrode (110), an encapsulation layer (111) and a first anti-reflection layer (112).

4. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The upper surface and / or the lower surface of the high-transmittance glass substrate (101) is provided with a dual-function selective transflective film; Preferably, the semi-transparent light absorbing layer (106) is a double-layer or multi-layer semi-transparent light absorbing layer (106); Preferably, a phase change material is provided in any one or more of the first interface modification layer (103), the second interface modification layer (105), the third interface modification layer (107) and the fourth interface modification layer (109); Preferably, the encapsulation layer (111) is a self-cleaning encapsulation layer; Preferably, both the semi-transparent light absorbing layer (106) and the first anti-reflection layer (112) are provided with a photothermal control micro-nano structure; Preferably, the first anti-reflection layer (112) is an anti-reflection heat dissipation layer.

5. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The photothermal reflector (2) comprises an anti-corrosion paint layer (201), a base layer (202), a reflective film layer and a glass layer which are arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

6. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The photothermal reflector (2) comprises an anti-corrosion paint layer (201), a base layer (202), a first reflective film layer (203), a heat insulation layer (204), a second reflective film layer (205), a protective layer (206), a second anti-reflection layer (207) and a dustproof self-cleaning layer (208) which are arranged in sequence from bottom to top.

7. The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to claim 6, characterized in that: The first reflective film layer (203) is a high-reflectivity metal coating, and a nanostructure is arranged on the surface of the high-reflectivity metal coating; Preferably, the heat insulation layer (204) is made of a high temperature resistant and low thermal conductivity material; Preferably, the second reflective film layer (205) is a multi-layer dielectric film structure; Preferably, the protective layer (206) is made of an anti-oxidation and anti-corrosion material; Preferably, the second anti-reflection layer (207) is made of a low refractive index material; Preferably, the dustproof self-cleaning layer (208) is made of super hydrophobic or super hydrophilic material.

8. The method for preparing the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The method for preparing the semi-transparent photovoltaic cell (1) comprises the following steps: S1, depositing a dual-function selective transflective film on the surface of a high-transmittance glass substrate (101); S2, depositing a first transparent electrode (102) on a high-transmittance glass substrate (101); S3, depositing a first interface modification layer (103) on the first transparent electrode (102); S4, depositing a hole transport layer (104) or an electron transport layer (108) on the first interface modification layer (103); S5, depositing a second interface modification layer (105) on the hole transport layer (104) or the electron transport layer (108); S6, sequentially depositing a first light absorbing layer and a second light absorbing layer on the second interface modification layer (105), and preparing a photothermal control micro-nanostructure on the second light absorbing layer; S7, depositing a third interface modification layer (107) on the second light absorbing layer; S8, depositing an electron transport layer (108) or a hole transport layer (104) on the third interface modification layer (107); S9, depositing a fourth interface modification layer (109) on the electron transport layer (108) or the hole transport layer (104); S10, depositing a second transparent electrode (110) on the fourth interface modification layer (109); S11, depositing a self-cleaning encapsulation layer on the second transparent electrode (110); S12. Depositing an anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer on the self-cleaning packaging layer, and preparing a photothermal control micro-nano structure on the anti-reflection and heat dissipation layer.

9. The preparation method according to claim 8, characterized in that: The method for preparing the photothermal reflector (2) comprises the following steps: T1, coating an anti-corrosion paint layer (201) on the lower surface of the base layer (202); T2, depositing a first reflective film layer (203) on the upper surface of the base layer (202); T3, depositing a heat insulation layer (204) on the first reflective film layer (203); T4, depositing a multilayer dielectric film structure on the heat insulation layer (204) to obtain a second reflective film layer (205); T5, depositing a protective layer (206) on the second reflective film layer (205); T6, depositing a second anti-reflection layer (207) on the protective layer (206); T7. Prepare a dustproof self-cleaning layer (208) on the second anti-reflection layer (207).

10. Application of the photovoltaic-thermal coupling system according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The photovoltaic-thermal coupling system is applied in a trough-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure, a dish-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure, a tower-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure, a linear Fresnel-type photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure, a photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure, a compound parabolic photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure or a distributed modular photovoltaic-thermal coupling structure.

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