Optimized formula and application of artificial feed for codling moths

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of insect feeding, in particular to an optimized formula and application of an artificial feed for codling moths. An optimized formula of an artificial feed for codling moths comprises 75 g of corn flour, 75 g of soybean flour, 16 g of dry apple powder, 15 g of yeast powder, 20 g of cane sugar, 3 g of ascorbic acid, 1 g of sorbic acid, 0.1 g of cholesterol, 2 g of methylparaben, 1.5-6 g of mineral salt, 1-4 g of choline chloride, 14 g of agar powder and 700 ml of water. The artificial feed for codling moths provided by the invention can significantly improve the reproductive capacity of codling moths and improve the reproductive efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of insect breeding, and more particularly to an optimized formula of artificial feed for codling moth and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] The codling moth (Cydiapomonella L.), a member of the Tortricidae family of the Lepidoptera order, is a global pest of fruit trees. Its host range includes economically important fruit trees such as apples, pears, and walnuts. Its larvae often feed on the growing fruit, causing fruit borers and impacting yield.

[0003] The sterile insect technique (SIT) is a highly specific and environmentally friendly pest control strategy and a key component of large-scale integrated pest management. Large-scale breeding of target insects is a prerequisite for using the SIT for pest control, and high-quality artificial diets are a key factor influencing insect breeding quality. Therefore, improving breeding efficiency or reducing rearing costs is in the best interests of insect rearing programs, and a balance must be struck between cost and performance.

[0004] At present, artificial breeding of codling moth in my country has been able to achieve successive generation rearing. However, the efficiency of artificial breeding still cannot meet the requirements of sterile insect technology. The existing artificial feed formula for codling moth is the formula provided by Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3. Although it can be used for successive generation rearing of codling moth in the laboratory, the nutritional components in the artificial feed formula are not perfect, and the important supplementary protein source (yeast powder) in the feed is expensive. At the same time, the codling moth adults raised using this formula have low egg production and small number of offspring, which cannot meet the high-quality breeding of codling moth, thereby affecting the research and implementation of sterile insect technology. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the component ratio of artificial feed, improve the fertility of codling moth adults on the basis of reducing feeding costs, and thus improve feeding efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention addresses the deficiencies in the above-mentioned background technology and provides an artificial feed for codling moth and its application. The primary purpose of the present invention is to adjust the nutritional composition ratio of the artificial feed and, by optimizing the nutritional composition, improve the reproductive capacity of codling moth adults, thereby improving breeding efficiency.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions:

[0007] The first aspect of the present invention provides an optimized formula for artificial feed for codling moth, comprising 75g corn flour, 75g soybean flour, 16g dried apple powder, 15g yeast powder, 20g sucrose, 3g ascorbic acid, 1g sorbic acid, 0.1g cholesterol, 2g methylparaben, 1.5-6g mineral salts, 1-4g choline chloride, 14g agar powder, and 700mL water.

[0008] In a preferred embodiment, the artificial feed for codling moth includes, by weight, 75g corn flour, 75g soybean flour, 16g apple dry powder, 15g yeast powder, 20g sucrose, 3g ascorbic acid, 1g sorbic acid, 0.1g cholesterol, 2g methylparaben, 3-6g mineral salts, 2-4g choline chloride, 14g agar powder, and 700mL water.

[0009] In a preferred embodiment, the artificial feed for codling moth includes, by weight, 75g corn flour, 75g soybean flour, 16g apple dry powder, 15g yeast powder, 20g sucrose, 3g ascorbic acid, 1g sorbic acid, 0.1g cholesterol, 2g methylparaben, 3g mineral salt, 2g choline chloride, 14g agar powder, and 700mL water.

[0010] The second aspect of the present invention provides an application of the above-mentioned optimized formula of artificial feed for codling moth in improving the reproductive capacity, reproductive efficiency, egg laying rate per adult female, intrinsic growth rate of population, limited growth rate within population and / or net incremental rate within population of codling moth.

[0011] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0012] When fed the optimized diet of the present invention, the reproductive capacity of codling moths was significantly higher than that of the original diet, and the intrinsic growth rate (r), weekly growth rate (λ), and net growth rate (R0) were all higher than those of the original diet. Although the optimized diet shortened the number of days in the pupal stage of codling moths, the average generation time (T) of codling moths fed on the optimized diet was not significantly different from that of the original diet. This indicates that the main advantage of the optimized diet is the improvement of the reproductive capacity of codling moths over the entire developmental period. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Figure 1 The effect of choline chloride content in artificial diet on the survival rate of codling moth larvae;

[0014] Figure 2 The effect of choline chloride content in artificial diet on the survival rate of codling moth in its pupal stage;

[0015] Figure 3 The effect of choline chloride content in artificial diet on the egg production of codling moth.

[0016] Figure 4The effect of mineral salt content in artificial diets on the survival rate of codling moth larvae;

[0017] Figure 5 The effect of mineral salt content in artificial diet on the survival rate of codling moth in its pupal stage;

[0018] Figure 6 The effect of mineral salt content in artificial diet on the egg production of codling moth females;

[0019] Figure 7 The effects of different artificial diets on the survival rate of specific age-stages of codling moth;

[0020] Figure 8 The effect of different artificial diets on the age-specific survival rate and fecundity of codling moth. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The following is a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0022] In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, the scientific and technical terms used herein have the meanings commonly understood by those skilled in the art. The experimental methods in the examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified. Where specific conditions are not specified in the examples, the experiments were carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Reagents or instruments used, for which the manufacturer is not specified, are all commercially available conventional products.

[0023] The artificial feed for codling moth provided by the present invention is based on Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3. By adjusting the yeast powder content in the feed and adding choline chloride and a mineral salt mixture, the reproductive capacity of codling moth is further improved. The preparation method of the artificial feed for codling moth provided by the present invention is also prepared using the preparation method provided by Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3.

[0024] Example 1

[0025] An artificial feed for codling moth, the formula of which is shown in Table 1 below:

[0026] Table 1 Optimized artificial diet formula for codling moth

[0027]

[0028] The method for preparing the artificial feed for codling moth comprises the following steps:

[0029] (1) Weigh component A and mix it evenly. Cover the beaker with tin foil and tighten it with a rubber band. Sterilize it in an autoclave at 121°C for 30 minutes. Dry it at 50°C for 60-90 minutes. Add component B and mix again to break up any lumps.

[0030] (2) Put component E into a pot and boil it, then add component C and stir continuously until it boils again and then turn off the heat.

[0031] (3) Add the mixed components in step (1) into the pot in batches and stir continuously to break up lumps.

[0032] (4) After the temperature drops to 50-60°C, add component D and stir evenly.

[0033] (5) Pour the feed into a sterilized porcelain dish and place it under ultraviolet light to cool for about 60 minutes.

[0034] (6) Punch the cooled feed into appropriate sizes with a puncher, place it in a centrifuge tube, and refrigerate it in a 4°C refrigerator for later use.

[0035] Example 2

[0036] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1. The only difference is that the yeast powder content in this embodiment is 30 g.

[0037] Example 3

[0038] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1. The only difference is that the yeast powder content in this embodiment is 60 g.

[0039] Example 4

[0040] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1, except that the choline chloride content in this embodiment is 1 g.

[0041] Example 5

[0042] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1, except that the choline chloride content in this embodiment is 2 g.

[0043] Example 6

[0044] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1, except that the choline chloride content in this embodiment is 4 g.

[0045] Example 7

[0046] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1. The only difference is that the mineral salt content in this embodiment is 1.5 g.

[0047] Example 8

[0048] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1. The only difference is that the mineral salt content in this embodiment is 3 g.

[0049] Example 9

[0050] The artificial feed for codling moth and its preparation method in this embodiment are substantially the same as those in Comparative Example 1. The only difference is that the mineral salt content in this embodiment is 6 g.

[0051] Comparative Example 1

[0052] The preparation method of this comparative example is exactly the same as that of Example 1. The difference is that the formula of the artificial feed for codling moth in this comparative example is the formula provided by Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3, and its formula is shown in Table 2 below:

[0053] Table 2 Original artificial feed formula for codling moth

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] Based on the artificial diets for codling moth prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 2 to 7, the effects of artificial diets for codling moth with different contents of yeast powder, choline chloride and mineral salts on codling moth will be explored below.

[0057] Effects of yeast powder content in artificial diets on codling moth (Cydia pomonella)

[0058] The artificial feeds for codling moth prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 2-3 were used to test the effects of different yeast powder contents on codling moth.

[0059] The egg paper from the upper part of the egg-laying box was collected and placed in a transparent plastic bag with wet wipes to maintain the humidity of the egg incubation environment. The eggs were then placed in an artificial climate chamber. The two artificial diets for codling moths mentioned above were prepared, and an artificial diet containing 30g of yeast powder was used as a control group. The three diets were cut into small pieces of uniform size and placed in 5ml centrifuge tubes. After the eggs hatched, newly hatched larvae were picked using a writing brush, with one larva in each centrifuge tube. The tubes were tightly plugged with cotton and raised in an artificial climate chamber (temperature: 26±1°C; humidity: 60±5%; photoperiod: 16:8). Twenty larvae were considered a treatment, and each treatment was repeated five times. The growth, development, and survival of codling moths at each stage were observed and recorded at 10:00 AM daily. The larval development stage was from hatching to pupation, the pupal stage was from pupation to eclosion, and the adult stage was from eclosion to adult death.

[0060] After the larvae pupate, the sexes are distinguished and weighed using a 1 / 10,000 scale. The number of male and female pupae after each feeding recipe is counted, and the average pupal weight of male and female pupae is calculated. Afterwards, the collected pupae are placed in corresponding numbered centrifuge tubes. When they emerge, male and female adults that emerge at the same time are paired at a fixed sex ratio (1:1) and placed in plastic insect-raising cups. Cotton balls filled with 10% honey water are placed in the plastic cups for the adults to feed on. The cup lids are covered with plastic film for the female moths to lay eggs. The number of eggs laid by the female moths on the plastic film and the cup walls is recorded daily. When the female moths die, the dead females are dissected and their copulatory sacs are observed to determine their mating status and calculate the number of eggs laid per female.

[0061] Table 3 Effects of yeast powder content on the growth and development of codling moth

[0062]

[0063]

[0064] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.

[0065] As shown in Table 3, the yeast content did not have a significant effect on the entire developmental period of the codling moth, indicating that the protein content of the current artificial diet for codling moth is sufficient, and yeast powder, as a supplementary protein source, has little effect on the growth and development of the codling moth.

[0066] Table 4 Effects of yeast powder content on the weight of codling moth pupae and egg production per female

[0067]

[0068] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.

[0069] As shown in Table 4, the number of eggs laid per female in adults fed diets containing different yeast contents was 108.16±12.52, 102.50±17.04, and 107.67±7.35, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of eggs laid per female among the three treatments, indicating that the yeast content in this artificial diet formula does not affect the number of eggs laid per female in adults of the codling moth. Therefore, reducing the yeast content in the artificial diet from 30g to 15g not only reduces feed costs but also has little impact on the growth and development of the codling moth.

[0070] Effects of choline chloride content in artificial diets on codling moth (Cydia pomonella)

[0071] The artificial feeds for codling moth prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 4 to 6 were used to test the effects of different choline chloride contents on codling moth.

[0072] Collect the egg paper from the top of the egg-laying box and place it in a transparent plastic bag with wet wipes to maintain the humidity of the egg incubation environment. The eggs were then placed in an artificial climate chamber. The three feeds were cut into small pieces of uniform size and placed in 5ml centrifuge tubes. After the eggs hatched, newly hatched larvae were picked using a writing brush. One larva was placed in each centrifuge tube, and the tube mouth was plugged with cotton. The tubes were then placed in an artificial climate chamber (temperature: 26±1°C; humidity: 60±5%; photoperiod: 16:8). Twenty larvae were used as a treatment, and each treatment was repeated five times. The growth, development, and survival of codling moths at each stage were observed and recorded at 10:00 AM daily. The larval development period was from hatching to pupation, the pupal period was from pupation to eclosion, and the adult period was from eclosion to adult death.

[0073] After the larvae pupate, the sexes are distinguished and weighed using a 1 / 10,000 scale. The number of male and female pupae after each feeding recipe is counted, and the average pupal weight of male and female pupae is calculated. Afterwards, the collected pupae are placed in corresponding numbered centrifuge tubes. When they emerge, male and female adults that emerge at the same time are paired at a fixed sex ratio (1:1) and placed in plastic insect-raising cups. Cotton balls filled with 10% honey water are placed in the plastic cups for the adults to feed on. The cup lids are covered with plastic film for the female moths to lay eggs. The number of eggs laid by the female moths on the plastic film and the cup walls is recorded daily. When the female moths die, the dead females are dissected and their copulatory sacs are observed to determine their mating status and calculate the number of eggs laid per female.

[0074] Table 5 Effect of choline chloride content on the development period of codling moth

[0075]

[0076] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and the same letters indicate no difference.

[0077] As shown in Table 5, there was no significant difference in the larval, pupal and adult stages between the codling moths fed with artificial diets containing different choline chloride contents and the control group (Comparative Example 1). Figure 1 and 2 As shown in the results, choline chloride had no significant effect on the survival rate of codling moth.

[0078] Table 6 Effect of choline chloride content on the weight of codling moth pupae

[0079]

[0080] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.

[0081] As shown in Table 6, there were significant differences in the weight of female codling moth pupae raised on artificial diets containing different choline chloride contents. The weight of female codling moth pupae raised on diets containing 2g and 4g of choline chloride was significantly higher than that of the other two treatments, while there was no difference in the weight of male pupae. There were no statistically significant differences in the average pupal weights of the pupae raised on diets containing different choline chloride contents.

[0082] like Figure 3 As shown in the figure, the egg production per female of codling moth fed with diets containing 2g and 4g choline chloride was significantly higher than that of the other two treatments.

[0083] Effects of mineral salt content on the growth and development of codling moth (Cydia pomonella)

[0084] The artificial feeds for codling moth prepared in Comparative Example 1 and Examples 7 to 9 were used to test the effects of different choline chloride contents on codling moth.

[0085] Collect the egg paper from the top of the egg-laying box and place it in a transparent plastic bag with wet wipes to maintain the humidity of the egg incubation environment. The eggs were then placed in an artificial climate chamber. The three feeds were cut into small pieces of uniform size and placed in 5ml centrifuge tubes. After the eggs hatched, newly hatched larvae were picked using a writing brush. One larva was placed in each centrifuge tube, and the tube mouth was plugged with cotton. The tubes were then placed in an artificial climate chamber (temperature: 26±1°C; humidity: 60±5%; photoperiod: 16:8). Twenty larvae were used as a treatment, and each treatment was repeated five times. The growth, development, and survival of codling moths at each stage were observed and recorded at 10:00 AM daily. The larval development period was from hatching to pupation, the pupal period was from pupation to eclosion, and the adult period was from eclosion to adult death.

[0086] After the larvae pupate, the sexes are distinguished and weighed using a 1 / 10,000 scale. The number of male and female pupae after each feeding recipe is counted, and the average pupal weight of male and female pupae is calculated. Afterwards, the collected pupae are placed in corresponding numbered centrifuge tubes. When they emerge, male and female adults that emerge at the same time are paired at a fixed sex ratio (1:1) and placed in plastic insect-raising cups. Cotton balls filled with 10% honey water are placed in the plastic cups for the adults to feed on. The cup lids are covered with plastic film for the female moths to lay eggs. The number of eggs laid by the female moths on the plastic film and the cup walls is recorded daily. When the female moths die, the dead females are dissected and their copulatory sacs are observed to determine their mating status and calculate the number of eggs laid per female.

[0087] Table 7 Effects of mineral salt content on the developmental period of codling moth

[0088]

[0089] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.

[0090] As shown in Table 7, there are significant differences in the larval and pupal stages of codling moths fed on artificial diets with different mineral salt contents. The increase in mineral salt content in the artificial diet significantly shortens the larval stage. The pupal stage of codling moths fed on artificial diets with 3g mineral salt content is the shortest, at 9.25±0.24b, which is significantly different from that of other treatments. The adult stages are 13.84±0.62, 13.42±0.38, and 12.77±0.56d, respectively, which are not significantly different from the control group (Comparative Example 1). Figure 4 and 5 As shown in the results, there was no statistically significant difference in the larval and pupal survival rates of codling moth when the mineral salt content in the artificial diet was different. Therefore, it is recommended to add mineral salt to the artificial diet, and the recommended content is 3g.

[0091] Table 8 Effect of mineral salt content on the weight of codling moth pupae

[0092]

[0093] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan test, and different letters indicate significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.

[0094] As shown in Table 8, there were significant differences in the weight of female pupae of codling moth raised on artificial diets containing different mineral salt contents (P < 0.05). The weight of female pupae raised on 3g of mineral salt was significantly higher than that of pupae raised on diets containing 0 and 1.5g of mineral salt, but there was no significant difference compared to those raised on an artificial diet containing 6g of mineral salt. There were no differences in the weight of male pupae (P > 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the average pupal weights of pupae raised on diets containing different mineral salt contents. These results indicate that the addition of mineral salts to artificial diets can help increase the weight of female pupae of codling moth, with the greatest effect achieved when 3g of mineral salt was added.

[0095] like Figure 6 As shown in the results, the egg production per female of adults raised on feeds containing different mineral salt contents was 104.51±1.70, 138.60±8.41, and 132.13±6.75 eggs, respectively. The egg production per female raised on feed containing 3g of mineral salt was the highest, and was significantly different from that of the control group (Comparative Example 1).

[0096] The present invention utilizes the same preparation method as an artificial diet for codling moth (Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3), but adjusts the yeast content in the feed ingredients to produce a low yeast content diet (yeast content: 15g) and a high yeast content diet (yeast content: 60g). The existing artificial diet for codling moth (Chinese patent application CN201910839547.3) was used as a control (yeast content: 30g). The biological parameters of codling moths raised on diets with different yeast content levels were observed and statistically analyzed. The optimal yeast content in the artificial diet was determined to be 15g.

[0097] Then, choline chloride (choline chloride content: 0, 1, 2, 4g) and a mineral salt mixture (mineral salt content: 0, 1.5, 3, 6g) were added to the feed formula to produce artificial feeds with different choline chloride contents and artificial feeds with different mineral salt contents. The developmental period, pupal weight, single female egg laying amount, and survival rate of codling moths fed with feeds with different choline chloride contents and feeds with different mineral salt contents were observed and counted respectively. The effects of choline chloride and mineral salts on the growth and development of codling moths were clarified, and the optimal content of choline chloride was determined to be 2g, and the content of the mineral salt mixture was 3g. Finally, the optimal formula after optimization of the artificial feed for codling moths determined by the above experiment was the formula provided in Example 1 (Table 1).

[0098] The artificial feeds for codling moth prepared in Example 1 (optimized formula) and Comparative Example 1 (original formula) are used below to test the effects of the optimized artificial feed formula for codling moth and the original artificial feed formula for codling moth on codling moth.

[0099] Collect the egg paper from the top of the egg-laying box and place it in a transparent plastic bag with wet wipes to maintain the humidity of the egg incubation environment. The eggs were then placed in an artificial climate chamber. The three feeds were cut into small pieces of uniform size and placed in 5ml centrifuge tubes. After the eggs hatched, newly hatched larvae were picked using a writing brush. One larva was placed in each centrifuge tube, and the tube mouth was plugged with cotton. The tubes were then placed in an artificial climate chamber (temperature: 26±1°C; humidity: 60±5%; photoperiod: 16:8). Twenty larvae were used as a treatment, and each treatment was repeated five times. The growth, development, and survival of codling moths at each stage were observed and recorded at 10:00 AM daily. The larval development period was from hatching to pupation, the pupal period was from pupation to eclosion, and the adult period was from eclosion to adult death.

[0100] After the larvae pupate, the sexes are distinguished and weighed using a 1 / 10,000 scale. The number of male and female pupae after each feeding recipe is counted, and the average pupal weight of male and female pupae is calculated. Afterwards, the collected pupae are placed in corresponding numbered centrifuge tubes. When they emerge, male and female adults that emerge at the same time are paired at a fixed sex ratio (1:1) and placed in plastic insect-raising cups. Cotton balls filled with 10% honey water are placed in the plastic cups for the adults to feed on. The cup lids are covered with plastic film for the female moths to lay eggs. The number of eggs laid by the female moths on the plastic film and the cup walls is recorded daily. When the female moths die, the dead females are dissected and their copulatory sacs are observed to determine their mating status and calculate the number of eggs laid per female.

[0101] Table 9 Effect of optimized formula on the development period of codling moth

[0102]

[0103] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error. The significant differences were compared by Pair bootstrap test in TWOSEX-MSChart. * represents P < 0.05.

[0104] As shown in Table 9, after optimizing the nutrient composition of the original artificial diet, the present invention found that the larval and adult lifespans of the codling moth population fed with the optimized formula were 20.11±0.24 and 12.87±0.49 days, respectively. These differences were statistically insignificant compared to those fed with the original formula (larval stage: 20.98±0.40 days; adult lifespan: 13.71±0.39 days), indicating that the optimized formula did not affect the larval and pupal stages of the codling moth. However, the pupal stage of the codling moth fed with the optimized formula (9.20±0.19 days) was shorter than that of the codling moth fed with the original formula (10.04±0.26 days), and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.008<0.05). These results indicate that the optimized diet can affect the pupal stage of the codling moth, shortening the pupal stage and enabling the pupae of the codling moth to emerge earlier.

[0105] like Figure 7 As shown, the survival rates of codling moth at all stages were not affected by the two diets, and the survival curves of different stages partially overlapped. Larval and pupal survival rates under the optimized diet were 63.01±4.83% and 88.13±4.23%, respectively, which were not statistically significantly different from those under the original diet (59.00±4.91% and 87.31±4.20%) (larval survival: P=0.5634>0.05; pupal survival: P=0.8931>0.05). This suggests that the optimized diet did not significantly affect the survival rates of codling moth at all stages.

[0106] like Figure 8 As shown, the f(x), m(x), l(x), and m(x) curves for female codling moths fed the two diet formulas all initially increased and then decreased. Furthermore, all reproductive parameters were higher in codling moths fed the optimized diet than in those fed the original diet. The maximum values for female adult fecundity, f(x), and population-specific age-specific fecundity, m(x), for codling moths fed the optimized diet were 25.48 and 11.58, respectively. In contrast, the maximum values for f(x) and m(x), for codling moths fed the original diet, were 11.9 and 5.49, respectively. These results indicate that codling moths fed the optimized diet reproduce faster and have a higher fitness than those fed the original diet.

[0107] Table 10 Effects of optimized formulations on population parameters of codling moth

[0108]

[0109] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error. The significant differences were compared by Pair bootstrap test in TWOSEX-MSChart. * represents P < 0.05.

[0110] As shown in Table 10, the intrinsic growth rate and weekly growth rate of the codling moth population under the optimized feeding formula were 0.090 ± 0.0046 / d and 1.094 ± 0.0051 / d, respectively, significantly higher than those under the original feeding formula (intrinsic growth rate and weekly growth rate, 0.073 ± 0.0055 / d and 1.076 ± 0.0059 / d, respectively). The difference was statistically significant. The net growth rate (R0 = 37.53 ± 6.71) of the optimized feeding formula was significantly higher than that of the original feeding formula (R0 = 20.73 ± 4.43). This suggests that the optimized feeding formula is more conducive to the rearing of codling moth and can improve its reproductive capacity.

[0111] This invention clarifies the role of mineral salts and choline chloride in artificial feeds for codling moths. Furthermore, the optimized artificial feed can shorten the pupal lifespan of codling moths, increase the number of eggs laid by a single adult female, and achieve higher intrinsic growth rate (r), weekly growth rate (λ), and net growth rate (R0) than feeds with an original formula. The optimized formula enhances the reproductive capacity and efficiency of codling moths. The role of choline chloride and mineral salts in the growth and development of codling moths is demonstrated.

[0112] The above description is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field, within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, who makes equivalent replacements or changes based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered by the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An optimized formula of artificial feed for codling moth, characterized in that: It includes 75g corn flour, 75g soybean flour, 16g apple dry powder, 15g yeast powder, 20g sucrose, 3g ascorbic acid, 1g sorbic acid, 0.1g cholesterol, 2g methylparaben, 1.5-6g mineral salts, 1-4g choline chloride, 14g agar powder, and 700mL water.

2. The optimized formula of artificial feed for codling moth according to claim 1, characterized in that: It includes 75g corn flour, 75g soybean flour, 16g apple dry powder, 15g yeast powder, 20g sucrose, 3g ascorbic acid, 1g sorbic acid, 0.1g cholesterol, 2g methylparaben, 3-6g mineral salts, 2-4g choline chloride, 14g agar powder, and 700mL water.

3. The optimized formula of artificial feed for codling moth according to claim 2, characterized in that: Including corn flour 75g, soybean flour 75g, apple dry powder 16g, yeast powder 15g, sucrose 20g, ascorbic acid 3g, sorbic acid 1g, cholesterol 0.1g, methylparaben 2g, mineral salt 3g, choline chloride 2g, agar powder 14g, and water 700mL.

4. Use of the optimized artificial feed formula for codling moth according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in improving the reproductive capacity, reproductive efficiency, egg laying rate per adult female, intrinsic growth rate, limited growth rate within a population and / or net incremental rate within a population of codling moth.

Images