Human settlement environment quality evaluation method based on urban public service and ecosystem service

Abstract

The invention discloses a human settlement environment quality evaluation method based on urban public service and ecological system service, and relates to the field of ecological environment evaluation, and the method comprises the steps: determining an evaluation region, and obtaining the natural, economic and remote sensing data of a year to be evaluated in the evaluation region; performing quantitative evaluation on the ecosystem service of the evaluation area from rainfall flood adjustment, heat island effect relief, air purification and park recreation in the ecosystem service; performing quantitative evaluation on the urban public service of the evaluation area from medical security, basic education and public culture in the urban public service; and carrying out weight superposition calculation on the score of each evaluation factor in the ecological system service and the urban public service to obtain a human settlement environment quality comprehensive score of the evaluation area. According to the method, human settlement environment quality evaluation can be carried out scientifically and comprehensively with resident demands as the core, and a direction is pointed out for city space optimization.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ecological environment assessment, and more specifically to a method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services. Background Art

[0002] With rapid urban development, problems such as population expansion, traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and resource constraints have led to a mismatch between the quality of urban development and residents' lives and the level of social development. The living environment, closely linked to residents' lives, is also affected. In the future, cities need to be healthier, safer, and more livable, providing spaces for the public to enjoy a high-quality life. Meeting people's needs for a high-quality life has become a key task in urban development.

[0003] A livable urban environment relies on the fundamental guarantees provided by public services, such as healthcare and education. It also relies on the various services provided by urban ecosystems to meet residents' needs for recreation, relaxation, safety, and health. Therefore, the quality of the urban living environment is a composite of both urban public services and ecosystem services. However, existing methods for evaluating the quality of the living environment often adopt a single perspective, lacking a comprehensive consideration of the provision of both urban public services and ecosystem services, and therefore failing to reflect the extent to which the urban environment meets the diverse needs of residents.

[0004] Therefore, how to evaluate the quality of the living environment scientifically and comprehensively with residents' needs as the core is an issue that technical personnel in this field urgently need to solve. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the present invention provides a method for evaluating the quality of human settlements based on urban public services and ecosystem services. It evaluates the quality of human settlements from the two aspects of urban public services and ecosystem services, and proposes directions for urban space optimization, in order to provide strong theoretical support for urban planning and construction, help achieve the harmonious unity of urban functions and environment, and support the sustainable development of the economy and society.

[0006] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0007] The present invention discloses a method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0008] Step 1: Determine the assessment area and obtain natural, economic and remote sensing data for the year to be assessed within the assessment area;

[0009] Step 2: Conduct a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services of the assessment area from the perspectives of stormwater regulation, heat island effect mitigation, air purification, and park recreation;

[0010] Step 3: Conduct a quantitative assessment of the urban public services in the assessment area from the perspectives of medical insurance, basic education, and public culture;

[0011] Step 4: Perform weighted superposition calculation on the scores of the evaluation factors in the ecosystem services and the urban public services to obtain a comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality in the evaluation area.

[0012] Furthermore, the natural, economic and remote sensing data include:

[0013] Raster data: remote sensing satellite images, potential evapotranspiration data, soil hydrology data;

[0014] Vector point data: temperature station data;

[0015] Vector surface data: road data, park boundary data, residential area boundary data, medical facility boundary data, basic education boundary data, and public cultural facility boundary data;

[0016] The raster and vector data have a unified projection coordinate system, wherein the raster data has a unified spatial resolution.

[0017] Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted based on the stormwater regulation factors, specifically including:

[0018] Firstly, the land use types of the assessment area are divided into forest land, grassland, cultivated land, water body and construction land by remote sensing interpretation method;

[0019] Then, the soil hydrological type of each type of land is determined based on the soil hydrological grid data of the assessment area;

[0020] Then, according to the number of runoff curves, the CN value corresponding to each land use type in each grid partition is determined, and the waterlogging regulation service supply of the assessment area is calculated based on the CN value;

[0021] Finally, the score of the stormwater regulation factor is determined based on the waterlogging regulation service supply.

[0022] Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted based on the heat island effect mitigation factors, specifically including:

[0023] First, a cooling capacity index is calculated for each pixel in the evaluation area based on local shadow, evapotranspiration, and albedo;

[0024] Then, it is determined whether each pixel is affected by the large green space. If it is not affected, the cooling capacity index of the pixel is used as the heat relief index of the pixel. If it is affected, the heat relief index of the pixel is calculated based on the cooling capacity index of the pixel and the distance weight.

[0025] Finally, the score of the heat island effect mitigation factor is determined based on the heat mitigation index of each pixel.

[0026] Furthermore, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted based on the air purification factors, specifically including:

[0027] Firstly, remote sensing images are used to simulate the leaf area index of each grid of the green space in the assessment area;

[0028] Then, based on the leaf area index, the annual reduction in PM2.5 per unit area of ​​each grid in the green space is calculated;

[0029] Finally, the score of the air purification factor is determined based on the annual reduction in PM2.5.

[0030] Furthermore, the ecosystem services of the assessment area are quantitatively assessed based on the park recreation factors, and the urban public services of the assessment area are quantitatively assessed based on the medical insurance, basic education and public culture. The Gaussian two-step moving search method is used to calculate the accessibility within the service radius of the facilities.

[0031] Furthermore, the Gaussian two-step moving search method specifically includes:

[0032] First, the spatial scope of each facility service supply location is determined based on the set spatial distance and the center of gravity of each facility service supply location;

[0033] Then calculate the number of demanders at each demand point within the spatial scope of each facility service supply location, and use the Gaussian equation to assign weights to each demand point and then add up the accumulated sum to obtain the potential number of demanders at each facility service supply location;

[0034] Then, the ratio of the area of ​​each facility service supply location to the number of potential demanders is used as the supply-demand ratio of each facility service supply location;

[0035] Finally, the spatial scope of each demand area is determined based on the spatial distance. The supply-demand ratios of all facility service supply areas within the spatial scope of the demand area are weighted using the Gaussian equation and then weighted summed to obtain the spatial accessibility of each demand area.

[0036] Furthermore, when the facility service is a park recreation facility, the spatial accessibility of the park recreation factor of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the park recreation factor;

[0037] When the facility service is a medical security facility, the spatial accessibility of the medical security factor of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the medical security factor;

[0038] When the facilities are basic education facilities, the spatial accessibility of the basic education factor of each demand area is obtained, thereby determining the score of the basic education factor;

[0039] When the facility service is a public cultural facility, the spatial accessibility of the public cultural factors of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the public cultural factors.

[0040] Furthermore, the calculation formula for the comprehensive score of the living environment quality is as follows:

[0041]

[0042] Among them, S is the comprehensive score of human settlement environment quality; W p is the weight of the pth factor; A p is the score of the pth factor; n is the number of factors involved in the evaluation.

[0043] Through the above technical solutions, it can be seen that compared with the existing technology, the present invention discloses a method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services, which breaks through the limitations of the single perspective of traditional evaluation methods, and incorporates the two key elements of urban public services and ecosystem services into a unified evaluation framework. It conducts quantitative evaluations from multiple dimensions such as rainwater regulation, heat island effect mitigation, air purification, and park recreation of ecosystem services, to medical insurance, basic education, and public culture of urban public services, comprehensively covering the core factors affecting the quality of human settlement environment, and more truly and accurately reflecting the degree to which the urban environment meets the diverse needs of residents, making the evaluation results more scientific and objective. The present invention can scientifically and comprehensively evaluate the quality of human settlement environment with residents' needs as the core, thereby clearly identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the city in the supply of public services and ecosystem services, and pointing out the direction for urban space optimization. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are merely embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without paying any creative work.

[0045] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the overall process of an embodiment of the present invention.

[0046] Figure 2 This is a spatial distribution diagram of the supply of ecosystem services in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0047] Figure 3 This is a spatial distribution diagram of the service supply of each public system in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0048] Figure 4 This is a spatial distribution diagram of the human settlement environment evaluation results of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0050] The embodiment of the present invention discloses a method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services. Figure 1 The specific steps are as follows:

[0051] Step 1: Determine the assessment area and obtain natural, economic and remote sensing data for the year to be assessed within the assessment area;

[0052] Step 2: Quantitatively evaluate the ecosystem services of the assessment area from the perspectives of stormwater regulation, heat island effect mitigation, air purification, and park recreation. The evaluation results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown;

[0053] Step 3: Conduct quantitative evaluation of urban public services in the assessment area from the perspectives of medical insurance, basic education, and public culture. The evaluation results are as follows: Figure 2 As shown;

[0054] Step 4: Weighted superposition calculation of the scores of each evaluation factor in ecosystem services and urban public services to obtain the comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality of the evaluation area. The evaluation results are as follows: Figure 4 shown.

[0055] In a specific embodiment, the natural, economic and remote sensing data include:

[0056] Raster data: remote sensing satellite images, potential evapotranspiration data, soil hydrology data;

[0057] Vector point data: temperature station data;

[0058] Vector surface data: road data, park boundary data, residential area boundary data, medical facility boundary data, basic education boundary data, and public cultural facility boundary data;

[0059] The raster and vector data have a unified projection coordinate system, wherein the raster data has a unified spatial resolution.

[0060] In a specific embodiment, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted based on stormwater regulation factors, specifically including:

[0061] Firstly, the land use types of the assessment area were divided into forest land, grassland, cultivated land, water body and construction land through remote sensing interpretation method;

[0062] Then, the soil hydrological type of each type of land is determined based on the soil hydrological raster data of the assessment area;

[0063] Then, based on the number of runoff curves, the CN value corresponding to each land use type in each grid partition is determined, and the waterlogging regulation service supply in the assessment area is calculated based on the CN value;

[0064] Finally, the score of the stormwater regulation factor is determined based on the supply of urban waterlogging regulation services.

[0065] Specifically, waterlogging regulation service refers to the function of urban ecological space to reduce urban surface runoff and alleviate urban waterlogging disasters through the water absorption, water storage, water infiltration and water purification capabilities of green infrastructure. The key to the supply of waterlogging regulation service lies in the infiltration capacity of various land use types for surface runoff. Based on this principle, by inputting the assessment area vector data, land use data, soil hydrological raster and rainstorm intensity, and the biophysical table corresponding to land use, the surface runoff reduction in the assessment area when flood disasters occur is calculated to assess the waterlogging risk.

[0066] First, land use types in the assessment area were categorized into forest land, grassland, cultivated land, water bodies, and construction land using remote sensing interpretation and other methods. Second, soil hydrological types within the assessment area were determined using the HYSOGs 250m global soil hydrological grid dataset. This dataset describes rainfall-runoff potential at a spatial resolution of 250 m and is divided into four standard grades: A, B, C, and D, corresponding to soils with low, medium-low, medium-high, and high runoff potential, respectively. Due to the presence of groundwater within 60 cm of the surface, moist soils have high runoff potential and therefore possess dual HSGs (hydrological soil groups). Following the dataset's user manual specifications and model input requirements, the soil hydrological types of the assessment area were ultimately determined to be C and D (excluding A and B). Then, using the runoff curve number (CN) compiled by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the CN values ​​corresponding to each land use type within the two soil hydrological types (C and D) were determined (see Table 1).

[0067] Table 1 Runoff curve numbers in the evaluation area

[0068]

[0069] The calculation formula for waterlogging regulation service supply is as follows:

[0070] Zif =25400 / CN if -254;

[0071]

[0072] R if =1-Q if / P;

[0073] S FR =R if ×P×A if / 1000;

[0074] Where: Z if is the possible maximum retention capacity of land of type f within grid i (mm); CN if is the CN value of land use type f in grid i; Q if is the surface runoff depth of land use type f in grid i (mm); P is the precipitation in the assessment area (mm); λ is the soil infiltration coefficient, which is generally taken as 0.2; R if A is the runoff retention for land use type f within grid i; if is the land area of ​​type f in grid i (m 2 );S FR Supply of waterlogging regulation services (m 3 The setting of rainfall values ​​is based on the rainstorm intensity formulas published by various regions to simulate the supply capacity of urban waterlogging regulation services when extreme rainstorm disasters occur.

[0075] In a specific embodiment, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted based on the factors of heat island effect mitigation, specifically including:

[0076] First, the cooling capacity index of each pixel in the evaluation area is calculated based on local shadow, evapotranspiration and albedo;

[0077] Then, it is determined whether each pixel is affected by the large green space. If it is not affected, the cooling capacity index of the pixel is used as the heat relief index of the pixel. If it is affected, the heat relief index of the pixel is calculated based on the cooling capacity index of the pixel and the distance weight.

[0078] Finally, the score of the heat island effect mitigation factor is determined based on the heat mitigation index of each pixel.

[0079] Specifically, vegetation can reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the harmful effects of the urban heat island effect by altering urban surface mechanics, providing shade and evapotranspiration. The quantitative principle behind the provision of heat island mitigation services in this invention is to calculate the Heat Mitigation Index (HMI) based on vegetation shading, evapotranspiration, and albedo, as well as weighted distance from cooling zones (e.g., green spaces).

[0080] First, the CC (cooling capacity) index of each pixel is calculated based on local shadow, evapotranspiration and albedo. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0081] CC i =0.6×shade+0.2×albedo+0.2×ETI;

[0082] Where CC is the cooling value of the i-th pixel, ranging from 0 to 1. A value of 0 indicates no cooling capacity, and a value of 1 indicates maximum cooling capacity. Shade is the shading factor, which represents the proportion of the area with tree crowns above 2 m in each land use type. Tree crowns above 2 m are assigned a value of 1, while those below 2 m are assigned a value of 0. The shade of forest land use type is assigned a value of 1, while the shade of other land use types is assigned a value of 0. Albedo is the albedo, that is, the proportion of solar radiation reflected by the surface. ETI is the evapotranspiration index, which represents the standardized value of potential evapotranspiration. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0083]

[0084] Reference evapotranspiration ET0 is the pixel value of the monthly potential evapotranspiration dataset; K c is the crop coefficient, which is related to the land cover type. c , albedo values ​​are shown in Table 2; ET max is the maximum value of the ET0 grid.

[0085] Table 2 Biophysical table

[0086]

[0087] If the pixel is not affected by any large green area, its HMI is the same as the CC value; if it is affected, the HMI is calculated using the CC value by setting the distance weight. 2 Large green spaces have a cooling effect on the surrounding areas. Based on relevant research and multiple model tests, the model performs well when the distance weight of large green spaces is set to 400m. The green space area within the cooling radiation range around the pixel GA i The calculation formula is as follows:

[0088] GA i =cell area ×∑ j∈d radius fromi g i ;

[0089] Cooling capacity index of pixel The calculation formula is as follows:

[0090]

[0091] Where: cell area is the pixel area; j∈d radius from i represents all pixels within the cooling range of i; g i is the patch attribute of the i-th pixel, green land is 1, non-green land is 0, dimensionless; d (i,j) is the distance between pixel i and pixel j; d cool The model analyzes the cooling effect of large green spaces and obtains the heat relief index HMI of the i-th pixel. i , the calculation formula is as follows:

[0092]

[0093] In a specific embodiment, the ecosystem services of the assessment area are quantitatively assessed based on air purification factors, including:

[0094] Firstly, the leaf area index of each grid of regional green space was simulated and evaluated using remote sensing images;

[0095] Then, based on the leaf area index, the annual reduction in PM2.5 per unit area of ​​each grid of green space is calculated;

[0096] Finally, the score of the air purification factor is determined based on the annual reduction in PM2.5.

[0097] Specifically, dry deposition refers to the process in which particulate matter or gaseous pollutants are directly deposited on vegetation, soil or water bodies on the surface of the ground through atmospheric movement during non-precipitation periods. Through the unique biological structure and physical and chemical properties of the leaf surface area of ​​vegetation, the particulate matter in the air can be removed and filtered, thereby improving the ambient air quality. PM2.5 is the primary pollutant of air pollution. Therefore, the reduction of PM2.5 by different vegetation in the assessment area is used as a quantitative basis for the provision of air purification services. First, remote sensing images are used to simulate the leaf area index of green spaces in the assessment area. Then, the reduction of PM2.5 in green spaces in the assessment area is calculated based on the dry deposition model. Among them, for woodland, the calculation formula for the leaf area index is:

[0098] LAI i =9.7471×NDVI i +0.3718;

[0099] For grassland, the leaf area index is calculated as:

[0100]

[0101] Where: LAI i is the leaf area index of the i-th green space pixel (m 2 / m 2 );NDVI iis the normalized vegetation index of the i-th green space pixel; NDVI avg is the average normalized difference vegetation index of grassland in the assessment area; 3.227 is the average leaf area index of grassland in the assessment area.

[0102] Based on the dry deposition model, the formula for the daily reduction of PM2.5 by green space is as follows:

[0103] q d =F×LAI×T×(1-R);

[0104] Where q d Reduce PM2.5 levels in green areas (g / m 2 ); F is the PM2.5 dry deposition flux (g / (m 2 ·h); LAI is leaf surface area index (m 2 / m 2 ); T is the evaluation time, which is 24 hours per day; R is the resuspension rate. The calculation formula for the dry deposition flux F is:

[0105] F=V d ×C p ×3600;

[0106] Where V d is the PM2.5 deposition rate (m / s); C p The annual average PM2.5 concentration (g / m 3 For a specific assessment area, the annual reduction in PM2.5 per unit area of ​​each grid of green space (q pi ) is calculated as follows:

[0107] q pi =D×V d ×C p ×3600×LAI i ×24×(1-R);

[0108] Where: D is the number of days without rainfall in the assessment area per year.

[0109] In a specific embodiment, the ecosystem services of the assessment area are quantitatively evaluated from the perspective of park recreation factors, and the urban public services of the assessment area are quantitatively evaluated from the perspective of medical insurance, basic education, and public culture. The Gaussian two-step moving search method is used to calculate the accessibility within the service radius of the facilities.

[0110] Specifically, green space recreation services refer to the ability of urban green spaces to provide recreational and entertainment venues, helping residents relax and relieve stress. With the continuous development of urbanization and the continued growth of the population in urban centers, residents' demand for green space recreation services has become increasingly strong. Green space accessibility refers to the relative ease of traveling from any point in space to a destination. It can be used to measure the potential of urban ecological spaces to provide services. Therefore, green space accessibility is used to characterize the ability of urban ecological spaces to provide recreational services to residents. The Gaussian two-step moving search method (GA2SFCA) is used to quantify green space accessibility supply. The Gaussian two-step moving search method uses a "dichotomy" method for the service radius based on the traditional two-step moving search method and adds a Gaussian distance decay function to further characterize accessibility differences within the facility's service radius.

[0111] Furthermore, within the assessment area, the supply of three urban public services—healthcare, basic education, and public culture—was quantified. These three types of urban public services, along with parks and recreation (ecosystem cultural services), exhibit a spatial separation between supply and demand. Residents must move from their residential areas (service demand locations) to the service facilities (service supply locations) to access these services. Therefore, the supply evaluation of these four types of services requires consideration not only of the supply capacity and demand intensity of the services, but also of the spatial relationship between supply and demand. A Gaussian two-step moving search method was employed for all of these evaluations.

[0112] In a specific embodiment, the Gaussian two-step moving search method specifically includes:

[0113] First, the spatial scope of each supply location is determined based on the set spatial distance d0 and the center of gravity of each facility service supply location j;

[0114] Then calculate the number of demanders P for each demand point k within the spatial scope of each facility service supply location j k , and use the Gaussian equation to assign weights to each demand point and then add up the total to get the number of potential demanders in each facility service supply location j;

[0115] Then the area S of each facility service supply area j j The ratio of the number of potential demanders to the supply-demand ratio R of each facility service supply location j is j , the calculation formula is as follows:

[0116]

[0117] Where: d kj is the distance between demand point k and supply location j; d0 is the spatial distance set by the supply location; P k For the demanders in the search area (ie d kj ≤d0); S j is the total supply at point j; G(d kj,d0) is the distance attenuation function of the influence of point source elements on spatial elements, that is, the Gaussian equation, and the calculation formula is as follows:

[0118]

[0119] Finally, the spatial scope of each demand location i is determined according to the spatial distance d0, and the supply-demand ratio of all the facility service supply locations within the spatial scope of the demand location is calculated using the distance attenuation function G(d kj ,d0) is the weighted summation to obtain the cumulative spatial accessibility B of each demand location i to the service supply location i , the calculation formula is as follows:

[0120] B i =∑G(d kj ,d0)R j

[0121] Where B i The larger it is, the better the accessibility of demand location i to the service supply location.

[0122] In a specific embodiment, when the facility service is a park recreation facility, the spatial accessibility of the park recreation factor of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the park recreation factor;

[0123] When the facility service is a medical security facility, the spatial accessibility of the medical security factor of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the medical security factor;

[0124] When the facilities serve as basic education facilities, the spatial accessibility of basic education factors in each demand area is obtained, thereby determining the score of the basic education factor;

[0125] When the facility service is a public cultural facility, the spatial accessibility of the public cultural factors in each demand area is obtained, thereby determining the score of the public cultural factors.

[0126] In one specific embodiment, the Gaussian two-step moving search method uses the following parameters for four services: facility type classification, maximum travel distance setting, and comprehensive accessibility calculation. The same service often corresponds to multiple facilities that can provide it, and these facilities may differ in terms of service capacity and maximum travel distance. Therefore, it is necessary to further classify the service facilities and set more precise parameters for each type of service facility to improve evaluation accuracy. For a particular service, the individual accessibility is first calculated based on the service facility type, and then the comprehensive accessibility is calculated to represent the degree of supply and demand matching for that service.

[0127] For medical insurance services, medical insurance facilities are divided into three levels according to the level of facilities, namely community level, district level and city level. The specific facilities included in each level are shown in Table 3:

[0128] Table 3 Medical insurance service facility levels and corresponding elements

[0129]

[0130] Based on the needs of building a 15-minute community living circle, the maximum travel distance for community-level facilities was set at a 15-minute walking distance. The district-level facility adopted the 5-minute driving distance set in previous studies. City-level facilities, intended for all urban residents, adopted the maximum driving distance from city-level medical insurance facilities to residential areas within the assessment scope. Considering the significant differences in the ability of the three types of facilities to provide medical insurance services, the total building area and total revenue of medical service facilities at all levels within the region were obtained from data such as the regional health statistics yearbook. The revenue per unit area was used to reflect the service supply capacity of medical facilities at all levels. This was used as the weight to perform a weighted summation of the sub-items of accessibility for the three types of facilities, resulting in an evaluation of the supply and demand matching of medical insurance services.

[0131] Basic education services refer to basic education without a career orientation. Facilities in this category include kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools, and high schools. Regarding the maximum distance, based on the local enrollment and school district system within the assessment area, the maximum distance for each facility is uniformly set at 10 minutes by car. The four types of educational facilities correspond to different stages of education and are not interchangeable, but are of equal importance. The accessibility of these four service facilities is equally weighted to generate an evaluation of the supply and demand matching of basic education services.

[0132] Regarding public cultural services, referring to existing research and actual conditions, facilities providing public cultural services are classified into exhibitions, entertainment, culture and sports, and history and religion. The elements included in each type of service facility are as follows:

[0133] Table 4 Facility types and corresponding elements of public cultural services

[0134]

[0135] In terms of maximum travel distance, all service facilities are primarily intended for the entire city population. Therefore, the maximum travel distance is uniformly set as the maximum travel distance from a service facility to a residential area within the assessment scope, and the mode of travel is set as driving. Each type of facility corresponds to a different aspect of public cultural services, and therefore all are considered equally important. The accessibility of the three types of facilities is cumulatively summed to obtain the final public cultural service evaluation results.

[0136] In one specific embodiment, in step 4, urban public services and ecosystem services are weighted and accumulated to obtain the quality of the urban human settlement environment, where the weights are determined using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP combines qualitative and quantitative analytical techniques, aiming to simulate the human decision-making process to solve complex system problems involving multiple factors. Through the AHP, indicators are grouped according to their interaction rules, thereby constructing an orderly, hierarchical structure. Next, a judgment matrix is ​​constructed, and each indicator is compared pairwise. The eigenvalues ​​and the largest influencing eigenvectors of each matrix are calculated to determine the importance weights of the different indicators. The judgment matrix is ​​constructed based on a questionnaire survey, and evaluation indicators are compared pairwise and assigned values ​​to clarify the relative importance of each indicator. Based on the principles of systematicity, representativeness, objectivity, and measurability, a human settlement environment quality evaluation index system is constructed, consisting of a target layer, a criterion layer, and an indicator layer, based on survey analysis. Within the target layer of the human settlement environment quality evaluation, two criterion layers are further subdivided: urban public services and ecosystem services. The questionnaire survey results in a comparison of the importance of each factor at the criterion and indicator layers. To ensure the credibility and accuracy of the calculation structure, a consistency test was conducted. When CR < 0.1, the consistency of the judgment matrix was considered acceptable. The weights of each evaluation indicator were obtained according to the weight calculation process and method of the hierarchical analysis method. Based on the weights, a human settlement environment quality evaluation index system was established. Finally, based on the evaluation system, a weighted superposition analysis of each indicator element was performed. The calculation formula for the comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality is as follows:

[0137]

[0138] Among them, S is the comprehensive score of human settlement environment quality; W p is the weight of the pth factor; A p is the score of the pth factor; n is the number of factors involved in the evaluation. The score of the pth factor is obtained by:

[0139] First, for the values ​​of all indexes of each pixel of the pth factor in the study area (the rainwater regulation factor is the value of the waterlogging regulation service supply; the heat island effect mitigation factor is the heat mitigation index value; the air purification factor is the value of the annual reduction of PM2.5 per unit area; parks and recreation, medical insurance, basic education and public culture are the values ​​of the accessibility of the corresponding service supply areas), the maximum and minimum normalization method is used to calculate the normalized value of the pth factor index of each pixel.

[0140] The study area was then partitioned based on its road data.

[0141] Finally, the average of the normalized values ​​of each pixel of the p-th factor in each partition is calculated as the score of the p-th factor in each partition.

[0142] After obtaining the score of the pth factor of each zone, the comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality of each zone is calculated according to the formula. The score of the pth factor of each zone and the comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality of each zone are divided into corresponding segments and corresponding colors to obtain the spatial distribution map of the supply of each ecosystem service, the spatial distribution map of the supply of each public system service, and the spatial distribution map of the human settlement environment evaluation results, as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2-4 shown.

[0143] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, with each embodiment focusing on the differences from other embodiments. Reference can be made to the common and similar parts between the various embodiments. For the devices disclosed in the embodiments, since they correspond to the methods disclosed in the embodiments, the description is relatively simple, and the relevant parts can be referred to the method description.

[0144] The above description of the disclosed embodiments is intended to enable one skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown herein but is intended to conform to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for evaluating the quality of human settlements based on urban public services and ecosystem services, characterized in that: The specific steps are as follows: Step 1: Determine the assessment area and obtain natural, economic and remote sensing data for the year to be assessed within the assessment area; Step 2: Conduct a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services of the assessment area from the perspectives of stormwater regulation, heat island effect mitigation, air purification, and park recreation; Step 3: Conduct a quantitative assessment of the urban public services in the assessment area from the perspectives of medical insurance, basic education, and public culture; Step 4: Perform weighted superposition calculation on the scores of the evaluation factors in the ecosystem services and the urban public services to obtain a comprehensive score of the human settlement environment quality in the evaluation area.

2. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlements based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1, characterized in that: The natural, economic and remote sensing data include: Raster data: remote sensing satellite images, potential evapotranspiration data, soil hydrology data; Vector point data: temperature station data; Vector surface data: road data, park boundary data, residential area boundary data, medical facility boundary data, basic education boundary data, and public cultural facility boundary data; The raster and vector data have a unified projection coordinate system, wherein the raster data has a unified spatial resolution.

3. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Based on the stormwater regulation factors, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted, specifically including: Firstly, the land use types of the assessment area are divided into forest land, grassland, cultivated land, water body and construction land by remote sensing interpretation method; Then, the soil hydrological type of each type of land is determined based on the soil hydrological grid data of the assessment area; Then, according to the number of runoff curves, the CN value corresponding to each land use type in each grid partition is determined, and the waterlogging regulation service supply of the assessment area is calculated based on the CN value; Finally, the score of the stormwater regulation factor is determined based on the waterlogging regulation service supply.

4. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlements based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Based on the heat island effect mitigation factors, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted, including: First, a cooling capacity index is calculated for each pixel in the evaluation area based on local shadow, evapotranspiration, and albedo; Then, it is determined whether each pixel is affected by the large green space. If it is not affected, the cooling capacity index of the pixel is used as the heat relief index of the pixel. If it is affected, the heat relief index of the pixel is calculated based on the cooling capacity index of the pixel and the distance weight. Finally, the score of the heat island effect mitigation factor is determined based on the heat mitigation index of each pixel.

5. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Based on the air purification factors, a quantitative assessment of the ecosystem services in the assessment area is conducted, specifically including: Firstly, remote sensing images are used to simulate the leaf area index of each grid of the green space in the assessment area; Then, based on the leaf area index, the annual reduction in PM2.5 per unit area of ​​each grid in the green space is calculated; Finally, the score of the air purification factor is determined based on the annual reduction in PM2.

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6. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1 is characterized in that: Based on the park recreation factors, the ecosystem services of the assessment area are quantitatively evaluated. Based on the medical insurance, basic education and public culture, the urban public services of the assessment area are quantitatively evaluated. The Gaussian two-step moving search method is used to calculate the accessibility within the service radius of the facilities.

7. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 6 is characterized in that: The Gaussian two-step moving search method specifically includes: First, the spatial scope of each facility service supply location is determined based on the set spatial distance and the center of gravity of each facility service supply location; Then calculate the number of demanders at each demand point within the spatial scope of each facility service supply location, and use the Gaussian equation to assign weights to each demand point and then add up the accumulated sum to obtain the potential number of demanders at each facility service supply location; Then, the ratio of the area of ​​each facility service supply location to the number of potential demanders is used as the supply-demand ratio of each facility service supply location; Finally, the spatial scope of each demand area is determined based on the spatial distance. The supply-demand ratios of all facility service supply areas within the spatial scope of the demand area are weighted using the Gaussian equation and then weighted summed to obtain the spatial accessibility of each demand area.

8. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 7 is characterized in that: When the facility service is a park recreation facility, the spatial accessibility of the park recreation factor of each demand area is obtained, thereby determining the score of the park recreation factor; When the facility service is a medical security facility, the spatial accessibility of the medical security factor of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the medical security factor; When the facilities are basic education facilities, the spatial accessibility of the basic education factor of each demand area is obtained, thereby determining the score of the basic education factor; When the facility service is a public cultural facility, the spatial accessibility of the public cultural factors of each demand location is obtained, thereby determining the score of the public cultural factors.

9. The method for evaluating the quality of human settlement environment based on urban public services and ecosystem services according to claim 1, characterized in that: The calculation formula for the comprehensive score of human settlement environment quality is as follows: Among them, S is the comprehensive score of human settlement environment quality; W p is the weight of the pth factor; A p is the score of the pth factor; n is the number of factors involved in the evaluation.

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