Lithium-containing granite resource comprehensive utilization method

Abstract

The invention provides a comprehensive utilization method of lithium-containing granite resources, which comprises the following steps: grinding lithium-containing granite raw ore to below 0.6 mm to obtain coarsely ground ore which accounts for 20-35% of the coarsely ground ore with the particle size of 0.6-0.3 mm; carrying out low-intensity magnetic separation and high-background field intensity magnetic separation on the roughly ground minerals to obtain a magnetic substance 1 and a non-magnetic substance 1; the magnetic substance 1 is subjected to regrinding, desliming and flotation to obtain lithium concentrate, and the groove bottom ore pulp 1 is subjected to high background field intensity magnetic separation to obtain porcelain clay; and the non-magnetic substance 1 is subjected to reselection, scrubbing, screening, flotation and the like to obtain tin concentrate, a feldspar product and low-iron quartz sand, and the low-iron quartz sand is subjected to acid pickling to obtain a high-quality quartz sand product. According to the method, the recovery rate of Li2O is increased, besides lithium concentrate, various products meeting market requirements such as feldspar concentrate, low-iron photovoltaic quartz sand, ceramic raw materials and tin-grade concentrate can be obtained, the discharge amount of tailings is low, and the method has the advantages of being high in comprehensive utilization rate of resources and low in processing cost.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of mineral processing, in particular to a method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources. Background Art

[0002] Lithium is a key energy metal. Its use in high-energy lithium batteries and controlled thermonuclear reactions makes it a crucial raw material for addressing humanity's long-term energy supply. Lithium products are widely used in industries such as smelting, refrigeration, atomic energy, aerospace, ceramics, glass, grease, rubber, welding, pharmaceuticals, and batteries.

[0003] Over 150 lithium minerals and lithium-containing ores have been discovered in nature, including over 30 independent lithium minerals, most of which are silicates (67%) and phosphates (21.2%), with others being rare. The main mineral raw materials for producing metallic lithium include spodumene (containing 5.8%-8.1% Li2O), lepidolite (containing 3.2%-6.45% Li2O), pyroxenite (containing 7.1%-10.1% Li2O), petalite (containing 2.9%-4.8% Li2O), and ferrolithite (containing 1.1%-5% Li2O). Different lithium ores have different properties, including the lithium oxide content and mineral composition, necessitating different extraction methods. Currently, the main methods for lithium extraction include hand sorting, flotation, magnetic separation, gravity separation, chemical or combined chemical-flotation separation, cracking, and combined beneficiation.

[0004] In a lithium-bearing granite mine in Hunan, the lithium-bearing minerals are mainly ferrolithium mica, accompanied by quartz, feldspar, and a small amount of cassiterite. For this type of mineral, magnetic separation, flotation, or a combined magnetic separation-flotation process is generally used. The Li2O recovery rate is low, and the associated minerals are not recycled, resulting in low resource utilization. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention proposes a method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources, which improves the recovery rate of Li2O. In addition to lithium concentrate, various products that meet market demand, such as feldspar concentrate, low-iron photovoltaic quartz sand, ceramic raw materials, and tin secondary concentrate, can be obtained. In addition, the method has low tailings emissions and has the benefits of high comprehensive resource utilization and low processing costs.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention is achieved as follows: a method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources, comprising the following steps:

[0007] (1) Grinding the lithium-containing granite ore to a particle size of less than 0.6 mm to obtain coarsely ground minerals, wherein the particle size of the coarsely ground minerals is 0.6-0.3 mm, accounting for 20%-35%; subjecting the coarsely ground minerals to weak magnetic separation to remove mechanically entrained impurities, iron filings, and obtaining a 0.6 mm magnetic separation coarse pulp;

[0008] (2) subjecting the -0.6 mm magnetic separation pulp to high background field strength magnetic separation to obtain magnetic material 1 and non-magnetic material 1;

[0009] (3) Grinding the magnetic material 1 in step (2) to less than 0.25 mm, and then sieving to obtain +0.031 mm material and -0.031 mm ore slime, wherein the amount of -0.031 mm ore slime is 2-7%, and flotation operation is performed on the +0.031 mm material to obtain a foam product 1 and a bottom ore pulp 1, wherein the foam product 1 is lithium concentrate, and the bottom ore pulp 1 and the -0.031 mm ore slime are combined and then subjected to high background field strength magnetic separation to remove iron impurities dissociated by grinding to obtain a non-magnetic material 2;

[0010] (4) The non-magnetic material 1 in step (2) is subjected to a gravity roughing operation to obtain a rough light mineral and a rough heavy mineral, and the rough heavy mineral is subjected to two gravity concentrating operations to obtain a concentrating heavy mineral and a concentrating light mineral, wherein the concentrating heavy mineral is a tin sub-concentrate;

[0011] (5) scrubbing and screening the rough light minerals in step (4) to obtain +0.1 mm minerals and -0.1 mm fine mud, and reverse flotation of the +0.1 mm minerals to remove mica to obtain foam product 2 and tank bottom pulp 2, wherein the foam product 2 is mica minerals;

[0012] (6) flotation operation is performed on the bottom slurry 2 of step (5) to obtain flotation foam and bottom minerals, wherein the flotation foam is a feldspar product and the bottom minerals are low-iron quartz sand. After acid washing, the low-iron quartz sand is obtained to obtain a quartz sand product;

[0013] (7) The non-magnetic material 2 of step (3) and the -0.1 mm fine mud of step (5) are combined as porcelain clay.

[0014] Furthermore, in step (1), the field strength of the weak magnetic separation is 79-119 kA / m.

[0015] Furthermore, in step (2), the field strength of the high background field strength magnetic separation is 1592-2388 kA / m.

[0016] Furthermore, in step (3), the specific method of flotation operation is as follows: firstly, a roughing operation is performed, in which 500-1500 g / t of water glass, 50-100 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate, and 200-400 g / t of anionic and cationic collector are added to the roughing operation to obtain a roughing concentrate and a roughing tailing; the roughing concentrate is subjected to a first-stage cleaning and a second-stage cleaning operation to obtain a flotation concentrate, in which 300-700 g / t of water glass and 30-70 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate are added to the first-stage cleaning operation, and 100-300 g / t of water glass and 10-30 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate are added to the second-stage cleaning operation; the roughing tailing is subjected to a first-stage cleaning and a second-stage cleaning operation to obtain a flotation tailing, in which 100-150 g / t of anionic and cationic collector is added to the first-stage cleaning operation, and 50-100 g / t of anionic and cationic collector is added to the second-stage cleaning operation.

[0017] Furthermore, the anionic and cationic composite collector is obtained by mixing sodium acid hydroxypropyl sulfonate and hydroxypropyl coconut amine in a ratio of 2:1.

[0018] Furthermore, in step (3), the field strength of the high-field magnetic separation is 1592-2388 kA / m.

[0019] Furthermore, in step (5), scrubbing is performed twice, with each scrubbing time being 5-15 minutes.

[0020] Furthermore, in step (5), the reverse flotation method is as follows: sulfuric acid is added to the +0.1mm mineral to adjust the pH value to 5-6, and then dodecylamine hydrochloride is added as a collector in an amount of 100-200g / t. Under the condition of a flotation concentration of 38-45%, three flotations are performed to separate the muscovite.

[0021] Furthermore, in step (6), the method for flotation operation of the bottom slurry is as follows: sulfuric acid is added to the bottom slurry to adjust the pH value to 3-4, 200-350g / t of hydrofluoric acid is added as an activator to activate feldspar, a mixed collector is added, the amount of the mixed collector is 800-1500g / t, and then 5-6 flotation operations are performed to separate feldspar and quartz.

[0022] Furthermore, the mixed collector is a cationic collector and an anionic collector mixed in a ratio of 1:2-1:3. The cationic collector is one of laurylamine hydrochloride, cocoyl diethanolamine, alkyl trimethyl diamine, and octadecylamine. The anionic collector is one of sodium petroleum sulfonate, sodium oleate, and modified sodium oleate. The modified sodium oleate is derived from patent CN105597926A and is a mixture of saponified oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (6), the pickling method is as follows: the dehydrated low-iron quartz sand is moved to a polytetrafluoroethylene container for pickling, a mixed acid with a mass concentration of 3-7% (the mixed acid is three or two of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid or oxalic acid) is added, kept warm at 80°C for 4 hours, and then washed three times with pure water to obtain a quartz sand product.

[0024] Furthermore, the iron impurities removed in steps (1) and (3), the concentrated light minerals in step (4) and the foam product in step (5) are combined as discarded tailings.

[0025] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0026] 1. The present invention first grinds the raw ore to less than 0.6 mm to obtain coarsely ground minerals, in which the particle size of 0.6-0.3 mm accounts for 20%-35%. Then, weak magnetic separation is used to remove mechanically entrained impurity iron filings. Then, a superconducting magnetic separator is used to pre-select and separate lithium-containing minerals from other minerals under high field strength. The lithium mineral enrichment ratio is as high as 2.5-3 times, and the recovery rate reaches more than 94%. After subsequent regrinding, the minerals are subjected to flotation. This process improves the subsequent lithium ore flotation feed grade, reduces the flotation feed amount, reduces the flotation cost, and has obvious advantages in pre-selection effect.

[0027] 2. For the lithium coarse concentrate (magnetic material 1) after pre-selection and enrichment, after grinding and desliming, an anionic and cationic composite collector is used in a weakly alkaline slurry to obtain iron lithium mica minerals with a purity of more than 90%, and a flotation recovery rate of more than 95%, with a high flotation recovery rate; and the flotation tailings are again subjected to a superconducting magnetic separator with high field strength to remove iron impurities to obtain ceramic raw materials (porcelain clay). This process has a high lithium mineral recovery rate and low lithium mineral beneficiation cost.

[0028] 3. The non-magnetic material 1 separated in the preselection is processed by gravity-flotation combined process to obtain tin concentrate, feldspar concentrate and low-iron quartz sand products.

[0029] 4. The present invention provides a new method for the comprehensive and efficient utilization of lithium-containing granite ore. This method has low processing cost and high resource utilization rate, and only produces 10-20% of waste tailings, thereby achieving more reasonable and effective development and utilization of the resource, reducing resource waste, and having sustainable long-term significance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0031] Figure 1is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 is a process flow chart of flotation in step (3);

[0033] Figure 3 This is a flow chart of the method for Comparative Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0035] The main minerals of a lithium-bearing granite mine in Hunan are ferrolithium mica, quartz, feldspar, muscovite, and kaolin, with minor amounts of cassiterite and wolframite. The main mineral composition of the ore is shown in Table 1. The ore contains 0.36% Li2O, 67.87% SiO2, 3.60% K2O, 0.48% Na2O, and 0.016% Sn.

[0036] like Figure 1 As shown, the method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources includes the following steps:

[0037] (1) The lithium-containing granite ore was first crushed and ground to less than 0.6 mm to obtain coarse ground minerals, of which the particle size of 0.6-0.3 mm accounted for 28.6%, 0.3-0.1 mm accounted for 50.23%, and less than 0.1 mm accounted for 21.17%; the coarse ground minerals were magnetically separated under a weak field strength of 119 kA / m to remove mechanically entrained impurities such as iron filings, and a -0.6 mm magnetic separation pulp was obtained;

[0038] (2) Magnetic separation of -0.6 mm coarse pulp in a high background magnetic field strength of 1592 kA / m to obtain magnetic material 1 and non-magnetic material 1;

[0039] (3) The magnetic material 1 of step (2) is ground to less than 0.25 mm, and then sieved to obtain +0.031 mm material and -0.031 mm ore mud, the -0.031 mm ore mud amount is 5%, the +0.031 mm material is in the ore pulp concentration of 32%, the ore pulp is weakly alkaline (pH = about 8), water glass and sodium hexametaphosphate are used as inhibitors, and a mixture of anions and cations is added as a collector, and one roughing, two fine cleaning, and two scavenging (such as Figure 2As shown), a foam product 1 and a bottom slurry 1 are obtained, wherein the foam product 1 is lithium concentrate, and the bottom slurry 1 and the -0.031 mm ore mud are then subjected to a magnetic field with an intensity of 1592 kA / m to remove iron impurities, thereby obtaining a magnetic material 2 and a non-magnetic material 2, wherein the magnetic material 2 is the removed iron impurities; the collector herein is a mixture of sodium acidyl hydroxypropyl sulfonate and hydroxypropyl cocoamine in a mass ratio of 2:1;

[0040] (4) performing a gravity roughing operation on the non-magnetic material 1 of step (2) to obtain rough light minerals and rough heavy minerals, and performing two gravity roughing operations on the rough heavy minerals to obtain concentrated heavy minerals and concentrated light minerals, wherein the concentrated heavy minerals are tin sub-concentrate;

[0041] (5) The rough light minerals in step (4) were scrubbed twice, each scrubbing time was 10 minutes, and then sieved to obtain +0.1 mm minerals and -0.1 mm fine mud. The +0.1 mm minerals were adjusted to a pH value of 5 to 6 by adding sulfuric acid, and dodecylamine hydrochloride was used as a collector. Three reverse flotations were performed, and the three flotation concentrations were 43%, 40%, and 38%, respectively. Muscovite was removed by reverse flotation to obtain a foam product 2 and a bottom pulp 2. The foam product 2 was a mica mineral.

[0042] (6) sulfuric acid is added to the bottom pulp 2 of step (5) to adjust the pH value to 3-4, hydrofluoric acid is added to activate feldspar, and a mixed collector is added to carry out 5-6 flotation separation of feldspar and quartz to obtain flotation foam and bottom minerals, wherein the flotation foam is the feldspar product and the bottom minerals are low-iron quartz sand.

[0043] Finally, a lithium concentrate with a raw ore yield of 17.75%, a Li2O grade of 1.78% and a recovery rate of 87.76% was obtained. The non-magnetic material 2 of step (3) and the -0.1mm fine mud of step (5) are combined as porcelain clay, with a porcelain clay yield of 21.12%, containing 15.9% Al2O3, 0.75% Fe2O3, and a whiteness of 59.3 after firing; the yield of tin secondary concentrate is 0.13%, containing 8.04% Sn; the yield of feldspar product to the original ore is 15.10%, containing 0.16% Fe2O3; the yield of low-iron quartz sand to the original ore is 27.2%, containing 99.6% SiO2, and 0.005% Fe2O3. After further pickling, the yield is 26.07%, the content of 15 impurity elements is 549.81ppm in total, and the SiO2 content is 99.94%. The impurities such as porcelain clay except iron are combined with the re-selected light minerals and mica minerals to form discarded tailings with a yield of 18.70%.

[0044] Table 1 Main mineral composition of a lithium-bearing granite ore in Hunan

[0045]

[0046]

[0047] Table 2 Flotation reagent dosage

[0048]

[0049]

[0050] Table 3 -0.6mm mineral high background field strength magnetic separation results

[0051] name Yield / % <![CDATA[Li2O grade / %]]> <![CDATA[Li2O Recovery Rate / %]]> Magnetic material 1 33.34 1.03 95.45 Non-magnetic material 1 60.66 0.027 4.55 total 100.00 0.36 100.00

[0052] Table 4 Lithium concentrate flotation test results in step (3)

[0053] name Yield / % <![CDATA[Li2O grade / %]]> <![CDATA[Li2O recovery rate / %]]> lithium concentrate 63.06 1.78 95.90 Slurry at the bottom of the tank 1 36.94 0.13 4.10 total 100.00 1.17 100.00

[0054] Table 5 Analysis results of low iron quartz sand

[0055] Ingredients <![CDATA[SiO2]]> <![CDATA[Fe2O3]]> <![CDATA[Al2O3]]> <![CDATA[TiO2]]> <![CDATA[Cr2O3]]> content(%) 99.60 0.0050 0.11 0.00054 0.00012

[0056] It can be seen from Table 3 above that the quality requirements of low iron quartz sand are met.

[0057] Table 6 Analysis results of high-quality quartz sand products

[0058]

[0059]

[0060] As shown in Table 4 above, the total content of 15 impurity elements is 549.81ppm, and the SiO2 content of quartz sand products is 99.94%. It is a high-quality raw material for special container glass such as electronic-grade silicon powder, flexible glass, and panel glass.

[0061] Table 7 Analysis results of feldspar products

[0062] element <![CDATA[SiO2]]> <![CDATA[Fe2O3]]> <![CDATA[Al2O3]]> <![CDATA[K2O]]> <![CDATA[Na2O]]> content(%) 71.30 0.16 13.60 4.84 3.04

[0063] As shown in Table 5 above, feldspar products meet the feldspar requirements of the glass industry.

[0064] Table 8 China clay analysis results

[0065] element <![CDATA[Fe2O3]]> <![CDATA[TiO2]]> <![CDATA[Al2O3]]> <![CDATA[K2O]]> <![CDATA[Na2O]]> burn white content(%) 0.75 0.0013 15.90 1.57 0.23 59.3

[0066] Comparative Example 1

[0067] like Figure 3 As shown, this comparative example is basically the same as Example 1, except that: in step (1), the lithium-containing granite ore is first crushed and ground to less than 0.25 mm to obtain coarsely ground minerals, and the coarsely ground minerals are subjected to weak magnetic separation to remove mechanically entrained impurity iron filings to obtain -0.25 mm magnetic separation coarse pulp;

[0068] In step (2), the -0.25 mm magnetic separation pulp is subjected to magnetic separation at a high background magnetic field strength of 1592 kA / m to obtain magnetic material 1 and non-magnetic material 1;

[0069] In step (3), the magnetic material 1 of step (2) is directly screened to obtain +0.031 mm material and -0.031 mm ore mud. The other steps are the same as those in Example 1.

[0070] The final product is a lithium concentrate with a yield of 15.75% of the original ore, a Li2O grade of 1.82%, and a recovery rate of 79.63%. The clay yield is 25.12%, the tin secondary concentrate yield is 0.12%, the feldspar product yield is 12.11% of the original ore, the low-iron quartz sand yield is 21.2% of the original ore, and the yield of the discarded tailings, which is formed by combining the impurities removed from the clay with the light minerals and mica minerals selected by gravity separation, is 25.70%. Compared with Example 1, the lithium concentrate recovery rate of Comparative Example 1 is reduced, the feldspar product and low-iron quartz sand yields are reduced, and the clay and discarded tailings yields are increased.

[0071] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Grinding the lithium-containing granite ore to a particle size of less than 0.6 mm to obtain coarsely ground minerals, wherein the particle size of the coarsely ground minerals is 0.6-0.3 mm, accounting for 20%-35%; subjecting the coarsely ground minerals to weak magnetic separation to remove mechanically entrained impurities, iron filings, and obtaining a 0.6 mm magnetic separation coarse pulp; (2) subjecting the -0.6 mm magnetic separation pulp to high background field strength magnetic separation to obtain magnetic material 1 and non-magnetic material 1; (3) Grinding the magnetic material 1 in step (2) to less than 0.25 mm, and then sieving to obtain +0.031 mm material and -0.031 mm ore mud, flotation operation of the +0.031 mm material to obtain a foam product 1 and a bottom ore pulp 1, the foam product 1 is lithium concentrate, the bottom ore pulp 1 and the -0.031 mm ore mud are combined and then subjected to high background field strength magnetic separation to remove iron impurities dissociated by grinding to obtain a non-magnetic material 2; (4) The non-magnetic material 1 in step (2) is subjected to a gravity roughing operation to obtain a rough light mineral and a rough heavy mineral, and the rough heavy mineral is subjected to two gravity concentrating operations to obtain a concentrating heavy mineral and a concentrating light mineral, wherein the concentrating heavy mineral is a tin sub-concentrate; (5) scrubbing and screening the rough light minerals in step (4) to obtain +0.1 mm minerals and -0.1 mm fine mud, and reverse flotation of the +0.1 mm minerals to remove mica to obtain foam product 2 and tank bottom pulp 2, wherein the foam product 2 is mica minerals; (6) flotation of the bottom slurry 2 of step (5) to obtain flotation foam and bottom minerals, wherein the flotation foam is a feldspar product and the bottom minerals are low-iron quartz sand. After acid washing, the low-iron quartz sand is obtained to obtain a high-quality quartz sand product; (7) The non-magnetic material 2 of step (3) and the -0.1 mm fine mud of step (5) are combined as porcelain clay.

2. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (1), the field strength of the weak magnetic separation is 79-119 kA / m.

3. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (2), the field strength of the high background field strength magnetic separation is 1592-2388 kA / m.

4. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the specific method of flotation operation is as follows: firstly, a roughing operation is performed, in which 500-1500 g / t of water glass, 50-100 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate, and 200-400 g / t of anionic and cationic composite collector are added to obtain a roughing concentrate and a roughing tailing; the roughing concentrate is subjected to a first-stage cleaning and a second-stage cleaning to obtain a flotation concentrate, in which 300-700 g / t of water glass and 30-70 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate are added to the first-stage cleaning, and 100-300 g / t of water glass and 10-30 g / t of sodium hexametaphosphate are added to the second-stage cleaning; the roughing tailing is subjected to a first-stage cleaning and a second-stage cleaning to obtain a flotation tailing, in which 100-150 g / t of anionic and cationic composite collector is added to the first-stage cleaning, and 50-100 g / t of anionic and cationic composite collector is added to the second-stage cleaning.

5. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 4, characterized in that: The anionic and cationic composite collector is obtained by mixing sodium acid hydroxypropyl sulfonate and hydroxypropyl coconut amine in a mass ratio of 2:

1.

6. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (3), the field strength of the high-field magnetic separation is 1592-2388 kA / m.

7. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), scrub twice, each scrubbing time is 5-15 minutes.

8. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), the reverse flotation method is as follows: sulfuric acid is added to the +0.1mm mineral to adjust the pH value to 5-6, and then dodecylamine hydrochloride is added as a collector in an amount of 100-200g / t. Under the condition of a flotation concentration of 38-45%, three flotations are performed to separate the muscovite.

9. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (6), the method for flotation operation of the bottom slurry is as follows: sulfuric acid is added to the bottom slurry to adjust the pH value to 3-4, 200-350g / t of hydrofluoric acid is added as an activator to activate feldspar, a mixed collector is added, and the amount of the mixed collector is 800-1500g / t, and then flotation is performed 5-6 times to separate feldspar and quartz.

10. The method for comprehensive utilization of lithium-containing granite resources according to claim 9, characterized in that: The mixed collector is a cationic collector and an anionic collector mixed in a mass ratio of 1:2-1:

3. The cationic collector is one of dodecylamine hydrochloride, cocoyldiethanolamine, alkyltrimethyldiamine and octadecylamine, and the anionic collector is one of sodium petroleum sulfonate, sodium oleate and modified sodium oleate.

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