Natural plant feed additive for protecting livers and kidneys of livestock and poultry and preparation method of natural plant feed additive

Abstract

The invention provides a natural plant feed additive for protecting livers and kidneys of livestock and poultry and a preparation method, and relates to the field of feed additives, the feed additive is prepared from centella asiatica, penthorum chinense pursh, felwort, phyllanthus urinaria, purpleflower holly fruit, isatis root, polyporus umbellatus, pericarpium arecae, uncaria, cyrtomium fortunei, talc, cortex acanthopanacis and cassia twig. Experimental data show that the feed additive can significantly inhibit the activities of ALT, AST and ALP in serum, reduce the level of TBIL, enhance the activities of SOD and GSH-Px, recover T-AOC and reduce the generation amount of MDA, so that the multi-dimensional liver protection function of laying hens with acute liver injury is realized; meanwhile, the feed additive can significantly improve the average daily gain of the fattening pigs, reduce the feed-gain ratio, reduce the activity of ALT and AST, increase the content of TP and ALB, and achieve a multi-target comprehensive physiological regulation effect; in addition, the difference between the serum BUN content and the serum Cr content of each group of fattening pigs has no statistical significance, it is proved that the fattening pigs have no risk of renal dysfunction, and a new solution is provided for developing green and efficient functional feed additives.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of feed additives, and in particular to a natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] With the intensive and large-scale development of livestock and poultry farming, the problem of liver and kidney diseases in livestock and poultry has become increasingly prominent. Livestock and poultry have long faced problems such as feed toxins (such as aflatoxins, heavy metals, etc.), drug residues, and excessive metabolic burden, resulting in a continued increase in the incidence of liver and kidney damage. As a core metabolic organ, the liver is responsible for detoxification, protein synthesis, and energy conversion; the kidneys are responsible for key functions such as excreting metabolic waste and regulating electrolyte balance. Liver damage not only reduces feed conversion rate, but also induces secondary infections, directly affecting animal production performance and livestock product safety.

[0003] Traditional feed additives are typically chemically synthesized drugs. While they offer some liver and kidney protection, their overuse can easily lead to serious negative side effects. On the one hand, the use of low-dose chemically synthesized drugs as growth promoters can lead to increased drug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms, creating the risk of "superbugs" and threatening human health through residues in livestock and poultry products. On the other hand, the misuse of chemical drugs can directly increase the metabolic burden on the liver and kidneys, and even cause drug-induced liver and kidney damage. While trace element supplements and vitamin products can be used to alleviate nutritional imbalances, their single-purpose nature fails to address the root causes of liver and kidney damage.

[0004] In recent years, natural plant feed additives have become a hot topic for industry research and application due to their advantages such as multiple targets, low residues, and low resistance to drug resistance. Natural plants contain a variety of bioactive ingredients, such as polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, volatile oils, etc., which can play a role through various pathways such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulation. While protecting the liver and kidneys, they may also have the effects of improving immunity and promoting growth. However, existing natural plant feed additives also have obvious shortcomings. For example, the synergistic effect is not fully exerted. Most existing products are single plant extracts or simple mixtures. They fail to be scientifically compounded according to the efficacy characteristics of different plant components, making it difficult to achieve synergistic enhancement between the components, resulting in limited effect in protecting the liver and kidneys. Therefore, the development of a feed additive that is scientifically compounded from a variety of natural plants, has a synergistic effect, can comprehensively protect the liver and kidney functions of livestock and poultry, and is safe and residue-free has become a technical problem that needs to be urgently solved in the current animal husbandry field. Summary of the Invention

[0005] (1) Technical problems solved

[0006] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present invention provides a natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry and a preparation method thereof.

[0007] (2) Technical solution

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is implemented through the following technical solutions:

[0009] The invention provides a natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry. The natural plant feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-25 parts of Centella asiatica, 5-25 parts of Herba Camphoratae, 3-22 parts of Gentiana scabrae, 3-22 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 1-20 parts of Ilex ilex, 1-20 parts of Radix Isatidis, 3-22 parts of Polyporus umbellatus, 1-20 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 1-15 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 1-18 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 1-20 parts of talc, 1-13 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 1-20 parts of cassia twig.

[0010] Specifically, the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of Centella asiatica, 10-20 parts of Herba Gentianae, 8-16 parts of Gentianae, 8-16 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 5-15 parts of Ilex ilex, 5-15 parts of Isatis indigotica, 8-16 parts of Poria, 5-15 parts of Cibotium bark, 3-10 parts of Uncaria rhynchophylla, 4-12 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 5-15 parts of talc, 3-9 parts of Acanthopanax cortex, and 5-15 parts of cassia twig.

[0011] Specifically, the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Gentianae, 12 parts of Gentianae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex ilex, 10 parts of Isatis root, 12 parts of Poria, 10 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 10 parts of talc, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of cinnamon twig.

[0012] The present invention provides a method for preparing a natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry, comprising the following steps:

[0013] (1) Raw material pretreatment: weigh the raw materials according to the above weight parts, wash, dry, and grind through an 80-mesh sieve.

[0014] (2) Mixed extraction: Mix the crushed raw materials, add 4-8 times the total weight of the raw materials in water, perform ultrasonic extraction at room temperature for 2-3 times, each time for 20-40 minutes, and combine the extracts;

[0015] (3) Concentration and drying: The extract is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45-65° C. to an extract with a relative density of 1.10-1.25, and then spray-dried into a powder to obtain the natural plant feed additive of the present invention.

[0016] The present invention provides application of the natural plant feed additive in preventing and / or treating liver and kidney diseases in livestock and poultry.

[0017] Specifically, the addition amount of the natural plant feed additive is 0.2-2.0%.

[0018] The effects of the natural plants in the natural plant feed additive of the present invention are as follows:

[0019] Centella asiatica: bitter and pungent in taste, cold in nature, enters the liver, spleen and kidney meridians; has the effects of clearing heat and dampness, detoxifying and reducing swelling; used for damp-heat jaundice, heatstroke and diarrhea, stranguria caused by stones and blood, carbuncles, sores, and injuries from falls.

[0020] Radix Glehniae: sweet in taste, warm in nature, enters the liver and kidney meridians; has the effects of promoting diuresis and removing dampness, removing blood stasis and relieving pain; used for jaundice, edema, traumatic injuries, swelling and pain.

[0021] Gentiana scabra: bitter in taste, cold in nature, enters the liver and gallbladder meridians; has the effects of clearing away heat and dampness, and purging liver and gallbladder fire; used for damp-heat jaundice, vaginal swelling and itching, leukorrhea, strong stomach, eczema itching, red eyes, deafness, flank pain, bitter taste in the mouth, and convulsions.

[0022] Phyllanthus urinaria: slightly bitter and sweet in taste, cool in nature; has the effects of clearing heat, promoting diuresis, improving eyesight, and eliminating accumulation; used for edema caused by nephritis, urinary tract infection, stones, enteritis, dysentery, malnutrition, keratitis, and icteric hepatitis.

[0023] Holly seeds: sweet and bitter in taste, cool in nature, enter the liver and kidney meridians; has the effects of nourishing the liver and kidneys, removing rheumatism, stopping bleeding and healing sores; used for premature graying of hair, rheumatism and pain, bleeding from peptic ulcers, hemorrhoids, and ulcers that do not heal.

[0024] Isatis root: bitter in taste, cold in nature, enters the heart and stomach meridians; has the effects of clearing away heat and detoxifying, cooling blood and relieving sore throat; used for epidemic toxins, fever and sore throat, warm toxins causing rash, mumps, sore throat, big head plague, erysipelas, and carbuncle.

[0025] Poria: sweet, light in taste, neutral in nature; enters the kidney and bladder meridians; has the effect of promoting diuresis and eliminating dampness; used for dysuria, edema, diarrhea, stranguria, and leucorrhea.

[0026] Radix Angelicae Dahuricae: spicy in taste, slightly warm in nature, enters the spleen, stomach, large intestine and small intestine meridians; has the effects of promoting qi and relieving fullness, promoting water circulation and reducing swelling; used for dampness blocking qi stagnation, abdominal distension, uncomfortable bowel movements, edema, athlete's foot and urination difficulties.

[0027] Uncaria rhynchophylla: sweet in taste, cool in nature, enters the liver and pericardium meridians; has the effects of calming wind and relieving convulsions, clearing heat and calming the liver; used for internal liver wind movement, epilepsy and convulsions, high fever convulsions, colds with convulsions, crying children, eclampsia during pregnancy, headache and dizziness.

[0028] Guanzhong: bitter in taste, slightly cold in nature, enters the liver and stomach meridians; has the effects of clearing heat, detoxifying and expelling parasites; used for abdominal pain caused by parasite accumulation and sores.

[0029] Talc: sweet, light in taste, cold in nature, enters the bladder, lung and stomach meridians; has the effects of diuresis, relieving stranguria, clearing away heat and relieving summer heat; used for hot stranguria, stranguria with stones, hot and painful urine, summer-heat and dampness-induced thirst, and hot and damp-heat diarrhea.

[0030] Acanthopanax Cortex: Spicy and bitter in taste, warm in nature, enters the liver and kidney meridians; has the effects of dispelling wind and dampness, nourishing the liver and kidneys, strengthening tendons and bones, promoting diuresis and reducing swelling; used for rheumatic arthritis, weakness of tendons and bones, delayed walking in children, physical weakness, edema, and athlete's foot.

[0031] Cinnamon twig: spicy and sweet in flavor, warm in nature; enters the heart, lung, and bladder meridians; has the effects of inducing sweating and relieving muscles, warming and unblocking the meridians, assisting yang and transforming qi, and balancing and descending qi; used for colds due to wind and cold, cold pain in the abdomen, amenorrhea due to cold blood, joint pain, phlegm and fluid retention, edema, palpitations, and running piglet.

[0032] (3) Beneficial effects

[0033] The invention provides a natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidney of livestock and poultry and a preparation method thereof. The natural plant feed additive is prepared from thirteen Chinese herbal medicines including centella asiatica, gentian, phyllanthus urinaria, ilex, isatis root, umbellate, umbellate bark, uncaria, rhizoma sutchuenensis, talc, acanthopanax cortex, and cassia twig. The centella asiatica, phyllanthus urinaria, and gentian are complementary to each other and work together to achieve the core effects of clearing heat and dampness, detoxifying and protecting the liver, and unblocking the kidney orifices; the ministerial medicines including phyllanthus urinaria, ilex, isatis root, and umbellate assist the monarch medicine and strengthen the ability to resist viruses and dispel evil pathogens and nourish the yin of the liver and kidney to control the bitter and cold nature of the monarch medicine; the adjuvant medicines including umbellate bark, uncaria, rhizoma sutchuenensis, talc, and acanthopanax cortex strengthen the ability to clear heat and detoxify and unblock the water channels to help expel dampness pathogens of the liver and kidney, so that the whole formula attacks evil pathogens without damaging the body; the ministerial medicine including cassia twig guides the other medicines directly to the liver and kidney and balances the cold nature of the medicines, so that the whole formula has a cold effect without stagnation and a warming and unblocking effect. This prescription follows the principle of "liver and kidney homology" in traditional Chinese veterinary medicine. Through multi-level synergistic effects, it forms the overall efficacy of "clearing heat and dampness, detoxifying and protecting the liver, nourishing the kidneys and protecting the meridians, and harmonizing the Qi." It achieves targeted regulation and systemic protection of the liver and kidney functions of livestock and poultry, achieving the goal of treating both the symptoms and the root cause. The specific beneficial effects are as follows:

[0034] (1) Multi-dimensional liver protection function for laying hens with acute liver injury: At the level of liver function maintenance, the natural plant feed additive of the present invention can significantly inhibit the activity of serum ALT, AST, and ALP, and reduce the level of TBIL, indicating that it has a protective effect on the liver cell membrane structure, can effectively reduce the enzyme escape caused by damage, and can improve the state of cholestasis and maintain the homeostasis of bilirubin metabolism; in terms of antioxidant defense, it can significantly enhance the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, restore T-AOC, and reduce the amount of MDA generated, thereby building an endogenous antioxidant barrier and effectively blocking the cascade damage reaction caused by oxidative stress.

[0035] (2) Multi-target comprehensive physiological regulatory effect on fattening pigs: In terms of liver protection, the natural plant feed additive of the present invention effectively alleviates liver metabolic stress by reducing the activity of ALT and AST in the serum of fattening pigs; in terms of protein metabolism optimization, the serum TP and ALB levels of the experimental group showed a dose-dependent upward trend, indicating that it enhances protein synthesis efficiency and improves the body's nitrogen balance by regulating the amino acid metabolic pathway; in the kidney safety verification, there was no statistically significant difference in the serum BUN and Cr levels of fattening pigs in each group, and all indicators were within the physiological reference range, confirming that there was no risk of renal abnormality; in terms of growth performance improvement, under the premise of stable feed intake, the natural plant feed additive of the present invention can significantly increase the average daily weight gain and reduce the feed-to-weight ratio, indicating that it can achieve a growth-promoting effect by optimizing nutrient distribution efficiency.

[0036] The present invention verifies the scientific value of natural plant feed in the healthy breeding of livestock and poultry through modern pharmacological research methods, and provides a new solution for the development of green and efficient functional feed additives. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0037] Figure 1 Comparison of growth performance of fattening pigs in each group. Note: Compared with the control group, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01.

[0038] Figure 2 Comparison of serum biochemical indicators (AST, ALT, TP, ALB, BUN, Cr) of fattening pigs in each group. Note: Compared with the control group, * P<0.05, ** P<0.01. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] A natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry, the natural plant feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Gentianae, 12 parts of Gentianae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex ilex, 10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 12 parts of Poria, 10 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 10 parts of talc, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of cassia twig.

[0042] Example 2

[0043] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5 parts of Centella asiatica, 5 parts of Herba Gentianae, 3 parts of Gentianae, 3 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 1 part of Ilex ilex, 1 part of Isatis root, 3 parts of Poria, 1 part of Cortex Ceratitise, 1 part of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 1 part of Cyperus rotundus, 1 part of Talcum, 1 part of Acanthopanax cortex, and 1 part of Cinnamomum cassiae.

[0044] Example 3

[0045] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 22 parts of Centella asiatica, 22 parts of Herba Gentianae, 20 parts of Gentianae, 18 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 15 parts of Ilex ilex, 16 parts of Radix Isatidis, 18 parts of Polyporus, 13 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 11 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 15 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 16 parts of talc, 12 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 12 parts of cinnamon twig.

[0046] Example 4

[0047] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 7 parts of Centella asiatica, 7 parts of Herba Gentianae, 5 parts of Gentianae, 5 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 3 parts of Ilex ilex, 3 parts of Radix Isatidis, 5 parts of Poria, 3 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 2 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 4 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 3 parts of talc, 2 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 3 parts of cinnamon twig.

[0048] Example 5

[0049] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10 parts of Centella asiatica, 10 parts of Herba Gentianae, 8 parts of Gentianae, 7 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 6 parts of Ilex ilex, 6 parts of Radix Isatidis, 8 parts of Poria, 6 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 4 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 6 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 7 parts of Talcum, 5 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 5 parts of Cinnamomum cassiae.

[0050] Example 6

[0051] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 25 parts of Centella asiatica, 25 parts of Herba Gentianae, 22 parts of Gentianae, 22 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 20 parts of Ilex ilex, 20 parts of Radix Isatidis, 22 parts of Poria, 20 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 15 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 18 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 20 parts of talc, 13 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 20 parts of Cassia twig.

[0052] Example 7

[0053] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the natural plant feed additive is made of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 18 parts of Centella asiatica, 18 parts of Herba Gentianae, 18 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 15 parts of Ilex ilex, 13 parts of Radix Isatidis, 16 parts of Poria, 15 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 8 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 13 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 12 parts of talc, 9 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 15 parts of cinnamon twig.

[0054] Test Example 1

[0055] Protective effect of natural plant feed of the present invention on acute chemical liver damage in laying hens

[0056] 1 Materials and Methods

[0057] 1.1 Trial Drugs

[0058] Experimental group 1: 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Gentianae, 12 parts of Gentianae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex oleifera, 10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 12 parts of Polyporus, 10 parts of Cortex Cervi Paniculatae, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 10 parts of Talcum, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of Cinnamomum cassiae.

[0059] Experimental group 2: 15 parts of Radix Glehniae, 12 parts of Gentiana scabra, 10 parts of Ilex oleifera, 10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 12 parts of Polyporus, 8 parts of Rhizoma Cyrthospermi, 10 parts of Talcum, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of Cinnamomum cassia.

[0060] Experimental group 3: 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 12 parts of Gentiana scabra, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinaria, 10 parts of Isatis root, 12 parts of Poria cocos, 10 parts of Cibotium bark, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophylla, 7 parts of Acanthopanax cortex, and 10 parts of Cinnamomum cassia.

[0061] The test group 4 included 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Camphoratae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex junceae, 10 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Cyperus rotundus, and 10 parts of Talc.

[0062] The raw materials were weighed according to the above parts by weight, washed, dried, and crushed through an 80-mesh sieve; the crushed raw materials were mixed, and water 6 times the total weight of the raw materials was added. Ultrasonic extraction was performed twice at room temperature for 30 minutes each time, and the extracts were combined; the extracts were concentrated under reduced pressure at 45°C to an extract with a relative density of 1.10, and spray-dried into a powder to obtain test groups 1-4 of natural plant feed additives.

[0063] 1.2 Grouping, modeling, and drug administration of experimental animals

[0064] Three hundred healthy laying hens, aged 200 days, were randomly divided into six groups (50 chickens per group): a blank group, a model group, and experimental groups 1-4. The blank group was fed a basal diet, while the remaining groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.5 mg / kg AFB1 and 200 mg / kg of the corresponding natural plant additive for each experimental group for 21 consecutive days. The basal diets were formulated according to the NRC (1994) nutritional requirements for laying hens, and all nutritional indicators met the nutritional requirements of laying hens.

[0065] 1.3 Detection indicators

[0066] 1.3.1 Serum biochemical indicators

[0067] On the 21st day of the experiment, 12 laying hens were randomly selected from each treatment group for subwing vein blood sampling. The whole blood samples were centrifuged at 4°C and 3000 rpm for 10 min to separate the serum. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (TBIL) in the serum of the laying hens in each group were detected according to the instructions of the test kit.

[0068] 1.3.2 Liver tissue homogenate parameters

[0069] After blood collection, the laying hens were euthanized and dissected. After the liver tissue was removed, the residual blood on the surface was rinsed with pre-cooled saline. After being blotted with filter paper, the liver tissue was divided into 0.5 g tissue blocks. Pre-cooled saline was added at a ratio of 1:9 (w / v). The liver was placed in an ice bath and fully ground into a tissue homogenate using a tissue homogenizer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 4°C and 10,000×g for 15 min, and the supernatant was collected. The total superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver tissue homogenate of each group of laying hens were determined strictly according to the instructions of the corresponding test kit.

[0070] 1.4 Statistical methods

[0071] Graphpad Prism 8 statistical software was used to analyze the data, and the experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The comparison among the groups was performed using one-way analysis of variance, and the difference was considered statistically significant when P < 0.05.

[0072] 2 Results

[0073] 2.1 Effects of each experimental group on serum biochemical parameters of laying hens

[0074] As shown in Table 2, compared with the blank group, the serum ALT, AST, ALP activities and TBIL levels of laying hens in the model group were significantly increased (P<0.01), indicating that the laying hen liver injury model was successfully established; compared with the model group, the serum liver injury-related indicators of laying hens in test groups 1-4 were all reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01), among which the downward trend in test group 1 was the most significant, indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention can effectively improve the liver function of laying hens and alleviate liver damage through the synergistic effect of multiple targets.

[0075] Table 2 Comparison of serum biochemical parameters of laying hens in each group

[0076] Grouping ALT(U / L) AST(U / L) ALP(U / L) TBIL (μmol / L) Blank group <![CDATA[3.02±0.48 c ]]> <![CDATA[145.54±9.90 d ]]> <![CDATA[328.19±17.11 d ]]> <![CDATA[13.45±2.13 d ]]> Model Group <![CDATA[5.34±0.29 a ]]> <![CDATA[319.93±13.95 a ]]> <![CDATA[531.76±12.51 a ]]> <![CDATA[38.22±1.87 a ]]> Experimental group 1 <![CDATA[3.31±0.15 c ]]> <![CDATA[196.81±17.89 c ]]> <![CDATA[383.77±12.33 c ]]> <![CDATA[18.02±1.45 d ]]> Experimental Group 2 <![CDATA[3.75±0.13 c ]]> <![CDATA[231.78±11.69 bc ]]> <![CDATA[441.33±13.58 b ]]> <![CDATA[23.90±2.26 c ]]> Experiment 3 groups <![CDATA[4.51±0.23 b ]]> <![CDATA[286.69±11.87 ab ]]> <![CDATA[480.11±16.45 b ]]> <![CDATA[30.95±1.78 b ]]> Experiment 4 groups <![CDATA[4.59±0.22 ab ]]> <![CDATA[266.73±15.08 b ]]> <![CDATA[494.47±20.60 ab ]]> <![CDATA[33.54±1.48 ab ]]>

[0077] Note: Data in the same column with different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and data with the same letters indicate no significant differences (P>0.05).

[0078] 2.2 Effects of each experimental group on the parameters of laying hen liver tissue homogenate

[0079] As shown in Table 3, compared with the blank group, the SOD, GSH-Px activities and T-AOC capacity in the liver tissue homogenate of laying hens in the model group were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the MDA content was significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with the model group, the SOD, GSH-Px activities and T-AOC capacity in the liver tissue homogenate of laying hens in each experimental group were increased to varying degrees, and the MDA content was significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the regulatory effect of experimental group 1 on the indicators of laying hen liver tissue homogenate was the most significant, indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention can effectively enhance the antioxidant capacity of laying hen liver, reduce oxidative stress damage, and thus further protect liver function.

[0080] Table 3 Comparison of liver tissue homogenate parameters of laying hens in each group

[0081] Grouping SOD (U / mg) GSH-Px (U / mg) MDA (nmol / mg) T-AOC (mmol / g) Blank group <![CDATA[123.76±8.66 a ]]> <![CDATA[67.81±4.42 a ]]> <![CDATA[2.60±0.28 d ]]> <![CDATA[2.54±0.29 a ]]> Model Group <![CDATA[64.02±8.05 c ]]> <![CDATA[31.36±3.62 c ]]> <![CDATA[6.77±0.41 a ]]> <![CDATA[1.28±0.14 c ]]> Experimental group 1 <![CDATA[107.57±7.65 ab ]]> <![CDATA[57.35±4.60 ab ]]> <![CDATA[3.76±0.33 c ]]> <![CDATA[2.22±0.12 ab ]]> Experimental Group 2 <![CDATA[82.79±6.34 bc ]]> <![CDATA[50.47±4.22 b ]]> <![CDATA[4.62±0.35 bc ]]> <![CDATA[1.65±0.16 bc ]]> Experiment 3 groups <![CDATA[94.76±5.39 b ]]> <![CDATA[45.43±4.19 b ]]> <![CDATA[5.85±0.22 ab ]]> <![CDATA[1.96±0.15 b ]]> Experiment 4 groups <![CDATA[97.82±7.12 b ]]> <![CDATA[40.42±3.71 bc ]]> <![CDATA[5.21±0.46 b ]]> <![CDATA[1.73±0.17 bc ]]>

[0082] Note: Data in the same column with different letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05), and data with the same letters indicate no significant differences (P>0.05).

[0083] 3 Conclusion

[0084] The above experimental results reveal that the natural plant feed of the present invention achieves liver protection through a multi-dimensional mechanism of action: in terms of liver function maintenance, the natural plant feed of the present invention can significantly inhibit the activity of serum ALT and AST, indicating that it has a protective effect on the liver cell membrane structure and can effectively reduce enzyme escape caused by damage; by reducing ALP activity and TBIL levels, it is confirmed that it can improve bile duct excretion function, alleviate cholestasis, and maintain bilirubin metabolic homeostasis. In terms of antioxidant defense, the natural plant feed of the present invention can significantly enhance the activity of SOD and GSH-Px, restore T-AOC, and form an endogenous antioxidant barrier; at the same time, by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, it reduces MDA production and blocks oxidative stress cascade damage.

[0085] Intergroup comparisons showed that Group 1 demonstrated significant advantages in liver enzyme regulation, bilirubin metabolism, and antioxidant capacity improvement. However, due to the lack of some components, the active ingredient network of Groups 2-4 was incomplete, and the protective effect was significantly weaker than that of Group 1. This result not only demonstrates the synergistic effect of multiple components in the natural plant feed of this invention but also provides a scientific basis for the development of functional feeds, especially in the exploration of green and safe liver-protective feeds.

[0086] Test Example 2

[0087] Effects of the natural plant feed of the present invention on kidney function and production performance of fattening pigs

[0088] 1 Materials and Methods

[0089] 1.1 Trial Drugs

[0090] 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Gentianae, 12 parts of Gentianae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex oleifera, 10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 12 parts of Polyporus, 10 parts of Cortex Cercidiphyllae, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Rhizoma Cyperi, 10 parts of Talc, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of Cinnamomum cassiae. The raw materials are weighed according to the above weight parts, washed, dried, and pulverized through an 80-mesh sieve; the pulverized raw materials are mixed, and water 6 times the total weight of the raw materials is added. Ultrasonic extraction is performed twice at room temperature for 30 minutes each time, and the extracts are combined; the extracts are concentrated under reduced pressure at 45° C. to an extract with a relative density of 1.10, and spray-dried into a powder to obtain the natural plant feed additive of the present invention.

[0091] 1.2 Experimental design

[0092] One hundred and twenty 60-day-old, three-way crossbred (Durham × Longhorn × Dahlia) fattening pigs, half male and half female, of similar weight and in good health, were randomly divided into four groups: a control group, a low-dose group of the natural plant feed of the present invention, a medium-dose group of the natural plant feed of the present invention, and a high-dose group of the natural plant feed of the present invention, with five replicates per group and six pigs per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 5g / kg, 10g / kg, or 20g / kg of the natural plant feed additive of the present invention for eight consecutive weeks. The basal diet was formulated according to the NRC (2012) standards for swine nutritional requirements.

[0093] 1.3 Feeding and management

[0094] The pens were cleaned and disinfected before the trial began. During the trial, the pigs were dewormed and immunized in strict accordance with the farm's management and epidemic prevention regulations. During the trial, the pigs were given free access to food and water. The pens were cleaned and disinfected regularly every day to ensure they were clean, tidy, well-ventilated, and maintained at appropriate temperatures and humidity.

[0095] 1.4 Detection indicators

[0096] 1.4.1 Growth performance

[0097] All pigs in each experimental group were weighed one day before and on the day of the experiment. Feed intake and feed residue were recorded daily for each replicate. After the experiment, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-gain ratio (F / G) were calculated for each experimental group.

[0098] Average daily weight gain (kg) = (final body weight - initial body weight) / number of test days

[0099] Average daily feed intake (kg) = total feed intake / number of experimental days

[0100] Feed-to-weight ratio = average daily feed intake / average daily weight gain

[0101] 1.4.2 Serum biochemical indicators

[0102] After the experiment, all pigs were fasted but not watered for 12 h. Two fattening pigs were randomly selected in each replicate for blood sampling from the anterior vena cava. After standing at room temperature for 1.5 h, the blood was centrifuged at 3500 rpm and 4°C for 10 min. The upper serum was collected and the contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cr) were detected according to the kit instructions.

[0103] 1.5 Statistical methods

[0104] Graphpad Prism 8 statistical software was used to analyze the data, and the experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The comparison among the groups was performed using one-way analysis of variance, and the difference was considered statistically significant when P < 0.05.

[0105] 2 Results

[0106] 2.1 Effects of each drug group on the growth performance of fattening pigs

[0107] Depend on Figure 1 It can be seen that compared with the control group, the average daily weight gain of fattening pigs in each drug-treated group was significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), there was no significant difference in the average daily feed intake, and the feed-to-weight ratio was significantly reduced (P<0.05), indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention can effectively promote the growth and development of fattening pigs and significantly improve feed utilization efficiency.

[0108] 2.2 Effects of each drug group on serum biochemical indicators of fattening pigs

[0109] Depend on Figure 2 As can be seen, compared with the control group, the serum AST and ALT activities of fattening pigs in each treatment group were significantly reduced (P<0.05, P<0.01), indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention can alleviate liver damage; TP and ALB levels were significantly increased (P<0.05), indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention has the effect of promoting protein metabolism in fattening pigs; although BUN and Cr levels showed an upward trend, they did not reach a significant effect (P>0.05), indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention does not cause significant kidney burden in fattening pigs. In addition, all serum biochemical indicators in this experiment were within the normal range, indicating that the natural plant feed of the present invention has no negative impact on the health of fattening pigs.

[0110] 3 Conclusion

[0111] Enzymes are key biocatalysts that catalyze biochemical reactions and metabolic processes in animals, among which serum ALT and AST activities are important indicators for assessing liver health. Liver damage can trigger the release of large amounts of ALT and AST, and the natural plant feed of the present invention can significantly reduce the serum AST and ALT activities of fattening pigs, proving that it has the effect of alleviating liver damage. Serum TP and ALB levels are core parameters that reflect the body's protein metabolism efficiency. The natural plant feed additive of the present invention can significantly increase the serum TP and ALB levels of fattening pigs, suggesting that the feed may promote protein metabolism. In terms of renal function indicators, although serum BUN and Cr levels showed a slight upward trend, they did not reach a significant level, indicating that the added amount did not cause obvious kidney burden. All serum biochemical indicators were within the normal physiological range, comprehensively verifying its application safety. At the same time, the feed can significantly improve the growth performance of fattening pigs, as manifested by increased average daily weight gain, reduced feed-to-weight ratio, and stable daily feed intake. In summary, the natural plant feed of the present invention has both liver and kidney protection functions while improving production performance, and is safe and reliable to use, and has application potential as a green feed additive.

[0112] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than to limit the same. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent replacements for some of the technical features therein. However, these modifications or replacements do not deviate the essence of the corresponding technical solutions from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the various embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry, characterized in that: The natural plant feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-25 parts of Centella asiatica, 5-25 parts of Herba Gentianae, 3-22 parts of Gentianae, 3-22 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 1-20 parts of Ilex ilex, 1-20 parts of Radix Isatidis, 3-22 parts of Polyporus, 1-20 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 1-15 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 1-18 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 1-20 parts of talc, 1-13 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 1-20 parts of cassia twig.

2. The natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that: The natural plant feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-20 parts of Centella asiatica, 10-20 parts of Herba Gentianae, 8-16 parts of Gentianae, 8-16 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 5-15 parts of Ilex ilex, 5-15 parts of Radix Isatidis, 8-16 parts of Polyporus, 5-15 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 3-10 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 4-12 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 5-15 parts of talc, 3-9 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 5-15 parts of Cassia twig.

3. The natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry according to claim 1, characterized in that: The natural plant feed additive is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15 parts of Centella asiatica, 15 parts of Herba Gentianae, 12 parts of Gentianae, 12 parts of Phyllanthus urinariae, 10 parts of Ilex ilex, 10 parts of Radix Isatidis, 12 parts of Polyporus, 10 parts of Cortex Ceratitise, 5 parts of Uncaria rhynchophyllae, 8 parts of Cyperus rotundus, 10 parts of talc, 7 parts of Cortex Acanthopanacis, and 10 parts of cassia twig.

4. The method for preparing the natural plant feed additive for protecting the liver and kidneys of livestock and poultry according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: (1) Raw material pretreatment: weigh the raw materials according to the above weight parts, wash, dry, and grind through an 80-mesh sieve. (2) Mixed extraction: Mix the crushed raw materials, add 4-8 times the total weight of the raw materials in water, perform ultrasonic extraction at room temperature for 2-3 times, each time for 20-40 minutes, and combine the extracts; (3) Concentration and drying: The extract is concentrated under reduced pressure at 45-65° C. to an extract with a relative density of 1.10-1.25, and then spray-dried into a powder to obtain the natural plant feed additive of the present invention.

5. Use of the natural plant feed additive according to any one of claims 1 to 3 in preventing and / or treating liver and kidney diseases in livestock and poultry.

6. The use of the natural plant feed additive according to claim 5, characterized in that: The added amount of the natural plant feed additive is 0.2-2.0%.

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