Carbon emission checking system and method based on block chain

Abstract

The invention relates to a carbon emission checking system and method based on a block chain, and the system comprises a basic resource layer which collects enterprise energy consumption data in real time, employs cloud computing resources to provide data storage and computing capability, and employs a Hash algorithm to process the enterprise energy consumption data, and obtains a data abstract; the block chain network layer carries out distributed storage through an alliance chain architecture, carries out consensus evidence storage on the data abstract by adopting a PBFT consensus algorithm, and generates an encrypted data abstract; the intelligent contract layer receives the encrypted data abstract transmitted by the block chain network layer, and executes verification, calculation and supervision rules; and the application service layer calls the processing result of the intelligent contract layer, and respectively provides an enterprise carbon checking terminal service interface, an institution carbon checking terminal service interface and a competent department carbon supervision terminal service interface for the enterprise, a third-party checking institution and the competent department to check the carbon emission. According to the invention, high-efficiency check, high-credibility verification and whole-process traceable supervision of the carbon emission data are realized.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of carbon governance, and particularly relates to a carbon emission quantity verification system and method based on a block chain. BACKGROUND

[0002] At present, the management and verification of carbon emission data is not only an important support for achieving the "double carbon" goal, but also an important means for government regulatory agencies to ensure the quality of enterprise carbon data. The credibility, authenticity, transparency and security of carbon data directly determine the credibility of the carbon trading market and the effectiveness of policy implementation. At present, the global carbon governance system is facing the key challenge of digital transformation: on the one hand, the collection, accounting and verification of enterprise carbon data still rely on linear processes dominated by artificial, and there are high risk of tampering, low coordination efficiency, broken traceability chain and other problems; on the other hand, the centralized management system is difficult to support real-time data sharing and credible cooperation among multiple parties, resulting in regulatory lag and rising verification costs.

[0003] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a carbon emission quantity verification system and method based on a block chain. SUMMARY

[0004] (I) Technical problems to be solved

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned shortcomings and deficiencies of the prior art, the present application provides a carbon emission quantity verification system and method based on a block chain, which solves the technical problems of the prior art that carbon verification data is easy to be tampered with, has low credibility, the carbon verification process is inefficient, the transparency and traceability are insufficient, and the data verification is single and lacks multi-source data comparison.

[0006] (II) Technical solutions

[0007] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purposes, the main technical scheme adopted by the present application comprises:

[0008] In a first aspect, the present application provides a carbon emission quantity verification system based on a block chain, comprising:

[0009] a basic resource layer, a block chain network layer, an intelligent contract layer and an application service layer;

[0010] The basic resource layer collects enterprise energy consumption data in real time, and uses cloud computing resources to provide data storage and computing power, and uses a hash algorithm to process the enterprise energy consumption data to obtain a data digest;

[0011] The block chain network layer receives the data digest transmitted by the basic resource layer, stores it in a distributed manner through a consortium chain architecture, and uses a PBFT consensus algorithm to store the data digest as evidence of consensus, and generates an encrypted data digest;

[0012] The smart contract layer receives the encrypted data digest transmitted by the blockchain network layer, and performs verification, calculation and regulatory rules;

[0013] The application service layer calls the processing result of the smart contract layer, provides enterprise carbon checking, agency carbon checking and regulatory department carbon regulatory service interfaces to enterprises, third-party checking agencies and regulatory departments respectively, performs carbon emission checking, obtains carbon emission reports, checking record reports and regulatory behavior reports corresponding to the data digest, and stores the carbon emission reports, checking record reports and regulatory behavior reports corresponding to the data digest in the form of hash values in the blockchain network layer.

[0014] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the basic resource layer comprises:

[0015] The Internet of Things data acquisition sub-layer is used to collect enterprise energy consumption data in real time.

[0016] The enterprise energy consumption data includes enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, energy consumption data reported by the enterprise, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by an external energy monitoring system.

[0017] The computing and storage sub-layer is used to dynamically adjust the load by using elastic cloud computing resources.

[0018] The distributed storage sub-layer is used to store the enterprise energy consumption data locally, and process the enterprise energy consumption data by using a hash algorithm to obtain a data digest.

[0019] The encrypted network transmission sub-layer is used to transmit the data digest by using VPN, a dedicated network channel and a TLS encryption protocol.

[0020] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the blockchain network layer comprises:

[0021] The block generation engine is used to package the data digest into a block based on a PBFT consensus algorithm, and sequentially connect to form a blockchain.

[0022] The data notarization module is used to store carbon emission data, checking records and regulatory behaviors corresponding to the data digest in the blockchain in the form of hash values.

[0023] The access control module is used to realize differentiated data access control by using role-based permission management and hybrid encryption technology.

[0024] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the alliance architecture comprises:

[0025] The regulatory node, the checking node and the enterprise node.

[0026] The supervision node is deployed by a government authority, the verification node is deployed by a third-party verification institution, and the enterprise node is deployed by a carbon emission enterprise.

[0027] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the smart contract layer comprises:

[0028] a carbon emission calculation contract sub-layer, configured to automatically calculate the carbon emission of an enterprise according to a pre-prepared carbon emission calculation model and an emission factor;

[0029] a carbon verification and validation contract sub-layer, configured to trigger data comparison and multi-source verification logic when a third-party verification institution accesses enterprise energy consumption data;

[0030] a supervision rule execution contract sub-layer, configured to perform anomaly detection and compliance review by an authority, and automatically trigger an alarm and record a supervision operation when abnormal data is detected.

[0031] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the application service layer comprises:

[0032] an enterprise self-checking sub-layer, configured to obtain a carbon emission report according to a pre-prepared carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly checking rule, and store the carbon emission report in the form of a hash value in the blockchain network layer;

[0033] a third-party institution verification sub-layer, configured to obtain a verification record report by a standard deviation calculation and an LSTM prediction model, and store the verification record report in the form of a hash value in the blockchain network layer, by using a cross-verification algorithm of enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by an external gateway in combination with a multi-source data cross-verification mechanism;

[0034] a government supervision sub-layer, configured to select a spot-checked enterprise by using a risk scoring model, perform data rechecking on the spot-checked enterprise, obtain a supervision behavior report, and store the supervision behavior report in the form of a hash value in the blockchain network layer.

[0035] In a second aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a carbon emission verification method based on a blockchain, comprising:

[0036] S100, an enterprise collects enterprise energy consumption data by an Internet of Things data collection device, and obtains a data digest by processing the enterprise energy consumption data by using a hash algorithm; the enterprise energy consumption data comprises enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by an external gateway;

[0037] S200, the enterprise stores the data digest in a distributed manner by using a consortium chain architecture, and generates an encrypted data digest by using a PBFT consensus algorithm for consensus evidence.

[0038] S300, the enterprise obtains the hash value of the carbon emission report according to the preset carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly checking rule, and stores the hash value in chain;

[0039] S400, the third-party verification agency accesses the encrypted data digest under the authorization of the enterprise, combines a multi-source data cross-verification mechanism, uses a cross-verification algorithm of enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, self-reported energy consumption data of the enterprise, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by an external energy monitoring system, obtains the hash value of the verification record report through standard deviation calculation and an LSTM prediction model, and stores the hash value in chain;

[0040] S500, the government supervision department selects a check enterprise by using a risk scoring model, and performs data review on the check enterprise, obtains the hash value of the supervision behavior report, and stores the hash value in chain.

[0041] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the S300 specifically comprises:

[0042] S310, the enterprise submits a registration application and obtains a blockchain identity certificate, and binds access permission;

[0043] S320, the enterprise obtains the enterprise carbon emission according to the preset carbon emission accounting model;

[0044] S330, the enterprise verifies the enterprise carbon emission by a data anomaly checking rule, obtains a verification result, and if the verification result exceeds a preset threshold, an alarm is performed;

[0045] S340, a carbon emission report is generated according to the enterprise carbon emission and the verification result;

[0046] S350, the enterprise calculates the hash value of the carbon emission report by using a SHA256 hash algorithm, and stores the hash value in chain.

[0047] Optionally, in some embodiments of the present application, the S400 specifically comprises:

[0048] S410, the third-party verification agency sends a data access request to the enterprise, and after the enterprise authorizes, the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report are transmitted to the third-party verification agency;

[0049] S420, the third-party verification agency decrypts the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report, and obtains the enterprise energy consumption data and the carbon emission report;

[0050] S430: Third-party verification agencies use IoT-collected enterprise energy consumption data, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained from external gateways to perform cross-verification algorithms, calculate the degree of data deviation through standard deviation, and combine it with LSTM prediction models to obtain abnormal data and generate verification record reports.

[0051] S440. The third-party verification agency uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the verification record report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

[0052] Optionally, in some embodiments of this application, S500 includes:

[0053] S510. The government regulatory department uses a risk scoring model to obtain the enterprise inspection priority based on the intelligent inspection strategy, and selects the enterprise with the highest priority as the inspection enterprise based on the enterprise inspection priority; the scoring factors of the risk scoring model include the enterprise's historical verification abnormality ratio, the fluctuation range of carbon emission data in the past year, and the industry risk level.

[0054] S520. The government regulatory department decrypts the encrypted data digest, carbon emission report hash value, and verification record hash value of the inspected enterprises, and accesses the enterprise's energy consumption data, carbon emission amount, and abnormal data.

[0055] S530. The government regulatory department compares the carbon emissions of the enterprise with industry benchmark data. If the data deviation exceeds the set threshold, an abnormal alarm is triggered and abnormal information is recorded.

[0056] S540. The government regulatory department manually reviews the abnormal data and obtains an abnormal conclusion.

[0057] S550. Based on the sampled enterprises, abnormal information, and abnormal conclusions, the government regulatory department generates a regulatory action report.

[0058] S560. The government regulatory department uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the regulatory behavior report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

[0059] (III) Beneficial Effects

[0060] This application provides a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system and method. Leveraging the immutability of blockchain technology, it achieves trusted processing of carbon emission data throughout the entire process, ensuring data authenticity, immutability, and traceability. The system also introduces a smart contract-based automated verification process, utilizing pre-set carbon emission calculation models and verification rules to automatically trigger multi-level data verification mechanisms, including enterprise self-inspection, third-party verification, and government supervision. This significantly reduces manual intervention and improves verification efficiency and real-time monitoring capabilities. Furthermore, this application integrates a multi-source data cross-verification mechanism, relying not only on enterprise self-reported data but also utilizing IoT devices to automatically collect data in real time, and combining this with information from external energy suppliers, the power grid, and other sources to construct a complete carbon data authenticity verification chain.

[0061] In summary, this application fundamentally solves the problems of single data verification, low efficiency of multi-party collaboration, and insufficient transparency in the verification process in traditional carbon emission data management by synergistically applying technologies such as multi-source data cross-validation and automated smart contract verification, thereby achieving efficient verification, highly reliable validation, and full-process traceability supervision of carbon emission data. Attached Figure Description

[0062] Figure 1 This is an overall architecture diagram of a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to an embodiment of this application;

[0063] Figure 2 This is a schematic flowchart of a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application;

[0064] Figure 3 A schematic diagram illustrating the process by which an enterprise submits a registration application and obtains a blockchain identity certificate according to an embodiment of the blockchain-based carbon emission verification method of this application;

[0065] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the process of obtaining corporate carbon emissions using a blockchain-based carbon emissions verification method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0066] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the data access process of a third-party verification agency in a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application.

[0067] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the enterprise process for a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application;

[0068] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of a third-party verification agency process for a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application;

[0069] Figure 8This is a schematic diagram of a third-party verification agency process for a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0070] To better explain and facilitate understanding of this application, the following detailed description of the application is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0071] Currently, the management and verification of carbon emission data is not only a crucial support for achieving the "dual carbon" goals, but also an important means for government regulatory agencies to ensure the quality of corporate carbon data. The credibility, authenticity, transparency, and security of carbon data directly determine the credibility of the carbon trading market and the effectiveness of policy implementation. Currently, the global carbon governance system is facing key challenges in digital transformation: on the one hand, the collection, calculation, and verification of corporate carbon data still rely on a linear process dominated by manual intervention, resulting in high risks of tampering, low collaborative efficiency, and broken traceability chains; on the other hand, centralized management systems struggle to support real-time data sharing and reliable collaboration among multiple parties, leading to regulatory lags and escalating verification costs. Building a reliable governance system covering the entire data lifecycle has become key to breaking through the bottlenecks in carbon market development and achieving precise emission reduction.

[0072] The traditional carbon verification model adopts a linear process of "company self-reporting - third-party agency manual verification - government review". Its technical defects can be summarized into the following four categories:

[0073] (1) Carbon verification data is easily tampered with and has low credibility;

[0074] In traditional carbon verification models, carbon emission data relies primarily on self-reporting by enterprises and verification by third-party organizations, lacking reliable anti-tampering mechanisms. Some enterprises may falsify or conceal carbon emission data to evade regulation or reduce costs. Existing systems depend on centralized databases to store enterprise carbon emission data, making them vulnerable to single points of failure, cyberattacks, or malicious tampering by insiders, and data modification traces are difficult to trace. For example, enterprises can falsify activity level data by forging ERP system logs, and third-party verification organizations lack the technical means to verify the authenticity of the original data. More seriously, centralized systems cannot provide non-repudiation evidence preservation mechanisms, making it impossible to reproduce disputed data through independent audits, greatly undermining the credibility of the carbon trading market.

[0075] (2) The carbon verification process relies on manual operation, which is inefficient;

[0076] Carbon verification involves multiple stakeholders, including enterprises, third-party verification agencies, and government departments. Traditional carbon verification processes largely rely on manual procedures such as enterprise self-reporting, third-party on-site verification, and government spot checks. This involves multiple data transfers, leading to inconsistencies, redundant verifications, and lengthy review cycles, increasing regulatory costs and information delays. Furthermore, over 70% of the entire chain from data collection and verification to regulatory decision-making relies on manual operation, which is prone to errors and omissions, resulting in inaccurate and inefficient verification results. The lack of data sharing and collaboration mechanisms further hinders efficient data sharing and collaboration among stakeholders, thus restricting overall verification efficiency and regulatory timeliness.

[0077] (3) Insufficient transparency and traceability in the carbon verification process;

[0078] The existing verification process lacks a transparent and verifiable mechanism. Companies struggle to prove that their submitted data has not been tampered with, the verification process by verification agencies is often opaque, and the public and regulatory agencies find it difficult to obtain verification results in a timely manner, creating information asymmetry. Verification results are typically released in delayed reports, failing to meet the needs of real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustments. This lack of transparency gives rise to systemic risks such as "double reporting" (the same company submitting contradictory data to different agencies) and "verification collusion" (committing fraud with third-party agencies), directly threatening the fairness of carbon quota allocation and trading, potentially triggering a market trust crisis, and affecting the healthy operation of the carbon trading market.

[0079] (4) Data verification methods are limited and lack multi-source data comparison;

[0080] Existing verification mechanisms primarily rely on self-reported data from enterprises, supplemented by manual review of some financial documents and production records. However, this single-source verification method may lack an independent verification mechanism, making it difficult to directly verify the accuracy of the data provided by enterprises and preventing data falsification or concealment. Furthermore, the failure to effectively integrate multi-source information such as real-time IoT monitoring data (e.g., real-time energy consumption data collected from electricity and gas meters) and external authoritative data (energy supplier and power grid data) results in insufficient means of verifying data authenticity.

[0081] To address the aforementioned issues, this application proposes a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system and method, aiming to achieve reliable data storage, automated verification, cross-validation of multi-source data, and full-process traceability supervision, fundamentally solving problems such as weak data credibility, low management efficiency, and insufficient traceability under the existing carbon verification model.

[0082] This application presents a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system and method. Leveraging the immutability of blockchain technology, it achieves end-to-end trusted management of carbon emission data, ensuring data authenticity, immutability, and traceability. Furthermore, this application incorporates smart contract and application service layers to trigger a multi-level data verification mechanism involving enterprise self-inspection, third-party verification, and government oversight, significantly reducing manual intervention and improving verification efficiency and real-time monitoring capabilities. Further, this application integrates a multi-source data cross-verification mechanism, relying not only on enterprise self-reported data but also utilizing IoT devices for real-time automatic data collection and combining information from external energy suppliers, power grids, and other sources to construct a complete carbon data authenticity verification chain. In summary, this blockchain-based carbon emission verification system and method achieves efficient verification, high-reliability verification, and end-to-end traceable supervision of carbon emission data.

[0083] To better understand the above technical solutions, exemplary embodiments of this application will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although exemplary embodiments of this application are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that this application can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this application can be understood more clearly and thoroughly, and that the scope of this application can be fully conveyed to those skilled in the art.

[0084] Example 1

[0085] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to an embodiment of this application. Figure 1 As shown, the carbon emission verification system includes:

[0086] The layers consist of a basic resource layer, a blockchain network layer, a smart contract layer, and an application service layer.

[0087] The basic resource layer collects enterprise energy consumption data in real time, and uses cloud computing resources to provide data storage and computing capabilities. It also uses a hash algorithm to process the enterprise energy consumption data and obtain a data summary.

[0088] Furthermore, the basic resource layer includes:

[0089] The IoT data acquisition sublayer is used to collect enterprise energy consumption data in real time.

[0090] The enterprise energy consumption data includes enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external energy monitoring systems;

[0091] In the specific implementation process, enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things (IoT) is collected through IoT data acquisition devices. Specifically, smart meters, gas meters, heat meters, and other IoT data acquisition devices are deployed on-site to monitor enterprise energy consumption data in real time. Enterprise self-reported energy consumption data is obtained through the enterprise self-reporting data interface, which is connected to the ERP system and supports the import of XML / JSON format data as well as manual data entry. Enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external energy monitoring systems is collected by supporting access to the power grid company's API (to obtain power supply data) and energy supplier databases (to verify purchase records).

[0092] By acquiring the energy consumption data of the above three types of enterprises and conducting subsequent verification, the problem of single data verification in traditional carbon emission data management is fundamentally solved, thereby improving subsequent credibility.

[0093] The compute storage sublayer is used to dynamically adjust the load using elastic cloud computing resources;

[0094] Specifically, the compute and storage sublayer provides the system application runtime environment, data storage, and computing capabilities. It also utilizes elastic cloud computing resources, dynamically adjusting compute and storage resources based on system load to handle high-load situations. Furthermore, the compute and storage sublayer features data backup and disaster recovery mechanisms to ensure rapid data recovery in the event of system failure, thus guaranteeing data security.

[0095] A distributed storage sublayer is used to store the enterprise energy consumption data locally and process the enterprise energy consumption data using a hash algorithm to obtain a data digest;

[0096] An encrypted network transport sublayer is used to transmit the data digest using VPN, private network tunnels, and TLS encryption protocols.

[0097] In practice, the encrypted network transport sublayer relies on highly available Internet infrastructure, dedicated network channels, and VPNs to ensure data transmission security and prevent data from being tampered with or stolen during transmission. At the same time, it uses encryption protocols such as TLS to ensure data communication security.

[0098] In this embodiment, by setting up the aforementioned basic resource layer, multi-source data fusion, elastic computing support, hash verification, and encrypted transmission are combined to provide a reliable data source, a stable operating foundation, and a secure data processing environment for the entire subsequent carbon emission verification system. This provides the underlying technical guarantee for transparent and traceable carbon verification.

[0099] The blockchain network layer receives the data digest transmitted by the basic resource layer, performs distributed storage through a consortium blockchain architecture, and uses the PBFT consensus algorithm to perform consensus notarization on the data digest, generating an encrypted data digest.

[0100] The blockchain network layer includes:

[0101] A block generation engine is used to package the data digest into blocks based on the PBFT consensus algorithm and connect them sequentially to form a blockchain;

[0102] The data storage module is used to store the carbon emission data, verification records and regulatory actions corresponding to the data summary into the blockchain in the form of hash values.

[0103] The access control module employs role-based access control and hybrid encryption technology to achieve differentiated data access control. Furthermore, the access control module uses hybrid encryption technology to dynamically generate keys and manage them through smart contracts, ensuring the confidentiality and controllability of data during transmission and storage.

[0104] In summary, the blockchain network layer provides a data management layer for the carbon emission verification system that is "tamper-proof, fully traceable, secure and controllable, and based on multi-party consensus" through its distributed architecture, consensus mechanism, hash-based evidence storage, and fine-grained access control.

[0105] In the specific implementation process, the alliance architecture includes:

[0106] Regulatory nodes, verification nodes, and enterprise nodes;

[0107] The regulatory nodes are deployed by the government authorities, the verification nodes are deployed by third-party verification agencies, and the enterprise nodes are deployed by carbon-emitting enterprises.

[0108] The regulatory node is the competent authority node, which is a consensus node with the highest data access privileges and is required to synchronize a complete data ledger. The business processes and functions of the competent authority node include: approving applications from enterprise / institutional users, issuing alliance user certificates, reviewing and supervising data submitted by enterprises and verification agencies, etc. The data uploaded to the blockchain by the competent authority node includes: regulatory behavior reports, updates to carbon accounting rules and emission factor databases, etc. The regulatory behavior reports include verification conclusions and feedback.

[0109] The verification nodes are third-party verification agency nodes, which are light nodes responsible for verifying corporate carbon emission data and uploading relevant verification process records and results to the blockchain. The business processes and functions of these third-party verification agency nodes include: submitting applications to join the organization, providing online verification and certification services, and generating and uploading verification results and reports. The data uploaded to the blockchain by these third-party verification agency nodes consists of encrypted verification processes, verification reports, and hashes of related materials. The verification report includes the verification results and the final verification conclusion.

[0110] Enterprise nodes are light nodes, serving as the primary data source for uploading enterprise carbon emission data, and do not synchronize ledger data with other nodes. Their business processes and functions include: submitting applications to join the organization, conducting carbon data collection, reporting and accounting, and applying for verification and certification. The data uploaded to the blockchain consists of encrypted carbon emission data, supporting materials, and the hash value of the carbon emission report.

[0111] The alliance architecture provides a reliable underlying support for multi-party collaboration in the carbon verification system through clear hierarchical access control, effectively solving the problems of "lagging supervision and high trust costs" in traditional carbon verification.

[0112] The smart contract layer receives encrypted data digests transmitted from the blockchain network layer and executes verification, calculation, and regulatory rules.

[0113] The smart contract layer includes:

[0114] The carbon emission calculation contract sub-layer is used to automatically calculate the enterprise's carbon emissions based on the pre-built carbon emission calculation model and emission factors.

[0115] Specifically, based on industry accounting methodologies, a standardized carbon emission calculation model is pre-designed:

[0116]

[0117] Where E represents carbon emissions, A i The data represents activity level data, and EFi represents the emission factor.

[0118] The carbon verification and validation contract sub-layer is used to trigger data comparison and multi-source verification logic when a third-party verification agency accesses the company's energy consumption data;

[0119] In the specific implementation process, the carbon verification and validation contract sub-layer stores carbon verification rules. For example, for the thermal power generation industry, the carbon verification and validation contract sub-layer will load emission coefficients related to coal combustion and adjust the weight and threshold of data verification.

[0120] When third-party verification agencies access enterprise energy consumption data, they use the built-in comparison algorithms and verification rules in the carbon verification and validation contract sublayer to compare the enterprise's self-reported data with real-time IoT-collected data, external data sources, and industry benchmark data to detect discrepancies and anomalies. If the data interpolation exceeds a preset threshold, the system automatically triggers an anomaly alarm mechanism.

[0121] The regulatory rules enforcement contract sub-layer is used by competent authorities to conduct anomaly detection and compliance review. When abnormal data is detected, an alarm is automatically triggered and regulatory actions are recorded.

[0122] Specifically, the regulatory rule enforcement contract sublayer uses pre-defined rules and data comparison algorithms to perform real-time verification between the company's current data and industry benchmarks, detecting anomalies. When the difference between the two exceeds a set threshold, an alarm function is triggered. After an anomaly is detected, the regulatory rule enforcement contract sublayer records abnormal data changes and data tampering on the blockchain, automatically triggering the early warning process.

[0123] Specifically, the smart contract layer also includes a key management contract sub-layer, which is responsible for the dynamic generation, encrypted transmission, lifecycle management, and time-limited access of symmetric keys in hybrid encryption, ensuring that only authorized parties can obtain the keys and decrypt the data.

[0124] In summary, this application, by introducing a smart contract layer, achieves a fully intelligent and automated regulatory system for carbon emission data, encompassing enterprise self-inspection, third-party verification, and government oversight. The verification processes at each level not only ensure the authenticity, integrity, and transparency of the data but also improve regulatory efficiency through risk scoring and automatic early warning mechanisms, forming a highly tamper-proof and traceable hierarchical verification mechanism.

[0125] The application service layer calls the processing results of the smart contract layer to provide enterprise carbon inventory terminal, institution carbon verification terminal and competent authority carbon supervision terminal service interfaces to enterprises, third-party verification agencies and competent authorities respectively, to conduct carbon emission verification, obtain carbon emission report, verification record report and regulatory behavior report corresponding to the data summary, and store the carbon emission report, verification record report and regulatory behavior report corresponding to the data summary in the form of hash value into the blockchain network layer.

[0126] The aforementioned application service layer provides customized interactive interfaces and data services for different users, including enterprise carbon inventory terminals, institutional carbon verification terminals, and competent authority carbon supervision terminals, ensuring efficient collaboration among all parties.

[0127] Among them, the enterprise carbon emission assessment terminal provides enterprises with functions such as identity registration, data collection, processing, accounting, report generation and on-chain evidence storage, supports manual filling and automatic data collection, and provides data visualization and statistical analysis;

[0128] The institutional carbon verification platform provides third-party verification agencies with services such as identity registration, enterprise data access, multi-source cross-verification, verification report generation, and on-chain data verification, ensuring that verification results are open, transparent, and tamper-proof.

[0129] The carbon regulatory platform of the competent authority provides government authorities with real-time data monitoring, anomaly detection, and regulatory decision support functions to ensure the efficient implementation of various regulatory measures. It also publishes and updates accounting rules and emission factor databases through blockchain.

[0130] The application service layer includes:

[0131] The enterprise self-inspection sub-layer is used to obtain carbon emission reports based on the pre-set carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly verification rules, and store the carbon emission reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer;

[0132] The enterprise self-inspection sub-layer corresponds to the aforementioned enterprise inventory terminal, providing enterprises with functions such as carbon data collection, processing, calculation, report generation, and submission. It supports real-time data collection, automatic calculation and quality control, and encrypted submission. The enterprise self-inspection sub-layer includes:

[0133] User Identity Management and Initialization Module: When enterprises first access the system, they must submit a registration application to the relevant regulatory authority. After the authority reviews the enterprise's qualifications, the system generates a user certificate on the blockchain and binds it to the enterprise's public key, roles, and access permissions. This module ensures the uniqueness and unforgeability of the enterprise's identity while providing anonymity protection. Enterprises complete identity initialization through this certificate, officially connecting to and joining the carbon verification blockchain network. All registration and identity management operations are stored on the blockchain, ensuring transparent and tamper-proof identity information, facilitating subsequent supervision.

[0134] Multi-source carbon data access module: This module provides multiple carbon emission data access methods: 1) Enterprise self-reporting data interface, which can be connected to ERP systems and supports importing data in XML / JSON format as well as manual data entry; 2) IoT acquisition module: Through IoT data acquisition devices such as smart meters, gas meters, and heat meters deployed locally in the enterprise, it collects the enterprise's energy consumption data online in real time and transmits the data to a local database for initial storage via wireless communication protocols (such as Modbus-TCP). IoT terminals need to complete device registration under this module to ensure the trustworthiness of the devices and data sources; 3) External data gateway: Supports access to the power grid company's API (to obtain electricity supply data), energy supplier databases (to verify purchase records), etc.

[0135] The real-time data collected by enterprises will be processed using a hash algorithm to generate a data digest, which will then be stored on the blockchain as evidence, ensuring the integrity and tamper-proof nature of the data source. This module guarantees the real-time nature and accuracy of data collection, effectively preventing data fraud and human intervention.

[0136] Carbon Data Processing and Visualization Module: After preprocessing the raw data collected by enterprises, the system summarizes it according to different time periods such as daily, monthly, and yearly, and performs data cleaning and standardization. The processed data can be intuitively displayed through charts and dashboards, facilitating enterprises to conduct trend analysis and comparison of historical data. This module provides decision-making basis for internal data management and provides standardized data support for subsequent carbon accounting and quality control.

[0137] Carbon Data Accounting and Quality Control Module: This module supports enterprises in configuring accounting parameters based on their own emission characteristics through pre-built industry accounting models and emission factor libraries. It utilizes data acquired from multi-source carbon data access modules, such as IoT monitoring data, system-connected data, and manually submitted data and supporting documentation from enterprises. Smart contracts automatically trigger rule verification, threshold checks, and multi-source data cross-validation to ensure data authenticity and accuracy. After accounting is completed, the system automatically stores the hash values ​​of key data and related supporting materials on the blockchain for evidence preservation, achieving data integrity and traceability.

[0138] Carbon Emission Report Generation and Submission Module: After enterprises complete carbon data accounting, the system automatically generates a current carbon emission report. The report includes key information such as the enterprise's carbon emissions, data sources, accounting process, and quality control results. To ensure the security of the report data, key data is first subjected to hybrid encryption before being uploaded to the blockchain; only authorized data providers can decrypt and view the data. Supporting documents and reports generate corresponding hash values ​​and are uploaded to the blockchain, while the original files are transmitted via a secure off-chain channel. The hash values ​​stored on the blockchain can be used to verify the integrity and consistency of the data, ensuring that the emission report data is tamper-proof and traceable throughout the entire process. This process achieves controlled sharing and privacy protection of enterprise data.

[0139] The third-party verification sub-layer is used to combine a multi-source data cross-validation mechanism, and utilize the cross-verification algorithm of enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external gateways. It obtains verification record reports through standard deviation calculation and LSTM prediction model, and stores the verification record reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer.

[0140] The third-party verification sublayer corresponds to the aforementioned carbon verification end (third-party verification agency). This sublayer provides online services for third-party verification agencies to conduct verification and certification of enterprise carbon data, ensuring the authenticity and compliance of enterprise carbon data. It supports privacy-protected enterprise data access, multi-source data cross-verification, automatic smart contract verification, and automatically generates on-chain, notarized verification reports, improving verification efficiency and transparency. Specifically, it includes:

[0141] User Identity Management and Initialization Module: Before accessing the system, third-party verification agencies must complete identity registration. After submitting their registration application, the competent authority reviews it through the regulatory platform. Upon approval, the system generates a user certificate on the blockchain and binds the certificate to the agency's public key, roles, and permissions to ensure the uniqueness and anonymity of the verification agency's identity. After completing identity authentication, the verification agency can use the user certificate to complete system initialization, officially connect to the blockchain carbon verification network, and obtain access permissions. The entire identity management process is based on blockchain notarization, ensuring the transparency and immutability of identity operations and preventing illegal agencies from forging identities or impersonating others to access data.

[0142] Enterprise Data Access Module: This module combines hybrid encryption technology, allowing verification agencies to access carbon emission data with enterprise authorization. When submitting data, enterprises encrypt it using a symmetric key, and the verification agency further encrypts the symmetric key using its public key. Upon receiving the encrypted data, the verification agency decrypts the symmetric key using its private key, and then uses that decryption key to decrypt the data. The system also records all access operations via smart contracts and supports time-limited access, ensuring that verification agencies can only extract data within their authorized scope for verification and evidence storage, greatly improving data security and credibility.

[0143] The smart contract automated verification module allows verification agencies to perform multi-dimensional cross-comparisons of data submitted by enterprises during the data verification process. The system supports cross-verification of multi-source data, including real-time IoT data, enterprise-reported data, internal system data, and external data sources (such as power grid and energy supplier data). It also supports the automatic detection and early warning of abnormal data using historical enterprise data, based on statistical methods (such as standard deviation calculation), machine learning algorithms (such as LSTM prediction models), and rule matching. All data verification processes are automatically executed by smart contracts, ensuring transparency and automatic recording, improving verification efficiency, reducing the risk of human intervention, and further ensuring data authenticity and the accuracy of verification results.

[0144] Verification Report Generation and Submission Module: After the verification agency completes data review, the system automatically generates a verification report stored on the blockchain. The report details the company's carbon emission data and sources, the verification process, cross-validation results, and verification conclusions. To ensure the security of the verification report data, key data undergoes hybrid encryption before being stored on the blockchain; only authorized data providers can decrypt and view the data. Related verification materials and reports generate corresponding hash values ​​and are uploaded to the blockchain, while the original files are transmitted via a secure off-chain channel. The hash values ​​stored on the blockchain can be used to verify the integrity and consistency of the data, ensuring the report is tamper-proof and fully traceable, thereby ensuring the transparency and authority of the verification results.

[0145] The government regulatory sub-layer is used to select enterprises for random inspection using a risk scoring model, verify the data of the selected enterprises, obtain regulatory behavior reports, and store the regulatory behavior reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer.

[0146] The government regulatory sub-layer corresponds to the carbon regulatory end of the aforementioned competent authorities, providing full-process regulatory services to government regulatory agencies. This mainly includes functions such as user identity management, real-time data monitoring, abnormal data detection, and management of accounting rules and emission factor databases, ensuring comprehensiveness, accuracy, and efficiency of regulation. Specifically, it includes:

[0147] User Identity Management and Verification Module: This module allows the relevant authorities to verify the registration of enterprises and third-party verification agencies. All applicants must submit qualification certificates. Upon approval, the system generates an identity certificate on the blockchain and binds it to the user's role, access permissions, and public key. This module uses smart contracts for hierarchical permission management, ensuring that each user can only access their authorized data. All identity registration and change operations are stored on the blockchain, achieving end-to-end traceability and transparent management of identity information.

[0148] Data Decryption and Viewing Module: This module allows authorized authorities to decrypt and view encrypted data uploaded to the blockchain by enterprises and institutions in detail, facilitating comprehensive supervision and anomaly analysis. The data decryption module combines with a hybrid encryption mechanism, using the private key held by the authorized authority to decrypt the encrypted symmetric key transmitted through the key management contract, thereby recovering the original data. This module is designed to ensure data security and privacy protection while meeting the government's needs for data transparency and real-time supervision. All decryption and viewing operations are recorded on the blockchain, achieving full traceability.

[0149] Real-time Data Monitoring Module: This module supports government regulatory agencies in real-time monitoring of decrypted corporate carbon data. Combined with data visualization tools, it dynamically displays historical and real-time data for each company. Regulatory personnel can intuitively view carbon emission trends, abnormal fluctuations, and regional / industry comparisons through dashboards. The real-time data monitoring module provides decision support to government departments, ensuring the fairness and transparency of carbon market management.

[0150] Data Sampling and Review Module: The system supports intelligent decision-making for sampling strategies, determining sampling priorities based on a company's historical carbon emission performance using a scoring model. Smart contracts, through pre-defined rules and data comparison algorithms, perform real-time verification of the company's current data against industry benchmark data. When a significant deviation is detected between the company's carbon emission data and the industry benchmark, the smart contract automatically triggers anomaly detection. This module utilizes pre-defined rules and dynamic data comparison algorithms to perform real-time verification of the company's current data, recording abnormal data changes and data tampering on the blockchain, and automatically triggering an early warning process to notify relevant regulatory personnel to take action. This mechanism not only reduces the workload of manual verification but also improves regulatory response speed, ensuring that violations can be detected and dealt with promptly.

[0151] The accounting rules and emission factor database update module: To ensure the consistency and scientific rigor of accounting standards, this module allows relevant authorities to publish and update carbon emission accounting templates and emission factor databases through a blockchain platform, ensuring that enterprises and verification agencies use the latest calculation standards. Regular updates to the emission factor database adapt to the carbon emission requirements of different regions and industries, improving the accuracy of carbon accounting. Enterprises and verification agencies can access the updated accounting rules and emission factor databases on the blockchain.

[0152] In this embodiment, at the enterprise carbon emission verification end, intelligent data self-verification is achieved through pre-set industry accounting models and automatic quality control rules; at the institutional carbon verification end, machine learning algorithms and statistical methods are introduced, combined with multi-source data to automatically trigger anomaly detection, reducing the workload of manual review; at the competent authority's carbon supervision end, a random inspection list is dynamically generated based on a risk scoring model, and smart contracts automatically trigger key inspections. Through a three-layer automation mechanism (enterprise self-verification - institutional verification - government supervision), the traditional verification cycle of several weeks is shortened to several days, while greatly reducing manual intervention and costs, and improving the accuracy, real-time performance, and regulatory efficiency of data verification.

[0153] This application presents a blockchain-based carbon emission verification system that achieves controllable data access through a hybrid encryption system and dynamic access control. It uses AES-256-GCM to encrypt the raw data and transmits dynamically generated symmetric keys via asymmetric encryption (RSA) to ensure that only authorized parties can decrypt the data. A time-limited access mechanism is designed to prevent secondary data leakage. Authorities can implement transparent supervision through keys stored on the blockchain, and all decryption operations are recorded on the blockchain in real time, creating a system of checks and balances. This application provides a compliance audit channel for authorities while ensuring the protection of corporate trade secrets.

[0154] Furthermore, this application constructs a trusted management system covering the entire process of data collection, accounting, verification, and supervision through blockchain technology and smart contracts. It collects enterprise energy consumption data in real time via IoT devices and combines this with hash-based evidence storage to ensure the authenticity of the data source; it utilizes multi-node collaboration in a consortium blockchain (PBFT consensus for regulatory nodes and light nodes for enterprises / verification agencies) to achieve distributed data storage and tamper-proofing; and it leverages smart contracts to automatically execute accounting models, multi-source cross-verification mechanisms, and anomaly warnings to form a complete evidence chain from data generation to supervision, thereby ensuring the authenticity, integrity, and traceability of carbon emission data and providing a trusted data foundation for the carbon trading market.

[0155] In summary, this application employs a four-layer architecture, with each layer achieving seamless data interaction and access control through smart contracts and standard interfaces. This ensures the system as a whole possesses high scalability, security, transparency, and efficiency, providing end-to-end technical support for the trustworthy management of carbon emission data. It enables trustworthy management of carbon emission data throughout the entire process, improving data authenticity, transparency, security, and verification efficiency, and providing solid technical support for the carbon trading market, government regulation, and corporate self-inspection.

[0156] Example 2

[0157] Figure 2 This is a flowchart illustrating a blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to an embodiment of this application, including:

[0158] Step S100: The enterprise collects enterprise energy consumption data through IoT data acquisition devices and processes the enterprise energy consumption data using a hash algorithm to obtain a data summary; the enterprise energy consumption data includes enterprise energy consumption data collected by IoT, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external gateways;

[0159] Specifically, enterprises collect energy consumption data through IoT devices, system integration, or manual reporting. Enterprise energy consumption data includes, but is not limited to, activity level data and emission factor data.

[0160] Specific data sources include:

[0161] IoT sensors: Energy metering IoT devices (such as electricity meters and gas meters) collect energy consumption data in real time;

[0162] Internal enterprise systems: Interact with ERP and SCADA systems via standard APIs to obtain data related to production energy consumption and carbon emissions;

[0163] External data: Establish data interface with the power grid and gas suppliers to obtain external energy consumption data through RESTful API or MQTT protocol.

[0164] After obtaining the above data, the multi-source carbon emission data will be converted into unified structured data in accordance with national and industry carbon accounting standards to facilitate subsequent accounting work.

[0165] Step S200: The enterprise stores the data digest in a distributed manner through a consortium blockchain architecture, and uses the PBFT consensus algorithm to perform consensus notarization on the data digest to generate an encrypted data digest.

[0166] Furthermore, a data digest H(D) is generated from the energy consumption data of the aforementioned enterprises using a hash function. H(D) is then stored on the blockchain to ensure data integrity and tamper-proofness. The hash function is as follows:

[0167] H(D) = SHA256(D).

[0168] Step S300: The enterprise obtains the hash value of the carbon emission report and stores it on the blockchain according to the pre-set carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly verification rules.

[0169] See Figure 6 Step S300 specifically includes:

[0170] Step S310: The enterprise submits a registration application and obtains a blockchain identity certificate, and binds access permissions;

[0171] Specifically, such as Figure 3 As shown, when a company first connects to the system, it must submit a registration application to the relevant government department. After the department verifies the company's qualifications, the system generates a user certificate on the blockchain and binds it to the company's public key, roles, and access permissions. This module ensures the uniqueness and unforgeability of the company's identity while providing anonymity protection. The company completes identity initialization through this certificate, officially connecting to and joining the carbon verification blockchain network. All registration and identity management operations are stored on the blockchain, ensuring transparent and tamper-proof identity information, facilitating subsequent supervision.

[0172] Step S320: The enterprise obtains its carbon emissions based on the pre-set carbon emission accounting model;

[0173] In the specific implementation process, based on industry accounting methodologies, a standardized carbon emission accounting model is pre-defined as follows:

[0174]

[0175] Where E represents carbon emissions, A i For activity level data, EF i For example, emission factors. Figure 4 (As shown)

[0176] Step S330: The enterprise verifies its carbon emissions through the data anomaly verification rules, obtains the verification results, and issues an alarm if the verification results exceed the preset threshold.

[0177] Furthermore, the data anomaly verification rules for carbon emissions are pre-deployed by a smart contract to prevent tampering during data computation. Simultaneously, the smart contract automatically triggers rule verification to check whether the data conforms to the pre-defined rules, thus achieving data quality control. The rule verification formula is:

[0178] Check(D, R) = ∑(Δi)

[0179] Where Δi is the difference measure between data D and rule R. If ∑(Δi) < threshold, the verification passes. If the verification passes, the accounting result E is generated. The hash value of this accounting result and its related evidence will be stored on the blockchain through a smart contract to ensure data integrity and internal consistency.

[0180] Simultaneously, enterprises utilize multi-source data, including self-reported data, real-time IoT data, and external data sources, to automatically compare results from different data sources based on pre-defined comparison algorithms and rules within smart contracts, detecting discrepancies and anomalies. The data verification process formula is as follows:

[0181]

[0182] Δ represents the data difference, D report For enterprises to report data, D loT For real-time data collection for the Internet of Things, D ext The external data source is used, and Threshold is a preset threshold. If Δ exceeds the preset threshold, the system will automatically trigger an alarm mechanism.

[0183] Step S340: Generate a carbon emission report based on the company's carbon emissions and verification results;

[0184] Step S350: The enterprise uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the carbon emission report and stores the hash value on the blockchain.

[0185] After completing carbon emission data accounting and control, enterprises automatically generate carbon emission reports, with key data in the reports being encrypted. The corresponding hash values ​​generated in the reports are then uploaded to the blockchain. The blockchain uploading process is as follows:

[0186] Hashreport = H(Report)

[0187] Store(Hashreport)on Blockchain, where Hashreport is the hash value of the report.

[0188] Enterprises store Hashreport on the blockchain and transmit the original report through an off-chain secure channel to ensure data security and traceability.

[0189] In this embodiment, by integrating multi-source data such as real-time IoT monitoring, internal enterprise system data, and external energy supplier information, and combining hash encryption technology to generate data digests and upload them to the consortium blockchain, the consensus mechanism ensures that the data and reports cannot be tampered with, fundamentally improving the authenticity and credibility of carbon emission data. At the same time, based on national and industry standards and unified data formats, and through pre-set industry-standard carbon emission calculation models and data verification rules preset in smart contracts, automatic calculation of carbon emissions, cross-validation of multi-source data, and automatic early warning of anomalies are achieved, replacing the traditional manual accounting process and significantly improving the enterprise's accounting efficiency and standardization level.

[0190] Step S400: Under the authorization of the enterprise, the third-party verification agency accesses the encrypted data digest, and, in conjunction with a multi-source data cross-verification mechanism, uses a cross-verification algorithm based on enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained from external energy monitoring systems. Through standard deviation calculation and an LSTM prediction model, the hash value of the verification record report is obtained and stored on the blockchain; (e.g.) Figure 5 (As shown)

[0191] See Figure 7 Step S400 specifically includes:

[0192] Step S410: The third-party verification agency sends a data access request to the enterprise. After the enterprise authorizes the request, it transmits the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report to the third-party verification agency.

[0193] Step S420: The third-party verification agency decrypts the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report to obtain the enterprise's energy consumption data and carbon emission report;

[0194] Specifically, when reporting data, enterprises use AES-256-GCM encryption and then encrypt the symmetric key using the verification agency's public key. Upon receiving the encrypted data, the third-party verification agency uses its private key to decrypt the symmetric key and then uses that key to decrypt the data. A smart contract records all decryption operations, ensuring transparency and traceability of data access.

[0195] Step S430: The third-party verification agency performs cross-validation algorithm based on the enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, the energy consumption data reported by the enterprise itself, and the enterprise energy consumption data obtained by the external gateway. It calculates the degree of data deviation by standard deviation, and combines it with the LSTM prediction model to obtain abnormal data and generate a verification record report.

[0196] Step S430 specifically includes:

[0197] S431. Based on factors such as company size, industry type, and energy consumption type, the third-party verification agency will retrieve the corresponding carbon verification rules from a pre-set rule base via a contract. For example, for the thermal power generation industry, the smart contract will load emission coefficients related to coal combustion and adjust the weight and threshold of data verification.

[0198] S432. Third-party verification agencies use statistical methods, such as standard deviation analysis, to detect the degree of data bias.

[0199]

[0200] If the Z value exceeds the set threshold (e.g., ±2σ), the data is considered abnormal.

[0201] Third-party verification agencies can also use anomaly detection based on machine learning algorithms (such as LSTM time series prediction) to train models using historical verification data of enterprises, predict the normal carbon emission trend of enterprises, compare with actual values, and identify abnormal fluctuations.

[0202] S433. Third-party verification agencies, based on the comparison algorithms and verification rules pre-set in smart contracts, will process the enterprise's self-reported data D. report Data collected in real time by the Internet of Things (IoT) D IoT External data source D ext The system compares data with industry benchmark data to detect differences and anomalies. If the Δ data difference exceeds a preset threshold, the system automatically triggers an anomaly alarm mechanism.

[0203] S434. After the third-party verification agency completes the verification, it can further conduct manual reviews of abnormal data based on the analysis results. Furthermore, it can query historical enterprise data through on-chain evidence storage to ensure transparent and traceable verification.

[0204] Step S440: The third-party verification agency uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the verification record report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

[0205] Step S440 specifically includes:

[0206] S441. Based on the above verification results, an verification report is automatically generated and encrypted before being uploaded to the blockchain. The relevant verification report generates a corresponding hash value and is uploaded to the blockchain, while the original file is transmitted via an off-chain secure channel. The on-chain process is as follows:

[0207] Hashreport = H(Report)

[0208] Store(Hashreport)on Blockchain, where Hashreport is the hash value of the report.

[0209] S442. A third-party verification agency periodically triggers a mechanism to automatically verify the integrity of the data, ensuring the consistency and accuracy of the data during collection, transmission, storage, and processing.

[0210] Step S500: The government regulatory department uses the risk scoring model to select enterprises for random inspection, and conducts data verification on the selected enterprises to obtain the hash value of the regulatory behavior report and store it on the blockchain.

[0211] See Figure 8 Step S500 includes:

[0212] Step S510: The government regulatory department uses a risk scoring model to obtain the enterprise inspection priority according to the intelligent inspection strategy, and selects the enterprise with the highest priority as the inspection enterprise according to the enterprise inspection priority; the scoring factors of the risk scoring model include the enterprise's historical verification abnormality ratio, the fluctuation range of carbon emission data in the past year, and the industry risk level;

[0213] For example, the proportion of abnormalities in the company's historical audits, the fluctuation range of carbon emission data in the past year, and the risk level of the industry to which the company belongs are standardized to a range of 0-1, and weighted by 0.3, 0.3, and 0.4 respectively. Risk scores for different companies are obtained, and companies with the highest scores or scores higher than 0.6 are automatically included in the list of key companies for government spot checks.

[0214] Step S520: The government regulatory department decrypts the encrypted data digest, carbon emission report hash value, and verification record hash value of the inspected enterprises, and accesses the enterprise's energy consumption data, carbon emission amount, and abnormal data;

[0215] Government regulatory authorities can decrypt and access encrypted data submitted by on-chain enterprises in real time when authorized, but the entire operation is recorded on the blockchain for evidence.

[0216] Step S530: The government regulatory department compares the carbon emissions of the enterprise with industry benchmark data. If the data deviation exceeds the set threshold, an abnormal alarm is triggered and abnormal information is recorded.

[0217] Specifically, through preset rules and data comparison algorithms, the current data D of the enterprise is analyzed. ataCurrent Compared with industry benchmark D ataBenchmark Perform real-time verification and anomaly detection. Formulaic description:

[0218] If D ataCurrent -D ataBenchmark |>threshhold, then TriggerAlert(x)

[0219] If the difference between the two values ​​exceeds a set threshold, the alarm function TriggerAlert(x) is triggered.

[0220] Once an anomaly is detected, the smart contract records the abnormal data changes and data tampering on the blockchain, and the system automatically triggers the early warning process.

[0221] Step S540: The government regulatory department manually reviews the abnormal data and obtains an abnormal conclusion;

[0222] Step S550: The government regulatory department generates a regulatory action report based on the sampled enterprises, abnormal information, and abnormal conclusions.

[0223] Step S560: The government regulatory department uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the regulatory behavior report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

[0224] In summary, this application, by introducing technologies such as smart contract automatic triggering mechanisms, multi-source data cross-validation, statistical and machine learning anomaly detection, and blockchain notarization, has achieved a fully intelligent and automated regulatory system for carbon emission data, encompassing enterprise self-inspection, third-party verification, and government oversight. The verification processes at each level not only ensure the authenticity, integrity, and transparency of the data but also improve regulatory efficiency through risk scoring and automatic early warning mechanisms. This forms a highly tamper-proof and traceable hierarchical verification mechanism, achieving full automation of carbon data management and enhancing verification efficiency and transparency.

[0225] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of this application, and are not intended to limit them. Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features therein. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A blockchain-based carbon emission verification system, characterized in that, include: The layers consist of a basic resource layer, a blockchain network layer, a smart contract layer, and an application service layer. The basic resource layer collects enterprise energy consumption data in real time, and uses cloud computing resources to provide data storage and computing capabilities. It also uses a hash algorithm to process the enterprise energy consumption data and obtain a data summary. The blockchain network layer receives the data digest transmitted by the basic resource layer, performs distributed storage through a consortium blockchain architecture, and uses the PBFT consensus algorithm to perform consensus notarization on the data digest, generating an encrypted data digest. The smart contract layer receives encrypted data digests transmitted from the blockchain network layer and executes verification, calculation, and regulatory rules. The application service layer calls the processing results of the smart contract layer to provide enterprise carbon inventory terminal, institution carbon verification terminal and competent authority carbon supervision terminal service interfaces to enterprises, third-party verification agencies and competent authorities respectively, to conduct carbon emission verification, obtain carbon emission report, verification record report and regulatory behavior report corresponding to the data summary, and store the carbon emission report, verification record report and regulatory behavior report corresponding to the data summary in the form of hash value into the blockchain network layer.

2. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The basic resource layer includes: The IoT data acquisition sublayer is used to collect enterprise energy consumption data in real time. The enterprise energy consumption data includes enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external energy monitoring systems; The compute storage sublayer is used to dynamically adjust the load using elastic cloud computing resources; A distributed storage sublayer is used to store the enterprise energy consumption data locally and process the enterprise energy consumption data using a hash algorithm to obtain a data digest; An encrypted network transport sublayer is used to transmit the data digest using VPN, private network tunnels, and TLS encryption protocols.

3. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The blockchain network layer includes: A block generation engine is used to package the data digest into blocks based on the PBFT consensus algorithm and connect them sequentially to form a blockchain; The data storage module is used to store the carbon emission data, verification records and regulatory actions corresponding to the data summary into the blockchain in the form of hash values. The access control module is used to implement differentiated data access control by employing role-based access management and hybrid encryption technology.

4. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The alliance architecture includes: Regulatory nodes, verification nodes, and enterprise nodes; The regulatory nodes are deployed by the government authorities, the verification nodes are deployed by third-party verification agencies, and the enterprise nodes are deployed by carbon-emitting enterprises.

5. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The smart contract layer includes: The carbon emission calculation contract sub-layer is used to automatically calculate the enterprise's carbon emissions based on the pre-built carbon emission calculation model and emission factors. The carbon verification and validation contract sub-layer is used to trigger data comparison and multi-source verification logic when a third-party verification agency accesses the company's energy consumption data; The regulatory rules enforcement contract sub-layer is used by competent authorities to conduct anomaly detection and compliance review. When abnormal data is detected, an alarm is automatically triggered and regulatory actions are recorded.

6. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The application service layer includes: The enterprise self-inspection sub-layer is used to obtain carbon emission reports based on the pre-set carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly verification rules, and store the carbon emission reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer; The third-party verification sub-layer is used to combine a multi-source data cross-validation mechanism, and utilize the cross-verification algorithm of enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external gateways. It obtains verification record reports through standard deviation calculation and LSTM prediction model, and stores the verification record reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer. The government regulatory sub-layer is used to select enterprises for random inspection using a risk scoring model, verify the data of the selected enterprises, obtain regulatory behavior reports, and store the regulatory behavior reports in the form of hash values ​​in the blockchain network layer.

7. A blockchain-based carbon emission verification method, characterized in that, include: S100. Enterprises collect enterprise energy consumption data through IoT data acquisition devices and process the enterprise energy consumption data using a hash algorithm to obtain a data summary. The enterprise energy consumption data includes enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained by external gateways; S200. The enterprise stores the data digest in a distributed manner through a consortium blockchain architecture, and uses the PBFT consensus algorithm to perform consensus notarization on the data digest, generating an encrypted data digest. S300: Enterprises obtain the hash value of carbon emission reports and store them on the blockchain based on the pre-set carbon emission accounting model and data anomaly verification rules. S400. Under the authorization of the enterprise, the third-party verification agency accesses the encrypted data digest, combines the multi-source data cross-verification mechanism, and uses the cross-verification algorithm of the enterprise energy consumption data collected by the Internet of Things, the enterprise self-reported energy consumption data and the enterprise energy consumption data obtained by the external energy monitoring system to obtain the hash value of the verification record report through standard deviation calculation and LSTM prediction model and store it on the chain. S500: Government regulatory departments use risk scoring models to select companies for random inspection, verify the data of the inspected companies, obtain the hash value of the regulatory behavior report, and store it on the blockchain.

8. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to claim 7, characterized in that, Specifically, S300 includes: S310. Enterprises submit registration applications and obtain blockchain identity certificates, and bind access permissions; S320. Enterprises obtain their carbon emissions based on a pre-set carbon emission accounting model. S330. The enterprise verifies the enterprise's carbon emissions through data anomaly verification rules, obtains the verification results, and issues an alarm if the verification results exceed a preset threshold. S340. Generate a carbon emission report based on the enterprise's carbon emissions and verification results; S350. The enterprise uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the carbon emission report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

9. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to claim 7, characterized in that, Specifically, S400 includes: S410. The third-party verification agency sends a data access request to the enterprise. After the enterprise authorizes the request, it transmits the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report to the third-party verification agency. S420. A third-party verification agency decrypts the encrypted data digest and the hash value of the carbon emission report to obtain the enterprise's energy consumption data and carbon emission report; S430: Third-party verification agencies use IoT-collected enterprise energy consumption data, enterprise self-reported energy consumption data, and enterprise energy consumption data obtained from external gateways to perform cross-verification algorithms, calculate the degree of data deviation through standard deviation, and combine it with LSTM prediction models to obtain abnormal data and generate verification record reports. S440. The third-party verification agency uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the verification record report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

10. The blockchain-based carbon emission verification method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The S500 includes: S510. The government regulatory department uses a risk scoring model to obtain the enterprise inspection priority based on the intelligent inspection strategy, and selects the enterprise with the highest priority as the inspection enterprise based on the enterprise inspection priority; the scoring factors of the risk scoring model include the enterprise's historical verification abnormality ratio, the fluctuation range of carbon emission data in the past year, and the industry risk level. S520. The government regulatory department decrypts the encrypted data digest, carbon emission report hash value, and verification record hash value of the inspected enterprises, and accesses the enterprise's energy consumption data, carbon emission amount, and abnormal data. S530. The government regulatory department compares the carbon emissions of the enterprise with industry benchmark data. If the data deviation exceeds the set threshold, an abnormal alarm is triggered and abnormal information is recorded. S540. The government regulatory department manually reviews the abnormal data and obtains an abnormal conclusion. S550. Based on the sampled enterprises, abnormal information, and abnormal conclusions, the government regulatory department generates a regulatory action report. S560. The government regulatory department uses the SHA256 hash algorithm to calculate the hash value of the regulatory behavior report and stores the hash value on the blockchain for evidence.

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