A method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on pretreatment of multi-element complex materials

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of long life operation method of oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multivariate complex material pretreatment, it is related to non-ferrous metallurgy field, the application first stabilizes and optimizes material into furnace by accurate batching and synergistic pretreatment (scattering-sulfur control drying-pelletizing) from source;Second, high oxygen-enriched concentration and accurate temperature-slag control are used, and stable Fe3O4 slag protection layer is constructed in situ on furnace wall;Third, by flexible constraint furnace structure, optimization lance and mechanized slag port design, actively adapt and relieve thermal mechanical stress;Finally, realize self-adapting closed-loop control relying on multi-parameter intelligent monitoring.This method and system can significantly extend furnace campaign from conventional 1-2 years to more than 3 years, greatly improve operation rate and metal recovery rate, reduce production cost, economic benefit and environmental benefit are outstanding, suitable for processing various complex secondary resource materials.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of non-ferrous metal pyrometallurgy technology, specifically to a method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on the pretreatment of multiple complex materials. Background Technology

[0002] Oxygen-enriched top-blown submerged smelting technology (such as Ausmelt furnaces and ISA furnaces) has been widely used in non-ferrous metal smelting, especially in the extraction and comprehensive recycling of metals such as lead, copper, and tin, due to its advantages such as intense molten pool agitation, high heat and mass transfer efficiency, strong raw material adaptability, and good environmental performance. This technology involves injecting oxygen-enriched air and fuel (usually pulverized coal) into the molten pool through a lance inserted from the top of the furnace, creating a violently churning molten pool that enables rapid melting, oxidation, or reduction reactions of the materials.

[0003] However, when dealing with diverse materials such as high-sulfur slag from zinc oxygen pressure leaching, intermediate slag from lead smelting, and various complex slags containing rare and precious metals, the traditional oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace operation mode has revealed significant technical bottlenecks, severely restricting its technical and economic indicators and its widespread application. Specifically:

[0004] The furnace lining life is severely insufficient: the raw materials fed into the furnace have a complex composition, often containing high levels of corrosive elements such as elemental sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine, as well as volatile metals such as zinc and lead. Under the intense agitation of the molten pool, these elements and their compounds cause severe chemical corrosion, penetration, and erosion wear on magnesia-chromium and other refractory materials. Simultaneously, the high moisture content of the raw materials generates a large amount of water vapor upon entering the furnace. This water vapor condenses in the upper furnace area and reacts with the refractory materials, exacerbating lining damage. Furthermore, frequent temperature fluctuations caused by material material variations subject the refractory materials to enormous thermal shock stress. The combined effect of these factors leads to extremely rapid erosion of the refractory bricks in the furnace lining, especially in the slag line area, lance area, and furnace top area, resulting in a generally short furnace life (typically only 12-24 months). Frequent shutdowns for maintenance (approximately 30 days each time) severely impact the continuity and operating rate of the production line, and incur high costs for refractory material replacement and maintenance.

[0005] Poor furnace condition stability: The chemical composition (such as S, Fe, SiO2, CaO, etc.) and physical properties (such as particle size, moisture content, viscosity) of complex materials fluctuate greatly, leading to uncertainties in the intensity of the smelting reaction, exothermic conditions, slag fluidity, and melting point after entering the furnace. This results in uneven temperature distribution within the furnace and difficulty in stably controlling the slag type (acidity, Fe3O4 content, etc.), which in turn makes it difficult to form or easily detaches the protective slag layer on the furnace wall. Without the slag layer protection, the refractory material is directly exposed to the high-temperature melt and chemically corrosive environment, drastically shortening its lifespan. Simultaneously, unstable furnace conditions also affect the recovery rate of valuable metals and the stability of sulfur dioxide concentration in flue gas, putting pressure on subsequent flue gas-to-acid processes.

[0006] Structural Damage to the Furnace Body: During long-term high-temperature operation, the steel structure of the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace exhibits a difference in thermal expansion between the furnace body and the internal refractory lining. Traditional masonry methods and fixed structures fail to adequately consider the dynamic changes in this difference, leading to significant compressive or shear stress on the refractory bricks, resulting in cracks, spalling, and even overall structural damage. Particularly when processing high-sulfur materials, the potential periodic oxidation-reduction atmosphere changes within the furnace can cause valence state changes in certain oxide components of the refractory material (e.g., the reduction of Fe2O3 to FeO), accompanied by significant volume expansion ("explosion"), further exacerbating the risk of mechanical damage to the furnace body structure.

[0007] The process control is crude: Existing technologies have limited means of monitoring key parameters inside the furnace (such as local temperature, furnace lining thickness, and furnace body expansion displacement), relying heavily on manual experience for adjustment. This makes it difficult to achieve precise, real-time, and coordinated optimization control of key parameters such as lance operation, batching ratio, and oxygen concentration in the air supply. This crude control mode cannot effectively cope with disturbances caused by complex materials, and is an important reason for furnace condition fluctuations and non-uniform erosion of the furnace lining.

[0008] Currently, although there are scattered technical improvements in the industry targeting individual problems, such as improving lance design to reduce erosion, trying different refractory brick materials, and optimizing slag profiles, these are mostly localized optimizations and lack a comprehensive, systematic solution covering the entire process from material source to process enhancement, structural protection, and intelligent monitoring. Therefore, developing a method that can fundamentally extend the service life of oxygen-enriched top-blown furnaces and improve their economic efficiency in handling complex materials is a pressing technical problem that needs to be solved in this field. Summary of the Invention

[0009] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on the pretreatment of multiple complex materials.

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on pretreatment of complex multi-component materials includes the following steps: (1) By analyzing the chemical composition, physical properties and thermochemical properties of multi-component complex materials, a model is established based on thermodynamics and kinetics. The final composition ratio of the materials is controlled as follows: the mass ratio of SiO2 / Fe is controlled at 0.8-1.2, and the mass ratio of CaO / SiO2 is controlled at 0.2-0.6. (2) After the material output in step (1) is broken up and dried at low temperature, it is granulated; (3) The granulated material from step (2) is added to an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace for smelting; wherein the process air oxygen concentration of the spray gun is 38-50%, the SiO2 / Fe mass ratio of the material is controlled at 0.8-1.2, the CaO / SiO2 mass ratio is controlled at 0.2-0.6, and the temperature above the molten pool is controlled at 1200-1300℃; and the furnace top and the top of the refractory lining of the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace are provided with an expansion joint structure.

[0011] Preferably, the analysis in step (1) includes chemical composition (including main elements Pb, Zn, Fe, S, SiO2, CaO, etc., trace elements Cu, Ag, In, As, etc., and H2O content), physical properties (particle size distribution, true density, bulk density, viscosity characteristics) and thermochemical properties (heat of reaction, melting point, etc.). Preferably, the complex materials include zinc oxygen pressure leaching high-sulfur slag, lead smelting return slag, various intermediate slags containing copper and silver, flue dust, and waste catalysts.

[0012] Preferably, the model established in step (1) can construct a multi-objective precision batching model. Based on thermodynamic calculations and kinetic simulations, with the core objectives of "maximizing the stability of in-furnace reaction", "stabilizing the target slag type (SiO2 / Fe ratio, CaO / SiO2 ratio)", "controlling the direction of valuable metals (especially Ag, Cu, In) and optimizing the recovery rate", and "maximizing the self-heating utilization of sulfur / carbon in the furnace to reduce auxiliary fuel", an optimization algorithm model under multiple constraints is established. This model dynamically calculates and outputs the optimal ratio of various materials based on real-time material composition data, guides the feeding system to execute, stabilizes the chemical composition and thermal properties of the materials entering the furnace from the source, and achieves zero or minimal addition of auxiliary materials (such as quartz stone and limestone), thereby reducing production costs and slag volume.

[0013] Preferably, the dispersing in step (2) involves crushing and loosening the viscous slag material that is hardened or has a high moisture content (>20%) using a powerful twin-shaft mixer, while simultaneously introducing flue gas at 200-300°C for drying to remove surface water and prevent blockage during subsequent conveying.

[0014] Preferably, the temperature of the low-temperature drying in step (2) is 380-420℃, the environment is -50Pa and the oxygen content is about 3%, and the final moisture content of the material is 12-15%.

[0015] The pre-treated material is fed into a rotary kiln dryer. By studying the coupling relationship between the rate of bound water removal and the sublimation / oxidation behavior of elemental sulfur under different temperatures (380-420℃), kiln rotation speed, and inclination angle, this invention develops a low-temperature, long-duration, segmented oxygen-controlled drying process. The core of this process is: under the premise of ensuring effective removal of moisture (making the final moisture content stable at 12-15%), by precisely controlling the local atmosphere (slight negative pressure, low oxygen content) in the drying kiln, a large amount of elemental sulfur (S) sublimation escape is suppressed, causing it to be partially converted into SO2 or retained inside the solid particles. This avoids the problem of elemental sulfur condensing and sticking in the upper flue of the smelting furnace and the waste heat boiler, which causes equipment corrosion and increased system resistance.

[0016] Preferably, the particle size of the granulation in step (2) is 2-4 cm.

[0017] Preferably, the dried material is thoroughly mixed in a mixer with other dry materials (such as lead concentrate, dust, etc.) added according to the model in step (1) and to achieve the required final component ratio, and then fed into a roller briquetting machine or a disc granulator to produce dense granules with uniform particle size (target particle size 2-4cm accounting for >85%) and moderate strength. The granulation process not only improves the fluidity of the material and facilitates uniform and continuous feeding, but more importantly, it increases the reaction specific surface area of ​​the material entering the furnace and enables it to quickly sink into the interior of the melt in the molten pool, promoting the combustion of elemental sulfur in the molten pool and making full use of its reaction heat (replacing carbon with sulfur) to achieve energy saving and consumption reduction.

[0018] Preferably, the expansion joint structure filling in step (3) uses ceramic fiber modules or refractory castables that are resistant to high temperature and slag corrosion and have a certain degree of elasticity and compressibility as filling materials.

[0019] An expansion joint structure with "wedge-shaped compressible elastomer filling" is designed between the furnace top cover and the refractory bricks of the upper furnace wall. This structure can effectively absorb the displacement of the refractory bricks as they expand upward due to heat, and prevent the bricks from being crushed due to hard compression between the bricks and the top cover.

[0020] Preferably, the refractory brick masonry adopts the technology of composite bricks and prefabricated components for key parts to reduce the number of brick joints. In key scour areas (such as slag line areas), reconstituted magnesia-chrome bricks or special alumina-chrome bricks with better erosion resistance are used. The brick joints are made of special refractory mortar with certain plasticity at high temperature, allowing for slight relative displacement.

[0021] Preferably, the width of the expansion joint structure in step (3) is 150 mm.

[0022] Preferably, the number of swirl vanes at the end of the spray gun in step (3) is 4, and the swirl angle is 28°. This design ensures sufficient stirring intensity of the molten pool while significantly reducing the direct scouring and shearing force of the airflow on the furnace bottom refractory material. The distance between the end of the spray gun and the surface of the furnace bottom refractory material is ≥500mm. Through the automatic control system, the distance between the end of the spray gun and the surface of the furnace bottom refractory material (i.e., the lower limit of the insertion depth) is set and maintained at a safe distance of ≥500mm. A linkage control model of "spray gun end pressure - feeding amount - oxygen concentration" is established to ensure that the spray gun can work in the optimized position under various loads, avoiding furnace bottom scouring caused by "shallow insertion" or efficiency reduction caused by "deep insertion".

[0023] This invention significantly increases the oxygen concentration of the process air supplied by the spray gun from the conventional 30-35% to a range of 38%-50%. This high oxygen concentration enhances the stirring intensity and reaction rate of the molten pool. Simultaneously, based on model predictions and online furnace monitoring, the slag composition is strictly controlled within the optimal range by fine-tuning the material ratio or spray gun heating. The slag system possesses suitable melting point and fluidity, and readily generates a certain amount of Fe3O4 under high oxygen potential.

[0024] Furthermore, by optimizing the lance structure and operating parameters (such as lance insertion depth, end pressure, and pulverized coal injection rate), combined with the intelligent cooling system of the furnace water-cooled jacket, the gas phase temperature of the furnace above the molten pool is precisely controlled within the range of 1200-1300℃. This temperature range is slightly higher than the melting point of the target slag system, but far lower than the limit service temperature of the refractory material. Under these temperature-oxygen synergistic conditions, FeO in the molten slag is efficiently oxidized to Fe3O4. Fe3O4 has a high melting point (approximately 1590℃), and on the relatively low-temperature furnace wall and lance surface, it will first precipitate and firmly adhere, forming a dense and chemically stable "Fe3O4-based solidified slag layer," i.e., the slag coating layer. This slag coating layer, as a sacrificial protective layer, effectively isolates the refractory material from the direct erosion and penetration of the high-temperature liquid molten slag and corrosive gases.

[0025] Furthermore, by controlling the charging rate, oxygen-enriched air volume, and fuel ratio, a stable, weakly oxidizing atmosphere is maintained inside the furnace. This ensures both the full oxidation of sulfides and sulfur recovery, while also preventing the volume expansion damage caused by the reduction of Fe2O3 to FeO in the refractory material under a strongly reducing atmosphere. A stable atmosphere is a crucial prerequisite for obtaining a stable slag layer.

[0026] Preferably, the slag opening of the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace in step (3) is performed using a hydraulic mud gun and a mechanical opening machine.

[0027] The traditional method of manually opening slag openings using oxygen, which is dangerous and damages refractory materials, has been replaced by an integrated device combining a hydraulic mud gun and a mechanical opening machine. This device can quickly and accurately open and block slag openings with smooth operation and minimal mechanical and thermal shock to the surrounding refractory materials.

[0028] Preferably, in step (3), the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace has thermocouple arrays and infrared thermometers installed on the outer wall of the furnace shell (corresponding to key areas such as slag line, furnace bottom, and furnace top), the inlet and outlet water pipes of key water-cooled components, and specific temperature measuring holes on the furnace top to construct a real-time distribution map of the furnace body temperature field and perform temperature detection. High-precision laser displacement sensors and strain gauges are installed on the furnace shell to monitor the three-dimensional expansion displacement and local stress and strain of the furnace body in real time. An online furnace lining residual thickness detector based on microwave or laser ranging principle is installed in the furnace shell detection hole to periodically scan and measure the remaining thickness of the refractory working layer; High-temperature resistant industrial sight glasses are installed on the top and sides of the furnace to observe the condition of the molten pool inside the furnace, the shape of the torch flame, and the appearance of the slag layer on the furnace wall in real time.

[0029] Preferably, the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace described in step (3) has a flexible pad layer on the outer wall of the furnace shell that allows the furnace shell to expand vertically freely.

[0030] This invention eliminates rigid constraints and replaces the traditional multi-layered rigid steel drag ring in the middle of the furnace body with a flexible pad layer on the outer wall of the furnace shell. The pad layer is made of a low-friction coefficient material, which allows the furnace shell to expand freely in the vertical direction when heated, while restricting its horizontal displacement and ensuring the overall stability of the structure.

[0031] Preferably, the system dynamically adjusts parameters such as "batch model parameters," "oxygen enrichment concentration and furnace temperature setpoints," and "spray gun position and operating mode" based on automatic or operator-assisted decision-making. For example, when an abnormal increase in furnace lining temperature or accelerated thinning is detected in a certain area, the slag type or local cooling intensity can be finely adjusted to promote thicker slag adhesion in that area; when uneven furnace body expansion is detected, the heat load distribution in the relevant areas can be adjusted.

[0032] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: This invention addresses the challenge of short furnace lining life in oxygen-enriched top-blown furnaces processing complex slag materials. First, it stabilizes and optimizes the feed material from the source through precise batching and synergistic pretreatment (dispersion-sulfur-controlled drying-granulation). Second, it constructs a stable Fe3O4 slag protective layer in situ on the furnace wall using high oxygen concentration and precise temperature-slag control. Third, it actively adapts to and alleviates thermomechanical stress by flexibly constraining the furnace structure and optimizing the design of the spray guns and mechanized slag inlets. Finally, it achieves adaptive closed-loop control through multi-parameter intelligent monitoring. This method and system can significantly extend furnace life from the conventional 1-2 years to over 3 years, greatly improving operating rate and metal recovery rate, reducing production costs, and demonstrating outstanding economic and environmental benefits. It is suitable for processing various complex secondary resource materials. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The following describes embodiments of the present invention. These embodiments are exemplary and intended to explain the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.

[0034] Example 1 This invention provides a method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on the pretreatment of complex multi-component materials. The complex multi-component materials include zinc-oxygen pressure leaching high-sulfur slag, lead filter residue, copper-containing dust, and other complex materials. The method specifically includes the following steps: (1) Modeling and compatibility: First, a month-long sampling analysis was conducted on the eight main slag materials and lead concentrate in the plant's inventory, and a material characteristic database containing 152 sets of data was established. Based on this, a slag type with stable output of SiO2 / Fe=1.0 and CaO / SiO2=0.4 and maximizing the utilization of elemental sulfur reaction heat were calculated and determined. The feeding system mixes high-sulfur slag, lead concentrate, and return dust in a dynamic ratio, eliminating the need for limestone addition. (2) Pretreatment: The mixed wet material (average water content 22%) obtained in step (1) is loosened by a twin-shaft disperser and then fed into a Φ3.2×25m rotary drying kiln. Hot air at 400℃ is used. The kiln is controlled to have -50Pa and low oxygen content (about 3%) by adjusting the kiln tail exhaust rate. The material stays in the kiln for about 45 minutes and the outlet moisture content is stable at 14%. According to the proportion in step (1), the dried material is mixed with dry lead concentrate at a mass ratio of 2:1 and then fed into a double roller briquetting machine to be pressed into flat spherical particles with a diameter of 30±2mm. (3) Enhanced smelting: After granulation, the flat spherical granules are continuously fed into an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace with an inner diameter of 4.6m. The oxygen concentration of the process air is gradually increased from 35% before the modification to 45%. The furnace temperature is controlled at 1250±20℃ through model and thermocouple feedback. The amount of each material added is guided by the feed rate calculation. The SiO2 / Fe mass ratio of the material is 0.8-1.2 and the CaO / SiO2 mass ratio is 0.2-0.6 during the smelting process. After running for a week, a uniform and dense black slag layer with a thickness of about 50-100mm is formed on the furnace wall and the surface of the spray gun through the sight glass. In terms of structural application, an optimized solution was adopted during the furnace construction: the original three-layer rigid support ring was eliminated, and a flexible constraint layer was installed on the outer wall of the furnace shell to allow for free vertical expansion of the furnace shell. The volume density of the flexible constraint layer was 100-200 kg / m³. 3 The fire rating is A1 (non-combustible); the spray gun has been replaced with a new nozzle with 4 swirl vanes and a 28° angle, and the minimum insertion depth is set to 550mm; a hydraulic mud gun and a mechanical opening machine have been installed at the slag outlet. Intelligent monitoring: 96 temperature measurement points and 6 displacement gauge detection points are deployed on the furnace shell. The data is connected to the newly built monitoring platform, which can display the furnace body thermal image and expansion trend. Specifically, for the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace, thermocouple arrays and infrared thermometers are installed on the outer wall of the furnace shell (corresponding to key areas such as slag line, furnace bottom, and furnace top), the inlet and outlet water pipes of key water-cooled components, and specific temperature measurement holes on the furnace top to construct a real-time temperature field distribution map of the furnace body for temperature detection. High-precision laser displacement sensors and strain gauges are installed on the furnace shell to monitor the three-dimensional expansion displacement and local stress and strain of the furnace body in real time. Online furnace lining residual thickness detectors based on microwave or laser ranging principles are installed in the detection holes of the furnace shell to periodically scan and measure the remaining thickness of the refractory working layer. High-temperature resistant industrial sight glasses are set on the furnace top and sides to observe the condition of the molten pool inside the furnace, the shape of the lance flame, and the appearance of the slag layer on the furnace wall in real time. The furnace lifespan of the first furnace was only 450 days (of which 180 days were in production operation), but after adopting this technology, the furnace lifespan is >1000 days.

[0035] Example 2 A method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on pretreatment of complex multi-component materials is presented for the application of a comprehensive recycling company in processing copper-containing electronic waste smelting slag. This company's oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace mainly processes black slag containing copper, tin, and precious metals generated from the pyrometallurgical smelting of waste circuit boards. The material composition fluctuates greatly and contains chlorides produced by plastic pyrolysis. The relevant steps are the same as in Example 1, with the main difference being: (1) Targeted adjustments: In response to the chlorine corrosion problem, the constraint of "controlling the total amount of Cl element entering the furnace" was added to the batching calculation. In the pretreatment stage, the tail gas treatment of the drying kiln was strengthened to ensure that the volatilized chlorides were effectively washed and absorbed by the alkaline solution to prevent corrosion of subsequent equipment.

[0036] (2) Process adjustment: In order to cope with the high copper content, step (3) adjusts the slag type to a higher SiO2 / Fe ratio (1.1-1.2) to reduce the copper content in the slag; the oxygen enrichment concentration is maintained at 40%.

[0037] The furnace lifespan of the first furnace was only 1200 days, but after adopting this technology, the furnace lifespan is >1800 days.

[0038] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features. Such modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on pretreatment of complex multi-component materials, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) By analyzing the chemical composition, physical properties and thermochemical properties of multi-component complex materials, a model is established based on thermodynamics and kinetics. The final composition ratio of the materials is controlled as follows: the mass ratio of SiO2 / Fe is controlled at 0.8-1.2, and the mass ratio of CaO / SiO2 is controlled at 0.2-0.

6. (2) After the material output in step (1) is broken up and dried at low temperature, it is granulated; (3) The granulated material from step (2) is added to an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace for smelting; wherein the process air oxygen concentration of the spray gun is 38-50%, the SiO2 / Fe mass ratio of the material is controlled at 0.8-1.2, the CaO / SiO2 mass ratio is controlled at 0.2-0.6, and the temperature above the molten pool is controlled at 1200-1300℃; and the furnace top and the top of the refractory lining of the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace are provided with an expansion joint structure.

2. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The dispersing process described in step (2) involves crushing and loosening the material using a powerful twin-shaft mixer, while simultaneously introducing flue gas at 200-300°C for drying to remove surface water.

3. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The low-temperature drying in step (2) is carried out at a temperature of 380-420℃, with an environment of -50Pa and an oxygen content of 3%, and the final moisture content of the material is 12-15%.

4. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The particle size of the granulation in step (2) is 2-4 cm.

5. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The expansion joint structure filling in step (3) uses high-temperature resistant, slag-resistant, and elastic ceramic fiber modules or refractory castables as filling materials.

6. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The width of the expansion joint structure described in step (3) is 150 mm.

7. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the number of swirl vanes at the end of the spray gun is 4, the swirl angle is 28°, and the distance between the end of the spray gun and the surface of the refractory material at the bottom of the furnace is ≥500mm.

8. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the slag opening of the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace is performed using a hydraulic mud gun and a mechanical opening machine.

9. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (3), the oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace has thermocouple arrays and infrared thermometers installed on the outer wall of the furnace shell, the inlet and outlet water pipes of the water-cooling elements, and the temperature measuring holes on the furnace top for temperature detection. High-precision laser displacement sensors and strain gauges are installed on the furnace shell to monitor the three-dimensional expansion displacement and local stress and strain of the furnace body in real time. An online furnace lining residual thickness detector based on microwave or laser ranging principle is installed in the furnace shell detection hole to periodically scan and measure the remaining thickness of the refractory working layer; High-temperature resistant industrial sight glasses are installed on the top and sides of the furnace to observe the condition of the molten pool inside the furnace, the shape of the torch flame, and the appearance of the slag layer on the furnace wall in real time.

10. The method for long-life operation of an oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace based on multi-component complex material pretreatment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The oxygen-enriched top-blown furnace described in step (3) has a flexible pad layer on the outer wall of the furnace shell that allows the furnace shell to expand vertically freely.