Drinking straw device and drinking system
Patent Information
- Application Number
- DE102022131804
- Authority / Receiving Office
- DE · DE
- Patent Type
- Patents
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2022-11-30
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-06
- Estimated Expiration
- 2042-11-30
Smart Images

Figure 00000000_0000_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] The invention relates to a drinking straw device and furthermore to a drinking system with a drinking vessel in which such a drinking straw device is arranged or integrated.
[0002] It is well known that beverages such as mineral water, lemonades, or spritzers are carbonated. This carbon dioxide bubbles up when the beverage is drunk, creating a corresponding effervescent sensory effect in the mouth and throat. The carbon dioxide not only influences the drinking experience but also affects the taste. This is because flavorings, especially those present in carbonated or flavored beverages, enter the gas bubbles formed by the effervescing carbon dioxide and are thus transported to taste and olfactory receptors via a different pathway, triggering a taste perception there as well.
[0003] A problem with carbonated beverages is that they require carbon dioxide to be added during production, which is complex and therefore increases costs. Since the carbon dioxide used is often a byproduct of industrial processes, beverage manufacturers are also dependent on these processes continuing. They then encounter difficulties obtaining the necessary carbon dioxide if these industrial processes, which generate this gas as a byproduct, are not carried out in the usual volume, for example, due to insufficient demand or difficulties in procuring the raw materials required for these processes.
[0004] Furthermore, since carbonated beverages are generally produced by beverage manufacturers, consumers who want to consume them must purchase them pre-packaged in containers offered by the producers, for example in glass bottles, and then transport them home. This is also cumbersome.
[0005] There are solutions available on the market that allow you to carbonate beverages at home using so-called carbonators. These carbonators offer consumers a solution that eliminates the need to buy carbonated drinks from manufacturers and transport them home. For example, to enjoy sparkling water, you can use tap water from your apartment's plumbing system, fill a compatible bottle with the carbonator, and carbonate it. However, a disadvantage is that the user has to purchase and set up such a carbonator. Furthermore, these carbonators require gas cartridges containing carbon dioxide. These gas cartridges need to be replaced regularly, incurring the associated costs.
[0006] Another aspect related to carbonated beverages is the complex packaging design. Due to the pressure that builds up in the beverage as a result of the added carbon dioxide, the packaging, usually glass or plastic bottles or metal cans, must be designed to withstand pressure. For example, bottles filled with cola drinks, where pressures of 3 to 5 bar are common in the headspace, have a test pressure of 42 bar that the packaging must withstand.
[0007] Drinking systems are also known that create a "taste experience" by adding a stream of flavored air to plain drinking water, through the effect of retronasal olfaction. When drinking the water, the flavored air is inhaled and passes over olfactory receptors in the back of the throat. This triggers an olfactory sensation in the brain, which is interpreted as taste. This can suggest to the user, who is drinking otherwise tasteless tap water, that the water contains, for example, lemon or another ingredient, because the added flavoring makes it taste like that ingredient. One such drinking system is available on the market under the brand name Air Up. ® available.
[0008] In the subsequently published German patent application DE 10 2021 129 285 A1, a further development of such a drinking system is described, in which a drinking straw belonging to the drinking system has an injector pump arrangement attached to or integrated within it. This injector pump, similar to a water jet pump, draws in an airflow when the liquid to be drunk from the drinking system is drawn in; this airflow has previously passed through an aroma reservoir. The arrangement and solution shown in this application were created with the aim of improving the drinking system described therein compared to previously known drinking systems in such a way that a more stable and pleasant drinking experience can be achieved.
[0009] The present invention aims to provide a constructive design for a drinking straw device that allows a non-carbonated beverage, consumed through the straw device according to the invention, to be treated by introducing gas bubbles, particularly air bubbles, in such a way that it elicits a similar sensation in the drinker as a carbonated beverage. Specifically, the drinking straw device according to the invention is intended to introduce gas, particularly air, into the beverage flowing through the straw in a fine, effervescent form. Furthermore, it is aimed to improve or intensify the taste experience of flavored beverages or beverages containing flavorings or flavorings.
[0010] This problem is solved according to the invention by a drinking straw device with the features of claim 1. Advantageous further possible embodiments and developments of such a drinking straw device according to the invention are described in the dependent claims. In a further aspect, the invention provides a drinking system with the features of claim 14, for which possible improvements and further developments are described in the dependent claims.
[0011] A drinking straw device according to the invention initially comprises a drinking straw that forms a suction channel. This drinking straw, as is usual for drinking straws, has a first end with a suction opening for insertion into the user's mouth and a second end with an inlet opening for the flow of liquid to be drunk into the suction channel. The special feature of the drinking straw device according to the invention is that it has an injector pump arrangement that is positioned between the first end of the drinking straw and the second end of the drinking straw and is fluidically connected to the inlet opening. This injector pump arrangement forms a main flow channel connected to the suction channel of the drinking straw and also includes an air supply channel opening into the main flow channel. The main flow channel of the injector pump arrangement has the following sections: • an inlet section having an inlet opening. This inlet opening has a first cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel. • a propulsion nozzle that connects to the inlet section and has a second cross-sectional area taken perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel; • a mixing chamber connected to the drive nozzle and having a chamber volume; • a nozzle formed in a transition from the mixing chamber to the suction channel and having a third cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel.
[0012] In the mixing chamber of the injector pump assembly, the air supply channel opens transversely to the main flow channel.
[0013] Finally, according to the invention, the ratio of the second cross-sectional area, measured in mm², is 2, to the chamber volume, measured in mm 3 , between 1:18 and 1:50000, preferably between 1:300 and 1:2000, particularly preferably between 1:500 and 1:1500.
[0014] The injector pump arrangement provided according to the invention, which in the drinking straw device described and claimed herein can be arranged, in particular with the drive nozzle positioned at a distance from the second end of the drinking straw that is at most 75 times the mean diameter derived from a central cross-sectional area of the drinking straw considered to be circular, and / or at a distance from the first end of the drinking straw that is at least 5 times the intake diameter derived from a cross-sectional area of the intake opening considered to be circular, which is preferably located at the second end of the drinking straw and connects there to the suction channel with the main flow channel, is thus designed in the manner of a water jet pump. Within the scope of the invention, it was recognized that with this injector pump arrangement, particularly also due to the set ratio of the second cross-sectional area, measured in mm², 2, to the chamber volume, measured in mm 3Air is drawn in through the air supply channel during suction at the intake opening, at a ratio of 1:18 to 1:50,000, preferably between 1:300 and 1:2,000, and particularly preferably between 1:500 and 1:1,500. This air is then introduced as fine bubbles into the liquid stream drawn in through the drinking straw within the injector pump assembly. The liquid, accelerated by the propulsion nozzle, creates a vacuum, drawing air through the air supply channel and introducing it into the liquid stream in the mixing chamber. This initially occurs in relatively large bubbles of varying sizes. The liquid stream, now mixed with air bubbles, then passes through the collection nozzle, where the gas bubbles are broken down by splitting large gas bubbles into two or more smaller gas bubbles.Furthermore, the size and distribution of the gas bubbles, or air bubbles, are also standardized with regard to their size.
[0015] The size ratio between the second cross-sectional area and the chamber volume influences the effect and the drinking experience. With a smaller ratio, i.e., a comparatively smaller mixing chamber, the dead time required at the start of the drinking process to draw out the liquid initially flooded into the chamber is reduced. This leads to an earlier onset of gas, especially air, being drawn in, and thus to an earlier onset of the resulting bubble effect. However, if the mixing chamber is too small, this negatively affects the mixing of the liquid with the gas or air bubbles in the chamber, resulting in poorer bubble formation and less homogeneous mixing.A mixing chamber volume that is too large in relation to the volume leads, on the one hand, to an extension of the aforementioned dead time, but above a critical limit also leads to a deterioration of the desired bubble formation, since the aspirated volume flow then becomes too small in relation to the volume of the mixing chamber.
[0016] Compared to a carbonated beverage, a beverage containing air bubbles produced using the drinking straw device according to the invention offers several advantages: • The drink can be enjoyed from any drinking vessel; it does not need to be purchased in heavy glass bottles or other packaging from a beverage retailer and transported home; even non-carbonated drinks can be enjoyed with a "fizzy effect". Unlike the gas bubbles generated in carbonated beverages, the gas or air bubbles produced by the drinking straw device according to the invention almost completely escape from the liquid in the mouth. As a result, little or no air is transported to the stomach with the beverage. The drinker does not experience a feeling of fullness or bloating. Furthermore, the drinker does not have the problem often encountered when consuming carbonated beverages of needing to relieve gas pressure in the stomach by burping. • Unlike the carbon dioxide added to carbonated beverages, the air added to the beverage using the inventive straw device does not form a weak acid, so that the beverage consumed with the air bubbles added using the inventive straw device is less aggressive.
[0017] It can also be advantageous for achieving the desired goal if the injector pump assembly is located at the second end of the straw of the drinking device. This places the injector pump assembly in a lower, bottom-adjusted section of the drinking vessel from which the liquid is being consumed. This, in turn, optimizes the pressure conditions during drinking, so that the user has to overcome a comparatively low static pressure when drawing in the liquid and the air that is being mixed in. Therefore, the user does not feel the need to suck particularly hard on the straw, which would result in an unpleasant drinking experience.
[0018] Advantageously, the ratio of the length of the suction channel in a section adjoining the catching nozzle towards the first end to the diameter of the drive nozzle, derived from a cross-sectional area assumed to be circular, can be between 6:1 and 250:1, preferably between 60:1 and 110:1. The longer the suction channel of the drinking straw is in this section, the longer the reaction time during which flavorings can transfer from the liquid into the generated gas bubbles. The longer this section of the suction channel, the more intense the flavor-enhancing effect. However, if the straw is too long, a practical limit is reached, as the water column in the suction channel becomes too high for comfortable drinking. Conversely, if this section is too short, the described effect is diminished.However, the overall arrangement also becomes more compact and can therefore be better integrated into mobile drinking solutions, such as portion stand-up pouches for drinks.
[0019] Advantageously, according to the invention, the ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area can be at least 2.5:1, in particular at least 15:1, preferably at least 25:1. The inventor has found in extensive test series that a ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area greater than 5:1 can further promote the achievement of the desired effect of a fine-bubbled supply of gas or air bubbles generated by the injector pump arrangement in the aspirated liquid stream. The inventor's tests have also shown that the ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area can advantageously be at most 300:1. If the ratio exceeds this, the result deteriorates significantly.Particularly good results can be achieved if this ratio of first cross-sectional area to second cross-sectional area is in a range between 20:1 and 80:1, preferably between 25:1 and 50:1.
[0020] Another parameter that, as the inventor recognized, influences the quality of the gas or air bubbles produced by the drinking straw device according to the invention and added to the liquid flow, is the opening width of the mixing chamber compared to the cross-section of the drive nozzle. Here, the inventor recognized that a ratio of a fourth cross-sectional area, taken at the widest point of the mixing chamber perpendicular to the flow direction of the main channel, to the second cross-sectional area is advantageous, which lies in the range between 9:1 and 200:1, preferably between 15:1 and 80:1, and particularly preferably between 30:1 and 60:1.
[0021] An improvement, as the inventor also recognized, can be achieved by adjusting the length of the mixing chamber, more precisely the distance between the drive nozzle and the collection nozzle, in relation to the cross-sectional area of the drive nozzle. It has been shown that a distance between the drive nozzle and the collection nozzle, measured in mm, proves advantageous when it is greater than the square root of the second cross-sectional area in mm by a factor between 1.1 and 35, preferably between 3 and 8. 2 .
[0022] The quality of the air or gas bubbles distributed throughout the liquid obtained when drawing it up with the drinking straw device according to the invention can, as the inventor has determined, also be influenced by the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the collecting nozzle to the cross-sectional area of the driving nozzle. A ratio of the third cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area in the range of 0.5:1 to 8:1 has proven advantageous. Currently, a design in which the third cross-sectional area is larger than the second cross-sectional area, preferably by approximately 20%, is preferred.
[0023] In a further advantageous embodiment of the drinking straw device according to the invention, it can be provided that an opening area at the opening of the air supply channel into the mixing chamber 2 is 2 to 150%, preferably 2 to 25%, of the second cross-sectional area and / or that a volume of the air supply channel is 2 to 150%, preferably 2 to 25%, of the chamber volume.
[0024] The smaller the volume of the air supply channel, particularly the volume from the injector pump assembly to above the liquid level of a liquid being drunk from a container via the straw, the shorter the dead time from the start of drinking until bubble formation begins. This is because less of the volume of liquid entering the air supply channel from the mixing chamber needs to be emptied. Furthermore, due to the high acceleration of the liquid, the channel cross-section can be comparatively small.
[0025] The inventor further recognized that the design of the inlet section and its geometry also has a beneficial influence on the formation of fine, pearly gas or air bubbles in the flow of the liquid to be drunk. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the inlet section can have a cross-section that narrows from the inlet opening to the propulsion nozzle. In particular, this cross-section can taper conically.
[0026] The inventor also recognized that the shape of the mixing chamber can have a further advantageous influence on the fineness and distribution of the generated air or gas bubbles. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the mixing chamber can be designed with a substantially torus-shaped, laterally projecting extension extending from a central section and connected to the central section. Such a design of the mixing chamber has resulted in very good pre-mixing and a reduction in the size of the air or gas bubbles.
[0027] The inventor also observed that the length of the drinking straw can have a further effect on the result, specifically regarding the intensive and even mixing of the liquid with the air or gas bubbles. This is because the drinking channel formed within the straw facilitates further mixing and homogenization of the liquid mixture with the absorbed air or gas bubbles. A longer straw is advantageous in this respect. To achieve this without creating a significant gap between the two ends, the straw can be designed with a curved shape in the middle section, deviating from a straight longitudinal extension – for example, a zigzag shape or similar.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the drinking straw can be formed in a helical or spiral shape in the middle section.
[0028] With the drinking straw device according to the invention, the special design with the injector pump assembly arranged at the second end of the straw allows for the mixing of aspirated air into the liquid flowing through the drinking straw device in a fine, pearly bubble distribution, creating a sparkling and effervescent sensation in a non-carbonated beverage. This sensation provides the drinker with a drinking experience similar to that of drinking a carbonated beverage. For example, tap water can be drunk through a drinking straw device according to the invention, which then produces a sensation similar to drinking carbonated mineral water.This also applies to drinking flavored beverages with the inventive straw device, for example, juice or flavored water, or even homemade, non-carbonated lemonade, syrup-flavored water, or the like. With flavored beverages, the inventive straw device offers a further advantage: The air, which comes into contact with the beverage as it travels through the drinking channel in the straw, releases flavor compounds absorbed by the air bubbles into the olfactory receptors in the palate and throat of the drinker, creating an additional retronasal olfactory experience that further enhances the actual taste sensation.In this way, the taste of an aromatic drink is perceived more intensely, and an aromatic drink can be perceived as even more palatable.
[0029] According to a further possible embodiment of the drinking straw device according to the invention, a mixing element can be arranged in the mixing chamber, preferably being freely movable within it. Preferably, such a mixing element can be a mixing sphere. As the liquid flows through the mixing chamber, this mixing element is carried along by the drawn-in liquid and moves within the chamber. This improves the mixing effect and the formation of fine bubbles. A side effect can be the noise generated by such a mixing element as it moves within the mixing chamber. In particular, this noise can be acoustically shaped by the geometric design of the mixing element and the mixing chamber, which can give the drinking straw device an additional benefit in terms of "play value."
[0030] In a further possible embodiment of the drinking straw device according to the invention, an impeller can be arranged in the air supply line and / or in the suction channel, preferably in a section between the first end and the mixing chamber. Such an impeller, which can be formed, for example, in the manner of a paddle wheel and driven circumferentially, but also axially in the direction of flow, for example in the form of a screw, is driven by the flow of the respective fluid, i.e., the air or the liquid / bubble mixture.An impeller positioned in the suction channel between the first end and the mixing chamber can increase the mixing effect, i.e., the mixing of the liquid with the generated bubbles. Another effect is that if the impeller is positioned so that it is visible to the user from the outside, they can see it rotating when using the straw device, which adds an extra entertainment value.
[0031] According to another possible embodiment of the drinking straw device according to the invention, an impeller can also be used to trigger, for example, a sensor, e.g., via a magnet embedded in a blade of the impeller. This sensor can then activate, for example, flashing LEDs that blink proportionally to the drinking speed. The induction of a magnet can also be used to generate the energy required to operate the LEDs. Alternatively, the magnet or a stainless steel part that triggers a capacitive sensor can release current from a battery. Such a solution provides an additional entertainment feature of the drinking straw device according to the invention.
[0032] According to a further proposed embodiment, a drinking straw device according to the invention can, in addition to the air supply channel, have a further fluid supply channel which also opens into the main flow channel in the mixing chamber, transversely to the main flow channel. This fluid supply channel is therefore also part of the injector pump arrangement. The fluid supply channel can, in particular, open into the main flow channel at the same cross-sectional height as the air supply channel, preferably at a position opposite the opening of the air supply channel. By providing such a fluid supply channel, not only can air be supplied to the beverage in the injector pump arrangement and introduced into the liquid flow as fine bubbles, but another fluid, in particular a liquid, can also be drawn in and supplied, for example, a fluid for flavoring the beverage, such as a syrup or the like.This additional fluid is then thoroughly mixed in the mixing chamber and subsequently through the drinking straw with the liquid being drawn in, thus creating a particularly good taste experience for the drinker. For example, with a drinking straw device according to the invention, ordinary water, such as tap water, can be drunk, which in the injector pump arrangement is mixed on the one hand with supplied air bubbles and on the other hand with an aroma-containing fluid supplied through the fluid supply channel, for example a liquid such as a syrup or an essential oil.
[0033] It is advantageous to have an adjustable throttle in the air supply channel to regulate the flow of air or gas through it. Such a throttle allows the amount of incoming air or gas to be adjusted, thereby influencing the quantity and / or size of the gas or air bubbles formed in the drinking straw device within the beverage. Alternatively or additionally, an adjustable throttle can also be provided in the fluid supply channel to regulate and adjust the fluid flow through this channel.
[0034] According to a further aspect of the invention, the drinking straw device according to the invention can also be integrated into a drinking system. Such a drinking system then comprises a drinking vessel with a receiving chamber for holding liquid. The drinking vessel has a base at one lower end and can be closed with a lid at one upper end. The drinking straw device is then extended from the drinking vessel at its first end, in particular through the lid, and is arranged with its second end oriented towards the base. The air supply channel is connected to an air supply line that terminates outside the area of the receiving chamber to be filled with liquid. For this purpose, the air supply channel can, for example, be connected to a hose or a tube that either opens into a headspace of the receiving chamber that is not filled with the liquid to be drunk, or extends beyond the drinking vessel.The drinking straw device itself can also already have such an air supply hose or tube, even if it is not part of a drinking system according to the invention, i.e., a drinking straw device as described above. This is because, even when using the drinking straw device, the air supply must be designed so that air can be drawn in from outside the liquid into which the drinking straw device is immersed.
[0035] A drinking system designed according to the invention, similar to previously known drinking systems, can have an aroma reservoir in which an aroma agent is stored and which has corresponding inlet and outlet openings to allow air to flow through it, whereby the air can absorb the aroma agent as it flows through the aroma reservoir. The aroma reservoir is fluidically connected to the air supply line. In this way, the drinking system according to the invention can achieve, on the one hand, the mixing of the beverage with fine and uniform air bubbles as described above.On the other hand, if gas bubbles are obtained, the effect of arousing a taste impression through retronasal olfaction, as obtained in prior art drinking systems with aroma storage, can be achieved by carrying the aroma agent in the ingested air and then, when tasteless water is consumed with the drinking system, suggesting a taste experience to the user through the known effect of retronasal olfaction.
[0036] In another possible embodiment, the drinking system according to the invention can have a chamber container that can be attached to the drinking vessel below the base of the receiving chamber. This chamber container has at least one receiving chamber and is connected to the receiving chamber via openings formed in the base of the receiving chamber for the passage of liquid. Furthermore, a pipe section is formed in the receiving chamber, which is connected to the at least one receiving chamber via an opening. This pipe section can be detachably connected to the second end of the drinking straw. In such an embodiment, objects can now be placed in the receiving chamber(s) of the chamber container that serve to automate the beverage consumed with the drinking system.These can be, for example, fruit slices or pieces, but also flavor carriers impregnated with an aroma that releases the aroma in a delayed manner and to a limited extent. The liquid in the receiving chamber enters the receiving chamber(s) through the connection formed between the base and the chamber container by means of the through-opening. There, it comes into contact with the flavoring substances and, when drawn through the straw device, is drawn into the tube section through the through-openings provided in the tube section. From there, it is drawn into the injector pump assembly of the straw device, where the flavored liquid is then mixed with air bubbles or gas bubbles in a fine-bubbled form, leading to the advantageous and desirable effects described above.
[0037] In a decoratively appealing variant, where the technical effect of the drinking straw device integrated into the drinking system is demonstrated to the user or bystanders, the drinking straw device can be arranged, at least in one section (e.g., a section of the straw), outside the drinking system's intake area, i.e., visible from the outside, and made transparent, at least in part. This allows the user to observe the bubble formation produced by the drinking straw device.
[0038] Further advantages and features of the invention disclosed and claimed herein will become apparent from the following description of possible embodiments and the accompanying figures, which are referenced below to illustrate these embodiments. These figures show: Fig. 1 a sectional view of a possible embodiment of a drinking straw device designed according to the invention; Fig. 2 a sectional view of a possible alternative design of an injector pump arrangement integrated into a drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 3 a sectional view of another possible alternative design of an injector pump arrangement integrated into a drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 4 a sectional view of another possible alternative design of an injector pump arrangement integrated into a drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 5 a sectional view of another possible alternative design of an injector pump arrangement integrated into a drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 6 a sectional view of another possible alternative design of an injector pump arrangement integrated into a drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 7 in a sectional view a drinking system according to the invention with an integrated drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 8 an alternative embodiment of a drinking system according to the invention with an integrated drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 8a in a sectional view the drinking system made of Fig. 8; Fig. 9 in a sectional view a further alternative embodiment of a drinking system according to the invention with an integrated drinking straw device according to the invention; Fig. 10 a further alternative embodiment of a drinking system according to the invention with an integrated drinking straw device according to the invention in a sectional view; Fig. 10a a partially cropped detail view of the drinking system from Fig. 10; Fig. 10b an exploded view of the drinking system made of Fig. 10; Fig. 11 in a schematic representation in a first possible embodiment an impeller such as can be used in the drinking straw device according to the invention; and Fig. 12 in schematic representation an impeller that can be used in the drinking straw device according to the invention in a second possible embodiment.
[0039] The figures illustrate possible embodiments of the objects according to the invention. These figures, which are to be understood as schematic representations and in no way constitute drawings to scale or revealing complete construction details, are referenced in the following description of possible embodiments.It should be noted that the following description of possible embodiments is not exhaustive and comprehensive, that in particular there are further possible embodiments of the objects according to the invention, and that the description is not limited to the forms and possible embodiments shown in the figures, but also includes combinations of details and components shown in the figures, as are partly referred to in the following description and as would otherwise be apparent to a person skilled in the art based on their expert understanding.
[0040] The Fig. Figure 1 shows a possible embodiment of a drinking straw device 1 according to the invention. This drinking straw device 1 includes a drinking straw 2 in which a suction channel 3 is formed. This suction channel extends from a first end 4 of the drinking straw 2, which is inserted into the mouth of a user when using the drinking straw device 1 and has a suction opening, to a second end 5, at which an inlet opening for the flow of liquid to be drunk into the suction channel 3 is formed. An injector pump assembly 6 is integrated into the drinking straw 2, located at the second end 5 in the embodiment shown here. However, the injector pump assembly 6 can also be positioned elsewhere in the drinking straw 2, for example, in the middle, in a lower third, or at another position. The injector pump assembly 6 has an inlet section 7 facing the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2 with an inlet opening 8.This inlet opening 8 has a first cross-sectional area, which here runs perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the suction channel 3. Starting from the inlet opening 8 and extending along a main flow channel of the injector pump assembly 6, which forms a section of the suction channel 3 and is offset towards the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2, a drive nozzle 9 is located, forming a second cross-sectional area. This second cross-sectional area is smaller than the first cross-sectional area, so that when sucking at the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 through the inlet section 7, the liquid flowing in is accelerated as it passes through the drive nozzle 9. Extending further towards the first end 4 from the drive nozzle 9 is a mixing chamber 10, which has a fourth cross-sectional area and a chamber volume that is larger than the second cross-sectional area.The mixing chamber 10 is bounded towards the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 by a further nozzle, a collecting nozzle 11, which has a third cross-sectional area. The mixing chamber 10 is approximately toroidal and extends in this shape around an axis, widening the main flow channel. The opposing drive nozzle 9 and collecting nozzle 11 are arranged along this axis. A tubular section of the suction channel 3 of the drinking straw 2 then connects to the collecting nozzle 11.
[0041] Another component of the drinking straw device 1 is an air supply channel 12, which is designed here in a tubular form and has an air intake opening 13 through which air can be drawn into the air supply channel 12. The air guided in the air supply channel 12 can enter the mixing chamber 10 via an air inlet opening 14 that opens into the mixing chamber 10.
[0042] During the Fig. In the drinking straw device shown in 1, a throttle 15 is arranged at the air intake opening, by which the amount of air flowing into the air supply channel 12 through the air intake opening 13 can be adjusted.
[0043] According to the invention, in this embodiment, as well as in the other illustrated embodiments of the injector pump arrangement 6 integrated in the drinking straw device 1, the ratio of the second cross-sectional area, measured in square millimeters, to the chamber volume, measured in mm², is 3 , between 1:18 and 1:50000, preferably between 1:300 and 1:2000, particularly preferably between 1:500 and 1:1500.
[0044] In use, the drinking straw device 1 according to the invention allows a liquid to be drawn in, such as water or juice, and conveyed through the straw 2 to the mouth and into the oral cavity of the drinker. Air is drawn in through the air supply channel 12 and mixed into the liquid by the negative pressure created by the increased velocity of the liquid jet in the mixing chamber 10 as it passes through the propulsion nozzle 9. This air is then finely bubbled in the mixing chamber 10, creating a fizzing effect in the drinker's mouth, thus providing a drinking sensation comparable to drinking and enjoying a carbonated beverage. In this way, a still beverage, i.e., a beverage without carbonation, can be enjoyed by a drinker as if it were a carbonated beverage.If the beverage is flavored or aromatic, the fine, pearly air bubbles added to the flow of the beverage enhance the taste experience, as aromatic substances contained in the beverage are dissolved in the entrained air bubbles and thus carried along in the gas phase. These then enter the mouth and throat of the drinker, heading towards the olfactory receptors located there, and create an additional taste impression or a taste-enhancing impression via the effect of retronasal olfaction.
[0045] Due to the size ratio chosen according to the invention between the first cross-section, i.e., the opening cross-section of the drive nozzle 9, and the chamber volume, i.e., the volume of the mixing chamber 10, good homogenization and distribution of the air bubbles is obtained in the mixing chamber 10. These bubbles are also present in small and uniformly distributed sizes, resulting in a fine-bubbled and uniform air bubble content in the liquid to be drunk. This content is further homogenized during transport in the subsequent suction channel 3, thereby creating a pleasant and fine-bubbled sensory impression for the drinker.
[0046] The Fig. Figures 2 to 5 show alternative possible design variants of an injector pump arrangement 6. This can, in particular, replace the one shown in Fig. The injector pump arrangement 6 shown in Figure 1 can be arranged at the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2; however, it can also be arranged at another position in the drinking straw 2, as already described above. Fig. The drinking straw device shown in Figure 1 is explained. As can be seen, the injector pump arrangements 6 of the design variants according to the Fig. 2 to 5 the mixing chambers 10 are also formed in an approximately torus shape and extend in this form around an axis, widening the main flow channel, along which the opposing drive nozzle 9 and intake nozzle 11 are arranged. The embodiments shown differ, firstly, in the position of the air supply opening 14, which is located in the Fig. 2, Fig. 4 and Fig. in the embodiments shown in 5, the mixing chamber 10 is drawn into the mixing chamber, in the embodiment according to Fig. 3 is positioned at an edge of the mixing chamber 10, by the shape of the torus-like enlarged mixing chamber 10, which in the embodiments of the Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 5 is formed in a longer and narrower shape, in the Fig. 4, on the other hand, is shorter and wider with a correspondingly more circular cross-sectional shape of the torus-like structure, and by the length of the conically formed entrance section 7 in all embodiments, which in the embodiment according to Fig. 5 is formed in a particularly elongated form. For all variants of the possible injector pump arrangement 6 shown here, the above-described ratio between the second cross-sectional area and the chamber volume applies.
[0047] In the Fig. Figure 6 shows a further embodiment of an injector pump arrangement 6 usable in a drinking straw device 1 according to the invention, in which, in addition to the air supply channel 12 with the air supply opening 14, a further channel, a fluid supply channel 16, opens into the mixing chamber 10 via the fluid supply opening 17. In such an embodiment, in addition to the air supplied via the air supply channel 12 and added as described to the drawn-in liquid stream in the mixing chamber 10 in a fine-bubbled manner, another fluid, for example a syrup containing flavorings and / or sweeteners or a similar liquid, can also be drawn in, likewise by the negative pressure generated by the passage of the drawn-in liquid through the drive nozzle 9, and mixed with the liquid in the mixing chamber 10. Thus, for example, a drinking straw device 1 according to the invention with a Fig. The injector pump arrangement 6 shown in Figure 6 is used to drink still water, for example tap water, through the straw device 1, to which a liquid flavoring, for example a syrup, is added through the fluid supply channel 16 and at the same time finely dispersed air bubbles are introduced through the air supply channel 12, so that the drinker, for example if the syrup supplied through the fluid supply channel 16 has an orange flavor, has the feeling of consuming a carbonated orange soda.
[0048] For the proper functioning of the drinking straw device 1 according to the invention and for the reliable injection of air supplied through the air supply channel 12 into the liquid flow drawn in through the drinking straw 2, while maintaining a pleasant user experience, particularly with minimal back pressure during sucking, an arrangement of the injector pump assembly 6 at the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2 has proven particularly suitable. However, as already mentioned, the injector pump assembly 6 can also be arranged at another location in the drinking straw 2.
[0049] It has proven advantageous if the injector pump assembly 6, with the drive nozzle 9 positioned at a distance from the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2, is at most 75 times the mean diameter derived from a mean cross-sectional area of the drinking straw 2, considered to be circular. It can also be advantageous if the injector pump assembly 6, with the drive nozzle 9 positioned at a distance from the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2, is at least 5 times the intake diameter derived from a cross-sectional area of the intake opening, considered to be circular.
[0050] In order to achieve the above-described effect of further homogenization and mixing of the air or gas bubbles generated in the injector pump arrangement 6 when flowing through the section of the suction channel 3 adjoining the injector pump arrangement 6, it is advantageous if the ratio of the length of the suction channel 3 in this section adjoining the catching nozzle 11 in the direction of the first end 4 to the diameter of the drive nozzle 9 derived from a cross-sectional area assumed to be circular is between 6:1 and 250:1, preferably between 60:1 and 110:1.
[0051] For particularly good and fine bubble formation, it has been shown that it can be advantageous to adjust the ratio of the first cross-sectional area of the inlet opening 8 to the second cross-sectional area at the propulsion nozzle 9 to a ratio of at least 2.5:1, in particular at least 15:1, preferably at least 25:1, preferably in a ratio of at most 300:1, with particular advantage in a ratio between 20:1 and 80:1, in particular between 25:1 and 50:1.
[0052] Furthermore, for the drinking straw device 1 shown in the exemplary embodiments, it can be advantageous if the ratio between the fourth cross-sectional area of the mixing chamber 10, taken at its widest point perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel, and the second cross-sectional area, i.e., the cross-sectional area of the drive nozzle 9, is in the range between 9:1 and 200:1, preferably between 15:1 and 80:1, and particularly preferably between 30:1 and 60:1. The inventor has recognized that this size ratio can also have an improving effect on the formation of fine air bubbles and their homogeneous mixing with the aspirated drinking liquid.
[0053] The height of the mixing chamber 10 can have a further effect, and it has been found that it can be advantageous to choose this height, in the form of a distance in millimeters between the drive nozzle 9 and the capture nozzle 11, to be greater than the square root of the second cross-sectional area in square millimeters by a factor between 1.1 and 35, preferably between 3 and 8.
[0054] Injector pump arrangements 6 in drinking straw devices 1 according to the invention have proven to be particularly effective, in which the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the collecting nozzle 11 to the cross-sectional area of the driving nozzle 9 is in a range between 0.5:1 and 8:1, in particular a selection of a collecting nozzle 11 with a larger cross-sectional area compared to the driving nozzle 9, preferably with a cross-sectional area of the collecting nozzle 11 that is about 20% larger than the cross-sectional area of the driving nozzle 9.
[0055] The cross-sectional area of the air supply opening 14 can also have a controlling influence on the desired effect, and it has been found that it can be advantageous to select this cross-sectional area in a range of 2 to 150%, preferably 2 to 25%, of the cross-sectional area of the drive nozzle 9. This can reduce the dead time that must be overcome before the effect of the added, finely bubbled air occurs and becomes noticeable in the user's mouth when drinking through the inventive straw device 1.
[0056] Another aspect of the invention consists of a drinking system which integrates a drinking straw device 1 according to the invention. Examples of such drinking systems 20 are described in the Fig. Figures 7 to 10a illustrate this. The drinking systems 20 are generally identical in that they comprise a drinking vessel 21 enclosed by a side wall and having a base 22, thus enclosing a receiving chamber 23 for receiving liquid to be drunk. An opening located at the upper end of the drinking vessel 21 can be closed by a lid 24. The drinking straw device 1 is arranged at least partially within the receiving chamber 23 of the drinking vessel 21, and extends with the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2 towards the base 22 of the drinking vessel 21. The first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 extends out of the drinking vessel, in particular through the lid 24, so that a user of the drinking system 20 can place their mouth there and suck liquid from the receiving chamber 23.
[0057] The air supply channel 12 extends from the receiving chamber 23 with a tube-like section such that the air intake opening 13 is located above the liquid level. In the drinking system 20 according to the invention, a cap 26 can also be provided, with which the drinking system 20 is closed in such a way that the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 is also securely closed. For this purpose, a projection 27 can be formed on the cap 26, which projects into the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 and closes the suction channel 3 there.
[0058] Such a drinking system 20 according to the invention has the advantage that it offers a fully usable system with which the user can use the drinking straw device 1 integrated into the drinking vessel 21 with the positive effects described above and the possibility of introducing air bubbles into non-carbonated liquid through the drinking straw device 1 according to the invention and thereby obtaining a carbonated impression when drinking the beverage.
[0059] At the in Fig. The drinking system 20 shown in 7 incorporates a drinking straw device 1, as shown in Fig. Figure 1 shows the air supply channel 12 opening into a headspace of the receiving chamber 23 above a liquid level, but below the lid 24. To allow air to flow in, a ventilation opening 25 is provided in the lid 24, so that when sucking at the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2, air flows into the headspace of the receiving chamber 23 and the air entering there is also drawn into the air supply channel 12 and conveyed via this to the mixing chamber 10 of the injector pump assembly 6, where it can be finely bubbled and added to the flow of the liquid to be drunk.
[0060] In the Fig. 8 and Fig. Figure 8a shows an alternative embodiment of a drinking system 20 according to the invention. In this embodiment, the drinking straw 2 is not formed in a straight line in a section 18 extending towards the first end 4 from the injector pump arrangement 6, but rather in a helical or spiral shape. This results in an extension of the drinking straw 2, in particular an extension of the section 18 adjoining the injector pump arrangement 6, without compromising the compact design of the drinking vessel 21 and thus of the drinking system 20. Due to this extension of section 18, the path along which the liquid can further mix and homogeneously distribute itself with the finely bubbled air injected into the mixing chamber 10 is lengthened, thus achieving an even better drinking experience. As can be seen, in this embodiment of a drinking system 20 according to the Fig. 8 and Fig. 8a also shows a different design of the injector pump arrangement 6, based on a design as used in the Fig. 2 is shown.
[0061] In Fig. Figure 9 shows another modified possible design of a drinking system 20 according to the invention. Here, the drinking straw 2 is not guided completely inside the receiving chamber 23 up to the lid 24, but is arranged with a wide section outside the drinking vessel 21. The injector pump assembly 6 is not positioned upright in the receiving chamber 23, but is oriented largely perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the drinking vessel 21. The drinking straw 2 is passed through an opening in the lower region of the drinking vessel 21 in a curved section of the suction channel 3; this is followed by a straight section of the drinking straw 2, which is arranged outside the drinking vessel 21. Inside the receiving chamber 23, the air supply channel 12 runs and is guided through a central opening in the lid 24.A cap 26, pivotably attached to the lid 24 by a hinge 28, closes the first end 4 of the drinking straw 2 with an extension 29 and a projection arranged thereon, and simultaneously closes the air intake opening of the air supply channel 12 with a further projection. The in . Fig. The arrangement shown in Figure 9 can, in particular, include a drinking straw 2 that is transparent, at least in the section extending outside the drinking vessel 21. This allows the user to visually observe, when using the drinking system 20 (i.e., when drawing liquid stored in the receiving chamber 23) through the drinking straw 2, how air bubbles formed by the drinking straw device 1 according to the invention are carried along and transported in the flow of liquid. This can lead to a further advantage, in particular an entertainment effect, which can be achieved with the drinking system 20 designed in this way.
[0062] In the Fig. 10, Fig. 10a and Fig. Figure 10b shows a further alternative embodiment of a drinking system 20 according to the invention, in which a chamber container 30 is additionally and detachably arranged on the drinking vessel 21 below the base 22, in which at least one, here several, chamber containers 31 are formed, subdivided by star-shaped partitions. These chamber containers 31 are connected to the receiving chamber 23 in the drinking vessel 21 via through-openings 32 formed in the base 22, so that beverage contained in the receiving chamber 23, i.e. a liquid to be drunk, can enter the receiving chamber 31. Furthermore, a tube section 33 is formed in the chamber container 30, arranged centrally in this embodiment, which can be connected at one upper end to the second end 5 of the drinking straw 2 of the drinking straw device 1 and which has through-openings 34 through which it is connected to the receiving chambers 31.
[0063] In this embodiment, flavoring components, for example fruit pieces, blossoms, leaves, or other elements for forming a cold or warm infusion or the like, can be stored in the chamber container. A liquid, particularly water, contained in the receiving chamber 23 is then drawn into the receiving chamber 31 through the openings 32 when the drinking straw 2 is sucked in at the first end 4. The liquid then flows through the flavoring components stored there and through the openings 34 into the interior of the tube section 33. From there, it enters the suction channel 3 of the drinking straw 2 and flows through the injector pump assembly 6, where it is enriched with air bubbles as described. In this embodiment, the drinking system 20 according to the invention can therefore be used to flavor an otherwise neutral beverage, particularly water, especially with natural flavorings.
[0064] Another possibility, for which no graphic representation is included here, is to provide an aroma reservoir connected to the air inlet opening 13 of the air supply channel 12, through which air flows via an external inlet. This air then absorbs aroma substances from the aroma reservoir and, as automated air, passes through the air supply channel 12 into the mixing chamber 10, where it is finely carbonated and added to the liquid to be consumed. In this way, particularly when drinking water, an effect of simulated flavor can be achieved through retronasal olfaction, as is the case, for example, with the well-known Air Up products. ® This is the case with the drinking system.
[0065] It is also possible to add a reservoir for liquid flavorings to the drinking system and to use an injector pump arrangement 6, as described in Fig. Figure 6 shows a system which, in addition to the air supply channel 12, has a fluid supply channel 16 which opens into the mixing chamber 10 via the fluid supply opening 17, so that with a drinking system 20 designed in this way, when a drinking liquid which is otherwise flavorless, in particular water, is drawn in through the drinking straw 2, a liquid flavoring substance, for example syrup, is added to it in the mixing chamber 10, and finely dispersed air bubbles are added to it, in order to achieve the effect described above.
[0066] Furthermore, it is also possible to integrate an impeller, in particular to incorporate it into the suction channel 3 of the drinking straw 2. Such impellers are known per se and can be formed in various shapes.
[0067] A first possible variant of an impeller 35, as it can be integrated into the drinking straw device 1, is in Fig. Figure 11 shows a housing 36 in which a paddle wheel 37 is arranged. The fluid flowing past, in particular the liquid sucked in during drinking, sets the paddle wheel 37 in rotation, which further breaks down and homogenizes the air bubbles dissolved in the fluid, resulting in an even finer effervescent drinking effect.
[0068] A second possible variant of an impeller 38, as it can be integrated into the drinking straw device 1, is in Fig. Figure 12 shows a rotating impeller screw 40 arranged in a housing 39. The fluid flowing past this impeller 38, especially the liquid sucked in while drinking, sets the impeller screw 40 into rotation. Here, the impeller screw 40 further breaks down the air bubbles dissolved in the fluid and homogenizes their distribution within the fluid, resulting in an even finer, more effervescent drinking effect.
[0069] In addition to maintaining a fine, effervescent drinking effect, the impeller 35, 38 can also be used to achieve other effects. For example, it can interact with a sensor and activate light sources, such as LEDs, when the impeller wheel 37 or the impeller screw 40 passes over a specific point on the housing 36 or 39, respectively. This can generate a flashing light whose flashing frequency changes depending on the flow velocity of the incoming fluid. Such an impeller 35, 38 can be used particularly in a system like the one described in Fig.In the embodiment of a drinking system 20 shown in Figure 9, the drinking straw 2 is integrated into the section of the straw 2 that runs outside the drinking vessel 21, thereby contributing a further benefit to the drinking system 20, namely entertainment value. In particular, the housing 36, 39 of the impeller 35, 38 can then also be made transparent, so that the rotating impeller 37 or the rotating impeller screw 40 can be seen from the outside. Reference symbol list 1 drinking straw device 2 drinking straws 3 Suction channel 4 first end 5 second end 6 Injector pump arrangement 7 Entry section 8 Entrance opening 9 Drive nozzle 10 Mixing chamber 11 Catching nozzle 12 Air supply duct 13 Air intake opening 14 Air intake opening 15 throttle 16 Fluid supply channel 17 Fluid supply opening Section 18 20 hydration systems 21 Drinking vessel 22 Floor 23 Recording Room 24 lids 25 ventilation openings 26 caps 27 lead 28 hinge 29 extension 30 chamber containers 31 Admission chamber 32 Passage opening 33 Pipe section 34 Passage opening 35 impellers 36 cases 37 paddle wheel 38 impellers 39 cases 40 impeller screws
Claims
[1] Drinking straw device (1) with a drinking straw (2) forming a suction channel (3), which has a first end (4) with a suction opening for insertion into the mouth of a user and a second end (5) with an inlet opening for the flow of liquid to be drunk into the suction channel (3), characterized by , that the drinking straw device (1) has an injector pump arrangement (6) arranged between the first end (4) of the drinking straw (2) and the second end (5) of the drinking straw (2), which is fluidically connected to the inlet opening, wherein the injector pump arrangement (6) forms a main flow channel connected to the suction channel (3) of the drinking straw (2) and an air supply channel (12) opening into the main flow channel, wherein the main flow channel has the following sections: • an inlet section (7) having an inlet opening (8) with a first cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel, • a propulsion nozzle (9) adjoining the inlet section (7) and having a second cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel, • a mixing chamber (10) adjoining the drive nozzle (9) and having a chamber volume • a catching nozzle (11) formed in a transition from the mixing chamber (10) to the suction channel (3), having a third cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel, wherein the air supply channel (12) opens transversely to the main flow channel in the mixing chamber (10) and wherein the ratio of the second cross-sectional area, measured in mm 2 , to the chamber volume, measured in mm 3 , between 1:18 and 1:50000. [2] Drinking straw device (1) according to claim 1, characterized by , that the injector pump arrangement (6) is arranged with the position of the drive nozzle (9) at a distance from the second end (5) of the drinking straw (2) which is at most 250 times the square root in mm of a mean diameter derived from a cross-sectional area of the drinking straw (2) considered to be circular and averaged over its length and / or that the injector pump arrangement (6) is arranged with the position of the drive nozzle (9) at a distance from the first end (4) of the drinking straw (2) which is at least 5 times the square root in mm of a cross-sectional area of the intake opening considered to be circular. [3] Drinking straw device (1) according to one of the preceding claims, characterized bya ratio of the length of the suction channel (3) in a section adjoining the catching nozzle (11) in the direction of the first end (4) of the drinking straw (2) to a diameter of the drive nozzle (9) derived from a cross-sectional area assumed to be circular between 6:1 and 250:
1. [4] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by that the ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area is at least 2.5:1 and / or that the ratio of the first cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area is at most 300:
1. [5] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by, that the mixing chamber (10) has at its widest point a fourth cross-sectional area perpendicular to a flow direction of the main flow channel, wherein the ratio between the fourth cross-sectional area and the second cross-sectional area is in the range between 9:1 and 200:
1. [6] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that a distance in mm between the drive nozzle (9) and the capture nozzle (11) is greater by a factor between 1.1 and 35 than the square root of the second cross-sectional area in mm 2 . [7] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the ratio of the third cross-sectional area to the second cross-sectional area is in the range of 0.5:1 to 8:
1. [8] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by, that the opening area at the opening (14) of the air supply channel (12) into the mixing chamber 2 is to 150% of the second cross-sectional area and / or that the volume of the air supply channel 2 is to 150% of the chamber volume. [9] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the inlet section (7) has a cross-section that tapers from the inlet opening (8) to the propulsion nozzle (9). [10] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that the mixing chamber (10) has an essentially torus-shaped, laterally projecting extension connected to the central section, starting from a central section. [11] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by, that the drinking straw (2) has a curved shape in a middle section located between the first end (4) and the second end (5), deviating from a straight longitudinal extension. [12] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by , that it continues to have a fluid supply channel (16) which opens into the main flow channel in the mixing chamber (10) transversely to the main flow channel. [13] Drinking straw device (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by a controllable throttle for adjusting the air or gas flow through the air supply channel (12) and / or, as far as related to claim 12, by a controllable throttle for adjusting the fluid flow through the fluid supply channel (16). [14] Drinking system (20) comprising a drinking vessel (21) which can be closed at an upper end with a lid (24) and which has a bottom (22) at a lower end and includes a receiving chamber (23) for receiving liquid, and a drinking straw device (1) arranged in the drinking vessel (21) with the first end (5) extending out of the drinking vessel (21) and with the second end (5) located towards the bottom (22) according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the air supply channel (12) is connected to an air supply line which terminates outside the area of the receiving chamber (23) to be filled with liquid. [15] Drinking system (20) according to claim 14, characterized bya chamber container (30) which can be detachably attached to the drinking vessel (21) below the bottom (22) of the receiving space and which has at least one receiving chamber (31), which is connected to the receiving space (23) via through openings (32) formed in the bottom (22) of the receiving space (23) for the passage of liquid and which has a pipe section (33) connected to the at least one receiving chamber (31) via further through openings (34), wherein the pipe section (33) can be detachably connected to the second end (5) of the drinking straw (2). [16] Drinking system (20) according to one of claims 14 or 15, characterized by , that it has an air-permeable aroma storage unit with an aroma agent stored therein, which can be absorbed by air flowing through the aroma storage unit, wherein the air supply line is fluidly connected to the aroma storage unit.
Citation Information
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