Room-temperature nuclear fusion apparatus

Abstract

To uniformly induce nuclear reactions on the surface of a hydrogen-containing metal in room-temperature nuclear fusion.SOLUTION: In a case where the excitation time 1 / (F×A×V) is estimated when F is the flux density of high-energy excitation source particles such as cosmic rays, A is the capture coefficient of the hydrogen-containing metal for the excitation source particles, and V is the volume of crystal grains constituting the hydrogen-containing metal, the excitation time becomes more than one million years under present background neutron conditions on Earth for typical current grain sizes. Thus, only an extremely small portion of the entire material can undergo nuclear reactions, revealing the need for a fundamental solution. The most effective method is single crystallization or large-grain polycrystallization, which significantly improves the excitation time. Dramatic improvement is also achievable by artificially supplying high-energy particles to the hydrogen-containing metal using LC resonance type accelerators or the like.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 9

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to an inexpensive, stable, and high-power cold fusion device. [Background technology]

[0002] Energy-related industries such as power generation, boilers, and furnaces are ultimately located in a red ocean, where competition is fierce and those that offer low cost and stable performance tend to monopolize the market, making it difficult to secure a large market by providing special added value. Therefore, in this field, products that are low cost, easy to operate including maintenance, and can provide stable performance for long periods of time reign as kings and dominate the market.

[0003] A promising candidate is a cold fusion device. On May 1, 2025, a cold fusion reactor with a simple structure that produces heat output five times the input power was announced. Details have not been revealed, but even now it looks promising. If the energy density and other factors improve further in the future, it could be a game changer.

[0004] The reaction mechanism of cold fusion has yet to be fully elucidated, and various theories have been proposed, but the current mainstream theory is that cold fusion is a condensed matter nuclear reaction or low energy nuclear reaction (LENR), and occurs through an unknown quantum reaction. Here, we will introduce the experimental facts and findings that have emerged since the announcement of cold fusion in 1936.

[0005] On March 23, 1989, Professors Fleischmann and Pons announced the world's first cold fusion experiment. They demonstrated that nuclear fusion occurs through the electrolysis of heavy water using a Pd cathode, and shocked the world by claiming that the Pd cathode melted. The paper on the experiment, Non-Patent Document 1, was submitted on March 11, 1989, and the U.S. patent for Patent Document 1 was filed on March 13, 1989. The problem is that the U.S. patent is confidential and undisclosed. Despite information indicating that the patent was filed on March 10, 1989, the day before Non-Patent Document 1 was submitted, it no longer exists, raising the possibility that the patent filed on March 10 was submarined.

[0006] While many people are still skeptical of the authenticity of Non-Patent Document 1, if it is correct, it contains very important information. First, since it has not yet been possible to reproduce the power required to melt Pd, if unknown factors can be identified, high-power nuclear fusion may be possible simply by incorporating deuterium into the metal. Second, the 2.2 MeV gamma-ray peak clearly shows that deuterium nuclei are being broken down into protons and neutrons. Therefore, since this nuclear fusion is not a simple DD reaction and there is almost no leakage of neutrons to the outside, the fusion of neutrons and atomic nuclei is considered to be the essence of this nuclear fusion.

[0007] Given that such important results were obtained, the paper was submitted on March 11, 1989, and the patent application was filed on March 13, 1989 (and also on March 10, 1989), it is reasonable to assume that the melting of the Pd cathode occurred shortly before these dates. Non-Patent Document 2 provides a chronological account of the struggle between Professors Fleischman and Pons and Professor Jones of Brigham Young University over the research and discovery of cold fusion, and while this alone does not allow one to pinpoint the date of the Pd melting, the inventor speculates that it was after March 6, 1989.

[0008] As will be explained later, the inventor believes that high-energy particles such as cosmic rays are the excitation source for cold fusion. To give an easy-to-understand example, even in the case of gas discharge, a normal physical phenomenon that is not a nuclear reaction, cosmic rays act as an excitation source, causing the initial ionization, which then causes an avalanche phenomenon and is observed as a discharge. Therefore, it is natural that cosmic rays would have an effect on nuclear fusion reactions, which require enormous amounts of energy for the reaction to occur.

[0009] An examination of solar activity in March 1989 shows that the Sun was among the most active in history. Specifically, a huge solar flare of X15.0 occurred on March 6, a coronal mass ejection occurred on March 9, and a severe geomagnetic storm occurred on Earth on March 13, causing a major blackout in Quebec, Canada. The solar flares at this time will remain among the most severe ever observed, even as of 2025. Based on the A1 level, which is equivalent to the non-flare component of the Sun, the inventor believes that the cosmic rays that rained down on the North American continent at a rate 150,000 times stronger than the A1 level caused a cold fusion reaction strong enough to melt a Pd cathode (Pd's melting point is 1555°C).

[0010] Given the above, it is not surprising that the reproducibility of follow-up experiments by others since the historic publication of Non-Patent Document 1 has been poor. Because the follow-up experiments were conducted some time later, there was no unusually intense cosmic radiation from the Sun like that observed between March 6 and 13, 1989. Even though a small amount of excess heat was generated, the results were not as remarkable as those of Professor Fleischman and his colleagues. Due to their strikingly irreproducible results, their results were rejected by the US government and many academic societies, and they received public criticism, leading the two researchers to leave the United States. If the inventors' belief is correct, this discovery occurred at a miraculous time in history. Had this opportunity been lost, it would have been impossible to predict when cold fusion would have been discovered and attracted attention. Therefore, the present inventors believe that their discovery should be celebrated as a miraculous achievement. It is also important to emphasize here that cosmic rays, particularly those from the sun, are an important factor in cold fusion.

[0011] The principle of cold fusion envisioned by the inventor is based on Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4. Non-Patent Document 3 is called the Trapped Neutron Catalyzed Fusion Model (TNCF) by Professor Hideo Kojima, which states that background neutrons floating around the area act as the starting point for the nuclear fusion reaction, and the metastable neutrons captured within the solid act as a catalyst to promote the nuclear fusion reaction. In the electrolysis of heavy water at a Pd cathode, gamma rays, tritium, 4 He was frequently detected, and elements and isotopes with large mass numbers were detected on the electrode surface, which led him to conclude that a nuclear reaction was occurring. He also determined that the neutrons from the 2.45 MeV DD reaction detected were 10 times the amount of heat expected from the neutrons. -6 Since only a small amount of neutrons was detected, a nuclear fusion reaction other than the DD reaction must have occurred, and since cold nuclear fusion does not occur in an environment without background neutrons, such as Kamiokande, he thought that neutrons were the starting point of the reaction. The unfortunate thing about his theory is that, although neutrons are not affected by external forces and can easily pass through matter, he thought that they would be reflected by crystal surfaces and form metastable neutron groups. I believe this point was the reason why it ultimately did not gain widespread agreement. However, I believe that the points pointed out by Professor Hideo Kojima other than the metastable neutron group were correct.

[0012] Non-Patent Document 2 is called the Srivastava-Widom-Larsen (SWL) theory after the researchers' names, and it states that the reaction originates from neutrons produced when protons and electrons are combined by high-energy cosmic ray particles. The inventor believes it is extremely unfortunate that they did not mention the historic experiment by Professors Fleischmann and Pons in Non-Patent Document 1. If they had considered Non-Patent Document 1, the SWL theory would likely have become widely recognized as the principle of cold fusion.

[0013] Non-Patent Document 5 is a summary of cold fusion research up to around 2004 by Professor Mizuno Tadahiko, focusing primarily on his own early research and Japanese research. It is an excellent reference for understanding the overall trend. In paragraph 43, Professor Mizuno notes that in June 1990, he confirmed that the operation of electrolytic cells had a 24-hour cycle, with the temperature reaching a peak during the daytime and increasing thermal output. He attributed this to the influence of cosmic rays, but did not investigate further. If he had instead considered cosmic rays from the sun to be the cause and investigated the solar activity conditions described in Non-Patent Document 1, the principles of cold fusion might have been elucidated in 1990, which is a great pity.

[0014] Page 44 of Non-Patent Document 5 reports an autonomous exothermic reaction without input power. Normally, excess heat generation would cease once electrolysis was completed, but after one day a clear autonomous exothermic reaction began, the temperature rose, and heat generation continued for two weeks, generating excess heat equivalent to at least 40% of the energy input in the experiment. This is one of the few well-reported examples of an autonomous exothermic phenomenon (nuclear reaction), and it shows that it occurs with an extremely low probability due to unknown factors.

[0015] Here, we will explain hydrogen absorption into metals. Among high hydrogen storage metals, Pd is the only exceptional metal that does not form hydride compounds but instead absorbs hydrogen into its absorption sites while maintaining the same crystal structure, and it is possible to absorb a maximum number of atoms equal to that of Pd. In this respect, it differs from metals that form hydride compounds, such as Ti and Mg. Metals that form hydride compounds are hydrogen embrittlement, forming cracks and forming a stable hydride phase with heat generation. At high temperatures, the hydride compounds decompose, and a single metal phase becomes stable.

[0016] Hydrogen solid solution concentration in a metal at thermal equilibrium, n H When the occupancy of hydrogen storage sites is low, it is expressed by Eq.

[0017] (Number 01) n H ∝ (P H2 ) 1 / 2 exp(E / kB T)

[0018] This is called Sieverts' law, and P H2 is the hydrogen pressure, k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and E is the activation energy of hydrogen solid solution. In the case of hydrogen solid solution in general metals, E<0, indicating that it is an endothermic reaction.

[0019] When the occupancy rate of the storage site can be up to 1, as in the case of hydrogen storage on Pd, the Langmuir adsorption equation is extended and the pH x The hydrogen absorption rate, represented by x, is expressed by Equation 2.

[0020] (Number 02) x = A(P H2 ) 1 / 2 exp(E / k B T) / (1+A(P H2 ) 1 / 2 exp(E / k B T))

[0021] The hydrogen absorption rate x follows Sieverts' law at low solid solution concentrations and approaches 1 at high solid solution concentrations, so both limits can be well described. In the case of deuterium, simply apply the deuterium partial pressure to both equations 1 and 2.

[0022] Pd can absorb hydrogen up to x~1 at pressures of approximately 10 atmospheres or higher, but its volume expands by up to 10%, generating internal cracks, dislocations, voids, etc. Non-Patent Document 6 observed TEM observations of the growth of 100 nm-sized voids in Pd at a hydrogen pressure of 0.01 MPa. It is generally believed that such voids are involved in cold fusion.

[0023] Non-patent document 7 describes the neutrons generated by cold fusion. A 2.45 MeV neutron was measured, and among the following DD reactions, D + D → 3 He(0.82MeV) + n(2.45MeV):50% D + D → 3T(1.01MeV) + p(3.03MeV):50% D + D → 4 He(76KeV) + γ(23.8MeV):10 -5 % The 2.45 MeV neutrons were generated before the abnormal heat generation started. 3 Since most of the He remains in the electrode and the 0.82 MeV becomes heat, it is clear that the amount of neutrons generated is very small. Furthermore, since there was no significant increase in 2.45 MeV neutrons even during the abnormal heat generation, the inventor believes that they are not directly involved in the excessive heating.

[0024] Voids are the first candidate for the location where the DD reaction occurs within deuterium-absorbed Pd. However, it is not easy to achieve a severe confinement effect comparable to the Lorentz condition for thermonuclear fusion in a void, and no special tunneling effect can be imagined. Furthermore, even if a DD reaction occurs in a void, it is impossible to explain why neutrons produced by nuclear reactions in free space do not leak out. Therefore, the inventor believes that voids are not a direct reaction site for nuclear fusion.

[0025] After much consideration, the inventors have concluded that a forced DD reaction is possible when dislocations disappear. First, when all storage sites have D and dislocations disappear due to internal stress relaxation, the macroscopic force of the crystal mechanically places multiple D atoms at the hydrogen storage site. At that time, the D atoms are also subjected to intense fluctuations, and the DD reaction is realized at the narrow hydrogen storage site. In addition, this reaction combines two gaps in the hydrogen storage site into one, so among the DD reactions, 3 inhibits the T-producing reaction, 4 It may promote the He production reaction. 4Although He production occurs only 1 / 100,000th of the time, reports of anomalous He production in cold fusion may be due to this dislocation-annihilation-induced DD reaction. Dislocations can be as large as tens of nanometers to several micrometers, and if they disappear and the DD reaction concentrates locally in an instant, explosive destruction can occur. As a result, holes resembling explosion scars seen with SEM and the explosions described on page 44 of Non-Patent Document 5 may have occurred. The inventors believe that this reaction is not the main reaction in cold fusion. While cold fusion has occurred in Ni, the hydrogen solubility concentration in Ni is at most 1%, so the placement of two hydrogen nuclei at a hydrogen storage site during dislocation annihilation occurs only with a 1E-4 probability. Even if this occurs, the excess hydrogen atom can escape to an adjacent vacant site. Furthermore, it should not occur in deuterium-absorbed Pd at low hydrogen solubility concentrations. From the above, this reaction is considered to be only a supporting role in cold fusion. Furthermore, because it is a supporting role, we do not need to worry about neutron or gamma-ray leakage for the time being.

[0026] Non-Patent Document 8 is a summary of research conducted by Professor Akito Takahashi, including his own research, from 2008 to 2011. Major advances made during this period were the discovery that hydrogen can be used for cold fusion, and the improvement of thermal output and reproducibility through the use of nanometals. 1 H+ 11 B → 3 4 He + 8.7MeV With a few exceptions, hydrogen (protons) fusion involves neutronization and weakly interacting neutrinos, making the reaction probability extremely low. Therefore, hydrogen was thought to be unsuitable for nuclear fusion. However, in cold fusion, hydrogen demonstrated heat output nearly equivalent to that of deuterium. This indicates that something unexpected is occurring in conventional thermonuclear fusion. Deuterium exists at only 0.015% the amount of hydrogen, making hydrogen vastly more abundant in resources. Deuterium is also approximately 1,000 times more expensive than hydrogen. Non-Patent Document 9 estimates that the heat output of cold fusion is about 100 times the chemical energy, so the heat generation cost of deuterium fusion energy is about 10 times the chemical energy cost of hydrogen, making it unprice-competitive. Therefore, cold fusion using hydrogen is overwhelmingly superior to deuterium in terms of resource availability and price competitiveness.

[0027] Regarding the improved thermal output and reproducibility achieved by nanometals, Non-Patent Document 3 mentions that a higher surface area / volume ratio for electrolysis electrodes increases reproducibility, and nanometals are considered to be the limit of this. Non-Patent Document 8 confirms that the heat generation density increases as the particle size of nanometals decreases, and nanometals have achieved a heat generation density 10 times higher than the bulk value of 100 nm. Pages 69 to 84 of Non-Patent Document 8 show the heat generation values ​​of nanometals. For Pd nanometals in a ZrO2 support, the maximum is 1.7 eV per Pd atom and 1 eV per hydrogen atom. For PdNi7 nanometals in a ZrO2 support, the maximum is 2.0 eV and 0.4-0.9 eV per hydrogen atom. While these heat generation energies are only comparable to chemical energy, it is important to note that PdNi7 nanometals, which have less Pd and a lower hydrogen storage capacity, exhibit heat generation equal to or greater than that of Pd nanometals. This means that the hydrogen absorption rate is not essentially important for the nuclear fusion reaction, and that if there is a sufficient supply of hydrogen to the nuclear reaction zone, heat can be generated by sustained nuclear reactions.

[0028] Non-Patent Document 9 is a study by Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) on excess heat (cold fusion) in nanometals and hydrogen. There was no clear difference between protons and deuterium, and excess thermal energy of 15 to 700 eV or more was generated per hydrogen atom. If 700 eV is taken as a typical value, this is 100 times the chemical energy and less than 1 / 1000 of nuclear fusion energy. This value may be an underestimate, so the inventor believes there is some room for improvement.

[0029] The time fluctuation of the excess heat of nanometals shown in the figure on page 22 of Non-Patent Document 9 is also distinctive. It fluctuates by 20% to 30% or more in a short period of time, making it noisy. This suggests that only a small number of nanoparticles contribute to the excess heat generation at a certain time, rather than the entire nanoparticles. If the excess heat generation of any one nanometal is in the form of a uniform spike over a short period of time, then if the overall fluctuation range is 20%, it is 1 / 0.2 2 This means that only approximately 25 nanometal particles generate excess heat. Furthermore, in the graph showing the time variation of nanometals on page 24 of Non-Patent Document 9, large spikes of excess heat accompanied by increases in temperature and pressure occurred at a frequency of just under one per hour. The nanometals in Non-Patent Documents 8 and 9 are dispersed in SiO2 or ZrO2 to prevent grain growth from increasing their particle size. This also serves to suppress hydrogen diffusion from the surface, but we believe that the nanometal exposed on the support surface is the source of the explosion. If a nuclear fusion reaction occurs in the exposed nanometal and the internal hydrogen is rapidly consumed, the inventors believe that if hydrogen is supplied directly from the hydrogen gas to the nanometal, the reaction will continue, causing a sudden rise in temperature and leading to an explosion. The small amount of exposed nanometal also explains the low frequency of these events.

[0030] Non-Patent Document 10 concerns excess heat in Clean Planet nano-thin films. A 100-200 nm thick Ni / Cu nano-multilayer film is used as the nanometal, with a 0.1 mm thick Ni foil substrate, a 10-20 nm thick Ni nano-thin film, and a few nm thick Cu nano-thin film with an oxide barrier layer between the layers to prevent alloying. After supplying hydrogen to the substrate and nano-thin film at a hydrogen pressure of 250 Pa (occasionally 30 kPa), excess heat is generated by evacuation and heating. In other words, excess heat is generated under conditions where hydrogen diffuses from the Ni foil to the nano-thin film surface and into the vacuum, using the hydrogen supply source as the Ni foil. Because the hydrogen pressure difference is low, the hydrogen diffusion flow rate density within the nano-thin film is quite low, but a certain amount of excess heat is still generated.

[0031] From the SEM photograph in Figure 15 of Non-Patent Document 10, it is possible to estimate the nuclear reaction spot area A by assuming that the density of nuclear reaction spots in a square with a side length of 10 μm is 5, and that the cold nuclear fusion reaction at the nuclear reaction spot is so active that it does not emit gamma rays and the amount of diffused hydrogen determines the amount of heat generated. The thermal energy of quantum hydrogen is 700 eV / H atom, and the hydrogen solid solution concentration in Ni is calculated from Sieverts' law in Equation 1: 0.01·√(250 / 1E5) = 5E-4 = 0.05% The hydrogen diffusion rate in Ni is approximately 1E-8m at 1000°C. 2 / s, the thickness of the nano-thin film is 100nm, and the total area is 5cm x 5cm x 2 sheets = 50cm 2 So, if the excess heat generation is 4W, A = 3.12E-17m 2 = 31.2 nm 2 This is equivalent to a circle with a radius of 3.15 nm, which is about the same as the thickness of each nano-thin film, about 20 nm, and is a very reasonable value. Also, if thermal diffusion is taken into account, the high-temperature region in the SEM image, which is about 1 μm, is not inconsistent. Furthermore, when the actual excess production heat is calculated from the nuclear reaction area out of the total area, it goes from 700 eV / H atom to 4.48 MeV / H atom, which is a reasonable value for a nuclear fusion reaction.

[0032] As shown in the SEM photograph in Figure 15 of Non-Patent Document 10, there are few nuclear reaction spots overall, and there is ample room for improvement in output and efficiency. The ultimate goal is thought to be to increase the number of nuclear reaction spots and cause nuclear reactions to occur uniformly over the entire surface.

[0033] Non-Patent Document 11 is a Google-sponsored reevaluation paper on cold fusion conducted in 2019. This study was conducted under the definition of "cold fusion = low-energy nuclear reaction." Therefore, even experiments in which deuterium-absorbed palladium was irradiated with deuterium ions failed to produce any fusion in the low-energy region, leading to a negative conclusion in favor of cold fusion. However, this study failed to consider the existence of high-energy particles such as cosmic rays. For example, considering that even gas discharges with lower energy than fusion are initiated by high-energy particles like cosmic rays, ignoring the effects of cosmic rays in cold fusion is problematic. Following this negative conclusion, Google subsequently decided to invest in thermonuclear fusion. It is also believed to have had a significant impact on the boom in thermonuclear fusion and laser fusion since 2020.

[0034] Patent Document 2, filed by Siemens AG in Germany in 1989, describes the use of radiation to accelerate cold nuclear fusion. The energy required to overcome the Coulomb barrier during nuclear fusion is provided by high-energy particles such as alpha rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. For example, the inventor predicts that if light water is electrolyzed using a Pd cathode under Co60 (up to 1.25 MeV gamma rays) radiation, it will be possible to artificially reproduce the abnormal heat output described in Non-Patent Document 1. While light water electrolysis requires radiation of 0.78 MeV or higher, heavy water requires high-energy particles of 2.2 MeV or higher, which should make it more difficult.

[0035] Non-Patent Document 12 is a paper on lattice confinement fusion (LCF) conducted by NASA in the United States in 2020. This involves irradiating metal deuterides (Er, Ti) with gamma rays, which causes fusion using neutrons obtained by decomposing D. They distinguish LCF from cold fusion, but as mentioned previously, there are cosmic rays in the atmosphere that act as background neutrons, so it is natural that fusion reactions originating from these will occur, and these are thought to be the excitation source for cold fusion.

[0036] Patent Document 3 is an LC resonance excitation type solid-state nuclear fusion device that uses high-energy electrons as an excitation source for cold fusion. This device is characterized by the addition of a simple electrical circuit, which uses a capacitor consisting of hydrogen-containing metal and opposing electrodes as an electron accelerator, and promotes solid-state nuclear fusion reactions within the hydrogen-containing metal using high-energy electrons of 0.78 MeV or more generated by LC resonance, thereby combining the advantages of both plasma thermonuclear fusion and solid-state nuclear fusion.

[0037] Patent Document 4 is a patent for using a single crystal of a hydrogen-storing metal when performing cold nuclear fusion with deuterium. In this invention, nuclear fusion is achieved by applying energy of approximately 100 eV to 1 MeV using an electron or ion accelerator. The reaction is said to be promoted by the channel effect and amorphization by ions (the fractal phenomenon). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0038] [Patent Document 1] Special Publication No. 04-506564 [Patent Document 2] German Patent No. 3920312 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2025-065574 [Patent Document 4] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 04-072593 [Non-patent literature]

[0039] [Non-Patent Document 1] J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 261, No. 301 (1989). [Non-patent document 2] Chemistry and Education, Vol. 49, No. 688 (2001). [Non-patent document 3] Nuclear Data News, No. 61, Item 23 (1998). [Non-patent document 4] Pramana-J.Phys., Volume 75, Section 617 (2010). [Non-patent document 5] Cold Fusion Project, Tadahiko Mizuno. https: / / www.lenr-canr.org / acrobat / MizunoTjyouonkaku.pdf [Non-patent document 6] Microscope, vol. 49, p. 83 (2014). [Non-Patent Document 7] Energy and Resources, Vol. 14, p. 266 (1993). [Non-patent document 8] Cold Fusion Frontier 2011, Takahashi Akito (2011). [Non-Patent Document 9] Energy and Environmental New Technology Leading Program, "Phenomena Analysis and Control Technology of Novel Thermal Reactions between Metals and Hydrogen" (2017). [Non-Patent Document 10] Jpn.J.Appl.Phys., vol.63, 037001(2024). [Non-Patent Document 11] Nature, vol. 570, p. 45 (2019). [Non-Patent Document 12] Phys.Rev.C, Volume 101, Section 44610 (2020). Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0040] The best way to improve the reproducibility and output of cold fusion is to elucidate the principles of cold fusion and devise methods to improve it based on that understanding. Therefore, let's first consider the principles. First of all, there is no doubt that high-energy particles such as cosmic rays and neutrons are the excitation source, and this causes a chain reaction that results in the observation of macroscopic heat generation. -Nearly no neutrons leak despite being generated in Non-Patent Document 1 -Heat is generated with almost no gamma rays detected Elemental transformation can be seen Even when using hydrogen, the same level of excess heat (nuclear fusion) as deuterium occurs. The excess heat per hydrogen atom is estimated to be up to 700 eV, which is 100 times the chemical energy and is considered to be a nuclear reaction. The Coulomb shielding effect of free electrons has theoretically denied the effect of increasing the tunneling probability in nuclear fusion reactions, so neutron-mediated chain reactions are more probabilistic and neutrons are therefore considered at the center of the theory.

[0041] Cold fusion can occur even in metals like Ni, which have a hydrogen solid solution concentration of only 1% at most, so the fusion of neutrons with metal nuclei is important as the origin of excitation energy. The mass defect energy resulting from the fusion energy of a Ni nucleus with one neutron is 8.58 MeV, taking into account the isotope ratio. If this is done to form neutrons from protons and deuterium nuclei through internal conversion without emitting gamma rays, p + + e - (0.782MeV+Δ n ) → n(Δ n ) + ν e (0 eV) D + e - (2.224MeV+Δ Dn +Δ Dp ) → n(Δ Dn ) +p + (Δ Dp ) +γ(2.224MeV) Therefore, neutrons can be generated up to several times, and neutron multiplication is possible. Here, Δn =748eV,Δ Dn =69.57eV,Δ Dp =69.48 eV. This value is solved relativistically from the laws of conservation of energy and momentum, but in the case of electron capture of a proton by internal conversion, the neutrino has zero energy. This is determined by the fact that gamma-ray emission tends to have a larger energy range, whereas in internal conversion, the transition energy is smaller and the transition is more likely to occur, resulting in a line spectrum. If it is not internal conversion but normal electron capture of a proton, the electron neutrino will have an energy of 101 keV, Δ n ~0.

[0042] Even in Ni with a low hydrogen solid solution concentration, gamma-ray radiation is suppressed and a chain reaction occurs, which shows that a considerable spread is required for the excited nuclei and the hydrogen nuclei involved in internal conversion. Non-patent document 10 shows that cold nuclear fusion occurs even at a hydrogen solid solution concentration of around 0.05% at 250 Pa, so if we calculate the radius of a sphere containing 10 hydrogen atoms at 0.05%, it comes to 3.74 nm based on the atomic weight and density. This is not possible with normal core electrons, so we have no choice but to assume internal conversion involving the free electrons of the metal. In this case, it is thought that the spread of electrons can be applied to the entire crystal grain, with the lower limit being hydrogen with a mean free path of several nm. Here, the transition amplitude M of internal conversion is M ∝ ∫Ψ 自由電子 H int Ψ 原子核 dV Transition probability ∝ |M| 2 However, if the number of atoms in the crystal is N, then Ψ 自由電子 Since this is performed on N electrons at ∝(1 / √N)exp(ik·r), the transition probability does not have an order with respect to N and can be treated equivalent to that of inner shell electrons. Since there are many hydrogen atoms involved, the transition probability increases, and it becomes dominant over gamma-ray emission, which is thought to suppress it.

[0043] Here, we estimate the internal conversion ratio for gamma-ray emission in Ni. First, the mean free path values ​​used for metals are typically not those for single crystals, and therefore are several nanometers, including grain boundary scattering. Therefore, we use the typical single-crystal value of 50 nm as the mean free path. The number of Ni atoms contained in a sphere of radius 50 nm is calculated as 4.768E+7 based on atomic weight and density. The number of hydrogen atoms is estimated to be 4.768E+5 at a typical solid solution concentration of 1%. Since the short-path internal conversion ratio is approximately 0.1 at 0.78 MeV, multiplying it by 0.05 results in an internal conversion ratio relative to total hydrogen of approximately 23,800, which suppresses gamma rays. Furthermore, even if we assume a very small internal conversion ratio of 1E-4 for the deuterium nucleus disintegration reaction at 2.2 MeV, the final value is 47.7, which suppresses gamma-ray emission. Thus, internal conversion by free electrons makes cold fusion possible without gamma-ray emission.

[0044] Let us consider the behavior of electrons excited by internal conversion. When an electron whose wave propagates through a crystal chooses a path that will cause it to collide with a specific hydrogen nucleus in the excited nucleus, the electron has a kinetic energy of 0.78 MeV or more, and so its wave becomes a beam-like wave packet with the size of the excited nucleus. Calculating the concentration factor for a cubic plane of L = 100 nm, assuming that the radius of the nucleus is about five times the charge radius of a proton, 0.844 fm, or r = 4 fm, we get: L 2 / (πr 2 )=2.0E14 This increases the reaction probability, and it is thought that even weak interactions can reliably react. The cross sections measured in experiments are performed in accelerators and are like Monte Carlo simulations, so it is natural that the results will differ from those where momentum is specified at the atomic level. In fact, 26 Al electron capture has a half-life of only 35 days, 37 Ar, 59 There are exceptions where electron capture is orders of magnitude easier than the half-life of Ni, which is on the order of 1E5 years.

[0045] Since internal conversion is the minimum energy transition, the momentum after the reaction is also in the direction of the momentum of the internal conversion electron before the collision, which is the lattice vector of the metal crystal, so neutrons and gamma rays will inevitably hit the crystal atomic nucleus and undergo nuclear fusion. This is the reason why neutrons do not leak outside, and is called the Freikugel effect, after the magic bullet (Freikugel) from the German novel "Der Freischütz".

[0046] The behavior of metal nuclei during a neutron multiplication chain reaction in cold fusion can be easily understood by considering it in terms of a nuclear diagram. The transition of metal nuclei in solid-state nuclear fusion is shown in Figure 1. Stable nucleus A increases the number of neutrons horizontally on the nuclear diagram through a neutron multiplication chain reaction while remaining an isotope of A, and transitions to nucleus B. At this time, nucleus B basically becomes unstable and transitions to β - Decay occurs, and the number of protons increases to become nucleus C while maintaining the mass number.

[0047] On the other hand, nuclear transitions in thermonuclear fusion, such as those in the sun or in tokamak thermonuclear reactors, are shown in the nuclear diagram in Figure 2. When a stable nucleus D undergoes a proton chain reaction, it maintains the number of neutrons and increases the number of protons vertically upward to become a nucleus E of a different element. At this time, it moves away from the Heisenberg valley and becomes unstable, forming a β + Decay or electron capture causes the nucleus F to become smaller in proton number (i.e. atomic number) while maintaining its mass number. The vertical upward transition at this time is extremely energy inefficient because it requires the particles to undergo nuclear fusion between positively charged particles that repel each other due to Coulomb forces, giving them a great deal of energy, such as kinetic energy due to extremely high temperatures. In addition, when nuclear fusion is performed with deuterium nuclei, the nucleus moves diagonally upward to the right on the nuclear diagram, making it easier to maintain the stability of the nucleus, and the β + Decay or electron capture is less likely to occur.

[0048] Now, let us consider the situation where a chain reaction occurs with neutrons generated by internal conversion from hydrogen and deuterium. Figure 3 shows the case of hydrogen. In the case of hydrogen, it is simple, as we only need to consider the excitation of metal nuclei by neutrons generated by the combination of protons and electrons, and the generation of neutrons using that excitation energy. Finally, the remaining energy of less than 0.78 MeV is converted into heat through the nuclear photoemission process, Auger process, etc. At this time, the thermal energy H per hydrogen atom used for excitation is calculated as shown in Equation 3. H is the residual energy Θ H It will be.

[0049] (Number 03) H H = Θ H

[0050] The following shows the estimated thermal energy when protons are used with Pd and Ni nuclei. Table 1 shows the average heat generation rate for each isotope of Pd.

[0051] [Table 1]

[0052] Table 2 shows the estimated average heat generated by the nuclear reaction of each isotope of Ni with hydrogen.

[0053] [Table 2]

[0054] From Tables 1 and 2, the Θ generated by neutron excitation of one Pd or Ni nucleus H In other words, the excess heat per hydrogen atom used for excitation is 0.43 MeV and 0.51 MeV, respectively. This is about 1,000 times the maximum value set by NEDO. In reality, the heat from one beta decay, which occurs when two neutrons bind to one nucleus, is not taken into account, but at present this is about 1 / 10 of the pure mass defect energy, narrowing the gap between theoretical and experimental results.

[0055] The internal conversion of deuterium is more complicated than that of hydrogen. First, the internal conversion free electrons cause the fission of the deuterium nucleus. D + e - (2.224MeV) → n + p + +γ(2.224MeV) Let's consider the following. First, a gamma ray and a neutron collide with a metal nucleus whose momentum is in the direction of the excited electron, exciting it. The internal conversion energy required to neutronize the remaining proton, 0.78 MeV, is lower than 2.22 MeV, so the proton is preferentially internally converted and neutronized, leaving no protons. Furthermore, in Mitsubishi Heavy Industries' research on elemental transmutation using deuterium, the unit of reaction for cold fusion is considered to be an increase in mass number of two metal nuclei. Therefore, the neutron and proton of one deuterium nucleus are internally converted from the same excited nucleus, and the two neutrons produced fuse with the same metal nucleus. Figure 4 shows the neutron chain production in a metal nucleus that has undergone internal conversion to fuse a deuterium nucleus. Generally, deuterium nucleus fission and proton internal conversion are considered to occur together. In the case of Pd, the excited 107 isotope fuses five deuterium nuclei, then fissioning the deuterium nucleus at 2.22 MeV, but proton internal conversion is not possible. As a result, other excited nuclei are responsible for the internal conversion of protons, causing a reaction shift. As in Equation 3, the thermal energy H per hydrogen atom used for excitation is D is the residual energy of the excited metal nucleus Θ D It will be.

[0056] (Number 04) H D = Θ D

[0057] The following shows the estimated thermal energy when deuterium is used for Pd and Ni nuclei. Table 3 shows the average heat generation rate estimated for each isotope of Pd.

[0058] [Table 3] *2.22 MeV added for isotope 107 and 0.78 MeV added for isotope 108.

[0059] Table 4 shows the estimated average heat generated by the nuclear reaction of each isotope of Ni with hydrogen.

[0060] [Table 4] *2.22 MeV is added for isotope 60, and 0.78 MeV, the equivalent of isotope 60, is added for isotope 58.

[0061] From Tables 3 and 4, the Θ generated by neutron excitation of one Pd or Ni nucleus D , that is, the thermal energy per deuterium atom is 0.75 MeV and 0.99 MeV, respectively. 107 Deuterium fission alone can occur in Pd, but this is only about 5% of the nuclear reactions of deuterium atoms and should be difficult to detect. The thermal energy per deuterium atom is about twice that of protium.

[0062] In the nuclear reaction zone, the nuclear reaction is more active than gamma emission, so the internal hydrogen is consumed in an instant, and the supply of hydrogen by diffusion from the surface determines the rate of the nuclear reaction. Since the atomic weight of deuterium is twice that of protons, the diffusion coefficient of deuterium is half that of protons. Therefore, the heat generation rate of deuterium in nanometals is estimated to be about the same as that of protons, which is roughly consistent with the results of Non-Patent Document 8.

[0063] According to the theory proposed by the inventors, the amount of hydrogen supplied is ultimately crucial for maintaining the nuclear reaction in cold fusion. This is why the height of the (surface area / volume) ratio of electrolysis electrodes is required for improved reproducibility in Non-Patent Document 3, and why the reproducibility and output of excess heat are stabilized in nanometals, whose specific surface area increases inversely proportional to the radius. Surface roughening is also thought to increase the (surface area / volume) ratio and improve the reproducibility and output of cold fusion. From this perspective, we believe that voids, as shown in Figure 5, also serve as a hydrogen supply source. A hydrogen-containing metal bulk 7 in a hydrogen gas atmosphere 8 absorbs hydrogen and undergoes cold fusion. However, nuclear reaction spots 11 in the bulk 7 excited by cosmic rays or other factors instantly consume the hydrogen within the crystal grains, obtaining only a small amount of hydrogen supply via solid-state diffusion and becoming almost inactive (dormant). On the other hand, nuclear reaction spots 10 exposed on the surface and those exposed at the interface of voids 9 filled with hydrogen receive a supply of hydrogen gas from the gas phase, thereby maintaining the nuclear reaction. Void 9 is constantly supplied with hydrogen gas from sources other than the nuclear reaction spot, so hydrogen pressure is maintained and nuclear reaction spot 10 can continue.

[0064] Here, we estimate the excess heat obtained from the solar flare of X15.0 on March 6, 1989. X15 is 150,000 times the A1 equivalent to the non-flare component, and the average background neutron flux density is 0.05 particles / (cm 2 s), the neutron flux of the solar flare is 7.5E5 / (cm 2 ·s). The neutron capture cross section of Pd, taking into account the isotope abundance ratio from the Japan Atomic Energy Agency's general-purpose standard nuclear data library JENDL-3.3, is 7.44 bahn. The neutron capture coefficient from the atomic weight and density of Pd is 0.506 / cm. From the above, the number of neutrons absorbed by 1 cm3 of Pd under the X15 flare is estimated to be 3.795E3 / s. At this time, it is thought that the hydrogen in the Pd microcrystals that captured the neutrons undergoes an instantaneous nuclear reaction, generating excess heat. If the Pd grain size of 1 μm in the SEM photo presented by Storms at ICCF-23 (2021) is used as the grain size of the crystals, the volume consumed is 3.795E-9 cm 3 / s. Here, the number of D is the same as Pd, and the excess heat per D is 0.75 MeV, which is 31.03 W / cm 3 The amount of heat required for Pd to melt at 1555°C at room temperature is 6.294KJ / cm 3 Therefore, if we ignore the diffusion of heat to the surroundings, it would only take 203 seconds = 3 minutes and 33 seconds, and the historical experimental results in Non-Patent Document 1 are considered to be quite feasible.

[0065] Here, the cold fusion theory proposed by the inventor can be summarized as follows: In saturated PdD, a dislocation-elimination type DD reaction is thought to occur. Multiple D atoms are forced into the hydrogen storage site, causing a nuclear fusion reaction, which in turn suppresses T production due to the physical limitations. 4 This promotes the production of He. 4 This explains why He is frequently observed. This phenomenon cannot occur unless there is a high concentration of D (hydrogen), and is a secondary phenomenon to cold fusion, which generates excess heat and can occur even at low hydrogen concentrations. High-energy particles such as cosmic rays and background neutrons are typical sources of excitation for cold fusion, generating excess heat and initiating a neutron multiplication chain reaction. - Hydrogen atoms are converted into neutrons through the internal conversion of excited metal nuclei mediated by free electrons. Even if the internal conversion rate of a single hydrogen atom is small, since there are many hydrogen atoms in the wave function range of the free electron, the internal conversion rate becomes large and gamma ray emission is suppressed. Therefore, the hydrogen in the crystal grains during the nuclear reaction is consumed instantly. Neutrons and gamma rays generated by internal conversion only use the minimum amount of energy required for internal conversion, so they are directed in the direction of the lattice vector and always collide with metal nuclei and undergo nuclear reactions. This is the reason why neutrons and gamma rays do not leak outside of hydrogen-containing metals, and is called the Freikugel effect, after the magic bullet (Freikugel) from the German novel "Der Freischütz." Of the total nuclear fusion energy obtained through mass defect, the majority is used in the neutron multiplication chain reaction, and only a few to 10% can be used as heat. Since hydrogen is instantly lost in crystal grains during a nuclear reaction, the amount of heat generated is determined by the amount of hydrogen supplied through diffusion. This is why roughening metal surfaces, nanometallization, and voids have helped to improve the reproducibility and power output of cold fusion.

[0066] Currently, the biggest challenge with cold fusion is that the nuclear reaction zone is limited to an extremely small area, which hinders reproducibility and output improvement. [Means for solving the problem]

[0067] By converting hydrogen-containing metal into a single crystal or a polycrystal with a sufficiently large grain size, the nuclear reaction spot occupancy rate within the surface can be increased to 100%. Up until now, increasing output power has been achieved by making the crystals finer, but this is the exact opposite approach. Even if the crystal size is increased, the internal conversion ratio is high, so the reaction area expands instantly while consuming hydrogen.

[0068] Here, the concept of the time T1 required to excite all crystal grains in the bulk becomes important. By realizing this, we can see a uniform nuclear reaction across the entire surface. Let F be the flux density of the excitation source such as neutrons, n be the atomic number density of the hydrogen-containing metal, and σ be the capture cross section of the metal. C Then, the capture coefficient A is expressed by Equation 5.

[0069] (Number 05) A = n σ C

[0070] If we consider the crystal grain to be a cube with a side length of L, the excitation time T1 of the cube can be expressed by Equation 6.

[0071] (Number 06) T1= 1 / (F A L 3 ) = 1 / (F A V)

[0072] where V=L 3is the volume of the cube. T1 is inversely proportional to F, A, and V, so in order to shorten T1 and cause the entire system to undergo a nuclear reaction in a short time, it is important to increase F, A, and V. In particular, L has a cubed effect, which is very promising as it can be achieved simply by changing the material. The excitation probability of an actual crystal grain is given by 1-exp(-t / T1), and to achieve a rate of 98-99% or higher, a time of 4-5 times T1 or more is required.

[0073] Let's estimate T1 when changing L, using Ni as the hydrogen-containing metal and background neutrons as the excitation source. F=0.05 atoms / (cm 2 ·s), A = 0.42 / cm, and T1 for L from 10 nm to 1 mm are shown in Table 5.

[0074] [Table 5] *F=0.05 pieces / (cm 2 ·s), A=0.42 / cm

[0075] Looking at Table 1, we can see that diameters of L = 100 μm or more are likely to be feasible, and that for particle sizes below L = 100 μm, irradiation with high-energy particles with a flux density orders of magnitude greater than background neutrons is essential. Furthermore, when considering a Ni single crystal with a V = 1 cm x 1 cm x 2 mm thickness, T1 = 238 seconds to 4 minutes, which is a very desirable value. However, considering cost and ease of operation, polycrystalline bulk metals with particle sizes of approximately 300 μm to 1 mm are considered most desirable.

[0076] If Co is used as the hydrogen-containing metal, 60 Co is immediately produced by the neutron binding reaction. 60 Co can be used as an excitation source to excite metal atoms with 1.25 MeV gamma rays, which are emitted with a half-life of 5 years, and can be used to shorten the T1 of cold fusion. Metal elements used for this purpose include Fe, Co, Nb, Mo, Ta, and W. [Effects of the Invention]

[0077] First, it enables uniform nuclear reactions over the entire surface in a short time, which is expected to improve reproducibility and output. Furthermore, by irradiating hydrogen ions using hydrogen gas discharge, it becomes possible to achieve high output with good control. The nuclear reaction layer in cold fusion is constantly in a state of hydrogen deficiency, so if the entire surface can be made into a nuclear reaction layer, the injected hydrogen will be consumed instantly and excess heat will be generated, resulting in excellent time response characteristics. Furthermore, since the nuclear reaction proceeds from the surface, if it is converted into a group 12 metal such as zinc and volatilized from the surface, it will be consumed from the surface, making it worthy of being called a fuel metal, facilitating continuous operation.

[0078] The excess heat P when irradiated with hydrogen ions at voltage V and current I is given by Equation 7.

[0079] (Number 07) P = H (T I) / e

[0080] Here, e is the elementary charge, and H is the excess heat per hydrogen atom, as expressed in Equations 3 and 4. T is the penetration rate of ions into the metal, which is usually around 10-50%, but since there is a constant hydrogen deficiency in the nuclear reaction spot of cold fusion, T~100% or H2 + If both ions are successfully consumed, the possibility of T>100% cannot be ruled out. The excess heat gain G relative to the input power is given by Equation 8.

[0081] (Number 08) G = T H / (e V)

[0082] V=500V, I=1A, T=50%, Ni H H = 0.51 MeV / H atoms, P = 255 kW and G = 510. The current density of a glow discharge is generally 1 to 100 A / m 2 Therefore, the power density is 0.51T~51T MW / m 2At high output voltages, V increases and G decreases, so even if we consider G to be around 100, we can expect to achieve a 10-fold increase in efficiency for the entire system. Furthermore, the region where nuclear reactions spread from the excitation point moves more frequently than the frequency of gamma rays, and if we estimate that each reaction moves at a rate of 1 nm, we can see that it spreads instantly within the crystal. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0083] [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a nuclear diagram showing the nuclear transitions in cold fusion. [Figure 2] Figure 4 is a nuclear diagram showing the nuclear transitions of thermonuclear fusion. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a diagram of neutron multiplication chain production in the cold fusion of hydrogen. [Figure 4] Figure 4 is a diagram of neutron multiplication chain production in deuterium cold fusion. [Figure 5] This is a diagram showing how hydrogen is supplied from the void interface and surface to the nuclear fusion reaction spot, maintaining the nuclear reaction. [Figure 6] Illustrates cold fusion of hydrogen-containing single crystal metals by hydrogen gas diffusion. [Figure 7] Illustrates cold fusion of hydrogen-containing large-grain polycrystalline metals by hydrogen gas diffusion. [Figure 8] This is a diagram of a room temperature nuclear fusion device using hydrogen-containing large grain polycrystalline metal or hydrogen-containing single crystal metal equipped with a hydrogen ion irradiation device. [Figure 9] This is a diagram of a room temperature nuclear fusion device using hydrogen-containing large grain polycrystalline metal or hydrogen-containing single crystal metal, equipped with an electron or hydrogen ion accelerator using LC resonance and a hydrogen ion irradiation device. [Figure 10] This is a diagram showing how regular hexagonal hydrogen-containing single crystal metals are arranged in a honeycomb pattern to accommodate larger sizes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0084] As shown in Figures 1 and 2, cold nuclear fusion is performed within hydrogen-containing single-crystal metals 12 and hydrogen-containing large-grain polycrystalline metals 14 using hydrogen gas diffusion. By incorporating hydrogen, all metal crystal grains are excited by high-energy particles such as background neutrons, forming a uniform nuclear reaction layer 13 on the surface through hydrogen gas diffusion. As shown in Table 5, for a grain size of 10 μm, the excitation time is over 1,000 years, and for a grain size of 1 μm, it is over 1 million years. Therefore, the number of crystal grains that can actually be excited is zero. With a grain size of 100 μm, the excitation time is finally on the order of one year, but uniform nuclear reactions across the entire surface are difficult. A grain size of approximately 300 μm or larger becomes practical. While single crystals are desirable for performance, they are expensive and can only be prepared as small as 10 cm in diameter. In the worst case scenario, nuclear reactions could proceed rapidly within the single crystal, resulting in a fusion bomb, so extreme caution is required.

[0085] When a uniform nuclear reaction layer 13 is formed on the surface, uniform heat generation occurs due to the diffusion of hydrogen. At this time, the permeation rate of the metal surface is estimated as the hydrogen flow rate density. The hydrogen partial pressure is P H When the hydrogen flow rate density J H is given by Equation 9.

[0086] (Formula 09) J H = N A ·k s ·√P H

[0087] where N A is Avogadro's number, k s Pd tends to be higher than Ni, but k s ~1E-8 mol / (m 2 ·s·Pa (1 / 2) ). P H = 1 atm = 1.013E5 Pa, both Pd and Ni J H = 1.908E18 pieces / (m 2 ·s) At this time, the thermal output of Pd and Ni due to hydrogen is 131.4KW / m 2 , 155.9KW / m2 It is estimated that the output is lower than that of the gas discharge method. Also, from Equation 9, even if P = 0.1 Pa, J H =1.88E15 pieces / (m 2 s), which shows that even in a 1 μm square, 1880 hydrogen atoms / s flow in. This indicates that a nuclear reaction spot can be maintained even at low pressure.

[0088] In addition, one way to shorten T1 in Equation 6 and improve performance is to create a radioisotope. For example, if Co is used as a hydrogen-containing metal material, the first neutron binding reaction 60 Co is produced, F increases, and T1 can be shortened. For example, we estimate that the reduction will be at least 1 / 1E6 or less if only 10 ppm is produced. Furthermore, if used hydrogen-containing metal targets are reused, it will be possible to automatically add low concentrations of radioactive isotopes. Although adding around 1% poses a safety problem, we believe that adding 100 ppm to 10 ppb is worth considering.

[0089] Figure 8 shows the cold fusion of 15 hydrogen-containing large grain polycrystalline metals or hydrogen-containing single crystal metals by injecting hydrogen ions into them using gas discharge.

[0090] Figure 9 shows the addition of an LC resonant accelerator for electrons or hydrogen ions to Figure 8. When using the accelerator, the pressure is reduced to about 0.1 Pa, but the nuclear reaction spot can be maintained, allowing for additional reaction spots to be added, which is effective in shortening T1.

[0091] As shown in Figure 10, single crystal metals are currently only available in sizes of 10cm or less, and single crystals cannot be used as they are to increase the size to several tens to 100cm, so they are arranged in a honeycomb pattern in regular hexagons to increase the size.The edges can be made straight by cutting the regular hexagon in half at the opposite vertices to create a trapezoid.

[0092] Although several embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments may be embodied in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. These embodiments and their modifications are included within the scope and spirit of the invention, and are also included in the scope of the inventions and their equivalents as set forth in the claims. [Explanation of symbols]

[0093] 1 Ground state. 2. Excitation by nuclear fusion with neutrons 3. Excited states 4. Neutronization of protons 5 Residual Energy 6 Nuclear fission of deuterium nuclei 7. Hydrogen-containing bulk metals 8 Hydrogen gas atmosphere 9 Hydrogen-filled voids 10 Active Nuclear Reaction Spots 11 Dormant nuclear reaction spots 12 Hydrogen-containing single crystal metals 13 Nuclear reaction layer 14 Hydrogen-containing large-grain polycrystalline metal 15 Hydrogen-containing large-grain polycrystalline metal or hydrogen-containing single-crystal metal 16 Counter electrode 17 Inductors 18 Internal Resistance 19 Nuclear fusion promotion power source 20 DC power supply 21 Changeover switch 22 Open / close switch 23 Hexagonal hydrogen-containing single crystal metal 24 23 Trapezoid halved at two opposite vertices

Claims

1. A nuclear fusion device characterized by carrying out nuclear fusion by incorporating hydrogen into a single crystal metal or a large grain polycrystalline metal.

2. 2. A nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, wherein the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal contains 100 ppm or less of radioactive isotopes.

3. 2. A nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, wherein the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is irradiated with electrons or hydrogen ions given a kinetic energy of 0.78 MeV or more by an accelerator.

4. A nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is used as a capacitor electrode to cause LC resonance, and electrons or hydrogen ions given a kinetic energy of 0.78 MeV or more are irradiated onto the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal.

5. A nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal contains 100 ppm or less of a radioactive isotope, and further, the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is irradiated with electrons or hydrogen ions given a kinetic energy of 0.78 MeV or more by an accelerator.

6. A nuclear fusion device according to claim 1, characterized in that the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal contains 100 ppm or less of a radioactive isotope, and further, the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is used as a capacitor electrode to cause LC resonance, and electrons or hydrogen ions given a kinetic energy of 0.78 MeV or more are irradiated onto the single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal.

7. 7. A nuclear fusion device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the regular hexagonal single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is laid out in a honeycomb pattern to increase the area.

8. A nuclear fusion device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the regular hexagonal single crystal metal or large grain polycrystalline metal is laid out in a honeycomb pattern, and the edges of the outer periphery are trimmed into trapezoids cut at opposite vertices of the regular hexagon.

9. A nuclear fusion device characterized by containing hydrogen in a single crystal or large-grain polycrystalline metal whose main component is one of iron, Co, Nb, Mo, Ta, or W, or a mixture of elements with atomic numbers differing by one.

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