Heat and pain suppressing compounds
Heat and pain suppressing compounds, such as lipid, megastigmane, and capsainoside compounds, address the need for analgesia and reduced pungency in food products, achieving effective pain relief and flavor modulation.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/US2024/052513
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-10-23
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-01
AI Technical Summary
There is a need for improved compounds that provide analgesia, including topical analgesia, and methods to reduce the pungency and piquancy of food products containing capsaicinoids without affecting their flavor profile.
The development of heat and pain suppressing compounds, including lipid compounds, megastigmane compounds, and capsainoside compounds, which can be used in compositions to modulate the pungency and flavor of food products and provide analgesic effects.
These compounds effectively reduce the perception of heat and pain, allowing for the reduction of pungency in food products while maintaining their flavor profile, and provide topical analgesic benefits.
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Abstract
Description
HEAT AND PAIN SUPPRESSING COMPOUNDS CROSS‐REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims the benefit of US Provisional Application 63 / 592,249, filed October 23, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in its entirety. BACKGROUND
[0002] Chili peppers (Capsicum sp.), due to their unique chemesthetic properties, are widely used as an ingredient in Latin American, African, and Asian dishes despite humans first encountering them in the Americas. Past research has shown chili peppers contain a wide variety of potentially beneficial metabolites, many of which are suggested to provide a myriad of health benefits such as antioxidant activity on account of their carotenoid and phenolic content. In pharmacological spaces, chili peppers and related natural products have kindled interest for their use as nonaddictive analgesics.
[0003] The pungency of capsaicinoids has historically been estimated using Scoville Heat Units (SHU), which is roughly an estimate of major capsaicinoids present in a sample by weight. While useful for estimating the intensity of pungency present in samples, SHU does not adequately predict other pungency attributes, such as time of maximum intensity, duration, and onset.
[0004] While it has been shown that different capsaicinoids can elicit varying pungency perceptions there is comparatively little research on other chili pepper secondary metabolites that might modulate the chemesthetic effects of the known capsaicinoids associated with pungency. Furthermore, sensory differences in the pungency profiles (intensity, duration, feel, etc.) of different species and varieties of Capsicums suggest that chemical differences likely modify the perception of pungency beyond capsaicin concentration. Chemical components of these pungent products were found to result in a desensitization to pain due to their action on certain vanilloid receptors.
[0005] The principal receptor responsible for pungent perception is the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This receptor is readily activated by a number of chemical irritants, but most notably capsaicinoids which are endogenous to chili peppers. When present, an influx of calcium and sodium ions pass through the receptor resulting in the depolarization of nociceptive neurons and eventually the familiar perception of spiciness. The mechanism for TRPV1 activation by commonly known pungent compounds is a well‐documented process, however, food is considerably more complex than singular chemical irritants. Understanding how a mosaic of chemical constituents might affect pungency perception has value in product development as well as furthering our understanding of the TRPV1 mechanism in sensory and medicinal spaces.
[0006] While Capsicum plants and isolated compounds have been used to increase the pungency and piquancy of a wide variety of food products, some consumers may find such a food product too spicy / hot and will therefore refuse the product. A method of reducing the pungency and / or piquancy of a food product without otherwise affecting its flavor profile would increase the acceptance of capsaicin‐containing foods among a given consumer base.
[0007] There remains a need for improved compounds providing analgesia, including topical analgesia. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0008] Figure 1 depicts a schematic representation of sensory testing.
[0009] Figure 2 depicts compounds of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] Before the present methods and systems are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the methods and systems are not limited to specific synthetic methods, specific components, or to particular compositions. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.
[0011] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Ranges may be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes¬ from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.
[0012] “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
[0013] Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps. “Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes.
[0014] Disclosed are components that can be used to perform the disclosed methods and systems. These and other components are disclosed herein, and it is understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, etc. of these components are disclosed that while specific reference of each various individual and collective combinations and permutation of these may not be explicitly disclosed, each is specifically contemplated and described herein, for all methods and systems. This applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in disclosed methods. Thus, if there are a variety of additional steps that can be performed it is understood that each of these additional steps can be performed with any specific embodiment or combination of embodiments of the disclosed methods.
[0015] Compounds disclosed herein may be provided in the form of acceptable salts. Examples of such salts are acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, and nitric acids and the like; salts formed with organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, succinic, maleic, fumaric, gluconic, citric, malic, methanesulfonic, p‐ toluenesulfonic, napthalenesulfonic, and polygalacturonic acids, and the like; salts formed from elemental anions such as chloride, bromide, and iodide; salts formed from metal hydroxides, for example, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and magnesium hydroxide; salts formed from metal carbonates, for example, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; salts formed from metal bicarbonates, for example, sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; salts formed from metal sulfates, for example, sodium sulfate and potassium sulfate; and salts formed from metal nitrates, for example, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate.
[0016] Unless stated to the contrary, a formula with chemical bonds shown only as solid lines and not as wedges or dashed lines contemplates each possible isomer, e.g., each enantiomer, diastereomer, and meso compound, and a mixture of isomers, such as a racemic or scalemic mixture. Unless stated to the contrary, a formula depicting one or more stereochemical features does not exclude the presence of other isomers.
[0017] The term "alkyl" refers to a radical of a straight‐chain or branched hydrocarbon group having a specified range of carbon atoms (e.g., a "C1‐16 alkyl" can have from 1 to 16 carbon atoms). An alkyl group can be saturated or unsaturated, i.e., an alkenyl or alkynyl group. Unless specified to the contrary, an “alkyl” group includes both saturated alkyl groups and unsaturated alkyl groups.
[0018] When a range of values is listed, it is intended to encompass each value and sub‐range within the range. For example, "C1‐6 alkyl" is intended to encompass C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C1‐6, C1‐5, C1‐4, C1‐3, C1‐2, C2‐6, C2‐5, C2‐4, C2‐3, C3‐6, C3‐5, C3‐4, C4‐6, C4‐5, and C5‐6 alkyl.
[0019] As used herein, the term “null,” when referring to a possible identity of a chemical moiety, indicates that the group is absent, and the two adjacent groups are directly bonded to one another. By way of example, for a genus of compounds having the formula CH3‐X‐Y‐CH3, if X and Y are both null, then the resulting compound has the formula CH3‐CH3.
[0020] The term "aryl" refers to a radical of a monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic or tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having 6‐14 ring carbon atoms and zero heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system ("C6‐14 aryl"). "Aryl" also includes ring systems wherein the aryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the radical or point of attachment is on the aryl ring, and in such instances, the number of carbon atoms continue to designate the number of carbon atoms in the aryl ring system. Unless otherwise specified, each instance of an aryl group is independently unsubstituted (an "unsubstituted aryl") or substituted (a "substituted aryl") with one or more substituents.
[0021] "Aralkyl" is a subset of "alkyl" and refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, wherein the point of attachment is on the alkyl moiety.
[0022] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a radical of a 5‐14 membered monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic, tricyclic) 4n+2 aromatic ring system (e.g., having 6, 10, or 14 π electrons shared in a cyclic array) having ring carbon atoms and 1‐4 ring heteroatoms provided in the aromatic ring system, wherein each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur ("5‐14 membered heteroaryl"). In heteroaryl groups that contain one or more nitrogen atoms, the point of attachment can be a carbon or nitrogen atom, as valency permits. Heteroaryl polycyclic ring systems can include one or more heteroatoms in one or both rings. "Heteroaryl" includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more carbocyclyl or heterocyclyl groups wherein the point of attachment is on the heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members continue to designate the number of ring members in the heteroaryl ring system. "Heteroaryl" also includes ring systems wherein the heteroaryl ring, as defined above, is fused with one or more aryl groups wherein the point of attachment is either on the aryl or heteroaryl ring, and in such instances, the number of ring members designates the number of ring members in the fused polycyclic (aryl / heteroaryl) ring system. Polycyclic heteroaryl groups wherein one ring does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., indolyl, quinolinyl, carbazolyl, and the like) the point of attachment can be on either ring, i.e., either the ring bearing a heteroatom (e.g., 2‐indolyl) or the ring that does not contain a heteroatom (e.g., 5‐indolyl).
[0023] Disclosed herein heat and pain suppressing lipid compounds having the formula: or a salt thereof, wherein L represents an optionally substituted C2‐6alkylene group; R2 is selected from H and OH; R3 is selected from H and OH; R4 is selected from H and OH; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; R6’ is selected from H and OH; and Rf is saturated C8‐32alkyl or unsaturated C8‐32alkyl.
[0024] In some implementations, R2, R3, R2, R4, R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
[0025] In some implementations, the lipid compound can include one of more (D)‐galactose residues: .
[0026] In certain implementations, the lipid compound can include a glycerol or ethylene glycol‐ based linker: .
[0027] In some implementations, the lipid compound can have the formula: R.
[0028] In certain implementations, Rf can be a saturated C12‐28alkyl group, a saturated C12‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, or a saturated C16‐20alkyl group. In other implementations, Rf can be an unsaturated C12‐32alkyl group.
[0029] In certain implementations, Rf can be an unsaturated C12‐28alkyl group, an unsaturated C12‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C‐20alkyl group. When Rf is an unsaturated alkyl group, it can include one carbon‐carbon double, two carbon‐carbon double bonds, three carbon‐carbon double bonds, four carbon‐carbon double bonds, five carbon‐carbon double bonds, or six carbon‐carbon double bonds.
[0030] In certain implementations, Rf can be derived from one or more fatty acids. For example, a lipid compound having an α‐linolenic acid‐derived Rf group has the formula: .
[0032] In some implementations, Rf can be derived from a fatty acid such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, α‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and combinations thereof.
[0033] Also disclosed herein are heat and pain suppressing megastigmane compounds having the formula: , or a salt thereof, wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl, or Rk is OH and Rk* is H; R1 is H, CH3, or OH; R2 is H, OH, or absent; R3 is H, CH3, or OH; R4 is H, CH3, or OH; wherein the dashed lines represent a single or double bond, provided that the # bond and $ bond are not both double bonds, and that when the # bond is a double bond then R2 is absent; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; and R6’ is selected from H and OH.
[0034] In certain implementations of the megastigmane compound, the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐configuration, i.e.,: .
[0035] In certain implementations of the megastigmane compound, the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐gluco configuration, i.e.,:
[0036] In certain implementations of the megastigmane compound, the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐galacto configuration, i.e.,: .
[0037] In certain implementations of the megastigmane compound, the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐manno configuration, i.e.,: .
[0038] In certain implementations, the carbohydrate residue is a deoxy sugar, e.g., R2’ or R6’ are H. In certain implementations both R2’ and R6’ are H. In other implementations, each of R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are OH.
[0039] In certain implementations of the megastigmane compound, the $ bond is a double bond, i.e., .
[0040] In further implementations when the $ bond is a double bond, R2 can be a hydroxyl group. The skilled person understands that when $ bond is a double bond and R1 is a hydroxyl group, the megastigmane compound can be represented in the enol form or keto form: . The skilled person further understands that one isomer may predominate over the other based on the identity of the other variable groups and the chemical environment around the compound. The depiction of one isomer is understood to embrace both forms of the compound.
[0041] In some implementations, R3 is CH3.
[0042] In some implementations, both of R1 and R4 are H.
[0043] In certain implementations, Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl.
[0044] In certain implementations, the megastigmane compound has the structure: .
[0045] In certain implementations, the megastigmane compound has the structure:
[0046] In some implementation the # bond is a single bond, and the megastigmane compound has the structure: .
[0047] In certain implementations, the megastigmane compound can have the formula: .
[0048] In some implementations, the megastigmane compound can have the formula:
[0049] Also disclosed herein are heat and pain suppressing capsainoside compounds having the formula: , wherein: R2’ is H or OH; R3’ is H or OH; R4’ is H or OH; and R6’ is H or OH, further wherein one of R2’, R3’, R4’, or R6’ may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2* is H or OH; R3* is H or OH; R4* is H or OH; and R6* is H or OH; R0 is H or OH and Ro* is H or OH; Rz is H or OH; the two Rk and Rk groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; Ra is H, C1‐4alkyl, or a group having the formula –[sugar]‐Rb, wherein [sugar] represents a group composed of one or more carbohydrate residues, and Rb represents OH or Rb has the formula: , wherein Rp is H or OH and Rp* is H or OH; Rx is H or OH; the two Rk* groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; R2a is H or OH; R3a is H or OH; R4a is H or OH; and R6a is H or OH, or further wherein one of R2a, R3a, R4a, or R6a may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2b is H or OH; R3b is H or OH; R4b is H or OH; and R6b is H or OH.
[0050] In some implementations, Ra is a [sugar] group having the formula: .
[0051] In certain implementations, the two Rk groups form a carbonyl, Ra is H, Rz is OH, and Ro and Rp are each H, i.e., the compound has the formula: .
[0052] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula: .
[0053] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula:
[0054] I .
[0055] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula: .
[0056] .
[0057] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula: .
[0058] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula:
[0059] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula: .
[0060] In some implementations, the capsainoside compound has the formula: .
[0061] I .
[0062] In some implementations, Ra has the formula:
[0063]
[0064] In some implementations, each of Rk* together form a carbonyl. In other implementations each of Rk* are H.
[0065] In some implementations, Rb has the formula: .
[0066] In some implementations, Rb has the formula: .
[0067] In some implementations, Rb has the formula: .
[0068] In some implementations, the heat and pain suppressing compounds may be provided in a composition, wherein the heat and pain suppressing compounds are present in an amount of at least 50% by weight, at least 75% by weight, at least 80% by weight, at least 85% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, or at least 99% by weight, relative to the total mass of the composition. Unless specified to the contrary, all ranges relate to the total mass of each compound according to the disclosure present in the composition.
[0069] The heat and pain suppressing compounds may be provided in a composition, wherein the composition contains only the compound(s) of Formula (1), water, and optionally a buffer and / or preservative. The composition may be buffered to a pH from 2‐7, 3‐7, 4‐7, 5‐7, 6‐7, 2‐4, 3‐5, 4‐6, or 6‐8. In some implementations, the compounds may be provided in an aqeuous composition in which the compounds are present in an amount of at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, or at least 99% by weight, relative to the total mass of the non‐water components in the composition. Unless specified to the contrary, all ranges relate to the total mass of each compound according to the disclosure present in the composition.
[0070] In some implementations, the compounds may be provided in a composition containing at least 75 wt.% of water, in which the compounds are present in an amount of at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, or at least 99% by weight, relative to the total mass of the non‐water components in the composition.
[0071] Exemplary buffering agents include, but are not limited to, citrate buffer solutions, acetate buffer solutions, phosphate buffer solutions, ammonium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium citrate, calcium glubionate, calcium gluceptate, calcium gluconate, D‐gluconic acid, calcium glycerophosphate, calcium lactate, propanoic acid, calcium levulinate, pentanoic acid, dibasic calcium phosphate, phosphoric acid, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide phosphate, potassium acetate, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, potassium mixtures, dibasic potassium phosphate, monobasic potassium phosphate, potassium phosphate mixtures, sodium acetate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium lactate, dibasic sodium phosphate, monobasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate mixtures, tromethamine, magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, alginic acid, pyrogen‐free water, isotonic saline, Ringer's solution, ethyl alcohol, etc., and combinations thereof.
[0072] Exemplary preservatives may include antioxidants, chelating agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antifungal preservatives, alcohol preservatives, acidic preservatives, and other preservatives. Exemplary antioxidants include, but are not limited to, alpha tocopherol, ascorbic acid, acorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfϊte, propionic acid, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfϊte, and sodium sulfite. Exemplary chelating agents include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), citric acid monohydrate, disodium edetate, dipotassium edetate, edetic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, phosphoric acid, sodium edetate, tartaric acid, and trisodium edetate. Exemplary antimicrobial preservatives include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, bronopol, cetrimide, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine, chlorobutanol, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, cresol, ethyl alcohol, glycerin, hexetidine, imidurea, phenol, phenoxyethanol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate, propylene glycol, and thimerosal. Exemplary antifungal preservatives include, but are not limited to, butyl paraben, methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, potassium benzoate, potassium sorbate, sodium benzoate, sodium propionate, and sorbic acid. Exemplary alcohol preservatives include, but are not limited to, ethanol, polyethylene glycol, phenol, phenolic compounds, bisphenol, chlorobutanol, hydroxybenzoate, and phenylethyl alcohol. Exemplary acidic preservatives include, but are not limited to, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, beta‐carotene, citric acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, ascorbic acid, sorbic acid, and phytic acid. Other preservatives include, but are not limited to, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, deteroxime mesylate, cetrimide, butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluened (BHT), ethylenediamine, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfϊte, potassium sulfite, potassium metabisulfite, Glydant Plus, Phenonip, methylparaben, Germall 115, Germaben II, Neolone, Kathon, and Euxyl. In certain embodiments, the preservative is an anti‐oxidant. In other embodiments, the preservative is a chelating agent.
[0073] In some implementations, the composition can include a mixture of the compound of Formula (1a) and either the compound of Formula (1b) or Formula (1c), or a mixture of all three compounds. In other implementations, the composition can include the compound of Formula (1a) and none of the compound of Formula (1b) or Formula (1c).
[0074] Also provided herein are edible articles containing one or more heat and pain suppressing compounds. In certain implementations, the edible article includes the compound(s) of Formula (1) in an amount of 0.01‐100 mg / kg relative to the edible article, preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg. Unless specified to the contrary, all ranges relate to the total mass of each compound according to the disclosure present in the article.
[0075] In some implementations, the edible article includes a broth, a soup (as used herein, a soup is a broth further including pieces of vegetable, fruit, grain, or protein), a meat‐containing product, a fish‐containing product, a poultry‐containing product, a dairy‐containing product, a fruit‐containing product, a vegetable‐containing product a grain‐containing product, a potato‐containing product. It is to be understood that designating a product under one of the aforementioned categories does not exclude other products from the edible article. For example, an edible article that contains meat‐ containing product can also contain a dairy‐containing product.
[0076] Also disclosed herein are methods of providing edible articles with improved flavor profile and reduced pungency and piquancy. In certain implementations the method include the step of adding one or more heat and pain suppressing compounds to an edible article, or to a component used to make an edible article. The compound(s) of Formula (1) may be added to the edible article (or component) in an amount of 0.01‐100 mg / kg relative to the edible article (or component), preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg. Unless specified to the contrary, all ranges relate to the total mass of each compound according to the disclosure present in the article.
[0077] Also disclosed herein are therapeutic compositions including one or more heat and pain suppressing compounds. In some implementations, the compounds may be used to treat neuropathic pain, including post‐herpetic neuropathic pain, HIV‐associated neuropathic pain, cancer‐associated neuropathic pain, chemotherapy‐associated neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathic pain, peripheral neuropathic pain, and idiopathic neuropathic pain. The compounds may be applied to a wound, especially a burn wound, to reduce pain and promote healing.
[0078] The therapeutic compositions may include one or more additional components for a topically applied composition. In some implementations, the therapeutic composition can include other components, additives or adjuvants for example skin penetration enhancers; emollients (e.g., isopropyl myristate, petrolatum, volatile or non‐volatile silicones oils, such as methicone and dimethicone, ester oils, mineral oils, and fatty acid esters); humectants (e.g., glycerin, hexylene glycol, caprylyl glycol); skin plumpers (e.g., palmitoyl oligopeptide, collagen, collagen and / or glycosaminoglycan (GAG) enhancing agents); anti‐inflammatory agents (e.g., Aloe vera, bioflavonoids, diclofenac, salicylic acid); chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or a salt thereof, such as disodium EDTA); vitamins (e.g., tocopherol and ascorbic acid); vitamin derivatives (e.g., ascorbyl monopalmitate, tocopheryl acetate, Vitamin E palmitate); thickeners (e.g., hydroxyalkyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, carbombers, and vegetable gums, such as xanthan gum); gelling agents (e.g., ester‐terminated polyester amides); structuring agents; proteins (e.g., lactoferrin); immune modulators (e.g., corticosteroids and non‐steroidal immune modulators).
[0079] Other components that may be included are film formers, moisturizers, minerals, viscosity and / or rheology modifiers, insect repellents, skin cooling compounds, skin protectants, lubricants, preservatives, pearls, chromalites, micas, conditioners, anti‐allergenics, antimicrobials (e.g., antifungals, antivirals, antibacterials), antiseptics, pharmaceutical agents, photostabilizing agents, surface smoothers, optical diffusers, and exfoliation promoters. EXAMPLES
[0080] The following examples are for the purpose of illustration of the invention only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner whatsoever.
[0081] Example 1: Sensory Methods for Pungency / Heat / Burn
[0082] Nanopure water was supplied in‐house (Barnstead GenPure Pro, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). USP grade ethanol was purchased from Decon Laboratories (King of Prussia, PA, USA). Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin USP grade standards were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Milwaukee, WI, USA). Authentic commercial standards for compounds 1and 3 were obtained from Ambinter (Orléans, France). Authentic commercial standard for compound 2 was obtained from A2B Chem (San Diego, CA, USA).
[0083] A “control solution” of 100 mg / L (100 ppm) capsaicinoids that consisted of 82 mg / L capsaicin and 18 mg / L dihydrocapsaicin in 100% ethanol was prepared. Four recombination samples were also prepared by adding compounds Capsianoside I, Roseoside, Gingerglycolipid A individually (Sample No. 1‐3) and in combination (sample No. 4) into the control solution as shown in Table 1.
[0084] Table 1 – Recombination samples for sensory testing Molecular Recombination Sample = control Sample Compound Weight solutiona + compound(s) at No. (g / mol) concentration (mg / L) 1 Capsianoside I 660.3 14.4 2 Roseoside 386.2 7.0 3 Gingerglycolipid A 676.4 7.16 4 Capsianoside I, Roseoside, & ‐‐ As listed in Sample No 1‐3 Gingerglycolipid A a = 82 mg / L capsaicin and 18 mg / L dihydrocapsaicin in 100% ethanol
[0085] A 2‐alternative force‐choice (2‐AFC) was utilized to validate the impact of the three compounds as well as their impact in combination. The test utilized a modified half‐tongue methodology presented in Dessirier et al. 1997. A 45 μL aliquot of control and recombination solution was pipetted onto two separate 15 mm circular filter papers (Whatman, Maidstone, UK). The filter papers were air‐dried and 45 μL of deionized water was pipetted onto each filter paper just prior to application. Forceps were used to simultaneously apply the two filter papers onto each anterior half of the dorsal surface of the tongue. The side of the tongue receiving the control or recombination sample was counterbalanced across subjects. Upon application, panelists were instructed to hold their tongue in their mouth, without moving, for 30 seconds. Following this, panelists indicated the side of the tongue eliciting a stronger burning sensation before the filter papers were removed. The panelists then rated the intensity of the sensation on both sides of the tongue using a 15‐point line‐scale (0 = none, 2 = barely noticeable, 4 = identifiable, 6 = slightly intense, 8 = moderately intense, 10 = intense, 12 = very intense, 15 = extremely intense).
[0086] Thirty‐seven panelists (27 female and 10 male, ages 22 ‐ 48) were recruited from the Food Science and Technology Department at the Ohio State University for this analysis and conducted sessions based on availability. Prior to sample evaluation, panelists underwent training with feedback to differentiate, rate, and familiarize themselves with the pungency intensity of the 100 ppm capsaicinoids solution as compared to 50 ppm capsaicinoids solutions utilizing the half‐tongue methodology.
[0087] The panelists were asked to refrain from eating or drinking at least 1 hour prior to their scheduled session. Moreover, the panelists were asked to avoid eating anything pungent or spicy at least one day prior to the experiment. Each panelist participated in only one 2‐AFC analysis a day, at least two days apart (IRB Protocol Number 2023B0151). A one‐sided binomial analysis was used for determining whether a significant majority of panelists chose the control side of the tongue as having a stronger pungency intensity. 1. A heat and pain suppressing lipid compound having the formula: , or salt thereof, wherein L is an optionally substituted C2‐6alkylene group; R2 is selected from H and OH; R3 is selected from H and OH; R4 is selected from H and OH; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; R6’ is selected from H and OH; and Rf is saturated C8‐32alkyl or unsaturated C8‐32alkyl. 2. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R2, R3, R2, R4, R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH. 3. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein the compound has the formula: 4. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein the compound has the formula: 5. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rf is a saturated C12‐28alkyl group, a saturated C12‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, or a saturated C16‐20alkyl group. 6. The lipid compound according to a preceding aspect, wherein Rf is an unsaturated C12‐32alkyl group having one carbon‐carbon double, two carbon‐carbon double bonds, three carbon‐carbon double bonds, four carbon‐carbon double bonds, five carbon‐carbon double bonds, or six carbon‐carbon double bonds. 7. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rf is an unsaturated C12‐28alkyl group, an unsaturated C12‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group. 8. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid. 9. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid selected from caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or a combination thereof. 10. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rf is derived from α‐linolenic acid. 11. The lipid compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein the compound has the formula: R. 12. A heat and pain suppressing megastigmane compound having the formula: or a salt thereof, wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl, or Rk is OH and Rk* is H; R1 is H, CH3, or OH; R2 is H, OH, or absent; R3 is H, CH3, or OH; R4 is H, CH3, or OH; wherein the dashed lines represent a single or double bond, provided that the # bond and $ bond are not both double bonds, and that when the # bond is a double bond then R2 is absent; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; and R6’ is selected from H and OH. 13. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐configuration. 14. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein carbohydrate residue has the formula: 15. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R2’ or R6’ are H. 16. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R2’ and R6’ are H. 17. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein each of R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are OH. 18. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 19. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R2 is OH. 20. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R1 is OH. 21. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R3 is CH3. 22. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein R1 and R4 are both H. 23. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl. 24. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 25. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 26. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 27. The megastigmane compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 28. A heat and pain suppressing capsainoside compound having the formula: , wherein: R2’ is H or OH; R3’ is H or OH; R4’ is H or OH; and R6’ is H or OH, further wherein one of R2’, R3’, R4’, or R6’ may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2* is H or OH; R3* is H or OH; R4* is H or OH; and R6* is H or OH; R0 is H or OH and Ro* is H or OH; Rz is H or OH; the two Rk andRkt th f b l hHRa is H, C1‐4alkyl, or group having the formula –[sugar]‐Rb, wherein [sugar] represents a group composed of one or more carbohydrate residues, and Rb represents OH or Rb has the formula or a group having the formula: , wherein Rp is H or OH and Rp* is H or OH; Rx is H or OH; the two Rk* groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; R2a is H or OH; R3a is H or OH; R4a is H or OH; and R6a is H or OH, or further wherein one of R2a, R3a, R4a, or R6a may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2b is H or OH; R3b is H or OH; R4b is H or OH; and R6b is H or OH. 29. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Ra has the formula: . 30. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 31. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: . 32. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 33. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 34. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 35. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 36. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 37. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: . 38. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: . 39. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 40. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, having the formula: 41. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Ra has the formula: 42. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rb has the formula: 43. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rb has the formula: 44. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rb has the formula: . 45. The capsainoside compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein Rb has the formula: . 46. A composition comprising the heat and pain suppressing compound according to any preceding aspect, wherein the heat and pain suppressing compounds are present in an amount of at least 90% by weight, at least 95% by weight, at least 98% by weight, or at least 99% by weight, relative to the total mass of the composition. 47. The composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one capsainoside compound. 48. The composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one capsainoside compound, optionally further comprising at least one megastigmane compound. 49. The composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one capsainoside compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one lipid compound. 50. A method of modulating the flavor of an edible article, comprising adding a lipid compound, a megastigmane compound, a capsainoside compound, or a combination thereof, to the edible article. 51. The method according to any preceding aspect, wherein modulating the flavor comprises reducing pungency and / or reducing burning sensation. 52. The method according to any preceding aspect, wherein the lipid compound, megastigmane compound, capsainoside compound, or combination thereof is added to the edible article (or component) inanamountof 0.01‐100mg / kgrelativetotheediblearticle(orcomponent),preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg. 53. An edible article comprising a capsainoside compound, a megastigmane compound, a lipid compound, or a combination thereof. 54. The edible article according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one capsainoside compound. 55. The edible article according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one capsainoside compound, optionally further comprising at least one megastigmane compound. 56. The edible article according to any preceding aspect, wherein the lipid compound, megastigmane compound, capsainoside compound, or combination thereof is present in the edible article (or component) in an amount of 0.01‐100 mg / kg relative to the edible article (or component), preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg. 57. The edible article according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one capsainoside compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one lipid compound. 58. A topical composition for treating pain and / or promoting wound healing, comprising a capsainoside compound, a megastigmane compound, a lipid compound, or a combination thereof. 59. The topical composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one capsainoside compound. 60. The topical composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one lipid compound and at least one capsainoside compound, optionally further comprising at least one megastigmane compound. 61. The topical composition according to any preceding aspect, comprising at least one capsainoside compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further comprising at least one lipid compound. 62. The topical composition according to any preceding aspect, wherein the composition is a liniment, lotion, cream, ointment, paste, solution, or suspension. 63. A method of treating pain or a wound, comprising topically application a capsainoside compound, a megastigmane compound, a lipid compound, or a combination thereof to the wound. 64. The method according to any preceding aspect, wherein the wound is a trauma wound, a surgical wound, a burn wound, or an ulcer wound. 65. The method according to any preceding aspect, wherein the wound is a burn wound.
[0088] The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non‐limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches
Claims
CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A method of modifying the flavor of an edible article, comprising adding to the food product a lipid compound having the formula: or salt thereof, wherein L is an optionally substituted C2‐6alkylene group; R2 is selected from H and OH; R3 is selected from H and OH; R4 is selected from H and OH; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; R6’ is selected from H and OH; and Rf is saturated C8‐32alkyl or unsaturated C8‐32alkyl; or a megastigmane compound having the formula: or a salt thereof, wherein Rk and Rk* toge h f b lki O dk*iR1 is H, CH3, or OH; R2 is H, OH, or absent; R3 is H, CH3, or OH; R4 is H, CH3, or OH; wherein the dashed lines represent a single or double bond, provided that the # bond and $ bond are not both double bonds, and that when the # bond is a double bond then R2 is absent; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; and R6’ is selected from H and OH; or a capsainoside compound having the formula: , wherein: R2’ is H or OH; R3’ is H or OH; R4’ is H or OH; and R6’ is H or OH, further wherein one of R2’, R3’, R4’, or R6’ may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: wherein R2* is H or OH; R3* is H or OH; R4* is H or OH; and R6* is H or OH; R0 is H or OH and Ro* is H or OH; Rz is H or OH; the two Rk and Rk groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; Ra is H, C1‐4alkyl, or group having the formula –[sugar]‐Rb, wherein [sugar] represents a group composed of one or more carbohydrate residues, and Rb represents OH or Rb has the formula or a group having the formula: , wherein Rp is H or OH and Rp* is H or OH; Rx is H or OH; the two Rk* groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; R2a is H or OH; R3a is H or OH; R4a is H or OH; and R6a is H or OH, or further wherein one of R2a, R3a, R4a, or R6a may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: wherein R2b is H or OH; R3b is H or OH; R4b is H or OH; and R6b is H or OH; or a combination thereof.
2. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the compound wherein R2, R3, R2, R4, R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
3. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the compound: , or a combination thereof.
4. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the compound: or a combination thereof.
5. The method of any of claims 1‐4, comprising adding the lipid compound in which Rf is a saturated C12‐28alkyl group, a saturated C12‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐24alkyl group, a saturated C‐20alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C12‐32alkyl group having one carbon‐carbon double, two carbon‐carbon double bonds, three carbon‐carbon double bonds, four carbon‐carbon double bonds, five carbon‐carbon double bonds, or six carbon‐carbon double bonds.
6. The method of any of claims 1‐4, comprising adding the lipid compound wherein Rf is an unsaturated C12‐28alkyl group, an unsaturated C12‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group 7. The method of any of claims 1‐4, comprising adding the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid.
8. The method of claim 7, comprising adding the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid selected from caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic asapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or a combination thereof 9. The method of claim 8, comprising adding the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from α‐ linolenic acid 10. The method of claim 1 or 2, comprising adding a compound having the formula: R11. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐configuration.
12. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein carbohydrate residue has the formula:
13. The method of claim 1 or 11‐12, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ or R6’ are H.
14. The method of claim 1 or 11‐12, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ and R6’ are H.
15. The method of claim 1 or 11‐12, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein each of R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are OH.
16. The method of claim 1 or 11‐15, comprising adding the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
17. The method of claim 1 or 11‐16, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R2 is OH.
18. The method of claim 1 or 11‐17, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R1 is OH.
19. The method of claim 1 or 11‐18, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R3 is CH3.
20. The method of claim 1 or 11‐16, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein R1 and R4 are both H.
21. The method of claim 1 or 11‐20, comprising adding the megastigmane compound wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl.
22. The method of claim 1 or 11‐21, comprising adding the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
23. The method of claim 1 or 11‐21, comprising adding the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
24. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
25. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the megastigmane compound having the formula:
26. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula: .
27. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
28. The method of claim 1 or 27, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
29. The method of claim 1 or 26‐27, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
30. The method of claim 1 or 26‐27, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
31. The metho.
32. The method of claim 1 or 26, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: : .
34. The method of claim 1 or 27, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
35. The method of claim 1 or 27, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
36. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
37. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
38. The method of claim 1, comprising adding the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
39. The method of claim 1, 26‐27, or 29‐33, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula:
40. The method of claim 1, 26‐27, or 29‐33 or 39, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
41. The method of claim 1, 26‐27, or 29‐33 or 39, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
42. The method of claim 1, 26‐27, or 29‐33 or 39, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula:
43. The method of claim 1, 26‐27, or 29‐33 or 39, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
44. The method of claim 1‐43, comprising adding at least one lipid compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further adding at least one capsainoside compound.
45. The method of claim 1‐43, comprising adding at least at least one capsainoside compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further adding at least one lipid compound.
46. The method of claim 1‐43, comprising adding at least at least one capsainoside compound and at least one lipid compound, optionally further adding at least one megastigmane compound.
47. The method of claim 1‐46, wherein the compound or combination thereof is added to the edible article (or component) in an amount of 0.01‐100 mg / kg relative to the edible article (or component), preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg.
48. The method of claim 1‐47, comprising adding the compound in aqueous solution to the edible article.
49. An edible article prepared according to the method of any of claims 1‐48.
50. The edible article of claim 49, wherein the edible article comprises a broth, a soup, a meat product, a fish product, a poultry product, a dairy product, a fruit product, a vegetable product, a grain product, a potato product, or a combination thereof.
51. The edible article of claim 49 or 50, comprising the compound in an amount in an amount of 0.01‐100 mg / kg relative to the edible article, preferably 0.01‐10 mg / kg, 0.01‐1 mg / kg, 0.01.‐0.1 mg / kg, 0.1‐1 mg / kg, 1‐10 mg / kg, or 10‐100 mg / kg.
52. A method of reducing a pain sensation, heat sensation, or combination thereof, in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a lipid compound having the formula: or salt thereof, wherein L is an optionally substituted C2‐6alkylene group; R2 is selected from H and OH; R3 is selected from H and OH; R4 is selected from H and OH; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; R6’ is selected from H and OH; and Rf is saturated C8‐32alkyl or unsaturated C8‐32alkyl; or a megastigmane compound having the formula: , or a salt thereof, wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl, or Rk is OH and Rk* is H; R1 is H, CH3, or OH; R2 is H, OH, or absent; R3 is H, CH3, or OH; R4 is H, CH3, or OHwherein the dashed lines represent a single or double bond, provided that the # bond and $ bond are not both double bonds, and that when the # bond is a double bond then R2 is absent; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; and R6’ is selected from H and OH; or a capsainoside compound having the formula: , wherein: R2’ is H or OH; R3’ is H or OH; R4’ is H or OH; and R6’ is H or OH, further wherein one of R2’, R3’, R4’, or R6’ may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2* is H or OH; R3* is H or OH; R4* is H or OH; and R6* is H or OH; R0 is H or OH and Ro* is H or OH; Rz is H or OH; the two Rk and Rk groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; Ra is H, C1‐4alkyl, or group having the formula –[sugar]‐Rb, wherein [sugar] represents a group composed of one or more carbohydrate residues, and Rb represents OH or Rb has the formula: , wherein Rp is H or OH anRx is H or OH; the two Rk* groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; R2a is H or OH; R3a is H or OH; R4a is H or OH; and R6a is H or OH, or further wherein one of R2a, R3a, R4a, or R6a may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2b is H or OH; R3b is H or OH; R4b is H or OH; and R6b is H or OH; or a combination thereof.
53. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the compound wherein R2, R3, R2, R4, R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
54. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the compound: , or a combinatio55. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the compound: , or a combination thereof.
56. The method of claim 52‐55, comprising administering the lipid compound in which Rf is a saturated C12‐28alkyl group, a saturated C12‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C12‐32alkyl group having one carbon‐carbon double, two carbon‐carbon double bonds, three carbon‐carbon double bonds, four carbon‐carbon double bonds, five carbon‐carbon double bonds, or six carbon‐carbon double bonds.
57. The method of claim 52‐55, comprising administering the lipid compound wherein Rf is an unsaturated C12‐28alkyl group, an unsaturated C12‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group 58. The method of claim 52‐55, comprising administering the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid.
59. The method of claim 58, comprising administering the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acidacid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, cerotic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or a combination thereof 60. The method of claim 59, comprising administering the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from α‐linolenic acid 61. The method of claim 52 or 53, comprising administering a compound having the formula: .
62. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐configuration.
63. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein carbohydrate residue has the formula:
64. The method of claim 52 or 62‐63, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ or R6’ are H.
65. The method of claim 52 or 62‐63, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ and R6’ are H.
66. The method of claim 52 or 62‐63, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein each of R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are OH.
67. The method of claim 52 or 62‐66, comprising administering the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
68. The method of claim 52 or 62‐67, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R2 is OH.
69. The method of claim 52 or 62‐68, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R1 is OH.
70. The method of claim 52 or 62‐69, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R3 is CH3.
71. The method of claim 52, 62‐68, or 70, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein R1 and R4 are both H.
72. The method of claim 52 or 62‐71, comprising administering the megastigmane compound wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl.
73. The method of claim 52 or 62‐72, comprising administering the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
74. The method of claim 52 or 62‐72, comprising administering the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
75. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
76. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the megastigmane compound having the formula:
77. The method of claim 42, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula: .
78. The method of claim 52 or 77, comprising adding the capsainoside compound wherein R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
79. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula:
80. The method of claim 52 or 77‐78, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having 81. The method of claim 52 or 77‐78, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
82. The method of claim 52 or 77, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the .
83. The method of claim 52 or 77, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the .
84. The method of claim 52 or 77, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
85. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
86. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
87. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
88. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
89. The method of claim 52, comprising administering the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
90. The method of claim 52, 77‐78, or 80‐84, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula:
91. The method of claim 52, 77‐78, 80‐84, or 90, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
92. The method of claim 52, 77‐78, 80‐84, or 90, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
93. The method of claim 52, 77‐78, 80‐84, or 90, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula:
94. The method of claim 52, 77‐78, 80‐84, or 90, comprising administering the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
95. The method of claim 52‐94, comprising administering at least at least one lipid compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further administering at least one capsainoside compound.
96. The method of claim 52‐94, comprising administering at least at least one capsainoside compound and at least one megastigmane compound, optionally further administering at least one lipid compound.
97. The method of claim 52‐94, comprising administering at least at least one capsainoside compound and at least one lipid compound, optionally further administering at least one megastigmane compound.
98. The method of claim 52‐97, wherein the compound is administered topically.
99. The method of claim 52‐98, wherein the compound is administered in a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
100. The method of claim 52‐99, wherein the compound is administered in a composition that is a liniment, lotion, cream, ointment, paste, solution, or suspension 101. The method of claim 52‐100, wherein the pain sensation is due to neuropathic pain, including post‐herpetic neuropathic pain, HIV‐associated neuropathic pain, cancer‐associated neuropathic pain, chemotherapy‐associated neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathic pain, peripheral neuropathic pain, and idiopathic neuropathic pain, or a wound.
102. The method of claim 52‐101, wherein the pain sensation is due to a trauma wound, a surgical wound, a burn wound, or an ulcer wound 103. A composition comprising a lipid compound having the formula: , or salt thereof, wherein L is an optionally substituted C2‐6alkylene group; R2 is selected from H and OH; R3 is selected from H and OH; R4 is selected from H and OH; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; R6’ is selected from H and OH; and Rf is saturated C lk l dC lk la megastigmane compound having the formula: , or a salt thereof, wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl, or Rk is OH and Rk* is H; R1 is H, CH3, or OH; R2 is H, OH, or absent; R3 is H, CH3, or OH; R4 is H, CH3, or OH; wherein the dashed lines represent a single or double bond, provided that the # bond and $ bond are not both double bonds, and that when the # bond is a double bond then R2 is absent; R2’ is selected from H and OH; R3’ is selected from H and OH; R4’ is selected from H and OH; and R6’ is selected from H and OH; or a capsainoside compound having the formula: , wherein: R2’ is H or OH; R3’ is H or OH; R4’ is H or OH; and R6’ is H or OH, further wherein one of R2’, R3’, R4’, or R6’ may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2* is H or OH; R3* is H or OH; R4* is H or OH; and R6* is H or OH; R0 is H or OH and Ro* is H or OH; Rz is H or OH; the two Rk and Rk groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; Ra is H, C1‐4alkyl, or group having the formula –[sugar]‐Rb, wherein [sugar] represents a group composed of one or more carbohydrate residues, and Rb represents OH or Rb has the formula or a group having the formula: , wherein Rp is H or OH and Rp* is H or OH; Rx is H or OH; the two Rk* groups together form a carbonyl, or are each H; R2a is H or OH; R3a is H or OH; R4a is H or OH; and R6a is H or OH, or further wherein one of R2a, R3a, R4a, or R6a may be a carbohydrate residue having the formula: , wherein R2b is H or OH; R3b is H or OH; R4b is H or OH; and R6b is H or OH; or a combination thereof, wherein the composition is a topically applied composition, the composition comprises the compounds in an amount of at least 50 wt.%, or the composition is an aqueous composition comprising the compounds in an amount of at least 90 wt.% of the non‐water components.
104. The co wherein R2, R3, R2, R4, R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
105. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the compound: , or a combination thereof.
106. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the compound: or a combination thereof.
107. The composition of claim 103‐106, wherein the composition comprises the lipid compound in which Rf is a saturated C12‐28alkyl group, a saturated C12‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐24alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, a saturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C12‐32alkyl group having one carbon‐carbon double, two carbon‐carbon double bonds, three carbon‐carbon double bonds, four carbon‐carbon double bonds, five carbon‐carbon double bonds, or six carbon‐carbon double bonds.
108. The composition of claim 103‐106, wherein the composition comprises the lipid compound wherein Rf is an unsaturated C12‐28alkyl group, an unsaturated C12‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C‐24alkyl group, an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group, or an unsaturated C16‐20alkyl group 109. The composition of claim 103‐106, wherein the composition comprises the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid.
110. The composition of claim 109, wherein the composition comprises the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from a fatty acid selected from caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acmyristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, α‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, or a combination thereof 111. The composition of claim 110, wherein the composition comprises the lipid compound wherein Rf is derived from α‐linolenic acid 112. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the compound having the formula: .
113. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein the carbohydrate residue is in the (D)‐configuration.
114. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein carbohydrate residue has the formula:
115. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ or R6’ are H.
116. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R2’ and R6’ are H.
117. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein each of R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are OH.
118. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐117, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
119. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐118, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R2 is OH.
120. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐118, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R1 is OH.
121. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐118, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R3 is CH3.
122. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐119, or 121, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein R1 and R4 are both H.
123. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐122, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound wherein Rk and Rk* together form a carbonyl.
124. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐123, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
125. The composition of claim 103 or 113‐124, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
126. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound having the formula: .
127. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the megastigmane compound having the formula:
128. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula: .
129. The composition of claim 103 or 128, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein R2’, R3’, R4’, and R6’ are each OH.
130. The composition of claim 103 or 129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula:
131. The composition of claim 103 or 128‐129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
132. The composition of claim 103 or 128‐129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula:
133. The composition of claim 103 or 128, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula:
134. The composition of claim 103 or 128, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
135. The composition of claim 103 or 128, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside c .
136. The composition of claim 103 or 129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
137. The composition of claim 103 or 129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
138. The composition of claim 103 or 129, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
139. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
140. The composition of claim 103, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound having the formula: .
141. The composition of claim 85, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Ra has the formula:
142. The composition of claim 103, 128‐129, 131‐135, or 141, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
143. The composition of claim 103, 128‐129, 131‐135, or 141, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
144. The composition of claim 103, 128‐129, 131‐135, or 141, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula:
145. The composition of claim 103, 128‐129, 131‐135, or 141, wherein the composition comprises the capsainoside compound wherein Rb has the formula: .
146. The composition of claim 103‐145, comprising the compound in an amount of at least 75 wt.%, 80 wt.%, 85 wt.%, 90 wt.%, 95 wt.%, 98 wt.%, or 99 wt.%.
147. The composition of claim 103‐145, wherein the composition is a topically applied composition comprising a skin penetration enhancer, emollient, silicone oil, ester oil, mineral oil, fatty acid ester, humectant, skin plumper, anti‐inflammatory agent, chelating agent, vitamin, thickener, gelling agent, structuring agent, protein, immune modulator, corticosteroid, non‐ steroidal immune modulator, or a combination thereof.
148. The method of claim 103‐145, wherein composition is an aqueous composition comprising a buffer and / or preservative.
149. The composition of claim 103‐145 or 148, wherein composition is an aqueous composition having a pH from 2‐7, 3‐7, 4‐7, 5‐7, 6‐7, 2‐4, 3‐5, 4‐6, or 6‐8.
Citation Information
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