Process of making a menin-MLL inhibitor
A convergent synthesis of Compound A using solid-state intermediates and telescoped steps addresses inefficiencies in existing methods, enabling high-yield, scalable production suitable for pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/093750
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-05-10
- Filing Date
- 2025-05-09
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing synthesis methods for Compound A, a potent menin-KMT2A (MLL) inhibitor, are inefficient, require multiple isolations and protection/deprotection steps, produce racemic products, and involve low-yielding chromatographic separations, making them unsuitable for large-scale manufacturing.
A convergent synthesis process using solid-state intermediates that can be purified by precipitation or crystallization, with high atom economy and yields, involving telescoped steps and safe, commercially available reagents to produce Compound A and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
The process achieves high purity and efficiency suitable for industrial-scale drug manufacturing, overcoming the limitations of previous methods by reducing the number of isolations and using scalable purification techniques.
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Abstract
Description
PROCESS OF MAKING A MENIN-MLL INHIBITORFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to methods of making (S) -4-methyl-5- ( (4- ( (2- (methylamino) -6- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) piperidin-1-yl) methyl) -1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1-yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (Compound A) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and to compounds used as intermediate compounds in the synthetic process.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Compound A, or (S) -4-methyl-5- ( (4- ( (2- (methylamino) -6- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) piperidin-1-yl) methyl) -1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1-yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile, can be represented by the following structure: is a potent inhibitor of the menin-KMT2A (MLL) interaction and is described in PCT Publ. No. WO2017 / 161028 as Compound No. 151. Compound A is also described as KO-539 or ziftomenib. Compound A inhibits the survival, growth, and proliferation of certain kinds of leukemia cells as demonstrated in preclinical models (Burrows, F. et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2018, 17 (1_Supplement) , Abstract LB-A27 (available at https: / / aacrjournals. org / mct / article / 17 / 1_Supplement / LB-A27 / 238485 / Abstract-LB-A27-A-novel-small-molecule-menin-MLL) . Compound A is under clinical investigation as a potential treatment for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier NCT04067336) .
[0003] Synthesis of a different menin inhibitor compound disclosed in PCT Publ. No. WO2017 / 161028 can be found in Example 3, paragraphs 269-276, and is depicted as follows. The above synthesis suffers from several drawbacks. First, this synthesis is linear, rather than convergent, and requires multiple product isolations and protection / deprotection steps. The process does not produce a 2-methylamino substituted thienopyrimidine, as required in Compound A, which would require additional steps for its synthesis. The process also provides racemic products, rather than one stereoisomer, as in Compound A; to obtain a chiral product from the above sequence would require a chiral resolution with loss of half the throughput or use of racemization-prone and expensive methyl (S) -2-bromopropionate as a starting material. Alkylation of 5-formyl-4-methyl-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile with the mesylate reagent 2-4 is low yielding (53%over two steps) , likely due to the production of mixtures of regioisomers and stereoisomers. Introduction of a formyl group to the indole portion prior to the alkylation step can produce mixtures of formyl-substituted and other products. Intermediates 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7 and Compound 2 are not solid materials, necessitating purification by silica gel column or preparative thin layer chromatography rather than crystallization or filtration methods. These features are not amenable to a large-scale manufacturing synthesis.
[0004] Synthesis of another compound disclosed in PCT Publ. No. WO2017 / 161028 can be found in Example 4, paragraphs 277-283, and is depicted as follows. In this synthesis, the alkylation with mesylate 61-5 provides a 76%yield of product 61-6, but the risk of regioisomer formation is reduced significantly with this cyclopropyl compound compared to the synthesis from PCT Publ. No. WO2017 / 161028 shown above. In addition, 5-formyl-4-methyl-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile, with potential formyl regioisomer problems in its preparation, is still used. Lastly, although the overall sequence includes fewer synthetic steps than the one provided above, overall yields are low, none of the intermediates are solids, and process purifications involve unscalable chromatographic separations.
[0005] A synthesis of 5-formyl-4-methyl-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile was described in Borkin et al., Cancer Cell 2015, 27, 589-602 (Supplemental Information, pages 35-38) , but proceeded in six steps, each with a chromatographic separation, and 12%overall yield. Zhang et al. (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2018, 22, 97-102) described the preparation of this indole through several low-yielding and / or step-intensive routes, including cyclization of a formyl-substituted bromoaniline or a protected formyl benzyaldehyde, formylation of a 5-bromoindole, or halogenation and palladium-mediated formylation of an N-protected indole. Zeiden et al. (Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 5058-5061) described the synthesis of 4-methyl-1H-indole-2-carbonitrile using a palladium-catalyzed cyclization of a 2-gem-dibromovinylaniline substrate (prepared in two steps from the corresponding 2-nitrobenzaldehyde using palladium-and tin-mediated reaction steps) .
[0006] There is a need for an improved synthesis route that can produce Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in sufficient yield, efficiency, and purity to meet industrial scale manufacturing requirements. Described herein are methods that employ highly pure, solid-state intermediates, which can be purified simply and efficiently by precipitation or crystallization, and that proceed convergently, with high atom economy and yields, and with telescoped steps to reduce the number of compound isolations, to provide Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with purity suitable for drug product manufacturing using safe and commercially available reagents. Also described herein are intermediates useful in such processes and methods of synthesizing those intermediates.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] Described herein are methods of making Compound A and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0008] In one aspect, described herein is a process for the preparation of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: comprising reacting Compound 10 or a salt thereof: with Compound 16 or a salt thereof: in the presence of a reducing agent to form Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0009] In another aspect, described herein is a process for the preparation of Compound 15-Boc: comprising reacting Compound 14-Boc: with methylamine to form Compound 15-Boc.
[0010] In another aspect, described herein is a process for the preparation of Compound 10: comprising formylating Compound 8: with a formylation reagent to provide Compound 10.
[0011] In another aspect, described herein is Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, prepared using any of the methods described herein.
[0012] In another aspect, described herein is a compound selected from: and salts thereof.
[0013] In another aspect, described herein is a composition comprising a mixture of Compound A and at least one compound selected from Compound A (i) , A (ii) , A (iii) , A (iv) , A (v) , A (vi) , A(vii) , A (viii) , A (ix) , and A (x) . In another aspect, described herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound A prepared according to the methods provided, optionally wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises a mixture of Compound A and at least one compound selected from Compound A (i) , A (ii) , A (iii) , A (iv) , A (v) , A (vi) , A (vii) , A (viii) , A (ix) , and A (x) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] Other objects, features, and advantages of the compounds and methods described herein will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating specific embodiments, are given by way of illustration only, as various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the instant disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
[0015] The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. Definitions
[0016] Unless otherwise stated, the following terms used in this application have the definitions given below.
[0017] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an agent” includes a plurality of such agents, and equivalents thereof, known to those skilled in the art.
[0018] The term “comprising” (and related terms such as “comprise” or “comprises, ” or “have, ” “has, ” or “having” ) are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements. The use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “include, ” “includes, ” and “included, ” is not limiting.
[0019] The term “about” or “approximately” can mean within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, “about” can mean within 1 or more than 1 standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, “about” can mean a range of up to 20%, up to 15%, up to 10%, up to 5%, or up to 1%around a given value. In some embodiments regarding temperatures, “about” means ± 5℃. For example, “about 50 ℃” means from 45 ℃ to 55 ℃. In some embodiments regarding temperatures, “about” means ± 3 ℃. For example, “about 50 ℃” means from 47 ℃ to 53 ℃.
[0020] When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included.
[0021] As used herein, Cx-Cy (or Cx-y) refers to the range of carbon atoms in a given moiety, and includes, for example, C1-C2, C1-C3, C1-C4, C2-C4, or C1-C6. By way of example only, a group designated as “C2-C8” indicates that there are two to eight carbon atoms in the moiety, i.e., groups containing 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms, 6 carbon atoms, 7 carbon atoms, or 8 carbon atoms. Thus, by way of example only, “C2-C8 carboxylic acid” indicates that there are two to eight carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid moiety. By way of example, a C2 carboxylic acid is acetic acid, a C3 carboxylic acid includes propionic acid, and a C4 carboxylic acid includes butyric acid and isobutyric acid.
[0022] “Pharmaceutically acceptable, ” as used herein, refers to a formulation, composition, form of a compound, such as a salt form, ingredient, or material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not substantially abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively nontoxic, i.e., the material is administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
[0023] As used herein, “%w / w” refers to the HPLC area %of one component of a mixture relative to the desired product. By way of example, if an impurity is present at about 0.05%w / w in a sample of a desired material, the area %of the HPLC peak for the impurity is about 0.05%the area %of the HPLC peak for the desired material. As used herein, “w / w” in the context of synthetic procedures refers to the mass of a reagent used relative to the mass of the starting material.
[0024] In the process discussions herein, each reactant may be used in free acid or free base form, or in a salt form, if applicable to the particular structure. Each product may be obtained in free acid or free base form, or in a salt form, if applicable to the particular structure. Although salt forms of intermediate compounds and reagents may be pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms, this is not required, and salts of intermediates can be any suitable salt form known to one in the art.Preparation of Compound A
[0025] In one aspect is a process for preparing Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising reacting Compound 10 with Compound 16 in the presence of a reducing agent to form Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the reacting is by a reductive amination reaction, as shown in Scheme A. In some embodiments, the reacting of Compound 10 and Compound 16 is performed in a suitable solvent in the presence of a reducing agent. Scheme A
[0026] In some embodiments, Compound 10 is used as a reactant in free base or salt form. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is the free base of Compound 16. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is a salt of Compound 16. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of Compound 16. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is a hydrochloride salt of Compound 16. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is Compound 16 hydrochloride (16-HCl) . In some embodiments, Compound 16 is Compound 16 dihydrochloride (16-2HCl) , which can be a solid. In some embodiments, the stoichiometry of Compound 16 dihydrochloride is characterized by titration. In some embodiments, Compound A is prepared in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
[0027] In some embodiments, the reacting is performed in suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar, aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is dichloromethane (DCM) , tetrahydrofuran (THF) , 2-methytetrahydrofuran (Me-THF) , acetonitrile (ACN) , 1, 2-dichloroethane (DCE) , dichlorobenzene, cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) , methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) , ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM, DCE, or dichlorobenzene. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM.
[0028] In some embodiments, the reducing agent comprises a boron hydride. In some embodiments, the reducing agent comprises NaBH4, sodium tri (C2-C8 alkyl carboxy) borohydride (NaBH (OC (O) C2-8alkyl) 3) , sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH (OAc) 3) , or sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH3) . In some embodiments, the reducing agent comprises NaBH4. In some embodiments, the reducing agent comprises NaBH4 and a C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid. In some embodiments, the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, valproic acid, or hexanoic acid. In some embodiments, the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid is isobutyric acid. In some embodiments, the NaBH4 and the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are mixed to form a reducing agent mixture prior to mixing with Compound 10 and Compound 16. In some embodiments, the reducing agent mixture is combined with Compound 10 and Compound 16, optionally a mixture of Compound 10 and Compound 16. In some embodiments, particularly where Compound 10 and / or Compound 16 are used in their salt forms, the mixture of Compound 10 and Compound 16 comprises a base, that is used, for example, to free base the starting material (s) . In some embodiments, the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the organic base is triethylamine (TEA) , N, N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) , 1, 8-diazabicyclo [5.4.0] undec-7-ene (DBU) , pyridine, or N-methylmorpholine. In some embodiments, the organic base is TEA. Thus, in some embodiments, the reacting comprises: (a) mixing NaBH4 and a C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid, such as isobutyric acid, to form a reducing agent mixture; (b) mixing Compound 10, Compound 16, and optionally a base to form a reagent mixture; and (c) mixing the reducing agent mixture and the reagent mixture. In some embodiments, following the reaction of Compound 10 and Compound 16, the product of Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is isolated by filtration. In some embodiments, isolation of Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprises dispersing the crude product of the reaction of Compound 10 and Compound 16 in EtOH to provide Compound 16 as a suspended solid in the EtOH, optionally dilution the suspension with IPA, removing a portion of the EtOH by concentrating, and collecting the remaining solid by filtration from the EtOH / IPA mixture.
[0029] In some embodiments, a molar excess of Compound 16 is used (relative to Compound 10) , such as about 1.02 to 1.2 equivalents, or about 1.05 equivalents. In some embodiments, particularly where Compound 16 is used as Compound 16-2HCl, about 1 to 6 equivalents or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 equivalents (relative to Compound 10) , of the reducing agent are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 2 to 4 equivalents of the reducing agent are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 3 equivalents of the reducing agent are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 1 to 12 equivalents or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 equivalents, or about 9.5 equivalents (relative to Compound 10) of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 2 to 4 equivalents of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 3 equivalents of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 8 to 11 equivalents of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 9 to 10 equivalents of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, about 9.5 equivalents of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid are used in the reductive amination. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid to the reducing agent used is at least 3: 1, or is about 3: 1, or is about 9.5: 3. In some embodiments, the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid is isobutyric acid. In some embodiments, such as where Compound 10 and Compound 16 are both used in free base form, no added base is used. In some embodiments, particularly where Compound 10 is used as a salt, and / or Compound 16 is used as a salt, such as Compound 16-HCl or Compound 16-2HCl, at least 1 or 2 equivalents of base, respectively, are added to free base the starting material (s) . For example, where about 1.0 to about 1.2 equivalents of a salt of Compound 16, such as Compound 16-2HCl, from 1 to 12 equivalents (relative to Compound 10) of the base, such as an organic base, are mixed with Compound 10 and Compound 16. In some embodiments, about 4 to 8 equivalents, or about 6 equivalents of the base, such as an organic base, are used. In some embodiments, the base is TEA. In some embodiments, one or more of the following are used: (a) about 2 to 4, or about 3, equivalents of NaBH4, (b) about 2 to 4, or about 3 equivalents, or about 8 to 10, or about 9.5 equivalents of isobutyric acid, (c) about 1.05 equivalents of Compound 16-2HCl, (d) 1.0 equivalent of Compound 10, and (e) about 4 to 8, or about 6 equivalents of TEA.
[0030] In some embodiments, for the reacting of Compound 10 and Compound 16 in a suitable solvent, the solvent is held at a temperature of about 15 ℃ to about 60 ℃, or at a temperature of about 20 ℃ to about 30 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is held at a temperature of about 25 ℃. In some embodiment “about 25 ℃” means 25 ± 5 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is held at a temperature of 20 to 30 ℃.
[0031] In some embodiments, the reacting of Compound 10 and Compound 16 is performed until the remaining Compound 10 is at level of no more than 1%relative to Compound A, as measured by HPLC.
[0032] In some embodiments, Compound A is obtained as a mixture with one or more of Compounds A (i) , A (ii) , A (iii) , A (iv) , A (v) , A (vi) , A (vii) , A (viii) , A (ix) , and A (x) . In some embodiments, Compound A is obtained as a mixture with one or more of Compounds A (i) , A (ii) , A (iii) , A (iv) , A (v) , A (vi) , A (vii) , A (viii) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xii) , A (xiii) , A (xiv) , A (xv) , A (xvi) , A (xvii) , and A (xviii) .
[0033] In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compounds A (i) , A (ii) , A (vi) , A (v) , A (viii) , and A (ix) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with at least one of Compounds A (ii) , A (v) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xv) , and A (xvii) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (ii) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (v) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (ix) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (xi) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (xv) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with Compound A (xvii) .
[0034] In some embodiments of such Compound A mixtures, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0035] In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0036] In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0037] In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at not more than aboaut 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0038] In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0039] In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w or at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0040] In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0041] In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0042] In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0043] In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0044] In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0045] In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0046] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0047] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0048] In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / w.
[0049] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0050] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0051] In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. Preparation of Compound 10
[0052] Disclosed herein are methods for the synthesis of Compound 10 and precursor compounds, as outlined in Scheme B-1, Scheme B-2, Scheme B-3, and Scheme B-4. Scheme B-1
[0053] Step 1. In some embodiments, Compound 2 is prepared from Compound 1 as shown in Scheme B-1, Step 1. In some embodiments, the process for preparing Compound 2 comprises condensing Compound 1 with an oxalic acid equivalent, such as diethyl oxalate or dimethyl oxalate, in the presence of a base, such as a sodium or potassium alkoxide, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, or potassium tert-butoxide, or sodium hydride, optionally in the presence of a de-frothing agent, such as a C4-C8 alkanol, such as tert-amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, or isobutyl alcohol, optionally in the presence of an additional solvent, such as THF, N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) , or a mixture thereof, preferably a mixture of THF and DMF, optionally at a ratio of 3: 1 to 5: 1, or about 4: 1, to form Compound 1a: wherein R’ is methyl or ethyl. In some embodiments, Compound 1 is combined with a mixture of the base in the suitable solvent at a reduced temperature. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 15 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃. Compound 1a may be isolated and / or purified or may be carried forward in situ without isolation or purification. In some embodiments, the reaction time is reduced, the yield is increased, or the purity of the product is increased, or a combination thereof, when the reaction is performed where the solvent is a mixture of THF and DMF as compared to THF in the absence of DMF.
[0054] In some embodiments, Compound 1a (in the prior reaction mixture, or isolated and optionally purified) is treated with a suitable nitro group reducing agent, such as Na2S2O4 in a suitable solvent such as ethanol, or H2 and Pd / C, optionally wherein the reducing step is initiated at a reduced temperature, to effect a reductive cyclization to form Compound 1b: In some embodiments, the reducing agent is Na2S2O4, optionally where the solvent is ethanol or an ethanol / water mixture, optionally wherein the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 15 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃. Compound 1b can be isolated and purified or used in situ in the next step.
[0055] In some embodiments, the process for preparing Compound 2 comprises hydrolysis of the ester of Compound 1b to form Compound 2. In some embodiments, hydrolysis is performed in the presence of a suitable base, such as NaOH, in a suitable solvent such as an alcohol (e.g., EtOH) , water, or a mixture thereof, optionally at a reduced temperature, to form Compound 2. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 15 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is between about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃. In some embodiments, the NaOH is a solid or a powder. In some embodiments, the NaOH is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, once hydrolysis is completed, the reaction mixture is acidified, for example, with a mineral acid, such as aqueous HCl, and Compound 2 is precipitation and isolated by filtration. In another embodiment, Compound 1a can be reacted to form Compound 2 directly under Zn / acetic acid conditions.
[0056] Step 2. In some embodiments, the process for preparing Compound 3 comprises converting Compound 2 to Compound 3, as shown in Scheme B-1. In some embodiments, the process comprises condensing Compound 2 with an ammonia equivalent, such as NH3, optionally by amide coupling under conditions known to one in the art, such as DCC, EDC, or PyBop, or via the corresponding acyl chloride, e.g., by treating Compound 2 with oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, preferably oxalyl chloride, in the presence of DMF, in a suitable solvent such as DCM, optionally at a temperature from about 40 ℃ to about 55 ℃, or from about 45 ℃ to about 50 ℃, followed by treatment of the resulting acid chloride reaction mixture in situ with an ammonia equivalent, such as ammonia or aqueous ammonia. In some embodiments, Compound 3 is isolated by precipitation and filtration.
[0057] Step 3. In some embodiments, the process for preparing Compound 4 comprises converting Compound 3 to Compound 4, as shown in Scheme B-1. In some embodiments, the process comprises treating Compound 3 with a suitable dehydrating agent, such as POCl3, P2O5, thionyl chloride, or oxalyl chloride, preferably POCl3, in a non-polar solvent such as toluene, to form Compound 4.
[0058] Step 4a. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 5, wherein X is -Cl (Compound 5-Cl) , -Br (Compound 5-Br) , or -I (Compound 5-I) , comprises reacting Compound 4 with a halogenating agent to provide Compound 5 as shown in Step 4a in Scheme B-1. In some embodiments, X is -Br. In some embodiments, X is -I. In some embodiments, the halogenation agent comprises an N-halosuccinimide, such as N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide, Br2, or I2, optionally in the presence of an activating agent. In some embodiments, the activating agent is a Lewis acid. In some embodiments, the activating agent is trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, H2SO4, H2SO4 / HIO3, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) , silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (AgOTf) , silver bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) azanide (AgN (Tf) 2) , AlCl3, In (OTf) 3, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (TMSOTf) , BF3·H2O, or BF3·OEt2, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium iodide (Bu4NI) . In some embodiments, the activating agent is TFA or acetic acid. In some embodiments, the activating agent is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the halogenation agent is N-iodosuccinimide and the activating agent is BF3·OEt2, and the reaction is optionally performed in DCM. In some embodiments, the halogenating agent is N-iodosuccinimide and the activating agent is TMSOTf, and the reaction is optionally performed in ACN. In some embodiments, the N-halosuccinimide is N-iodosuccinimide and X is -I. In some embodiments, the reaction is done in a solvent such as DCM or ACN. In some embodiments, halogenation occurs at the desired 5-position and also at the 3-position of the indole to provide a di-iodo product, which can be converted to Compound 5 by treatment with a trialkylamine such as Et3N in a solvent such as ACN.
[0059] Step 4.5a. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 6 comprises formylating Compound 5, wherein X is -Cl, -Br, or -I, to form Compound 6 (Step 4.5a) . In some embodiments, X is -Br (Compound 5-Br) . In some embodiments, X is -I (Compound 5-I) . In some embodiments, the formylating comprises reacting Compound 5 with a CO source, such as CO or formic acid, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, optionally in the presence of a ligand, for example in a suitable solvent, optionally in the presence of a base, to form Compound 6. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd, Ni, or Rh. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd (0) . In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd (II) , and the reaction optionally comprises mixing the transition metal catalyst with a reducing agent, such as Et3SiH (e.g., to form Pd (0) in situ) . In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2. In some embodiments, the formylating is done with a palladium catalyst in the presence of a ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand is a phosphine ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand is an aliphatic phosphine ligand, such as trimethylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine (P (Cy) 3) , tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluoroborate (P (Cy) 3·HBF4) , tri-tert-butyl-phosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine tetrafluoroborate, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-n-octylphosphine, or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is an aromatic phosphine, such as XPhos, SPhos, JohnPhos, Amphos, triphenylphosphine (TPP) , methyldiphenylphosphine, or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is a bis-phosphine ligand, such as diphenyl phosphinomethane (dppm) , diphenyl phosphinoethane (dppe) , 1, 1’-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) , or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is P (Cy) 3. In some embodiments, the ligand is tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluoroborate. In some embodiments, the CO source is CO or formic acid. In some embodiments, the CO source is CO. In some embodiments, the base is Na2CO3. In some embodiments, the CO source is CO, the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2, the ligand is tricyclohexylphosphine tetrafluoroborate, the reducing agent is Et3SiH, and the optional base is Na2CO3. In some embodiments, the formylating is performed at an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is between about 60 ℃ and about 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is between about 65 ℃ and about 70 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises DMF, DMA, THF, 2-MeTHF, ACN, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises DMF and water. In some embodiments, the water is present in a catalytic amount. In some embodiments, about 1 molar equivalent of water is used. In some embodiments, the reaction time is reduced, the yield is increased, or the purity of the product is increased, or a combination thereof, when the reaction is performed in the presence of water.
[0060] Step 4b. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 6 comprises formylating Compound 4 to provide Compound 6 (Step 4b) . In some embodiments, the formylating comprises reacting Compound 4 with a formylation reagent in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and TFA, DMF and POCl3, DMF and (COCl) 2, DMF and cyanuric chloride, or ethyl formate and an acid. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, such as a Lewis acid, optionally selected from TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, Ti (O-iPr) 4, AlCl3, BF3·OEt2, TMSOTf, In (OTf) 3, TfOH, HClO4, H2SO4, TFA, AgOTf, Tf2Sn, or ZnCl2. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent is dichloromethyl methyl ether and TiCl4. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises HMTA and TFA. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and POCl3. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and (COCl) 2. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and cyanuric chloride. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises ethyl formate and an acid, optionally wherein the acid is TFA. In some embodiments, the dichloromethyl methyl ether is added to a mixture of Compound 4 and the acid in a solvent at a reduced temperature. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about 0 ℃ and about 5 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar, aprotic solvent, such as 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, DCM, DCE, nitrobenzene, or chlorobenzene. In some embodiments, the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. Scheme B-2
[0061] Step 5a. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 10 comprises coupling Compound 6 and Compound 7, where R is -OH (Compound 7-OH) , -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, as shown in Scheme B-2, Step 5a. In some embodiments, the coupling is a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
[0062] In some embodiments, the coupling comprises reacting Compound 6 and Compound 7, where R is -OH (Compound 7-OH) , -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, such as mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, to provide Compound 10. In some embodiments, where R is -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, such as mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, the reacting is in the presence of a base. In some embodiments, the coupling solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF, dimethyl acetamide (DMA) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , ACN, THF, Me-THF, dioxane, DME, or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) , or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the base is Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine. In some embodiments, the base is Cs2CO3. In some embodiments, the sulfonate is a triflate group.
[0063] In some embodiments, R in Compound 7 is -OH, and the coupling is a Mitsunobu-type alkylation reaction. In some embodiments, the coupling of Compound 6 and Compound 7 is performed in the presence of a phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or tri-n-octylphosphine, and an azodicarboxylate, such as diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) , diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) , 1, 1’ - (azodicarbonyl) dipiperidine, or azodicarboxylic dimorpholide, or in the presence of a phosphorane, in a suitable solvent, to yield Compound 10. In some embodiments, the phosphine is triphenyphosphine. In some embodiments, the azodicarboxylate is DIAD. In some embodiments, the phosphorane is cyanomethylenetributylphosphorane or cyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane. In some embodiments, the reagents, such as the azadicarboxylate and the starting material, are mixed at a reduced temperature. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about -10 ℃ to about 10 ℃, or from about -5 ℃ to about 0 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF, Me-THF, DCM, ACN, DCE, dioxane, or DME, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF. This route removes one step relative to the activation / displacement route. In some embodiments, this procedure improves the yield of the desired regioisomer of the alkylated product.
[0064] In some embodiments, the reactant is Compound 7, where R is mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) . In some embodiments, the process comprises preparing Compound 7-OMs by reacting Compound 7, where R is -OH (Compound 7-OH) , with a mesylating reagent (e.g., methanesulfonic anhydride, methanesulfonyl chloride, and the like) , in the presence of a base (e.g., DIPEA, TEA, pyridine) and in a solvent (e.g., DCM, THF) .
[0065] In some embodiments, the reactant is Compound 7, where R is triflate (Compound 7-OTf) . In some embodiments, the process comprises preparing Compound 7-OTf by reacting Compound 7, where R is -OH (Compound 7-OH) , with a triflating reagent (e.g., trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, N-phenyl triflimide, trifluoroacetyl triflate, and the like) in the presence of a base (e.g., DIPEA, TEA, pyridine) and in a solvent (e.g., DCM, THF) .
[0066] In some embodiments, the reactant is Compound 7, where R is -Br, -Cl, or -I. In such embodiments, the process comprises preparing Compound 7, where R is -Br, -Cl, or -I, from Compound 7-OH by reacting with a halogenating agent such as thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, or HI.
[0067] In some embodiments, Compound 10 is obtained as-is and / or is used in the next reaction step as a mixture with one or more of Compound 10 (i) , 10 (ii) , 10 (iii) , 10 (iv) , 10 (v) , 10 (vi) , 10 (vii) , 10 (viii) , or 10 (ix) : In some embodiments, Compound 10 is obtained as-is and / or is used in the next reaction step as a mixture with one or more of Compound 10 (i) , 10 (iii) , 10 (iv) , (v) , and (ix) . In some embodiments, Compound 10 (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (ii) is present at less than 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (ii) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (ii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (iii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.6%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (iii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vi) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vi) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vii) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vii) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (vii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 10 (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. Scheme B-3
[0068] Step 4c. As shown in Scheme B-3, in some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 10 or Compound 8 comprises coupling Compound 4 with Compound 7, where R is -OH, Br, Cl, I, or s sulfonate, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate, or nonaflate, to provide Compound 8 (Step 4c) .
[0069] In some embodiments, the coupling comprises reacting Compound 4 and Compound 7, where R is -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, such as mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, in the presence of a base and in a suitable solvent to provide Compound 8. In some embodiments, the sulfonate is a triflate group. In some embodiments, the coupling solvent is a polar aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF, dimethyl acetamide (DMA) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , ACN, THF, Me-THF, dioxane, DME, or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) , or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF. In some embodiments, the base is Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine. In some embodiments, the base is Cs2CO3.
[0070] In some embodiments, R in Compound 7 is -OH. In some embodiments, the coupling comprises an in situ activation of the -OH group into a suitable leaving group, for example, a Mitsunobu-type alkylation reaction. In some embodiments, the coupling comprises mixing Compound 4 and Compound 7 in the presence of a phosphine, such as triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or tri-n-octylphosphine, and an azodicarboxylate or a phosphorane, in a suitable solvent, to yield Compound 8. In some embodiments, the azodicarboxylate is diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) , diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) , 1, 1’- (azodicarbonyl) dipiperidine, or azodicarboxylic dimorpholide. In some embodiments, the azodicarboxylate is DIAD. In some embodiments, the phosphorane is cyanomethylenetributylphosphorane or cyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane. In some embodiments, the reagents are mixed at a reduced temperature. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about -10 ℃ to about 10 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about about –5 ℃ to about 0 ℃, or about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF, Me-THF, DCM, ACN, DCE, dioxane, or DME, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is THF. This route removes one reaction step relative to the activation / displacement route. In addition, a reduction in the relative amounts of regioisomeric side-products, such as Compound 8-X, was achieved with this procedure.
[0071] Step 4.5b. In some embodiments, a process of preparing Compound 10 comprises reacting Compound 8 to provide Compound 9 (where X is -Cl, -Br, or -I) , as shown in Scheme B-3, Step 4.5b. In some embodiments, reacting comprises reacting Compound 8 in the presence of a halogenating reagent to give Compound 9. In some embodiments, X is -Br. In some embodiments, X is -I. In some embodiments, the halogenating reagent comprises an N-halosuccinimide, such as N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide, Br2, or I2, optionally in the presence of an activating agent. In some embodiments, the activating agent is a Lewis acid. In some embodiments, the activating agent is trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, H2SO4, H2SO4 / HIO3, methanesulfonic acid, TfOH, AgOTf, AgN (Tf) 2, AlCl3, In (OTf) 3, TMSOTf, BF3·H2O, or BF3·OEt2, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, such as tetrabutylammonium iodide. In some embodiments, the activating agent is TFA or acetic acid. In some embodiments, the activating agent is acetic acid. In some embodiments, the acetic acid also serves as solvent. In some embodiments, the halogenating is done with NIS (1.2 to 2.5 equiv., or 1.2 to 1.7 equiv., or 1.5 equiv. ) , a phase transfer catalyst such as Bu4NI, in AcOH, optionally at a temperature of about 25 to 60 ℃, or about 50 to 60 ℃. In some embodiments, the N-halosuccinimide is N-iodosuccinimide and X is -I. In some embodiments, X is -I in Compound 9 (Compound 9-I, ) .
[0072] Step 5c. In some embodiments, a process of preparing Compound 10 comprises formylating Compound 9, wherein X is -Cl, -Br, or -I, to provide Compound 10, as shown in Scheme B-3, Step 5c. In some embodiments, X is -Br (Compound 9-Br) . In some embodiments, X is I (Compound 9-I) . In some embodiments, the formylating comprises reacting Compound 9 with a CO source, such as CO or formic acid, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst, for example in a suitable solvent, to yield Compound 10. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd, Ni, or Rh. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd (0) . In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd (II) , and the reaction optionally comprises mixing the transition metal catalyst with a reducing agent, such as Et3SiH (e.g., to form Pd (0) in situ) . In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2. In some embodiments, the transition metal catalyst is mixed with a ligand and / or the reducing agent. In some embodiments, the ligand is a phosphine ligand. In some embodiments, the ligand is an aliphatic phosphine ligand, such as trimethyl phosphine, P (Cy) 3, P (Cy) 3·HBF4, tri-tert-butyl-phosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine tetrafluoroborate, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-n-octylphosphine, or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is an aromatic phosphine, such as XPhos, SPhos, JohnPhos, Amphos, TPP, methyldiphenylphosphine, or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is a bis-phosphine ligand, such as diphenylphosphinomethane (dppm) , diphenyl phosphinoethane (dppe) , 1, 1’ -bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene (dppf) , or the like. In some embodiments, the ligand is P (Cy) 3. In some embodiments, the ligand is P (Cy) 3·HBF4. In some embodiments, the CO source is CO or formic acid. In some embodiments, the CO source is CO. In some embodiments, the CO source is formic acid, and the reaction is performed in the presence of Pd (OAc) 2, a tertiary amine base such as DABCO, and a carbodiimide such as DCC, in polyethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the formylating is performed at an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is between about 60 ℃ and about 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is between about 65 ℃ and about 70 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises DMF, DMA, 2-MeTHF, ACN, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises DMF and water. In some embodiments, the water is a catalytic amount. In some embodiments, the reaction time is reduced, the yield is increased, or the purity of the product is increased, or a combination thereof, when the reaction is performed in the presence of water..
[0073] Step 5b. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 10 comprises formylating Compound 8 (optionally as a mixture with Compound 8-X, at ≤ 5%or about 2-4% (a / a) ) to provide Compound 10 (Scheme B-3, Step 5b) . In some embodiments, the formylating comprises reacting Compound 8 with a formylation reagent in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, HMTA and TFA, DMF and POCl3, DMF and (COCl) 2, DMF and cyanuric chloride, or ethyl formate and an acid. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, such as a Lewis acid, optionally selected from TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, Ti (O-iPr) 4, AlCl3, BF3·OEt2, TMSOTf, In (OTf) 3, TfOH, HClO4, H2SO4, TFA, AgOTf, Tf2Sn, or ZnCl2. In some embodiments, the formulation reagent is dichloromethyl methyl ether and TiCl4. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises HMTA and TFA. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and POCl3. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and (COCl) 2. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises DMF and cyanuric chloride. In some embodiments, the formylation reagent comprises ethyl formate and an acid, optionally wherein the acid is TFA. In some embodiments, the dichloromethyl methyl ether is added to a mixture of Compound 8 and the acid at a reduced temperature. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about -5 ℃ to about 15 ℃, or about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃. In some embodiments, the reduced temperature is from about -5 ℃ to about 0 ℃, or about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃. In some embodiments, the solvent is a polar, aprotic solvent, such as 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, DCM, DCE, or chlorobenzene. In some embodiments, the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene. In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM. In some embodiments, Compound 10 is isolated by precipitation and filtration.
[0074] In some embodiments, Compound 7-OH is prepared as shown in Scheme B-4. Scheme B-4 In some embodiments, the process of preparing Compound 7-OH comprises reacting diethanolamine with a mesylating reagent, such as Ms2O or MsCl, in the presence of a base such as DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, in a solvent such as DCM, THF, or DMF, to form Compound 7A. The process of preparing Compound 7-OH comprises reacting Compound 7A with (2S) -2-aminopropan-1-ol in the presence of a suitable base, such as Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, in a polar, aprotic solvent such as ACN, to provide Compound 7-OH. Preparation of Compound 16
[0075] In some embodiments are methods of preparing Compound 16, and methods of preparing Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, comprising preparing Compound 16, as outlined in Scheme C-1. Scheme C-1
[0076] Step 6. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 16 comprises chlorinating Compound 11 to provide Compound 12 (Scheme C, Step 6) . In some embodiments, the chlorinating is performed in the presence of a chlorination reagent, for example in a suitable solvent, optionally in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, such as a tetraalkylammonium salt, such as tetraethylammonium chloride or tetrabutylammonium bromide, optionally in the presence of a base. In some embodiments, the chlorination reagent comprises POCl3, SOCl2, PCl3, (COCl) 2, HCl, and the like, preferably POCl3, optionally in an amount of about 3 to 4 equivalents. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is non-polar. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is p-xylene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or toluene. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is toluene. In some embodiments, the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the base is TEA, N, N-diethylaniline, DIPEA, DBU, pyridine, or NMP. In some embodiments, the base is TEA or N, N-diethylaniline. In some embodiments, the base is N,N-diethylaniline. In some embodiments, the phase transfer catalyst is tetraethylammonium chloride. In some embodiments, the reacting is done in the presence of POCl3 and tetraethylammonium chloride. In some embodiments, the chlorinating is performed at an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 60 ℃ to about 120 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 70 ℃ to about 110 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 100 ℃ to about 110 ℃. In some embodiments, Compound 12 is used in the next step without isolation or purification. In some embodiments, where Compound 12 is obtained in solution, e.g., toluene solution, and is used directly in the next step, impurities related to hydrolysis of Compound 12 are reduced. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is obtained as-is and / or used in the next reaction step as a mixture with one or more of Compound 16 (i) , 16 (ii) , 16 (iii) , and 16 (iv) : In some embodiments, Compound 16 is obtained as-is and / or used in the next reaction step as a mixture with Compound 16 (i) , 16 (ii) , 16 (iii) , and 16 (iv) . In some embodiments, Compound 16 is obtained as and / or used in the next reaction step as a mixture with Compound 16 (i) at 16 (ii) . In some embodiments, Compound 16 (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iii) is present at less than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iii) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iv) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iv) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound 16 (iv) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0077] Step 7. In some embodiments, a process of preparing Compound 16 comprises reacting Compound 12 with Compound 13, wherein P1 is an amine protecting group (see, e.g., Greene and Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, John Wiley &Sons, New York, NY, 1999, and Kocienski, Protective Groups, Thieme Verlag, New York, NY, 1994, which are incorporated herein by reference for such disclosure) , to form Compound 14 (Scheme C, Step 7) . In some embodiments, P1 is tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc; Compound 13-Boc) , fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) , trifluoroacetyl, phthalimide, benzylideneamine, or trityl. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc. In some embodiments, the reacting of Compound 12 and Compound 13 is a nucleophilic aromatic substitution in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aprotic solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is DMF, DMA, NMP, ACN, dioxane, DME, toluene, THF, or Me-THF, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is toluene, THF, or Me-THF. In some embodiments, the reacting of Compound 12 and Compound 13 is in the presence of a base. In some embodiments, the base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the base is DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or NMP. In some embodiments, the base is DIPEA. In some embodiments, the reacting comprises combining Compound 13 with Compound 12 and the base at a first temperature to form a reaction mixture, and heating the reaction mixture to a second temperature. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 40 ℃. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 30 ℃. In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about 15 ℃ to about 30 ℃. In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 50 ℃ to 100 ℃. In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 65 ℃ to about 85 ℃. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc and Compound 13 is (Compound 13-Boc) . In some embodiments, Compound 14 is isolated by precipitation and filtration. In some embodiments, Compound 14 is isolated by crystallization from a mixture of toluene and heptane.
[0078] Step 8. In some embodiments, a process of preparing Compound 16 comprises reacting Compound 14 with methylamine to form Compound 15, wherein P1 is an amine protecting group (Scheme C, Step 8) . In some embodiments, the methylamine is used in an amount of about 3 to about 7 equivalents. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, phthalimide, benzylideneamine, or trityl. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc. In some embodiments, the reacting is a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction and is performed in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is a polar solvent such as methanol (MeOH) , ethanol (EtOH) , isopropyl alcohol (IPA) , n-butanol, amyl alcohol, t-butanol, DMF, DMA, ACN, Me-THF, THF, or NMP, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments the suitable solvent is an alcohol solvent. In some embodiments, the alcohol solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, or t-butanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is EtOH. In some embodiments, the reacting is with methylamine in the presence of a supplemental base. In some embodiments, the supplemental base is an organic base. In some embodiments, the organic base is DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or N-methyl morpholine. In some embodiments, the supplemental base is TEA. In some embodiments, the supplemental base is DIPEA. In some embodiments, the supplemental base is used in an amount of about 1 to about 5 equivalents. In some embodiments, the reacting is performed at an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 60 ℃ to about 80 ℃. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 90 ℃ to about 100 ℃. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc and Compound 14 is (Compound 14-Boc) . In some embodiments, P1 is Boc and Compound 15 is (Compound 15-Boc) . In some embodiments, Compound 15 is isolated by precipitation and filtration. In some embodiments, Compound 15 is isolated by crystallization, optionally using a mixture of EtOH and water. In some embodiments, the reacting of Compound 14-Boc with methylamine to form Compound 15-Boc provides a mixture of Compound 15-Boc and
[0079] Step 9. In some embodiments, a process for preparing Compound 16 comprises deprotecting Compound 15, wherein P1 is an amine protecting group, to provide Compound 16. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, phthalimide, benzylideneamine, or trityl. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc. In some embodiments, the deprotecting is performed in a sutiable solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, THF, Me-THF, DMF, DMA, DCM, DCE, or ACN, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is an alcohol solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol. In some embodiments, P1 is an acid-labile protecting group, such as Boc or trityl, and the deprotecting is in the presence of an acid. In some embodiments, the acid is phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, H2SO4, HCl, or toluenesulfonic acid. In some embodiments, the acid is aqueous HCl. In some embodiments, P1 is Boc and Compound 15 is Compound 15-Boc. In some embodiments, Compound 16 is isolated as an HCl salt (Compound 16-HCl or Compound 16-2HCl) . In some embodiments, Compound 16 is isolated as a di-HCl salt (Compound 16-2HCl) . In some embodiments, Compound 16, Compound 16-HCl, or Compound 16-2HCl is a solid and is isolated by precipitation and filtration.
[0080] In some embodiments, the methods comprise preparing Compound 11, as outlined in Scheme C-2. Scheme C-2
[0081] In some embodiments, preparation of Compound 11 comprises reacting 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide with a CO equivalent, such as CDI, in a suitable solvent. In some embodiments, the reacting with the CO equivalent, such as CDI, is performed at a temperature of from about 50 to about 85 ℃, or from about 70 to about 75 ℃. In some embodiments, methods described herein comprise reacting 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal with 2-cyanoacetamide and sulfur S8 in the presence of a suitable base such as TEA, to provide 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed in a polar solvent, such as DMF or Me-THF or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the reaction is performed at a temperature from about 0 ℃ to about 60 ℃, or about 25 to about 45 ℃. In some embodiments, the product is not isolated but is reacted directly in the next step. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise converting 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane to the corresponding Grignard reagent, for example, in the presence of Mg turnings and catalytic I2, or in a polar aprotic solvent such as THF or Me-THF, and reacting the Grignard reagent with DMF to form 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal. In some embodiments, 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide is not isolated but is reacted directly in the next step. In some embodiments, 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal and 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide are not isolated or purified, but are used in solution directly; such that the overall process from 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane to Compound 11 comprises isolation and purification of Compound 11 only. Purity of Compound A
[0082] In another aspect is provided a composition of Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, substantially free of impurities. In some embodiments, the composition is substantially free of Compound A impurities. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more Compound A impurities, in a total amount that is less than or equal to about 2%w / w of Compound A impurities. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more Compound A impurities, in a total amount that is less than about 1%w / w of Compound A impurities. In some embodiments, the composition comprises Compound A impurities in a total amount that is less than about 1%w / w, less than about 0.75%w / w, less than about 0.50%w / w, less than about 0.25%w / w, less than about 0.20%w / w, less than about 0.15%w / w, less than about 0.10%w / w, or less than about 0.05%w / w of Compound A impurities (relative to Compound A + Compound A impurities) . In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least about 95%w / w, at least about 96%w / w, at least about 97%w / w, at least about 98%w / w, or at least about 99%Compound A. In some embodiments, Compound A impurities are undetectable, for example by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , or the like.
[0083] In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (x) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (xviii) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compound A (i) , A (ii) , A (vi) , A (v) , A (viii) , and A (ix) . In some embodiments, Compound A is a mixture with one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compound A (ii) , A (v) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xv) , and A (xvii) .
[0084] In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0085] In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0086] In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0087] In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at not more than aboaut 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0088] In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0089] In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w or at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0090] In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0091] In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0092] In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0093] In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0094] In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0095] In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0096] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0097] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0098] In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / w.
[0099] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0100] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0101] In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0102]
[0103] In another aspect is a pharmaceutical composition comprising Compound A and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and Compound A impurities. In some embodiments, the Compound A impurities are present in a total amount that is about 2%w / w or less, less than about 1%w / w, less than about 0.75%w / w, less than about 0.50%w / w, less than about 0.25%w / w, less than about 0.20%w / w, less than about 0.15%w / w, less than about 0.10%w / w, or less than about 0.05%w / w (relative to Compound A + Compound A impurities) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises Compound A and one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (x) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises Compound A and one or more of Compounds A (i) , A (ii) , A (iii) , A (iv) , A (v) , A (vi) , A (vii) , A (viii) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xii) , A (xiii) , A (xiv) , A (xv) , A (xvi) , A (xvii) , and A (xviii) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises Compound A and one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compound A (i) , A (ii) , A (vi) , A (v) , A (viii) , and A (ix) . In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises Compound A and one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compounds A (ii) , A (v) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xv) , and A (xvii) .
[0104] In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (i) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0105] In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0106] In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0107] In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present at not more than aboaut 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (iv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0108] In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (v) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0109] In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w or at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0110] In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (vii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0111] In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (viii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0112] In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (ix) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w.
[0113] In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at less than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (x) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w.
[0114] In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xi) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0115] In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0116] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.4%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiii) is present at not more than about 0.4%w / w.
[0117] In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xiv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0118] In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present and is present at not more than about 0.5%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xv) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.5%w / w.
[0119] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvi) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0120] In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.25%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xvii) is present at about 0.05 to about 0.25%w / w.
[0121] In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at not more than about 0.05%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present at about 0.01 to about 0.05%w / w, or at about 0.01 to about 0.15%w / w. In some embodiments, Compound A (xviii) is present and is present at not more than about 0.15%w / w.
[0122] Therapeutic agents that are administrable to mammals, such as humans, must be prepared by following regulatory guidelines. Such government regulated guidelines are referred to as Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) . GMP guidelines outline acceptable contamination levels of active therapeutic agents, such as, for example, the amount of residual solvent in the final product. Preferred solvents are those that are suitable for use in GMP facilities and consistent with industrial safety concerns. Categories of solvents are defined in, for example, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) , “Impurities: Guidelines for Residual Solvents, Q3C (R3) , (November 2005) .
[0123] Also provided herein is a composition comprising Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a residual amount of an organic solvent. In some embodiments, the residual amount of organic solvent is detectable. In some embodiments, the solvent is a Class 3 solvent as defined in, for example, the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) , “Impurities: Guidelines for Residual Solvents, Q3C (R3) , (November 2005) . In some embodiments, the Class 3 solvent is acetic acid, acetone, anisole, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, butyl acetate, tert-butylmethyl ether, cumene, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, ethyl formate, formic acid, heptane, isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, pentane, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, propyl acetate, or tetrahydrofuran. In some embodiments, the Class 3 solvent is ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, tert-butylmethylether, heptane, isopropanol, or ethanol. In some embodiments, the residual amount of organic solvent is less than about 1%, and the solvent is acetone, dichloromethane, 1, 2-dimethoxyethane, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, heptane, or 2-propanol. In some embodiments, the solvent is MTBE, EtOH, IPA, MeOH, DCM, THF, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the residual amount of solvent is less than about 5000 parts per million (ppm) . In some embodiments, the residual amount of solvent is less than about 5000 ppm, less than about 4000 ppm, less than about 3000 ppm, less than about 2000 ppm, less than about 1000 ppm, less than about 500 ppm, or less than about 100 ppm.
[0124] Compounds described herein are synthesized using standard synthetic techniques such as those described in, for example, March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Alternative conditions for the synthetic transformations described herein may be employed such as variation of solvent, reaction temperature, reaction time, as well as different chemical reagents and other reaction conditions.
[0125] In some embodiments, where one or more steps of the process employ a transition metal catalyst, the process may comprise reducing the amount of transition metal materials, such as palladium-based materials, from a reaction product or a subsequent reaction product. In some embodiments, the reducing is performed on Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or an intermediate in the synthetic process, so that Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, meets transition metal or palladium specification guidelines ( “Guideline on the Specification Limits for Residues of Metal Catalysts” European Medicines Agency Preauthorisation Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use, London, January 2007, Doc. Ref. CPMP / SWP / QWP / 4446 / 00 corr) . In some embodiments, the process comprises reducing the amount of palladium in the reaction product from Step 4.5a in Scheme B-1, Step 5a in Scheme B-2, or Step 5c in Scheme B-3, or from Compound A, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, after the coupling shown of Compound 10 and Compound 16 shown in Scheme A. In some embodiments, the process comprises reducing the amount of palladium mixed with Compound 10 obtained from Step 4.5a in Scheme B. In some embodiments, the process comprises reducing the amount of palladium mixed with Compound 10 after Step 5a in Scheme B. In some embodiments, the process comprises reducing the amount of palladium mixed with Compound 10 obtained from Step 5c in Scheme B. In some embodiments, the process comprises reducing the amount of palladium mixed with Compound A obtained from the coupling shown in Scheme A. In some embodiments, reducing the amount of palladium mixed with a reaction product comprises treating the reaction product / transition metal mixture with an adsorbing agent, and extracting agent, or a crystallizing agent, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, reducing the amount of palladium comprises treating the reaction product with an extracting agent and then treating the resulting material with an adsorbing agent. In some embodiments, the reaction product may be treated once, more than once, or twice with an adsorbing agent.
[0126] Examples of adsorbing agents include, but are not limited to, trimercaptotriazine (TMT) , a TMT derivative (such as solid TMT, polystyrene-bound TMT, silica gel-bound TMT, DMT, or mercapto-porous polystyrene-bound TMT) , derivatized silica gel (such as silica gel-linker-thiol, silica gel- (CH2) 3-SH, silica gel- (CH2) 3-S- (CH2) 2-SH, or such as silica gel-linker-amine, such as silica gel- (CH2) 3-NH2, or silica gel- (CH2) 3- [NH- (CH2) 2] 1-2-NH2, or silica gel- (CH2) 3-NHC (S) NHCH3, such as metal scavengers) , polystyrene-bound ethylenediamine, derivatized polyolefin fibers (e.g., grafted with acrylic acid, vinyl pyridine, styrene sulfonic acid, styryl thiol, styryl diphenylphosphine, mercaptoethylacrylate, or acrylate alpha-hydroxyl thiol, such as metal scavengers) , activated charcoal (such as KB-G and KB-WJ) , or glass bead sponges. Examples of crystallizing agents include, but are not limited to, N-acetylcysteine, thiourea, a hemi-maleate salt, or Bu3P. Examples of extracting agents include, but are not limited to, N-acetylcysteine, L-cysteine, and Bu3P in lactic acid. See, e.g., Garrett et al., Adv. Synth. Catal. 2004, 346, 889-900. In some embodiments, Compound A as obtained from the coupling of Compound 10 and Compound 16 (e.g., Compound 16-2HCl) is treated with N-acetylcysteine (e.g., 0.02 to 0.2 w / w, or 0.1 w / w, compared to Compound A) and Na2CO3 (e.g., 0.02 to 0.2 w / w, or 0.1 w / w, compared to Compound A) in water, extracted into organic solvent, and the resulting solution is treated with Si-thiol (e.g., 0.02 to 0.2 w / w, or 0.1, w / w compared to Compound A) .
[0127] In some embodiments, after the reducing, the amount of palladium in the reaction product is about 100 ppm or less, or about 10 ppm, or is undetectable. In some embodiments, the presence and / or amount of residual heavy metal (e.g., palladium) impurities is determined using methods known in the art. In some embodiments, the presence and / or amount of residual heavy metal (e.g., palladium) impurities is determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) . In some embodiments, the presence and / or amount of residual heavy metal (e.g., palladium) impurities is determined using techniques described in U.S. Pharmacopeia General Chapter <232> Elemental Impurities-Limits. EXAMPLES
[0128] Abbreviations used herein include: ethyl (Et) , molar (M) , methyl (Me) , Normal, e.g., 6 Normal NaOH solution (N) , volume, e.g., for reaction volume or ratio of solvents (vol. ) , weight ratio (w / w) , and mass equivalents (wt) .
[0129] The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and not to limit the scope of the claims provided herein. Example 1: Preparation of (S) -5-formyl-4-methyl-1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1- yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (Compound 10) Scheme Ex1
[0130] Step 1: To a stirred suspension of NaH (859.9 g, 21.497 mol) in THF (10.0 L) at 0 ℃, was added a pre-mixed solution of 3-nitro-o-xylene (Compound 1; 2.5 kg, 16.536 mol) , diethyl oxalate (3.162 L, 23.151 mol) , and tert-amyl alcohol (182.2 mL, 1.653 mol) in DMF (2.5 L) at 0 to 5 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 hours (h) at 20-25 ℃ (alternatively, the reaction time may be reduced, for example, to from 7 to 30 h, or approximately 8 h) . Ice-cold water (12.5 L) was added dropwise, followed by addition of EtOH (25 L) at 0-5 ℃, to form Compound 1a (structure shown previously) . Na2S2O4 (8.637 kg, 49.609 mol) was added portionwise at 0-5 ℃and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20-25 ℃ to form Compound 1b (structure shown previously) . The mixture was diluted with water (25 L) . Aqueous NaOH solution (3.968 kg of NaOH (99.219 mol) in 12.5 L of water) was added dropwise to the mixture at 0-10 ℃ and resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h. Ice cold 6 N HCl (20 L) was added drop wise to the reaction mixture (pH 1-2) at 0-10 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 25-30 ℃ and the resulting solid was filtered and washed with water (5 X 20.0 L) . The wet cake was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ for 3 h to obtain 2.3 kg of crude Compound 2. Purification: Crude Compound 2 was stirred in 10%MTBE in hexane (25 L) for 2 h, filtered, and washed with 10%MTBE in hexane (2.5 L) . The resulting solid was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ for 6 h to afford 2.2 kg of Compound 2 as a solid. Yield: 2.2 kg (76%) ; HPLC: 98.1%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.72 (s, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.14 (s, 1H) , 7.11 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.84 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H) , 2.48 (s, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C10H9NO2 m / z 175.06, found (M+H) 176.2.
[0131] Step 2: To a stirred suspension of Compound 2 (2.2 kg, 12.559 mol) in DCM (22 L) at 25-30 ℃ was added oxalyl chloride (2.14 L, 25.118 mol) dropwise followed by DMF (97.12 mL, 1.256 mol) . After stirring for 3 h at 45-50 ℃, the reaction mixture was cooled to 0-5 ℃ and treated with 25%aq. ammonia (22 L) . The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 25-30 ℃, and DCM was then removed by distillation. The resulting suspension was diluted with water (22 L) and stirred for 5 h at 25-30 ℃. The resulting solid was filtered and washed with water (3 x 6.0 L) . The resulting wet cake was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ for 16 h to afford 1.8 kg of crude Compound 3. Purification: Crude Compound 3 (1.8 kg) was stirred in 50%DCM in hexane (22 L) for 3 h and the resulting solid was filtered and washed with 50%DCM in hexane (4.4 L) . The resulting solid was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ for 8 h to afford 1.7 kg of Compound 3 as a solid. Yield: 1.7 kg (80%) ; HPLC: 97.87% (a / a) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.52 (s, 1H) , 7.97 (s, 1H) , 7.35 (s, 1H) , 7.28 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.22 (s, 1H) , 7.09 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H) , 6.84 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H) , 2.50 (s, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C10H10N2O m / z 174.08, found (M-H) 172.8.
[0132] Step 3: To a stirred suspension of Compound 3 (1.7 kg, 9.759 mol) in toluene (34 L) at 25-30 ℃ was added POCl3 (3.65 L, 39.037 mol) over 30 min. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 3 h. The mixture was diluted with saturated aq. NaHCO3 (26 L) at 0-5 ℃ and stirred for 1 h at 25-30 ℃. The organic layer was separated, washed with saturated aq. NaHCO3 (2 x 10 L) , and washed with saturated aq. NaCl (15 L) . The resulting organic layer was treated with activated carbon (170 g) and silica (340 g) and the mixture was heated to 70 ℃ for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to 25-30 ℃ and filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth, washing with toluene (3.4 L) . The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure at 50 ℃ to afford 1.28 kg of Compound 4 as a solid. Yield: 1.28 kg (84%) ; HPLC: 98.28% (a / a) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.19 (s, 1H) , 7.26 (s, 1H) , 7.14 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.11 –7.05 (m, 1H) , 6.79 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H) , 2.34 (s, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C10H8N2 m / z 156.07, found (M-H) 154.6.
[0133] Step 4c: To a stirred solution of Compound 4 (1 equiv) in THF (14 vol) under inert atmosphere at 25 to 30 ℃ was added Compound 7 (1.3 equiv. ) and TPP (1.5 equiv. ) . The mixture was cooled to 0 to -5 ℃ and a solution of DIAD (1.5 equiv. ) was added slowly, maintaining the reduced temperature, then rinsing the addition funnel with THF (1 vol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 to -5 ℃ for 30 min, then for 3 h at 25 to 30 ℃. THF was removed by distillation under reduced pressure at <45 ℃ until 8-9 vol remained. The resulting mixture was diluted with THF (3.5 mol) at 35 to 45 ℃ and stirred for 20 min, then treated with IPA (20 vol) at 35 to 45 ℃, cooled to 25 to 30 ℃, and stirred at 25 to 30 ℃ for 16 h. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with IPA (2 vol) , and the filter cake was left under filter vacuum for 3 h. The collected solid was diluted with THF (1 vol) and IPA (9 vol) , heated to 45 to 50 ℃, and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was cooled to 25 to 30 ℃, stirred for 2 h, and filtered. The resulting solid was dried under vacuum at 40 to 50 ℃ to provide Compound 8 as a solid, which was a mixture of Compound 8 and the regioisomer, Compound 8-X. Yield: 75%; HPLC: 96.06% (a / a) [≤ 5%, or 2-4% (a / a) Compound 8-X] . Additional batches (50 g, 194 g, 960 g) provided comparable yields and purities. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.46 (s, 1H) , 7.44 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H) , 6.97 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H) , 4.33 (dd, J = 8.1, 14.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.19 (dd, J = 5.9, 14.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.17-2.89 (m, 6H) , 2.83 (s, 3H) , 2.79 –2.68 (m, 2H) , 2.49 (s, 3H) , 2.43 –2.35 (m, 1H) , 0.98 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C18H24N4O2S m / z 360.16, found (M+H) 361.0.
[0134] Step 5b: To a stirred solution of Compound 8 (1 equiv. ) , optionally as a mixture with Compound 8-X (at ≤ 5%, or 2-4% (a / a) ) , in 1, 2-dichlorobenzene (15 vol) at -5 to 0 ℃ was added TiCl4 (4 equiv. ) slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 to -5 ℃. Distilled dichloromethyl methyl ether (4 equiv. ) was then added slowly at -5 to 0 ℃, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 6 h at 0 to 10 ℃ and then for another 6 h at 25 ℃. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 10 ℃ and diluted with DCM (5 vol) , maintaining the reduced temperature, and then quenched with pre-cooled (-15 to -10 ℃) approximately 28%aq. NaOH solution, maintaining the temperature at -15 to 0 ℃. The final pH was adjusted to pH 8-10. The resulting biphasic heterogeneous solid mass was filtered, and the solids washed with DCM and filtered. The filtrate was diluted with DCM (5 vol) , the organic layer was separated, and the aqueous layer was back-extracted with DCM (5 vol) . The organic layers were combined, washed with saturated aq. NaCl (5 vol) , and filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth and then through a micron filter. The filtrate was distilled under reduced pressure below 50 ℃ to 1.2-2 vol. The resulting mixture was cooled to 25-30 ℃, diluted with DCM (1.2-2 vol) and MTBE (20 vol) and stirred at 15-25 ℃ for 3 h. The resulting solid was filtered, washing with MTBE (2.5 vol, 2x) . The resulting wet solid was diluted with ACN (7.5 vol) and heated to 70-80 ℃, then cooled slowly to 25-30 ℃, and stirred for 2 h, then cooled to 15-20 ℃, and stirred for 2 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washing with cold ACN (1.5 vol) . The collected solid was redissolved in ACN (7.5 vol) , heated to 70-80 ℃, and stirred for 30-45 min, then cooled slowly to 25-30 ℃ and stirred for 2 h, and then cooled to 15-20 ℃ and stirred for 4 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washing with cold ACN (1.5 vol) . The solid product was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ to afford Compound 10 as a solid. Yield: 40%. Compound 8-X and the corresponding regioisomer of Compound 10 were not detected by HPLC. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.36 (s, 1H) , 7.82 (d, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.81 (s, 1H) , 7.64 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.36 (dd, J = 8.6, 14.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.25 (dd, J = 5.5, 14.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.18 –2.90 (m, 5H) , 2.85 (s, 3H) , 2.82 (s, 3H) , 2.80 –2.69 (m, 2H) , 2.43 –2.28 (m, 2H) , 1.01 (d, J = 6.7 Hz, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C19H24N4O3S m / z 388.16, found (M+H) 389.2.
[0135] Step 5b (alternative procedure) : To a stirred solution of Compound 8 (1 equiv. ) , optionally as a mixture with Compound 8-X (at ≤ 5%, or 2-4% (a / a) ) , in 1, 2-dichlorobenzene (15 vol) was charged vacuum oven-dried (at 80 ℃ for a least 16 h) molecular sieves (25%w / w) and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at 20-30 ℃ and then was filtered, washing with 1, 2-dichlorobenzene (0.5 vol) . The filtrate was charged into a reactor, cooled to -5 to 0 ℃, and treated at -5 to 0 ℃ with TiCl4 (4 equiv. ) slowly and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at 0 to -5 ℃. Distilled dichloromethyl methyl ether (4 equiv. ) was then added slowly at -5 to 0 ℃, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 6 h at 0 to 10 ℃ and then for another 6 h at 25 ℃. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 10 ℃, diluted with DCM (5 vol) , and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was slowly added into a reactor containing water (10 vol, pre-cooled to 0 to 5 ℃) , maintaining the temperature at 0 to 10 ℃. The pH of the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 8-11 by slow addition of 40%aq. NaOH, maintaining the temperature at -15 to 0 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred at -15 to 0 ℃ for approximately 30 min. The resulting biphasic heterogeneous solid mass was filtered, and the solids were washed with DCM and filtered. The filtrate was collected and the layers were separated. The filtered solids were transferred into a reactor, which was charged with water (10 vol and DCM (10 vol) . The resulting slurry was stirred for 30 min at 0 to 10 ℃ and then was filtered, washing with DCM (5 vol) . The filtrate was collected and the layers were separated. The combined aqueous layers were back-extracted with DCM (5 vol) . All organic layers were combined, washed with water (5 vol) and aq. NaCl (25%w / w) , and filtered through diatomaceous earth, washing with DCM (2 x 2.5 vol) . The resulting organic solution was distilled under reduced pressure below 50 ℃ to 1.5 to 2.5 vol. The resulting mixture was cooled to 25-30 ℃, diluted with DCM (2 vol) and MTBE (20 vol) and stirred at 15-25 ℃ for 3 h. The resulting solid was filtered, washing with MTBE (2.5 vol, 2x) . The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 55-60 ℃. The dry solid was diluted with ACN (7.5 vol based on assay corrected weight of the solid material) and the resulting mixture was heated to 70-80 ℃, then cooled slowly to 25-30 ℃, and stirred for 2 h, then cooled to 15-20 ℃, and stirred for 2 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washing with cold ACN (1.5 vol) . The solid product was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃. The dry product was charged into a vessel, diluted with ACN (15 vol, based on assay corrected weight of the dry solid) , and the resulting mixture was heated at 50-65 ℃ to dissolve the solid material. Charcoal (5 wt%) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 min at 50-65 ℃. The mixture was filtered hot through a bed of diatomaceous earth, washing with hot ACN (2 x 1 vol) . The filtrate was distilled (<50 ℃) to 6-7.5 vol. The resulting mixture was heated to 70-80 ℃ and was stirred for 30-45 min, then was cooled slowly to 25-30 ℃ and stirred for at least 1.5 h, and then was cooled to 15-20 ℃ and stirred for another 4-6 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washing with cold ACN (1.5 vol) . The solid product was dried under vacuum at 55-60 ℃ to afford Compound 10 as a solid. Yield: 52%. Detected impurities in Compound 10 as obtained may include one or more of the following: Example 2: Preparation of (S) -5-formyl-4-methyl-1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1- yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (Compound 10) Scheme Ex2
[0136] Step 4a: Procedure 1. As shown in Scheme Ex2, Compound 4 (1 equiv. ) in DCM (10 V) was treated with BF3·OEt2 (3.0 equiv. ) at 0 ℃ and stirred for 30 min. NIS (1.2 equiv. ) was added in portions at 0 ℃. The mixture was stirred at rt for 48 h, or rt for 6 h followed by heating at 45 ℃ for the remaining time. The mixture was cooled to 0 ℃ and diluted with 2 N NaOH to adjust the pH to ~ 8. DCM was removed by distillation at 45 C. The resulting solid was filtered and dried. Optionally, the solid was diluted with IPA (5 V) , heated at reflux for 30 min, cooled to rt, and stirred at rt for 1 h. The resulting solid was filtered and dried to provide Compound 5-I. Yield, 58-88%. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.25 (s, 1H) , 7.66 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.49 (s, 1H) , 7.11 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.55 (s, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C10H7IN2 m / z 281.97, found (M-H) 280.6.
[0137] Step 4a: Procedure 2. Compound 4 (1 equiv. ) in ACN (10 V) was treated with TMSOTf (2.2 to 3 equiv. ) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 30 min. To the mixture was added NIS (0.9 to 1.3 equiv. ) as a solid in portions or dropwise as a solution in ACN (10 V) , and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 to 5 ℃, rt, or 50 to 55 ℃ for 2 h. The mixture was treated with 2 N NaOH at 0 ℃ to adjust the pH to ~ 8. ACN was removed by distillation at 45 ℃. The resulting solid was filtered and dried to afford the desired product (yield, 88%) . The crude material was diluted with DCM (5 V) and stirred at rt for 1 h. The resulting solid was filtered, washed with DCM (1 V) , and dried under vacuum at 50 ℃ to provide Compound 5-I (98%purity by HPLC; 82%recovery from crude) . 1H NMR consistent with above; MS Calcd. for C10H7IN2 m / z 281.97, found (M-H) 281.1.
[0138] Step 4a: Procedure 3. To a 0 ℃ solution of Compound 4 (50 g, 1 equiv. ) in ACN (10 vol) was added TMSOTf (2.2 equiv. ) , followed by NIS (0.9 equiv. ) in 6 batches. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 30 min, then was treated with 2 N NaOH to adjust the pH to ~ 8. ACN was removed by distillation at 45 C, and the resulting solid was filtered and dried to provide Compound 5-I (80 g, 88%yield, 95%purity by HPLC) . 1H NMR consistent with above; MS Calcd. for C10H7IN2 m / z 281.97, found (M-H) 280.6.
[0139] Step 4.5a: A mixture of P (Cy) 3·HBF4 (0.03 equiv. ) , and Na2CO3 (2 equiv. ) in DMF (20 V) was degassed with N2 for 20 min and then was treated with Pd (OAc) 2 (0.01 equiv. ) , water (1 equiv. ) , and Compound 5 (5 g) . The resulting mixture was degassed with N2 for 30 min, treated with Et3SiH (2.5 equiv. ) , degassed with CO (3 times) , and then reacted in the presence of CO (0.8 MPa) at 65 to 70 ℃ for 16 h. The mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth, washing with DMF (2 V) . The filtrate was partially concentrated, water (10 V) was added, and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration and dried (yield, 95%; purity, 99.7%by HPLC) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 12.77 (bs, 1H) , 10.36 (s, 1H) , 7.78 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.75 (s, 1H) , 7.42 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.85 (s, 3H) ; LC-MS Calcd. for C11H8N2O m / z 184.06, found (M-H) 282.8.
[0140] Step 4b: To a solution of Compound 4 (1 equiv. ) in DCM (20 V) at 0 ℃ was added TiCl4 (2.2 equiv. ) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 h. Dichloromethyl methyl ether (2.5 equiv. ) was added in portions (5 x 0.5 equiv. ) at 0 ℃, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 16 h. Work-up provided the crude product as a solid, which was diluted in 5%DMF in DCM (10 V) and stirred for 30 min at 50 ℃ and 16 h at rt. The mixture was cooled to 0 to 5 ℃ and stirred for 30 min. The resulting solid was filtered at 0 to 5 ℃ and dried to provide Compound 6. Analytical data were consistent with the data provided above.
[0141] Step 5a: Compound 7-OH was reacted with Tf2O and DIPEA in DCM to provide Compound 7-OTf, which was mixed with Compound 6 and Cs2CO3 in DMF to provide Compound 10. Example 3: Preparation of (S) -5-formyl-4-methyl-1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1- yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (Compound 10) Scheme Ex3
[0142] Step 4.5b: A mixture of Compound 8 (500 mg, 1 equiv. ) and Bu4NI (0.1 equiv. ) in AcOH (5 vol) . at rt was treated with NIS (1.5 equiv. ) slowly. The resulting mixture was heated to 55-60 ℃ and stirred for 2 h. Analysis of the reaction mixture by HPLC showed Compound 9-I (82%) along with the 3-iodo-regioisomer (6%) and a di-iodo product (9%) . Isolation from the reaction mixture provided Compound 9-I. Other iodination conditions provided higher ratios of by-products. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.72 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 7.56 (s, 1H) , 7.32 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.34-4.30 (m, 1H) , 4.28-4.22 (m, 1H) , 3.12-2.88 (m, 5H) , 2.83 (s, 3H) , 2.80-2.65 (m, 2H) , 2.55 (s, 3H) , 2.44-2.27 (m, 2H) , 0.98 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) ; . LC-MS Calcd. for C18H23IN4O2S m / z 486.06, found (M+H) 487.1.
[0143] Step 5c: Procedure A. A mixture of P (Cy) 3·HBF4 (0.03 equiv. ) , and Na2CO3 (2 equiv. ) in DMF (20 V) was degassed with N2 for 20 min and then was treated with Pd (OAc) 2 (0.01 equiv. ) , water (1 equiv. ) , and Compound 9-I (1 equiv. ) . The resulting mixture was degassed with N2 for 30 min, treated with Et3SiH (2.5 equiv. ) , degassed with CO (3 times) , and then reacted in the presence of CO (0.8 MPa) at 65 to 70 ℃ for 16 h. HPLC analysis showed 65%Compound 10.
[0144] Step 5c: Procedure B. A mixture of Compound 9-I (1 equiv. ) , Pd (OAc) 2 (0.03 equiv. ) , formic acid (7 equiv. ) , DABCO (2 equiv. ) , and DCC (2 equiv. ) in polyethylene glycol (10 vol) was heated to 100 ℃ in a sealed tube for 16 h. After suitable workup, HPLC analysis indicated 83%production of Compound 10. Satisfactory analytical data were obtained. Example 4: Preparation of (S) -2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1-yl) propan-1-ol (Compound 7-OH) Scheme Ex4
[0145] To a 0-5 ℃ mixture of diethanolamine (250 g, 1.0 equiv. ) and TEA (962 g, 4.0 equiv. ) in DMF (1.875 L) was added MsCl (899 g, 3.3 equiv. ) dropwise over 2 h, maintaining the reaction temperature under 20 ℃. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 20-25 ℃, and then was added to H2O (21 vol) at 0-10 ℃ over 90 min, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at 0-10 ℃. The resulting solid was filtered and washed with H2O (33 vol) , then was tray-dried at 65 ℃ to 75 ℃ for 19 h to provide Compound 7A (PCT Publ. No. WO2015 / 127450; 580 g, 72%yield) , which was used directly in the next step without purification. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.32 (t, J = 3.8 Hz, 4H) , 3.57 (t, J = 3.8 Hz, 4H) , 3.22 (s, 6H) , 3.04 (s, 3H) . MS Calcd. for C7H17NO8S3 m / z 339.01, found (M+NH4+) 357.28.
[0146] To a mixture of Compound 7A (1.0 equiv. ) and Na2CO3 (4.0 equiv. ) in ACN (7.1 vol) at rt was added (2S) -2-aminopropan-1-ol (1.5 equiv. ) slowly over 1.5 h, and the resulting mixture was heated to 75-80 ℃ and was stirred for 20 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, the resulting solid was collected by filtration, and the filtrate was reserved. The filter cake was diluted with ACN (2.8 vol) and was stirred for 1 h at 75-80 ℃. The mixture was cooled to 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, filtered, and the filtrate was combined with first filtrate. The combined filtrate was concentrated by distillation at 50-60 ℃ until no further solvent was produced. The resulting mixture was cooled to 30 ℃, diluted with EtOH (0.8 vol) and ACN (0.8 vol) , heated to 50 to 60 ℃, and stirred for 1 h. The solution was cooled slowly to 25-30 ℃, and stirred at that temperature for 1 h. The resulting solid was collected by filtration, washing with EtOH. The resulting solid was dried for 10 h at 50 ℃ to 60 ℃ to afford Compound 7-OH (73%yield; >99%purity) as a white solid. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 4.30 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H) , 3.45 (dt, J =5.2, 10.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.28 (dt, J = 6.2, 11.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.12-3.00 (m, 4H) , 2.84 (s, 3H) , 2.67-2.52 (m, 5H) , 0.92 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) . MS Calcd. for C8H18N2O3S m / z 222.10, found (M+H) 223.22. Example 5: Preparation of N2-methyl-N4- (piperidin-4-yl) -6- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thieno [2, 3- d] pyrimidine-2, 4-diamine (Compound 16-2HCl) Scheme Ex5A
[0147] To a mixture of Mg powder (2.3 g) and Me-THF (10 mL) under N2 was added 1, 2-dibromoethane (0.5 mL) slowly, and the resulting mixture was heated to 40 ℃ and was treated with 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane (1 g) . The resulting mixture was heated to 50-70 ℃ to initiate Grignard formation, and then was cooled to 40-50 ℃, and was treated with 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane (9 g) in Me-THF (27 mL) dropwise, maintaining the temperature between 40-60 ℃. To this mixture was added Mg turnings (13.3 g, 1.1 eq) and the mixture was stirred for 20 min. The mixture was then treated with 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane (66.9 g, 1.0 eq. ) in Me-THF (200.7 mL) dropwise, maintaining the temperature between 40-60 ℃. The resulting mixture was strired for 12 h at 35-45 ℃. The resulting Grignard mixture (30%) was cooled to rt.
[0148] In a separate vessel, to a mixture of DMF (13 g, 1.37 eq. ) and Me-THF (36.8 mL) under N2 at -10 to -15 ℃ was added the Grignard solution (30%; 66.7 g, 1.0 eq. ) , maintaining the temperature between -10 to 0 ℃, and toluene (2.4 g) , and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 to 6 h at a temperature of -5 to 5 ℃. The reaction mixture was quenched by the addition of aq. NH4Cl (9%; 113.2 g, 5.66 w / w) dropwise at a temperature of -10 to 10 ℃ and the mixture was stirred for 3 to 8 h at a temperature of -10 to 10 ℃. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to 3 to 4 by addition of 4.5 N HCl at -10 to 10 ℃, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 to 10 ℃ until the solid was dissolved. The mixture was extracted twice with Me-THF (40 mL; 30 mL) . The combined organic phases were washed with 20%aq. NaCl (50.6 g, 2.53 w / w) to obtain 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal (CN109369354A) as a Me-THF solution, which was used directly in the next step. KF = 4~5%, ~9%; yield 75~85%.
[0149] To a mixture of the solution of 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal in Me-THF from the previous step (222.2 g, 1.0 eq) and DMF (16.6 mL) was added 2-cyanoacetamide (13 g, 1.2 eq. ) , Sulfur S8 (4.6 g, 1.1 eq. ) portionwise, followed by TEA (2.0 eq. ) was added at 10 ℃ over 30 min. The resulting mixture was heated to 30 to 35 ℃ over 1 h then at 40 to 45 ℃ for 12 h. The mixture was cooled to rt and quenched with 3%aq. NaOH (101.8 g) . The phases were separated and the water phase was extracted with Me-THF (33.6 mL x2) . The combined organic phases were washed with water (84 mL) and 10%aq. NaCl (67.6 g) , and then concentrated at 40 ℃ under reduced pressure to 1.5 to 2.0 vol. The resulting mixture was diluted with Me-THF (40 mL) to dissolve solids, then was diluted further with Me-THF (92 mL) and the resulting solution of 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide (Borkin et al., Cancer Cell, 2015, 27, 589-602, Supp. Info. ) was used directly in the next step. Concentration, ~12%; purity, 96.16%; yield for two steps, 60 to 70%.
[0150] To the solution of 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide in Me-THF from the previous step (est. 166.7 g, 1.0 equiv. ) at 20 to 30 ℃ under N2 was added CDI (29 g, 2.0 eq.) portionwise. The resulting mixture was heated to 70 to 80 ℃ and was stirred for 4 to 6 h. The mixture was cooled to -5 to 20 ℃, diluted with water (46.2 mL) at -5 to 20 ℃, then treated with 4 N HCl at 0 to 10 ℃ to adjust the pH to 3 to 4, and stirred for 1 to 2 h at 10 to 20 ℃. The mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with toluene (34.6 mL) and slurried with water (80 mL) . The resulting mixture was filtered, washed with water (30 mL) , slurried with toluene (80 mL) , and filtered, washing with toluene (30 mL) . The collected solid was dried at 50 to 60 ℃ for 16 h to provide 6- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidine-2, 4-diol (Compound 11) (16.6 g, 53%for three steps; purity 99.96%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.9085 (s, 1H) , 11.1762 (s, 1H) , 7.1442 (s, 1 H) , 3.8863 -3.9693 (m, J = 11.1 Hz, 2 H) ; MS Calcd. for C8H5F3N2O2S m / z 250.00, found [M + H] + 251.1. (This procedure was also performed using 1.5 equiv. of CDI and stirring at 83 ℃ for 3 h. ) Scheme Ex5B
[0151] Step 6: To thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidine-2, 4-diol 11 (100.0 g, 399.6 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) in a 2 L reactor at room temperature (15-25 ℃) was added toluene (400.0 mL, 4 vol. ) , tetraethylammonium chloride (1.5 equiv. ) , and POCl3 (3.0 equiv. ) . The reaction mixture was heated to 100-110 ℃ and stirred for 10-14 h. The mixture was cooled to 15-25 ℃, added to water (5 vol) slowly at 20-30 ℃, and stirred for 1 h. The mixture was filtered through diatomite, washing with toluene (1 vol. ) The toluene layer was separated and washed with 10%aq. KHCO3 (5 vol) and satd. aq. NaCl (5 vol) . This toluene layer (5 vol., Karl Fischer (KF) 0.1%) containing Compound 12 was used directly in the next step.
[0152] Step 7: To the toluene solution of Compound 12 from Step 6 was added DIPEA (2.0 equiv. ) and Compound 13-Boc (1.0 equiv. ) . The reaction mixture was heated to 70-80 ℃ and stirred for 12 h (alternately at 60-65 ℃) . The reaction mixture was cooled to 15-25 ℃ and stirred for 4 h. The mixture was diluted with water (4 vol. ) and stirred for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and washed (2x) with toluene / heptane (2: 3, 3 vol) . The resulting solid was dried at 50-70 ℃ for 12 h to provide Compound 14-Boc (80-90%over two steps) as a solid; purity: >99%. Four 100 g batches were run with comparable yield (92.2 to 95%) and purity results (98.75 to 99.22 A%by HPLC and 96.2 to 97.6%by QNMR) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD-d4) δ 7.50 (s, 1H) , 4.32 -4.40 (m, 1H) , 4.18, 4.14 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.81 -3.89 (dd, J =10.5, 20.8 Hz, 2H) , 2.02 -2.06 (m, 2H) , 1.52 -1.59 (m, 2H) , 2.97 (s, 1H) , 1.49 (s, 9H) ; MS Calcd. for C18H22ClF3N4O2S m / z 450.1; found [M + H] + 451.2.
[0153] Step 8: To a high-pressure reactor at 10-30 ℃ was added TEA (5.0 equiv. ) , followed by Compound 14-Boc (1.0 equiv. ) , and a solution of MeNH2 (7.0 equiv. ) in EtOH. The resulting mixture was heated to 85 ℃ (80-90 ℃) and stirred for 8 h. The mixture was cooled to 15-25 ℃and treated with EtOH (1 vol. ) , and then with H2O (4.5 vol. ) at 10-20 ℃ over 2 h, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h. The resulting precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with ACN / H2O (1: 1, v / v, 1 vol. ) . The wet cake was diluted with ACN (12 vol) and was stirred for 1 h at 45-55 ℃. The solid was filtered, washing with ACN (1 vol) . The combined filtrate was concentrated to ~ 9 vol at 40-50 ℃ under reduced pressure. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at 45-55 ℃, then treated with H2O (4 vol) at the same temperature over at least 2 h, and stirred for 1 h at 45-55 ℃. The mixture was cooled to 10-20 ℃ and stirred for 10 h. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with ACN / H2O (1: 1, 1 vol) . The filter cake was dried at 50-75 ℃ for 24 h to yield Compound 15-Boc (87%yield; 99.7%purity (HPLC) ) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl-d3) δ 6.85 (m, 1H) , 4.84 -4.86 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.73 -4.75 (d, J =7.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.20 -4.30 (m, 1H) , 4.13 (s, 2 H) , 3.50 -3.57 (dd, J = 10.3 Hz, 20.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.01, 3.02 (d, J = 5.1 Hz, 3H) , 2.91 -2.97 (s, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.09 -2.13 (m, 2H) , 1.50 (s, 9H) , 1.38 -1.45 (m, 2H) ; MS Calcd. for C19H26F3N5O2S m / z 445.18; found [M + H] + 446.3.
[0154] Step 9: To a solution of Compound 15-Boc (1.0 equiv. ) in MeOH (9 vol. ) was added 4 M HCl in MeOH (6.0 equiv. ) . The resulting mixture was stirred at 30-40 ℃ for 2-4 h. Additional MeOH (6 vol. ) was added and stirring was continued until completion of the reaction. The mixture was concentrated to 10-11 vol. and diluted with MTBE (20 vol. ) . The resulting slurry was aged at 15-25 ℃ for 10 h, then filtered. The wet solid was washed with MTBE (2 vol. ) and dried under vacuum to give Compound 16-2HCl (Yield, 65-96%; Purity (HPLC) , >99%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 1.84 -2.01 (m, 2H) , 2.08 (br d, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.95 (br s, 5H) , 3.36 (br d, J = 11.9 Hz, 2H) , 4.01 (q, J = 10.9 Hz, 2H) , 4.34 (br s, 1H) , 7.76 (s, 1H) , 8.16 (br s, 1H) , 8.81 -9.51 (m, 3H) ; MS Calcd. for C14H19F3N5S m / z 346.13; found [M+H] +346.10.
[0155] Detected impurities in Compound A as obtained may include one or more of the following: Example 6: Preparation of (S) -4-methyl-5- ( (4- ( (2- (methylamino) -6- (2, 2, 2- trifluoroethyl) thieno [2, 3-d] pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) piperidin-1-yl) methyl) -1- (2- (4- (methylsulfonyl) piperazin-1-yl) propyl) -1H-indole-2-carbonitrile (Compound A)
[0156] The preparation of Compound A was carried out according to Scheme Ex6: Scheme Ex6
[0157] Isobutyric acid (9.5 equiv. ) was added dropwise at 20-30℃ over 1 h to a mixture of NaBH4 (3.0 equiv. ) in DCM (10 mL / g of Compound 10) . The solution was stirred at 20-30 ℃for 16 h. A mixture of Compound 10 (1.0 equiv. ) , Compound 16-2HCl (1.05 equiv. ) , and TEA (6.0 equiv. ) in DCM (10 vol. ) was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 for 1 h, treated with the reducing agent mixture, and stirred at 20-30 ℃ until complete by HPLC. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous (aq. ) Na2CO3 until pH 8-9. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 to 60 min, filtered, and washed with DCM (2 vol. ) . The organic phase was separated, washed with water (4 vol. ) , and then filtered through silica gel (0.5-1 wt. ) and washed with DCM (2 vol. ) . The solution was concentrated to 2-3 vol. EtOH (9 vol. ) was added and the resulting mixture was concentrated to 5-7 vol. The mixture was cooled to 25-35 ℃ and was aged for 12-16 h. IPA (7 vol. ) was added over 2-8 h and the mixture was concentrated to 5-7 vol. at 25-35 ℃. The procedure was repeated until the EtOH residual was about 10%. IPA (8 vol. ) was added and the mixture was stirred at 25-35 ℃ until the sticky residue dissolved completely. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4-8 h at 25-35 ℃, and then at -5-5 ℃ for 18-24 h. The mixture was filtered and rinsed with IPA. The wet cake was dried under vacuum to give Compound A (Yield, 87-93%; Purity (HPLC) , >99%) . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 0.99 (d, J = 6.53 Hz, 3H) , 1.43 -1.59 (m, 2H) , 1.87 (br d, J = 9.79 Hz, 2H) , 2.07 (br t, J = 11.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.38 -2.47 (m, 2H) , 2.76 (br d, J = 4.77 Hz, 5H) , 2.84 (s, 5H) , 2.95 -3.14 (m, 5H) , 3.47 -3.62 (m, 2H) , 3.83 (q, J = 11.0 Hz, 2H) , 3.95 -4.10 (m, 1H) , 4.18 (dd, J = 14.9, 5.90 Hz, 1H) , 4.33 (br dd, J = 15.1, 8.03 Hz, 1H) , 6.48 -6.58 (m, 1H) , 7.25 (br d, J = 7.03 Hz, 1H) , 7.29 -7.44 (m, 3H) , 7.51 (s, 1H) ; MS Calcd. for C33H42F3N9O2S2 m / z 718.29; found [M+ H] + 718.30.
[0158] Detected impurities in Compound A as obtained may include one or more of the following:
Claims
1.A process for the preparation of Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: comprising reacting Compound 10 or a salt thereof:with Compound 16 or a salt thereof:in the presence of a reducing agent to form Compound A or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.2.The process of claim 1, wherein the reacting is performed in a polar aprotic solvent, optionally selected from DCM, THF, Me-THF, ACN, DCE, dichlorobenzene, CPME, MTBE, ethyl acetate, and isopropyl acetate, and mixtures thereof.3.The process of claim 2, wherein the polar aprotic solvent is DCM.4.The process of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reducing agent comprises boron hydride.5.The process of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the reducing agent comprises NaBH4, NaBH (OAc) 3, or NaCNBH3.6.The process of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the reducing agent comprises NaBH4.7.The process of claim 6, wherein the reducing agent comprises NaBH4 and a C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid, optionally wherein the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid is acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, valproic acid, or hexanoic acid, optionally wherein the C2-C8 alkyl carboxylic acid is isobutyric acid.8.The process of any one of claims 1 to 7, comprising deprotecting Compound 15: wherein P1 is an amine protecting group, optionally wherein P1 is selected from Boc, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, phthalimide, benzylideneamine, and trityl, to form Compound 16.9.The process of claim 8, wherein the deprotecting is performed in a solvent selected from MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, THF, Me-THF, DMF, DMA, DCM, DCE, and ACN, and mixtures thereof.10.The process of claim 9, wherein the solvent is an alcohol solvent, optionally wherein the alcohol solvent is methanol.11.The process of any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the deprotecting comprises treating Compound 15 with an acid, optionally selected from phosphoric acid, methanesuflonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, H2SO4, HCl, and toluenesulfonic acid, optionally wherein the acid is HCl.12.The process of any one of claims 8 to 11, comprising reacting Compound 14: with methylamine to form Compound 15.13.The process of claim 12, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed at a temperature from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃, or from about 60 ℃ to about 80 ℃, or from about 90 ℃ to about 100 ℃.14.The process of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed in a solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, t-butanol, DMF, DMA, ACN, Me-THF, THF, or NMP, or a mixture thereof, or wherein the solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, or t-butanol.15.The process of any one of claims 12 to 14, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed in the presence of a supplemental base, optionally wherein the supplemental base is an organic base, or wherein the supplemental base is TEA, DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or N-methyl morpholine, or wherein the base is TEA.16.The process of any one of claims 12 to 15, comprising reacting Compound 12: with Compound 13:in the presence of a base, to form Compound 14.17.The process of claim 16, wherein the reacting of Compound 12 with Compound 13 comprises: (a) combining Compound 13 with Compound 12 and the base at a first temperature to form a reaction mixture; and (b) heating the reaction mixture to a second temperature.18.The process of claim 17, wherein (i) the first temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 40 ℃, or from about 0 ℃ to about 20℃, or from about 10 ℃ to about 15 ℃, and / or (ii) the second temperature is from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃, or from about 65 ℃ to about 85 ℃.19.The process of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the reacting of Compound 12 with Compound 13 is performed in a solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is DMF, DMA, NMP, ACN, dioxane, DME, toluene, THF, or Me-THF, or a mixture thereof, optionally wherein the solvent is toluene, THF, or Me-THF.20.The process of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the base is an organic base, optionally wherein the organic base is DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or NMP, optionally wherein the organic base is DIPEA.21.The process of any one of claims 8 to 20, wherein P1 is Boc, Fmoc, trifluoroacetyl, phthalimide, benzylideneamine, or trityl.22.The process of any one of claims 8 to 21, wherein P1 is Boc, Compound 15 is Compound 15-Boc: Compound 14 is Compound 14-Boc:and Compound 13 is Compound 13-Boc:23.The process of any one of claims 16 to 22, comprising chlorinating Compound 11: in the presence of a chlorination agent, to form Compound 12, optionally wherein Compound 12 is reacted with Compound 13 without prior isolation or purification of Compound 12.24.The process of claim 23, wherein the chlorination reagent is POCl3, SOCl2, PCl3, (COCl) 2, or HCl, optionally wherein the chlorination reagent is POCl3; andoptionally wherein the chlorinating is performed in the presence of a base and / or a phase transfer catalyst,optionally wherein the base is TEA, N, N-diethylaniline, DIPEA, DBU, pyridine, or NMP, optionally wherein the base is TEA or N, N-diethylaniline, optionally wherein the base is N, N-diethylaniline, andoptionally wherein the phase transfer catalyst is a tetraalkylammonium salt, optionally wherein the phase transfer catalyst is tetraethylammonium chloride or tetrabutylammonium bromide.25.The process of claim 23 or claim 24, wherein the chlorinating is performed at a temperature from about 60 ℃ to about 120 ℃, or from about 70 ℃ to about 110 ℃, or from about 100 ℃ to about 110 ℃.26.The process of any one of claims 23 to 25, wherein the chlorinating is performed in a non-polar solvent, optionally wherein the non-polar solvent is p-xylene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or toluene, optionally wherein the non-polar solvent is toluene.27.The process of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising formylating Compound 8: with a formylation reagent to provide Compound 10.28.The process of claim 27, wherein the formylation reagent comprises: dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid; HMTA and TFA; DMF and POCl3; DMF and (COCl) 2; DMF and cyanuric chloride; or ethyl formate and an acid.29.The process of claim 27 or 28, wherein the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, wherein the acid is optionally selected from TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, Ti (O-iPr) 4, AlCl3, BF3·OEt2, TMSOTf, In (OTf) 3, TfOH, HClO4, H2SO4, TFA, AgOTf, Tf2Sn, or ZnCl2, optionally wherein the acid is TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, or Ti (O-iPr) 4, optionally wherein the acid is TiCl4.30.The process of claim 29, comprising adding dichloromethyl methyl ether to a mixture of the acid and Compound 8 in a solvent at a reduced temperature, optionally wherein the reduced temperature is from about -5 ℃ to about 15 ℃, or about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, or about -5 ℃ to about 0 ℃, or about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃.31.The process of claim 30, wherein the solvent is a polar, aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, DCM, DCE, or chlorobenzene, optionally wherein the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene.32.The process of of any one of claims 27 to 31, comprising coupling Compound 4: with Compound 7:wherein R is -OH, -Br, -Cl, -I, or sulfonate, to form Compound 8.33.The process of claim 32, wherein R is -OH and the coupling is performed in the presence of a phosphine and an azodicarboxylate or in the presence of a phosphorane.34.The process of claim 33, wherein: (a) the coupling is performed in the presence of the phosphine and the azodicarboxylate, optionally wherein the phosphine is triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or tri-n-octylphosphine, optionally wherein the phosphine is triphenylphosphine, and optionally wherein the azodicarboxylate is DIAD, DEAD, 1, 1’- (azodicarbonyl) dipiperidine, or azodicarboxylic dimorpholide, optionally wherein the azodicarboxylate is DIAD; or (b) the coupling is performed in the presence of the phosphorane, optionally wherein the phosphorane is cyanomethylenetributylphosphorane orcyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane.35.The process of claim 33 or claim 34, wherein the coupling is performed in solvent, wherein the solvent is THF, Me-THF, DCM, ACN, DCE, dioxane, or DME, or a mixture thereof, optionally wherein the solvent is THF.36.The process of claim 32, wherein R is -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, optionally wherein the sulfonate is mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, optionally wherein R is -OTf, and the coupling is performed in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the base is Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, optionally wherein the base is Cs2CO3, optionally in a polar aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is DMF, dimethyl acetamide (DMA) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , ACN, THF, Me-THF, dioxane, DME, or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) , or a mixture thereof; optionally wherein:(a) R is -OMs and Compound 7 is Compound 7-OMs, optionally comprising reacting Compound 7-OH with a mesylating reagent to form Compound 7-OMs, in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the mesylating reagent is methanesulfonic anhydride or methanesulfonyl chloride; or(b) R is -OTf and Compound 7 is Compound 7-OTf, optionally comprising reacting Compound 7-OH with a triflating reagent to form Compound 7-OTf, in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the triflating reagent is trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, N-phenyl triflimide, or trifluoroacetyl triflate; or(c) R is -Br, -Cl, or -I, optionally comprising converting Compound 7-OH to Compound 7-Br, Compound 7-Cl, or 7-I, respectively, by reacting Compound 7-OH with a halogenating agent, optionally wherein the halogenating agent is thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, or HI.37.The process of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising formylating Compound 9: wherein X is -Cl, -Br, or -I;with a CO source in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and optionally in the presence of a ligand, optionally wherein the ligand is a phosphine ligand, to form Compound 10.38.The process of claim 37, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd, Ni, or Rh, optionally wherein the transition metal calalyst comprises Pd, optionally wherein the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2.39.The process of claim 37 or claim 38, wherein the CO source is CO or formic acid, optionally wherein the CO source is CO.40.The process of any one of claims 37 to 39, wherein the formylating comprises mixing Compound 9 with the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd (II) , optionally wherein the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2, and a reducing agent, optionally an organosilicon compound, optionally wherein the organosilicon compound is Et3SiH.41.The process of any one of claims 37 to 40, wherein the formylating is performed at a temperature from about 60 ℃ to about 80 ℃, or from about 65 ℃ to about 70 ℃.42.The process of any one of claims 37 to 41, wherein the formylating is performed in a solvent selected from DMF or a mixture of DMF and water, optionally wherein the water is a catalytic amount.43.The process of any one of claims 37 to 42, wherein X is -I and Compound 9 is Compound 9-I: 44.The process of any one of claims 37 to 43, comprising reacting Compound 8: with a halogenating agent, optionally in the presence of an activating agent, to form Compound 9.45.The process of claim 44, wherein the halogenating reagent comprises an N-halosuccinimide, optionally N-iodosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide, Br2, or I2, and the activating agent is trifluoroacetic acid, acetic acid, H2SO4, H2SO4 / HIO3, methanesulfonic acid, TfOH, AgOTf, AgN (Tf) 2, AlCl3, In (OTf) 3, TMSOTf, BF3·H2O, or BF3·OEt2, optionally wherein the activating agent is TFA or acetic acid; and optionally wherein the reaction is performed in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst, optionally wherein the phase transfer catalyst is Bu4NI.46.The process of claim 45, wherein X is -I and the halogenating reagent is N-iodosuccinimide.47.The process of any one of claims 1 to 26, comprising coupling Compound 6: and Compound 7:wherein R is -OH (Compound 7-OH) , -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, optionally wherein the sulfonate is mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, to form Compound 10.48.The process of claim 47, wherein R is -OMs and Compound 7 is Compound 7-OMs, optionally comprising reacting Compound 7-OH with a mesylating reagent to form Compound 7-OMs, in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the mesylating reagent is methanesulfonic anhydride or methanesulfonyl chloride.49.The process of claim 47, wherein R is -OTf and Compound 7 is Compound 7-OTf, optionally comprising reacting Compound 7-OH with a triflating reagent to form Compound 7-OTf, in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the triflating reagent is trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride, N-phenyl triflimide, or trifluoroacetyl triflate.50.The process of claim 47, wherein R is -Br, -Cl, or -I, optionally comprising converting Compound 7-OH to Compound 7-Br, Compound 7-Cl, or 7-I, respectively, by reacting Compound 7-OH with a halogenating agent, optionally wherein the halogenating agent is thionyl chloride, thionyl bromide, or HI.51.The process of any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein R is -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, optionally wherein the sulfonate is mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, wherein the coupling of Compound 6 and Compound 7 is performed (a) in a polar aprotic solvent, optionally selected from DMF, DMA, NMP, ACN, THF, Me-THF, dioxane, DME, and DMSO, and mixtures thereof, optionally wherein the polar aprotic solvent is DMF, and / or (b) in the presence of a base, optionally selected from Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, and pyridine, optionally wherein the base is Cs2CO3.52.The process of claim 47, wherein R is -OH and the coupling of Compound 6 and Compound 7 is performed in the presence of a phosphine, optionally wherein the phosphine is triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or tri-n-octylphosphine, and an azodicarboxylate, optionally wherein the azodicarboxylate is diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD) , diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) , 1, 1’- (azodicarbonyl) dipiperidine, or azodicarboxylic dimorpholide, or in the presence of a phosphorane, optionally wherein the phosphorane is cyanomethylenetributylphosphorane or cyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane.53.The process of any one of claims 47 to 52, comprising formylating Compound 5; wherein X is -Cl, -Br, or -I, in the presence of a transition metal catalyst and a CO source, optionally in the presence of a ligand, to form Compound 6.54.The process of claim 53, wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd, Ni, or Rh, optionally wherein the transition metal catalyst comprises Pd, optionally wherein the transition metal catalyst is Pd (OAc) 2.55.The process of claim 53 or claim 54, wherein the CO source is CO or formic acid, or is CO.56.The process of any one of claims 53 to 55, wherein X is -I (Compound 5-I) .57.The process of any one of claims 53 to 56, comprising reacting Compound 4: with a halogenating reagent, optionally wherein X is -I and the halogenating reagent is N-iodosuccinimide, to form Compound 5-I.58.The process of any one of claims 47 to 52, comprising formylating Compound 4 with a formylation reagent to provide Compound 6.59.The process of claim 58, wherein the formylation reagent comprises: dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid; HMTA and TFA; DMF and POCl3; DMF and COCl2; DMF and cyanuric chloride; or ethyl formate and an acid, optionally wherein the formylating reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, optionally wherein the dichloromethyl methyl ether is added to a mixture of Compound 4 and the acid in a solvent at a temperature from about 0 ℃ to about 10 ℃, or from about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃.60.The process of claim 58 or claim 59, wherein the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, DCM, DCE, or chlorobenzene, optionally wherein the solvent is DCM.61.The process of claim 59 or claim 60, wherein the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, wherein the acid is TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, Ti (O-iPr) 4, AlCl3, BF3·OEt2, TMSOTf, In (OTf) 3, TfOH, HClO4, H2SO4, TFA, AgOTf, Tf2Sn, or ZnCl2, optionally wherein the acid is TiCl4.62.A process for the preparation of Compound 15-Boc: comprising reacting Compound 14-Boc:with methylamine to form Compound 15-Boc.63.The process of claim 62, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed at a temperature from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃, or from about 60 ℃ to about 80 ℃, or from about 90 ℃ to about 100 ℃.64.The process of claim 62 or claim 63, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed in a solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, t-butanol, DMF, DMA, ACN, Me-THF, THF, or NMP, or a mixture thereof, or wherein the solvent is MeOH, EtOH, IPA, n-butanol, amyl alcohol, or t-butanol.65.The process of any one of claims 62 to 64, wherein the reacting with methylamine is performed in the presence of a supplemental base, optionally wherein the supplemental base is an organic base, or wherein the supplemental base is TEA, DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or N-methyl morpholine, or wherein the base is TEA.66.The process of any one of claims 62 to 65, comprising reacting Compound 12: with Compound 13-Boc:in the presence of a base, to form Compound 14-Boc.67.The process of claim 66, wherein the reacting of Compound 12 with Compound 13-Boc comprises: (a) combining Compound 13-Boc with Compound 12 and the base at a first temperature to form a reaction mixture; and (b) heating the reaction mixture to a second temperature.68.The process of claim 67, wherein (i) the first temperature is from about 0 ℃ to about 40 ℃, or from about 0 ℃ to about 20℃, or from about 10 ℃ to about 15 ℃, and / or (ii) the second temperature is from about 50 ℃ to about 100 ℃, or from about 65 ℃ to about 85 ℃.69.The process of claim 67 or claim 68, wherein the reacting of Compound 12 with Compound 13-Boc is performed in a solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is an aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is DMF, DMA, NMP, ACN, dioxane, DME, toluene, THF, or Me-THF, or a mixture thereof, optionally wherein the solvent is toluene, THF, or Me-THF.70.The process of any one of claims 67 to 69, wherein the base is an organic base, optionally wherein the organic base is DIPEA, DBU, TEA, pyridine, or NMP, optionally wherein the organic base is DIPEA.71.The process of any one of claims 66 to 70, comprising chlorinating Compound 11: in the presence of a chlorination reagent, to form Compound 12, optionally wherein Compound 12 is reacted with Compound 13 without prior isolation or purification of Compound 12.72.The process of claim 70, wherein the chlorination reagent is POCl3, SOCl2, PCl3, (COCl) 2, or HCl, optionally wherein the chlorination reagent is POCl3; andoptionally wherein the chlorinating is performed in the presence of a base and / or a phase transfer catalyst,optionally wherein the base is TEA, N, N-diethylaniline, DIPEA, DBU, pyridine, or NMP, optionally wherein the base is TEA or N, N-diethylaniline, optionally wherein the base is N, N-diethylaniline, andoptionally wherein the phase transfer catalyst is a tetraalkylammonium salt, optionally wherein the phase transfer catalyst is tetraethylammonium chloride or tetrabutylammonium bromide.73.The process of claim 71 or claim 72, wherein the chlorinating is performed at a temperature from about 60 ℃ to about 120 ℃, or from about 70 ℃ to about 110 ℃, or from about 100 ℃ to about 110 ℃.74.The process of any one of claims 71 to 73, wherein the chlorinating is performed in a non-polar solvent, optionally wherein the non-polar solvent is p-xylene, 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, or toluene, optionally wherein the non-polar solvent is toluene.75.A process for the preparation of Compound 10: comprising formylating Compound 8:with a formylation reagent to provide Compound 10.76.The process of claim 75, wherein the formylation reagent comprises: dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid; HMTA and TFA; DMF and POCl3; DMF and (COCl) 2; DMF and cyanuric chloride; or ethyl formate and an acid.77.The process of claim 75 or 76, wherein the formylation reagent comprises dichloromethyl methyl ether and an acid, wherein the acid is optionally selected from TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, Ti (O-iPr) 4, AlCl3, BF3·OEt2, TMSOTf, In (OTf) 3, TfOH, HClO4, H2SO4, TFA, AgOTf, Tf2Sn, or ZnCl2, optionally wherein the acid is TiCl4, TiCl2 (O-iPr) 2, or Ti (O-iPr) 4, optionally wherein the acid is TiCl4.78.The process of claim 77, comprising adding dichloromethyl methyl ether to a mixture of the acid and Compound 8 in a solvent at a reduced temperature, optionally wherein the reduced temperature is betfrom about 0 ℃ and about 10 ℃, or from about 0 ℃ to about 5 ℃.79.The process of claim 78, wherein the solvent is a polar, aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene, DCM, DCE, or chlorobenzene, optionally wherein the solvent is 1, 2-dichlorobenzene.80.The process of any one of claims 75 to 79, comprising coupling Compound 4: with Compound 7:wherein R is -OH, -Br, -Cl, -I, or sulfonate, to form Compound 8.81.The process of claim 80, wherein R is -OH and: (a) the coupling is performed in the presence of a phosphine, optionally wherein the phosphine is triphenylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, or tri-n-octylphosphine, optionally wherein the phosphine is triphenylphosphine, and an azodicarboxylate, optionally wherein the azodicarboxylate is optionally DIAD, DEAD, 1, 1’- (azodicarbonyl) dipiperidine, or azodicarboxylic dimorpholide, optionally wherein the azodicarboxylate is DIAD; or (b) the coupling is performed in the presence of the phosphorane, optionally wherein the phosphorane iscyanomethylenetributylphosphorane or cyanomethylenetrimethylphosphorane.82.The process of claim 81, wherein the coupling is performed in solvent, wherein the solvent is THF, Me-THF, DCM, ACN, DCE, dioxane, or DME, or a mixture thereof, optionally wherein the solvent is THF.83.The process of claim 80, wherein R is -Br (Compound 7-Br) , -Cl (Compound 7-Cl) , -I (Compound 7-I) , or sulfonate, optionally wherein the sulfonate is mesylate (Compound 7-OMs) , tosylate (Compound 7-OTs) , brosylate, nosylate, fluorosulfate, triflate (Compound 7-OTf) , or nonaflate, optionally wherein R is -OTf, and the coupling is performed in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the base is Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, optionally wherein the base is Cs2CO3, optionally in a polar aprotic solvent, optioinally wherein the solvent is DMF, dimethyl acetamide (DMA) , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) , ACN, THF, Me-THF, dioxane, DME, or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) , or a mixture thereof.84.The process of any one of claims 32 to 35, 47 to 61, or 80 to 82, comprising: (a) reacting diethanolamine with a mesylating reagent, optionally wherein the mesylating reagent is Ms2O or MsCl, in the presence of a base, optionally where in the base is DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, in a solvent such as DCM, THF, or DMF, to form Compound 7A: and(b) reacting Compound 7A with (2S) -2-aminopropan-1-ol in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the base is Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, DBU, DIPEA, TEA, or pyridine, in a polar, aprotic solvent, optionally wherein the solvent is ACN, to provide Compound 7-OH.85.The process of any one of claims 32 to 36, 57 to 61, or 80 to 84, comprising treating Compound 3: with a dehydrating agent, optionally wherein the dehydrating agent is POCl3, P2O5, thionyl chloride, or oxalyl chloride, to form Compound 4.86.The process of claim 85, comprising condensing Compound 2: with an ammonia equivalent to form Compound 3 (a) under amide coupling conditions or (b) by (i) treating Compound 2 with oxalyl chloride or thionyl chloride, optionally oxalyl chloride in the presence of catalytic DMF, to form the corresponding acyl chloride of Compound 2, and (ii) treating the acyl chloride of Compound 2 with the ammonia equivalent, optionally wherein the ammonia equivalent is ammonia or aqueous ammonia.87.The process of claim 86, comprising:(a) condensing Compound (1) :with an oxalic acid equivalent optionally selected from diethyl oxalate and dimethyl oxalate, in the presence of a base, optionally wherein the base is a sodium or potassium alkoxide, optionally wherein the base is sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, or sodium hydride, optionally wherein the base is NaH, optionally in the presence of a de-frothing agent, optionally wherein the de-frothing agent is a C4-C8 alkanol, optionally wherein the de-frothing agent is tert-amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, or isobutyl alcohol, to form Compound 1a:wherein R’ is methyl or ethyl; and(b) (1) (i) reducing Compound 1a with a nitro group reducing agent, optionally wherein the nitro group reducing agent is Na2S2O4 or H2 and Pd / C, to form Compound 1b:and (ii) treating Compound 1b with a base, optionally wherein the base is NaOH or KOH, in an alcohol solvent or water, or a mixture thereof, to form Compound 2; or(b) (2) treating Compound 1a with Zn / acetic acid to form Compound 2.88.The process of any one of claims 23 to 61 or 71 to 74, comprising: (a) converting 3-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoropropane to the corresponding Grignard reagent, and reacting the Grignard reagent with DMF to form 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal; (b) reacting 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal with 2-cyanoacetamide and sulfur S8 in the presence of a suitable base such as TEA, to provide 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide; and (c) reacting 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide with a carbonyl equivalent, optionally CDI, in a suitable solvent to form Compound 11, optionally wherein Compound 11 is obtained without isolation or purification of 4, 4, 4-trifluorobutanal prior to reaction with 2-cyanoacetamide, and / or without isolation or purification of 2-amino-5- (2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl) thiophene-3-carboxamide prior to reaction with the carbonyl equivalent.89.A compound with the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, prepared using the process of any one of the preceding claims.90.A compound selected from: and salts thereof.91.A composition comprising Compound A and:(a) one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (x) ; or(b) one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (xviii) ; or(c) one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compounds A (i) , A (ii) , A (vi) , A (v) , A (viii) , and A (ix) ; or(c) one, two, three, four, five, or all of Compounds A (ii) , A (v) , A (ix) , A (xi) , A (xv) , and A (xvii) ; or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.92.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of claim 91 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.93.A composition comprising Compound A and:one or more of Compounds A (i) to A (x) ; orone, two, three, four, five, or all of Compound A (i) , A (ii) , A (vi) , A (v) , A (viii) , and A (ix) ; orCompound A (i) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w; orCompound A (ii) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w; orCompound A (iii) , optionally at less than about 0.05%w / w; orCompound A (iv) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w; orCompound A (v) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.2%w / w; orCompound A (vi) , optionally at less than about 0.05%w / w; orCompound A (vii) , optionally at less than about 0.05%w / w; orCompound A (viii) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.3%w / w; orCompound A (ix) , optionally at about 0.05 to about 0.1%w / w; orCompound A (x) , optionally at less than about 0.5%w / w;or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.94.A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of claim 93 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
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