Method and system for evaluating state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of electrochemical cells

Abstract

A method for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of a secondary electrochemical cell, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to the terminals of the cell; a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the steps of measuring the entropy and enthalpy of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest, and calculating data representing the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of an electrochemical cell. The present invention also relates to a system. Background Art

[0002] The state of charge (SOC) of a battery is an important factor for battery users to understand the remaining unused capacity and predict the end of service of the battery under a specific discharge load.

[0003] The SOC should be accurately determined in both primary (non-rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable) batteries. Currently, the main SOC determination methods are based on:

[0004] - Coulomb calculation using the following formula:

[0005] in,

[0006] During the discharge of primary and secondary batteries, the ± sign is (-), and,

[0007] During the charging of the secondary battery, the ± sign is (+),

[0008] and,

[0009] i(τ) = discharge current and charge current,

[0010] And τ = time;

[0011] - Kalman filter (KF) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) + modeling;

[0012] -Neural networks.

[0013] These methods are empirical rather than universal and will not work for all batteries.

[0014] Alkaline and dry Zn / MnO2 primary batteries are widely used in many applications, including in electronics, games, toys, flashlights or remote controls. Zn / MnO2 cells are economical, practical and easy to find around the world.

[0015] Global sales of alkaline cells and dry cells are expected to reach USD5B and USD2.6B respectively in 2017. However, there is no reliable way to determine their state of charge (SOC). SOC is an important factor for battery users to understand the remaining unused capacity and predict the end of service of the battery under a specific discharge load.

[0016] More generally, it is an object of the present invention to use thermodynamic data measurements to predict the state of charge of an electrochemical cell. Summary of the invention

[0017] The object is achieved by a method for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of a secondary electrochemical cell, for a rechargeable battery, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to terminals of the cell; a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps:

[0018] - measuring the entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0019] - calculating the data representing the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) according to the following first rule:

[0020] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH

[0021] SOD=100%-SOC

[0022] Therein, the parameters α, β and γ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the electrochemical cell.

[0023] At each SOC, entropy and enthalpy are determined from the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage (OCV) according to the following equations:

[0024]

[0025]

[0026] Where n is the number of electrons involved in the basic electrode redox process. For example, for H, Li, Na, K, ..., n = 1, for Mg, Ca, Zn, Cd, Fe, ..., n = 2, and for B, Al, Fe, ..., n = 3.

[0027] The above objects are also achieved by a method for evaluating the state of discharge (SOD) of a primary electrochemical cell for alkaline cells and dry cells, the cell having: an operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps:

[0028] - measuring the entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the operating mode and during rest periods,

[0029] - The data representing the state of discharge (SOD) are calculated according to the following rule:

[0030] SOD=α'+β'ΔS+γ'ΔH

[0031] Therein, the parameters α′, β′ and γ′ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the electrochemical cell.

[0032] The SOC / SOD evaluation method according to the present invention can be implemented to evaluate the discharge state (SOD) of aqueous lithium batteries or organic lithium batteries, as well as for rechargeable batteries, such as lithium ion rechargeable batteries, NiMH rechargeable batteries, NiCd rechargeable batteries or NaS rechargeable batteries, sodium ion rechargeable batteries, solid-state lithium rechargeable batteries, and redox flow batteries.

[0033] The SOC / SOD evaluation method according to the present invention can be advantageously applied to predict the state of discharge (SOD) of primary (non-rechargeable) cells, such as Li / MnO2 cells, Li / FeS2 cells, Li / CF X batteries, alkaline batteries, zinc-carbon dry batteries and metal-air batteries.

[0034] In an advantageous version of the invention, the SOC / SOD evaluation method according to the invention is implemented online via an integrated circuit with a temperature probe, a current probe and a voltage probe, the integrated circuit being attached to the electrochemical cell or embedded in the electrochemical cell. Furthermore, the integrated circuit is a chip provided with computing and / or microprocessing capabilities and RF communication capabilities.

[0035] Preferably, the entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy (ΔH) are determined for each state of charge (SOC) value by the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage (OCV) between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

[0036]

[0037]

[0038] In another embodiment of the present invention, a method for evaluating the state of health (SOH) of a secondary electrochemical cell is proposed, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to the terminals of the cell; a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps:

[0039] - measuring the entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0040] - measuring the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0041] - Identify the parameters α, β and γ from the measured entropy (ΔS), the measured enthalpy (ΔH) and the measured state of charge / state of discharge (SOC / SOD) according to the following rule:

[0042] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH

[0043] SOD=100%-SOC

[0044] - Derivation of the state of health (SOH) from the identified parameters α, β and γ and from chemical data associated with the electrochemical cell.

[0045] In an advantageous version of the invention, the SOH assessment method according to the invention is implemented online via an integrated circuit with a temperature probe, a current probe and a voltage probe, the integrated circuit being attached to the electrochemical cell or embedded in the electrochemical cell. Furthermore, the integrated circuit is a chip provided with computing and / or microprocessing capabilities and RF communication capabilities.

[0046] According to another aspect of the present invention, a system for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of a secondary or rechargeable electrochemical cell is proposed, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to terminals of the cell; a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the system comprising:

[0047] - means for measuring the entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0048] - means for calculating data representative of said state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) according to the following rule:

[0049] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH

[0050] SOD=100%-SOC

[0051] Therein, the parameters α, β and γ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the electrochemical cell.

[0052] In another embodiment of the present invention, a system for evaluating the state of discharge (SOD) of a primary electrochemical cell is provided, the cell having: an operating mode during which the cell discharges to a load; and a rest mode, the system comprising:

[0053] - means for measuring the entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) of said electrochemical cell during said operating mode and during rest periods,

[0054] - means for calculating data representative of said state of discharge (SOD) according to the following rule:

[0055] SOD=α'+β'ΔS+γ'ΔH

[0056] Therein, the parameters α′, β′ and γ′ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the electrochemical cell.

[0057] The SOC / SOD evaluation system according to the present invention may also include an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe attached to or embedded in the electrochemical cell. The integrated circuit may advantageously implement the computing means and include telecommunication means.

[0058] The integrated circuit can advantageously implement the following operations: for each state of charge (SOC) value, the entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy (ΔH) are calculated from the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage (OCV) between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

[0059]

[0060]

[0061] According to another aspect of the present invention, a system for assessing the state of health (SOH) of a secondary electrochemical cell is provided, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to terminals of the cell; a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the system comprising:

[0062] - means for measuring the entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0063] - means for measuring the state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) of the electrochemical cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0064] - means for identifying the parameters α, β and γ from the measured entropy (ΔS), the measured enthalpy (ΔH) and the measured state of charge (SOC) / state of discharge (SOD) according to the following rule:

[0065] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH

[0066] SOD=100%-SOC

[0067] - means for deriving said state of health (SOH) from the identified parameters α, β and γ and from chemical data associated with said electrochemical cell.

[0068] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method and system for evaluating the state of health (SOH) of a primary (non-rechargeable) electrochemical cell is provided, the cell having: an operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps:

[0069] - measuring the entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) of the electrochemical cell during the operating mode and during rest periods,

[0070] - The data representing the state of discharge (SOD) are calculated according to the following rule:

[0071] SOD=α'+β'ΔS+γ'ΔH

[0072] Therein, the parameters α′, β′ and γ′ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the electrochemical cell.

[0073] According to another aspect of the present invention, a system for fast charging a rechargeable battery is provided, the battery having terminals connected to electrodes of an internal electrochemical cell; the battery having (i) a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to the terminals of the cell; (ii) a second operating mode during which the cell is discharged to a load; and (iii) a rest mode, the fast charging system comprising:

[0074] a power source arranged in electrical connection with the electrodes to provide a controllable time-varying charging voltage applied to the battery terminals, thereby generating a charging current that causes the electrochemical cell to be charged from an initial state of charge (SOC i ) is charged to the target state of charge (SOC f ),

[0075] - a charging control processor, the charging control processor is used to control the power supply,

[0076] - an evaluation unit for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, the evaluation unit comprising:

[0077] - means for measuring the entropy (ΔS) and the enthalpy (ΔH) of the battery during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during rest periods,

[0078] - means for calculating data representative of said state of charge (SOC) according to the following rule:

[0079] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH

[0080] Therein, parameters α, β and γ depend on chemical data and the state of health (SOH) of the battery.

[0081] Advantageously, the SOC evaluation unit may comprise an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe attached to or embedded in the battery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0082] - Figure 1 is a functional schematic diagram of a fast charging system implementing the SOH evaluation method according to the present invention,

[0083] - Figure 2 exemplifies the discharge curve graph measured in the first experimental test,

[0084] - Figure 3 illustrates the evolution of OCV relative to SOD during the experimental test,

[0085] - Figure 4 illustrates the evolution of OCV relative to discharge capacity during the experimental test,

[0086] - Figure 5 illustrates the evolution of entropy relative to OCV during the experimental test,

[0087] - Figure 6 illustrates the evolution of enthalpy relative to OCV during the experimental test,

[0088] - Figure 7 illustrates the evolution of entropy with respect to SOD during the experimental test,

[0089] - Figure 8 illustrates the evolution of enthalpy relative to SOD during the experimental test,

[0090] - Fig. 9 The SOC-ΔS-ΔH3D diagram is illustrated,

[0091] - Fig.10 The projection curve diagram in the ΔS-ΔH plan is illustrated.

[0092] - Fig.11 A linear regression is shown between 10% and 90% SOC of an alkaline cell.

[0093] - Fig.12 illustrates the evolution of SOC relative to the predicted SOC,

[0094] - Fig.13 illustrates the evolution of predicted SOC relative to SOC,

[0095] - Fig.14 The linear relationship of SOC to (ΔS, ΔH) is illustrated.

[0096] - Fig.15 illustrates a discharge curve graph measured during a second experimental test,

[0097] - Fig.16 illustrates the evolution of OCV relative to SOD measured during the second experimental test,

[0098] - Fig.17 illustrates the evolution of the OCV measured during the second experimental test relative to the discharge capacity,

[0099] - Fig.18 illustrates the evolution of entropy with respect to OCV,

[0100] - Fig.19 illustrates the evolution of enthalpy with respect to OCV,

[0101] - Fig. 20 illustrates the evolution of entropy with respect to SOD,

[0102] - Fig.21 illustrates the evolution of enthalpy with respect to SOD,

[0103] - Fig. 22 is a 3D diagram illustrating SOC, enthalpy and entropy,

[0104] - Fig.23 The projection curve diagram in the ΔS-ΔH plan is illustrated.

[0105] - Fig.24 The linear regression between 10% SOC and 90% SOC of the zinc / carbon cell is shown.

[0106] - Fig.25 illustrates a projection graph of SOC versus P.SOC for a given combination α, β, γ,

[0107] - Fig.26 illustrates the evolution of P.SOC relative to SOC,

[0108] - Fig. 27 The linear relationship of SOC to (ΔS, ΔH) is illustrated.

[0109] - Fig.28 The SOC=f(ΔS, ΔH) and 3D curve of a lithium (primary) battery cell 1 are illustrated.

[0110] - Fig.29 The projection (ΔH, SOC) and 3D curve of lithium (primary) battery 2 are illustrated.

[0111] - Fig.30 The evolution of the projection (ΔS, SOC), ΔH = f(ΔS), is illustrated.

[0112] - Fig.31 Four entropy graphs corresponding to various cathode compositions are illustrated,

[0113] - Fig.32 The SOC-ΔS-ΔH3D diagram of a secondary lithium-ion battery cell is shown.

[0114] - Fig.33 The projection curve diagram in the ΔS-ΔH plan is illustrated.

[0115] - Fig.34 illustrates multiple graphs in the ΔS-ΔH scheme for various cathode compositions,

[0116] - Fig.35 The linear relationship of SOC with respect to (ΔS, ΔH) is illustrated, where the data is fitted using the function SOC=SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH,

[0117] - Fig.36 The linear relationship of SOC versus (ΔS, ΔH) applied to five LIB cell chemistries is illustrated.

[0118] - Fig.37 is a table of parameters α, β, γ for multiple batteries.

[0119] - Fig.38 It is a table of SOH and parameters α, β, γ versus the number of charging cycles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0120] The SOC / SOD evaluation method according to the present invention is based on thermodynamics. Entropy (ΔS) and enthalpy (ΔH) are measured during battery operation (charging and discharging) and during rest (no current). A general rule for the change of SOC with entropy and enthalpy is established:

[0121] SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH (Formula 1)

[0122] This rule applies to both primary and secondary batteries. In this equation 1, the parameters α, β, and γ depend on the battery chemistry and the battery's state of health (SOH).

[0123] Thermodynamic data can be used to determine the SOD of primary (aqueous and organic lithium) and rechargeable (lithium-ion, NiMH, NiCd, NaS, ...) cells with very high accuracy (>97%).

[0124] Since the IC / chip has highly sensitive temperature (≤0.1°C) probe and voltage (≤0.1mV) probe, SOD evaluation can be performed online.

[0125] Two different SOCs cannot have the same entropy and enthalpy values ​​at the same time. This follows from the (ΔS, ΔH, SOC) trinomial being unique.

[0126] Reference Figure 1 , a charging system 1 for charging is provided to charge a battery (cell, battery pack) 2 via an electrical connection 3. The charging system 1 implements an adaptive control protocol (ACP) algorithm or a series pulse charging (CPC) algorithm 4. The battery 2 is monitored by a measurement system 6 for measuring voltage, temperature and current. From these measurements, data 6 of entropy, enthalpy and open circuit voltage (OCV) are calculated, which are then processed with the aid of a SOC, SOH algorithm to provide data 7 of the state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) of the battery 2. The SOC and SOH data 7 are processed by the charging system 1.

[0127] First experimental test

[0128] In the first experimental tests carried out on alkaline Zn / MnO2 cells, reference Figures 1 to 14 , discharge capacity measurement using the Arbin device:

[0129] -Discharge current = 150mA (about C / 10 rate), voltage limit: 1.8V to 0.8V

[0130] -Discharge capacity = 1970mAh

[0131] Entropy and enthalpy measurements were performed using a BA 2000 instrument.

[0132] Intermittent discharge was applied. In each step, a 5% SOD change was applied. To proceed from 0% SOD to 100% SOD (ie, 100% SOC to 0% SOC), 20 steps were required.

[0133] A discharge rate of C / 6 was applied. The voltage was limited to 0.5 V to 1.9 V, and the temperature range was 10° C. to 25° C. The relaxation time was 25 minutes.

[0134] Second experimental test

[0135] In the case of zinc / carbon dry cells, Figures 15 to 27 In the second experimental test of the example, the discharge capacity was measured using the Arbin device. The discharge current was equal to 160 mA, the rate was C / 10, and the voltage was limited from 1.8 V to 0.8 V. The discharge capacity was 786 mAh.

[0136] Thermodynamic measurements were performed using a BA 2000 apparatus, utilizing a rate of C / 6 and a discharge current of 132 mA.

[0137] The voltage limit is 0.5V to 1.9V, the temperature range is 10℃ to 25℃, and the relaxation time is 25 minutes.

[0138] refer to Figures 28 to 30 , and experimental tests were also carried out on Li / MnO2 batteries.

[0139] The third experimental test

[0140] Reference Figures 31 to 38 Experimental tests have been conducted on lithium-ion (secondary) cells and several entropy curves have been observed depending on the cathode composition, such as Fig.31 shown. Fig.38 It is clearly shown that the α, β and γ parameters of Equation 1 are dependent on the SOH. Therefore, the variation of the values ​​of the α, β and γ parameters of Equation 1 is used to evaluate the SOH of the cell.

[0141] Experimental test summary

[0142] like Fig.11 , Fig.12 , Fig.14 , Fig.24 , Fig. 27 , Fig.37 and Fig.38 As shown, the α, β and γ parameters are determined for each of the primary and rechargeable cells, along with a very high correlation coefficient R 2 In most cases, R 2 All are higher than 98%, which demonstrates the universality of Formula 1 in evaluating the SOC of a battery cell and the corresponding SOH of the battery cell.

Claims

1. A method for evaluating a state of charge (SOC) or a state of discharge (SOD) of a secondary electrochemical cell, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to terminals of the cell; a second operating mode, during which the battery cell discharges to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps: - measuring the voltage, current and temperature of the cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during the rest mode, - calculating entropy change ΔS data, enthalpy change ΔH data, open circuit voltage OCV data and state of charge SOC data or state of discharge SOD data according to the measurement results of the voltage, the current and the temperature, - Determine the parameters α, β and γ connected by the following linear relationship based on the calculated ΔS data, ΔH data and the state of charge SOC data or the state of discharge SOD data: SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH SOD=100%-SOC The determined α, β and γ parameters are associated with a first cell aging corresponding to a first number of charging cycles of the cell, - estimating the next state of charge SOC value or state of discharge SOD value of the cell under new charging / discharging conditions by applying said linear relationship with the determined α, β and γ parameters, - repeating said steps of measuring, calculating and determining to determine the modified α, β and γ parameters as a function of the recalculated ΔS data, ΔH data and the state of charge SOC data or the state of discharge SOD data linked by said linear relationship, The changed α, β, and γ parameters are associated with a second cell aging corresponding to a second number of charging cycles of the cell.

2. The method according to claim 1, which is implemented for evaluating the state of discharge (SOD) of a rechargeable battery cell.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the rechargeable battery cell is a lithium ion rechargeable battery cell, a NiMH rechargeable battery cell, a NiCd rechargeable battery cell or a NaS rechargeable battery cell, a sodium ion rechargeable battery cell, a solid-state lithium rechargeable battery cell, or a redox flow battery.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed online via an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe located on the electrochemical cell.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein: For each state of charge SOC value, the entropy change ΔS and the enthalpy change ΔH are determined from the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage OCV between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

6. A method for evaluating the state of discharge (SOD) of a primary electrochemical cell, the cell having: an operating mode during which the cell discharges to a load; and a rest mode, the method comprising the following steps: - measuring the voltage, current and temperature of the cell during the operating mode and during the rest mode, - calculating entropy change ΔS data, enthalpy change ΔH data, open circuit voltage OCV data and discharge state SOD data according to the measurement results of the voltage, the current and the temperature, - Determine the parameters α', β' and γ' connected by the following linear relationship based on the calculated ΔS data, ΔH data and SOD data: SOD=100%-α'-β'ΔS-γ'ΔH, The determined α', β' and γ' parameters are associated with a first cell aging corresponding to an aging condition, - evaluating the next SOD value of the cell under new discharge conditions by applying said linear relationship with the determined α', β' and γ' parameters, - repeating said steps of measuring, calculating and determining to determine the changed α', β' and γ' parameters as a function of the recalculated ΔS data, ΔH data and SOC / SOD data linked by said linear relationship, The changed α′, β′, and γ′ parameters are associated with a second cell aging corresponding to the aging condition. 7 . The method according to claim 6 , wherein the method is implemented to evaluate the state of discharge (SOD) of an aqueous lithium battery or an organic lithium battery.

8. The method according to claim 6, which is implemented to evaluate the state of discharge (SOD) of a rechargeable battery cell.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the rechargeable battery cell is a lithium ion rechargeable battery cell, a NiMH rechargeable battery cell, a NiCd rechargeable battery cell or a NaS rechargeable battery cell, a sodium ion rechargeable battery cell, a solid-state lithium rechargeable battery cell, or a redox flow battery.

10. The method according to claim 6, wherein the method is applied to predict the state of discharge (SOD) of a primary battery cell.

11. The method according to claim 10, wherein: The primary battery cell is a Li / MnO2 battery cell, a Li / FeS2 battery cell, a Li / CF X batteries, alkaline batteries, zinc-carbon dry batteries and metal-air batteries.

12. The method of claim 6, said method being performed in-line via an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe located on said electrochemical cell.

13. The method according to claim 6, wherein: For each state of charge SOC value, the entropy change ΔS and the enthalpy change ΔH are determined from the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage OCV between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

14. A system for evaluating the state of charge (SOC) or state of discharge (SOD) of a secondary or rechargeable electrochemical cell, the cell having: a first operating mode during which the cell is charged from a power source connected to terminals of the cell; a second operating mode, during which the battery cell discharges to a load; and a rest mode, the system comprising: - means for measuring the voltage, the current and the temperature of the cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during the rest mode, - means for calculating entropy change ΔS data, enthalpy change ΔH data, open circuit voltage OCV data and state of charge SOC data or state of discharge SOD data based on the measurement results of the voltage, the current and the temperature, - means for determining parameters α, β and γ linked by the following linear relationship based on the calculated ΔS data, ΔH data and the state of charge SOC data or the state of discharge SOD data: SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH SOD==100%-SOC The determined α, β and γ parameters are associated with a first cell aging corresponding to a first number of charging cycles of the cell, - means for evaluating a subsequent state of charge SOC value or state of discharge SOD value of the cell under new charge / discharge conditions by applying said linear relationship with the determined α, β and γ parameters to determine changed α, β and γ parameters as a function of the recalculated ΔS data, ΔH data and state of charge SOC data or state of discharge SOD data linked by said linear relationship, The changed α, β, and γ parameters are associated with a second battery aging corresponding to a second number of charging cycles of the battery cell.

15. The system of claim 14, further comprising an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe attached to or embedded in the electrochemical cell.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein: The integrated circuit implements the computing device.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein: The integrated circuit includes a communication device.

18. The system according to claim 16 or 17, wherein: The integrated circuit implements the following operations: for each state of charge SOC value, the entropy change ΔS and the enthalpy change ΔH are calculated according to the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage OCV between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

19. A system for evaluating the state of discharge (SOD) of a primary electrochemical cell, the cell having: an operating mode during which the cell discharges to a load; and a rest mode, the system comprising: - means for measuring the voltage, current and temperature of said cells during said operating mode and during said rest mode, - means for calculating entropy change ΔS data, enthalpy change ΔH data, open circuit voltage OCV data and discharge state SOD data based on the measurement results of the voltage, the current and the temperature, - means for determining, from the calculated ΔS data, ΔH data and SOD data, the parameters α', β' and γ' linked by the following linear relationship: SOD=100%-(α'+β'ΔS+γ'ΔH), The determined α', β' and γ' parameters are associated with a first cell aging corresponding to a first aging condition, - means for evaluating a subsequent SOD value of the cell under new discharge conditions by applying said linear relationship with the determined α', β' and γ' parameters to determine changed α', β' and γ' parameters as a function of the recalculated ΔS data, ΔH data and state of charge SOC data or state of discharge SOD data linked by said linear relationship, The changed α′, β′, and γ′ parameters are associated with a second battery aging corresponding to a second aging condition.

20. The system of claim 19, further comprising an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe attached to or embedded in the electrochemical cell.

21. The system of claim 20, wherein: The integrated circuit implements the computing device.

22. The system of claim 21, wherein: The integrated circuit includes a communication device.

23. The system according to claim 21 or 22, wherein: The integrated circuit implements the following operations: for each state of charge SOC value, the entropy change ΔS and the enthalpy change ΔH are calculated according to the temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage OCV between the terminals of the electrochemical cell according to the following formula:

24. A system for rapidly charging a rechargeable battery, the battery having terminals connected to electrodes of internal electrochemical cells, the battery having (i) a first operating mode during which the cells are charged from a power source connected to the terminals of the cells; (ii) a second operating mode, during which the battery cell discharges to a load; and (iii) a rest mode, the system comprising: a power source arranged in electrical connection with the electrodes to provide a controllable time-varying charging voltage applied to the terminals of the battery, thereby generating a charging current which causes the electrochemical cell to be charged from an initial state of charge (SOC i ) is charged to the target state of charge (SOC f ), - a charging control processor, the charging control processor is used to control the power supply, - an evaluation unit for evaluating the state of charge SOC of the battery, the evaluation unit comprising: - means for measuring the voltage, the current and the temperature of the cell during the first operating mode and the second operating mode and during the rest mode, - means for calculating entropy change ΔS data, enthalpy change ΔH data, open circuit voltage OCV data and charge / discharge state charge state SOC data or discharge state SOD data based on the measurement results of the voltage, the current and the temperature, - means for determining parameters α, β and γ linked by the following linear relationship based on the calculated ΔS data, ΔH data and the state of charge SOC data or the state of discharge SOD data: SOC=α+βΔS+γΔH SOD==100%-SOC The determined α, β and γ parameters are associated with a first cell aging corresponding to a first number of charging cycles of the cell, - means for evaluating a subsequent state of charge SOC value or state of discharge SOD value of the cell under new charge / discharge conditions by applying said linear relationship with the determined α, β and γ parameters to determine changed α, β and γ parameters as a function of the recalculated ΔS data, ΔH data and state of charge SOC data or state of discharge SOD data linked by said linear relationship, The changed α, β, and γ parameters are associated with a second battery aging corresponding to a second number of charging cycles of the battery cell.

25. The system of claim 24, wherein: The SOC evaluation unit includes an integrated circuit connected to a temperature probe and a voltage probe attached to or embedded in the battery.

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