Hybrid electrode and electrochemical cell and module using the same

Abstract

Hybrid electrochemical cells and modules include an anode bifacial current collector coated with a bulk material in one or more anode regions and a cathode bifacial current collector coated with an active material in one or more cathode regions, and one or more of the anode current collector and the cathode current collector are coated with a capacitor material in one or more different, non-overlapping capacitor regions. The hybrid anode and / or cathode may include gaps between the capacitor region and the anode region and the cathode region. The capacitor material applied to the electrode is different from its bulk material or active material. Active materials include lithium metal oxides and lithium metal phosphates, such as LiFePO 4 、Li(Ni x Mn y Co z ) 2 and / or LiMn 2 O 4 ; host materials include graphite, silicon, silicon-Li / Sn / Cu alloys, Si / Co / Fe / TiSn oxides, and low surface area carbon; and capacitor materials include activated carbon, metal oxides, and metal sulfides.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Lithium-ion batteries describe a class of rechargeable batteries in which lithium ions move between a negative electrode (i.e., anode) and a positive electrode (i.e., cathode). Liquid and polymer electrolytes facilitate the movement of lithium ions between the anode and cathode. Lithium-ion batteries are becoming increasingly popular in defense, automotive, and aerospace applications due to their high energy density and ability to withstand continuous charge and discharge cycles. Summary of the invention

[0002] A hybrid electrochemical cell is provided and includes an anode and a cathode, wherein the anode includes a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector may be coated with an anode main material in one or more anode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions, and the cathode includes a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector may be coated with a cathode active material in one or more cathode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions. The one or more capacitor regions of the anode may be different from and do not overlap with the one or more anode regions, and / or the one or more capacitor regions of the cathode may be different from and do not overlap with the one or more cathode regions. The anode may include a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more anode regions, and / or the cathode may include a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more cathode regions. The capacitor material may be activated carbon, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, lead oxide, germanium oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, TiS 2 、NiS、Ag 4 Hf 3 S 8 , CuS, FeS and FeS 2 The capacitor material applied to the anode current collector may be different from the anode main material, and the capacitor material applied to the cathode current collector may be different from the cathode active material. The anode main material may include lithium titanate, TiNb 2 O 7, silicon, one or more silicon-lithium alloys, one or more silicon-tin alloys, one or more silicon-copper alloys, one or more silicon oxides, one or more cobalt oxides, one or more iron oxides, one or more titanium oxides, tin, one or more tin oxides, hard carbon, soft carbon and graphite. The cathode active material may include one or more lithium metal oxides. The cathode active material may include one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and spinel structured lithium manganese oxide, the anode main body material may include one or more of graphite, silicon and one or more silicon oxides, and the capacitor material may include activated carbon.

[0003] A hybrid electrochemical cell is provided and includes an anode and a cathode, the anode including a double-sided anode current collector, wherein each side of the anode current collector may be at least partially coated with an anode main body material, and the cathode including a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector may be at least partially coated with a cathode active material. The anode current collector and / or the cathode current collector may be coated with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions. Each of the anode current collector and the cathode current collector may be coated with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions. The capacitor material coated on the cathode current collector may include activated carbon, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, lead oxide, germanium oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, TiS 2 、NiS、Ag 4 Hf 3 S 8 , CuS, FeS, FeS 2 , poly(3-methylthiophene), polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(p-phenylene), polyacene, polythiophene and polyacetylene. The cathode active material may include one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and spinel structured lithium manganese oxide, the anode main material may include one or more of graphite, silicon and one or more silicon oxides, and the capacitor material may include activated carbon. The anode main material may include lithium titanate, TiNb 2 O 7 The cathode active material may include one or more lithium metal oxides.

[0004] A hybrid electrochemical module is provided and includes a plurality of stacked or wound electrode pairs. Each electrode pair includes an anode and a cathode, the anode including a double-sided anode current collector, wherein each side of the anode current collector may be at least partially coated with an anode main body material, and the cathode including a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector may be at least partially coated with a cathode active material. The anode current collector and / or cathode current collector of each electrode pair may be coated with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions. The capacitor material may include activated carbon, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, lead oxide, germanium oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, TiS 2 、NiS、Ag 4 Hf 3 S 8 , CuS, FeS and FeS 2 One or more of. The thickness of the capacitor material and the anode main material and / or the cathode main material may be about 20 microns to about 200 microns. The width of the one or more anode regions and / or the one or more cathode regions may be about 25 mm to about 500 mm, and the width of the one or more capacitor regions may be about 5 mm to about 400 mm. The anode current collector and the cathode current collector of each electrode pair may be coated with capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions. The cathode active material may include one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, and spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide, the anode main material may include one or more of graphite, silicon, and one or more silicon oxides, and the capacitor material may include activated carbon.

[0005] Other objects, advantages and novel features of exemplary embodiments will become more apparent from the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] Figure 1 A hybrid electrochemical cell according to one or more embodiments is shown;

[0007] Figure 2A shows a schematic diagram of a hybrid electrode according to one or more embodiments;

[0008] Figure 2B shows a perspective view of a square hybrid electrochemical module according to one or more embodiments;

[0009] Figure 3A shows a schematic diagram of a hybrid electrode according to one or more embodiments;

[0010] Figure 3Bshows a perspective view of a square hybrid electrochemical module according to one or more embodiments;

[0011] Figure 4A shows a side view of a hybrid anode according to one or more embodiments;

[0012] Figure 4B shows a top view of a hybrid anode according to one or more embodiments;

[0013] Figure 4C shows a side view of a hybrid cathode according to one or more embodiments;

[0014] Figure 4D shows a top view of a hybrid cathode according to one or more embodiments;

[0015] Figure 4E shows a perspective view of a wound hybrid electrochemical module according to one or more embodiments;

[0016] Figure 5A shows a side view of a hybrid anode according to one or more embodiments;

[0017] Figure 5B shows a top view of a hybrid anode according to one or more embodiments;

[0018] Figure 5C shows a side view of a hybrid cathode according to one or more embodiments;

[0019] Figure 5D shows a top view of a hybrid cathode according to one or more embodiments; and

[0020] Figure 5E A perspective view of a wound hybrid electrochemical module is shown according to one or more embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] Embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely examples and that other embodiments may take various and alternative forms. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale; some features may be enlarged or reduced to show the details of a particular component. Therefore, the specific structural and functional details disclosed herein should not be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis for teaching those skilled in the art to utilize the present invention in various ways. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the various features shown and described with reference to any one of the drawings may be combined with the features shown in one or more other drawings to produce an embodiment that is not explicitly shown or described. The combination of features shown provides a representative embodiment of a typical application. However, various combinations and changes of features that conform to the teachings of the present disclosure may be desirable for specific applications or implementations.

[0022] Provided herein are hybrid electrochemical cells utilizing one or more hybrid electrodes, the one or more hybrid electrodes comprising anode and / or cathode materials for lithium ion batteries combined in various ways with compatible capacitor materials. The hybrid electrochemical cells exhibit the beneficial properties of both lithium ion batteries and capacitors, such as enhanced energy density (Wh / kg) and power density (W / kg). The energy density and power density characteristics of a given hybrid cell may vary depending on the amount, composition, and ratio of battery electrode materials and capacitor electrode materials applied to a plurality of hybrid battery electrodes. Typically, energy density is improved by increasing battery material content and / or by selecting high specific energy battery electrode materials, while the power density of a hybrid electrochemical cell is increased by increasing capacitor electrode material content and / or by selecting high specific power density capacitor compositions.

[0023] Figure 1 A hybrid electrochemical cell 1 is shown, which includes a negative electrode (i.e., anode) 10, a positive electrode (i.e., cathode) 20, an electrolyte 3 operatively disposed between the anode 10 and the cathode 20, and a separator 2. The anode 10, cathode 20, and electrolyte 3 may be enclosed in a container 4, which may be, for example, a hard (e.g., metal) shell or a soft (e.g., polymer) bag. The anode 10 and cathode 20 are located on opposite sides of a separator 2, which may include a microporous polymer or other suitable material capable of conducting lithium ions and an optional electrolyte 3 (i.e., a liquid electrolyte).

[0024] The hybrid electrochemical cell 1 generally operates by reversibly transferring lithium ions between the anode 10 and the cathode 20. The lithium ions move from the cathode 20 to the anode 10 during charging, and move from the anode 10 to the cathode 20 during discharging. At the beginning of discharge, the anode 10 contains a high concentration of intercalated lithium ions while the cathode 20 is relatively depleted, and in this case a closed external circuit is established between the anode 10 and the cathode 20 so that the intercalated lithium ions are extracted from the anode 10. The extracted lithium atoms are split into lithium ions and electrons at the electrode-electrolyte interface when they leave the intercalation host. The lithium ions are transported from the anode 10 to the cathode 20 by the ion-conductive electrolyte 3 through the micropores of the separator 2, while the electrons are transported from the anode 10 to the cathode 20 through the external circuit to balance the entire electrochemical cell. This flow of electrons through the external circuit can be controlled and supplied to the load device until the level of intercalated lithium in the negative electrode drops below a workable level or the demand for power is terminated. The arrows indicate that the current flows out of the anode 10 and the current flows into the cathode 20, and thus the hybrid battery 10 is shown as a charged state.

[0025] The hybrid electrochemical cell 1 can be recharged after its available capacity is partially or completely discharged. In order to charge or recharge the hybrid electrochemical cell 1, an external power source (not shown) is connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode to drive the reverse reaction of the hybrid electrochemical cell 1 discharge electrochemical reaction. That is, during charging, the external power source extracts lithium ions present in the cathode 20 to produce lithium ions and electrons. The lithium ions are transported back by the electrolyte 3 through the separator 2, and the electrons are driven back through the external circuit A, both returning to the anode 10. The lithium ions and electrons eventually recombine at the anode 10, thereby replenishing it with intercalated lithium for future battery discharge.

[0026] A hybrid electrochemical cell 1, or a module or pack comprising a plurality of hybrid electrochemical cells 1 connected in series and / or in parallel, can be used to reversibly supply power and energy to an associated load device. Hybrid electrochemical cells are also particularly useful in various consumer electronic devices (e.g., laptops, cameras, and cellular / smart phones), military electronics (e.g., radios, mine detectors, and thermal weapons), aircraft, and satellites. Hybrid electrochemical cells, modules, and packs can be installed in vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in HEVs, or extended-range electric vehicles (EREVs) to generate sufficient power and energy to operate one or more systems of the vehicle. For example, hybrid electrochemical cells, modules, and packs can be used in combination with a gasoline or diesel internal combustion engine to drive a vehicle (e.g., in a hybrid electric vehicle), or can be used alone to drive a vehicle (e.g., in a battery-powered vehicle).

[0027] Anode 10 includes double-sided current collector 11 and cathode 20 includes double-sided current collector 21. Current collectors 11 and 21 are generally formed by thin metal foils with different sizes and geometric shapes. Current collectors 11 and 21 associated with two electrodes 10 and 20 are connected by external circuit A, which allows current to pass between electrodes to balance the migration of lithium ions related to electricity. Anode current collector 11 may include copper, aluminum, stainless steel, clad foil (clad foil) or any other suitable conductive material known to those skilled in the art. Cathode current collector 21 may include aluminum, stainless steel or any other suitable conductive material known to those skilled in the art, and may be formed into foil or grid shape. In some embodiments, current collectors 11 and 21 may have a thickness of about 4 microns to about 25 microns.

[0028] The anode current collector 11 has a lithium intercalation host material 13 applied to each face thereof in one or more anode regions, and the cathode current collector 21 has a lithium-based active material 23 applied to each face thereof in one or more cathode regions. The active material 23 can store lithium ions at a higher potential than the intercalation host material 13. At least one of the anode 10 and the cathode 20 is a hybrid electrode and further includes capacitor materials 12 and 22 applied to each face of its corresponding current collector 11 and 21 in one or more capacitor regions, respectively. Thus, the hybrid electrochemical cell 1 may include a hybrid anode 10, a hybrid cathode 20, or a hybrid anode 10 and a hybrid cathode 20. For a given hybrid anode 10, the capacitor material 12 applied to the anode current collector 11 is different from the anode host material 13. Similarly, for a given hybrid cathode 20, the capacitor material 22 applied to the cathode current collector 21 is different from the cathode active material 23. Typically, the current collectors 11 and 21 are coated with porous layers of separate electrode materials (main material 13, active material 23, and capacitor materials 12 and 22) in respective, distinct, non-overlapping regions on both sides. In some embodiments, the anode 10 and / or the cathode 20 include a gap between one or more anode regions or one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions of the current collector 11 or 21, respectively. Such a gap includes an uncoated (i.e., exposed) area of ​​the current collector 11 or 21 that accommodates the expansion of the main material 13, active material 23, and capacitor materials 12 and 22 that may occur during charging and discharging of the hybrid battery. The thickness of the coating can be varied to adjust the ability of the layer to accept and release lithium ions and anions of the lithium electrolyte solution. The thickness of the coating on each side of the current collector does not have to be the same.

[0029] The host material 13 may include any lithium host material that can sufficiently perform lithium ion insertion, deinsertion, and alloying while serving as the negative terminal of the hybrid electrochemical cell 1. In one embodiment, the host material 13 comprises lithium titanate. In some embodiments, the host material 13 includes lithium titanate ("LTO"), silicon, silicon-lithium alloy, silicon-tin alloy, silicon-copper alloy, silicon oxide, tin, tin oxide, cobalt oxide, iron oxide, titanium oxide (e.g., TiO 2 ), TiNb 2 O 7 , and low surface area carbon materials include hard carbon, soft carbon and graphite. During battery discharge, electrons are released from the host material 13 to the external circuit A requiring electrical energy, and lithium ions are released (deintercalated) into the anhydrous lithium ion conductive electrolyte 3. In some embodiments, a small amount of conductivity enhancing carbon particles can be mixed with the host material 13.

[0030] Active material 23 may include any lithium-based active material that can sufficiently perform lithium insertion and extraction while serving as the positive terminal of hybrid electrochemical cell 1. In one embodiment, active material 23 includes lithium manganese oxide. In some embodiments, active material 23 includes lithium-metal oxides and lithium metal phosphates, including but not limited to lithium manganese oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, or lithium iron phosphate. Specific lithium metal oxides include lithium aluminum manganese oxide (e.g., Li x Al y Mn 1-y O 2 ) and lithium transition metal oxides such as spinel structured lithium manganese oxide LiMn 2 O 4 ("LMO"), lithium cobalt oxide (e.g. LiCoO 2 ), lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (e.g. Li(Ni x Mn y Co z ) 2 , where x+y+z=1) ("NMC"), lithium nickel oxide (e.g. LiNiO 2 ), lithium vanadium oxide (such as LiV 2 O 5 ) or lithium iron polyanion oxides such as lithium iron phosphate LiFePO 4 ("LFP") or lithium iron fluorophosphate (Li 2 FePO 4 F). The active material 23 may also include a polymer binder material to structurally hold the lithium-based active material together.

[0031] Capacitor materials 12 and / or 22 include high surface area carbon materials, or in some embodiments, activated carbon materials ("AC"). In some embodiments, capacitor materials 12 and / or 22 include AC, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, oxides of lead, germanium, cobalt, nickel, copper, iron, manganese, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, or niobium, metal sulfides (e.g., TiS 2 、NiS、Ag 4 Hf 3 S 8 , CuS, FeS or FeS 2 ). AC may include, for example, AC particles or AC fibers. In some embodiments, the capacitor material 22 may include any of the above materials and additionally or alternatively include one or more of poly(3-methylthiophene), polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly(p-phenylene), polyacene, polythiophene, and polyacetylene. The carbonaceous capacitor material 12 and / or 22 is surface-modified to provide a high material surface area. For example, in the case of graphite, the anode main material 13 may include a low surface area graphite that supports the insertion / deinsertion of lithium ions (via a chemical mechanism), while the capacitor material 12 and / or 22 may include a high surface area graphite that supports the adsorption / desorption of anions or cations (via a physical mechanism). The aforementioned graphite comparison is also applicable to other carbonaceous anode main materials 13 and capacitor materials 12 and / or 22 described herein. In some embodiments, the cathode active material 23 may include a surface area of ​​about 0.2 square meters / gram to about 30 square meters / gram. In some embodiments, the anode main material 13 may include a surface area of ​​about 0.5 square meters / gram to about 50 square meters / gram. In some embodiments, capacitor material 12 and / or 22 may include a surface area of ​​about 1,000 square meters per gram to about 3,000 square meters per gram.

[0032] In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an LFP active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of the cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises a graphite host material 13 applied to one or both sides of the anode current collector 11. In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an NMC active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of the cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises a graphite host material 13 applied to one or both sides of the anode current collector 11. In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an LMO active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of the cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises an LTO host material 13 applied to one or both sides of the anode current collector 11. In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an NMC active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of the cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises an LTO host material 13 applied to one or both sides of the anode current collector 11. In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an LFP active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of a cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises graphite and a silicon or silicon oxide host material 13 applied to one or both sides of an anode current collector 11. In one embodiment, the cathode 20 comprises an NMC active material 23 and an AC capacitor material 22 applied to one or both sides of a cathode current collector 21, and the anode 10 comprises graphite and a silicon or silicon oxide host material 13 applied to one or both sides of an anode current collector 11.

[0033] Anode main body material 13, cathode active material 23 and capacitor material 12 and / or 22 may further include a polymer binder material to adhere each material to the current collector to which it is attached. Suitable polymer binder materials include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and one or more of styrene 1,3-butadiene polymer (SBR) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The binder is ideally non-conductive and should be used in a minimum suitable amount to obtain a durable coating of the porous electrode material without completely covering the surface of the material particles.

[0034] Any suitable electrolyte solution that can conduct lithium ions between the anode 10 and the cathode 20 can be used in the hybrid battery 10. In one embodiment, the electrolyte solution can be a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution comprising a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent or an organic solvent mixture. A non-limiting list of lithium salts that can be dissolved in an organic solvent to form a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte solution includes LiClO 4 、LiAlCl 4 、LiI、LiBr、LiSCN、LiBF 4 、LiB(C6 H 5 ) 4 、LiAsF 6 、LiCF 3 SO 3 、LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 、LiPF 6 and mixtures thereof. These and other similar lithium salts may be dissolved in various organic solvents, such as, but not limited to, cyclic carbonates (ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate), acyclic carbonates (dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate), aliphatic carboxylates (methyl formate, methyl acetate, methyl propionate), γ-lactones (γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone), chain structure ethers (1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, ethoxymethoxyethane), cyclic ethers (tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran) and mixtures thereof. The polymer electrolyte 3 may comprise one or more polymers, such as, in particular, polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyacrylonitrile, and one or more lithium salts, such as, in particular, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 、LiClO 4 , LiSICON or LiPON.

[0035] The separator 2 is used to prevent direct electrical contact between the anode 10 and the cathode 20, and the shape and size are selected to serve this function. In the assembly of the hybrid electrochemical cell 1, the two electrodes are pressed against opposite sides of the separator 3, and the electrolyte 3 is arranged between them. For example, the liquid electrolyte 3 can be injected into the pores of the separator 2 and the electrode material layer. In one embodiment, the microporous polymer separator 2 can include a polyolefin. The polyolefin can be a linear or branched homopolymer (derived from a single monomer component) or a heteropolymer (derived from more than one monomer component). If a heteropolymer derived from two monomer components is used, the polyolefin can take any copolymer chain arrangement, including those of block copolymers or random copolymers. The same is true if the polyolefin is a heteropolymer derived from more than two monomer components. In one embodiment, the polyolefin can be polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) or a blend of PE and PP. The separator 2 can optionally be coated with a material ceramic, and the material especially includes ceramic-type aluminum oxide (such as Al 2 O 3 ) and one or more of a lithiated zeolite-type oxide. The lithiated zeolite-type oxide can improve the safety and cycle life performance of a lithium-ion battery pack, such as a hybrid battery 10.

[0036] The microporous polymer separator 2 can be a single layer or a multilayer laminate manufactured by a dry or wet method. For example, in one embodiment, a single layer of a polyolefin can constitute the entire microporous polymer separator 2. However, as another example, multiple discrete layers of the same or different polyolefins can be assembled into a microporous polymer separator 2. The microporous polymer separator 2 can also include other polymers besides polyolefins, such as but not limited to polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) and or polyamide (nylon). The polyolefin layer and any other optional polymer layer can be further included in the microporous polymer separator 2 as a fiber layer to help provide a microporous polymer separator 2 with suitable structural and porosity properties. Those skilled in the art will undoubtedly know and understand the many available polymers and commercial products from which the microporous polymer separator 2 can be manufactured and the many manufacturing methods that can be used to produce the microporous polymer separator 2.

[0037] To achieve the desired properties, the host material 13, active material 23, and capacitor material 12 and / or 22 can be applied to one or more electrodes of the hybrid battery in different amounts and geometries. Typically, the host material 13, active material 23, and capacitor material 12 and / or 22 can be applied to each of the two sides of one or more electrodes at a thickness of about 20 microns to about 200 microns, although other thicknesses are also feasible. The hybrid electrodes (e.g., anode 10 and cathode 20) can be used in a variety of battery configurations, including square / stacked configurations and wound (e.g., cylindrical or bag) configurations. For a given hybrid electrode, one or more anode regions or one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions can be arranged as alternating strips, such as Figure 2A , 3A , 4A-4D and 5A-5D. In some embodiments, the anode region or the cathode region may have a width of about 25 mm to about 500 mm, and the capacitor region may have a width of about 5 mm to about 400 mm.

[0038] Figure 2A and 3AA schematic diagram of a hybrid electrode (i.e., an anode 10 or a cathode 20) is shown, characterized by a length L and a width W and including one or more capacitor regions in which a capacitor material 12, 22 is applied to a current collector 11, 21. The remainder of the current collector 11, 21 includes a host material 13 or an active material 23 applied to the anode region or cathode region, respectively. The electrode 10, 20 may optionally include a gap 14, 24 between one or more anode regions or one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions of the current collector 11 or 21. In some embodiments, the gap may include a width of about 0.01 to about 5 mm (measured between the anode region or cathode region and the capacitor region). Electrode tabs 17, 27 extend longitudinally from the current collector 11, 21. Figure 2A The electrodes 10, 20 include an anode region or a cathode region and a capacitor region extending longitudinally across the electrode, and Figure 3A The electrodes 10, 20 include an anode region or a cathode region and a capacitor region extending laterally across the electrode. Figure 2B Shown includes multiple Figure 2A A perspective view of a square hybrid electrochemical module 30 with electrodes 10, 20 shown in FIG. Figure 3B Shown includes multiple Figure 3A A perspective view of a square hybrid electrochemical module 30 with electrodes 10, 20 is shown in FIG. Figure 2B and 3B In each of the anodes 10 and cathodes 20, the electrodes are stacked by alternating. For clarity, the separators 2, electrolytes 3, and other accessory components of these hybrid electrochemical cells are omitted. An anode bus bar 31 electrically connects the electrode tabs 17 of one or more anodes 10, and a cathode bus bar 32 electrically connects the electrode tabs 27 of one or more cathodes 20.

[0039] Figure 4A and 4B A side view and a top view of the hybrid anode 10 are shown, respectively. Figure 5A and 5B Similarly, a side view and a top view of a hybrid anode 10 are shown, respectively. Anode 10 is characterized by a length L and a width W and includes one or more capacitor regions where capacitor material 12 is applied to current collector 11. The remainder of current collector 11 includes a bulk material 13 applied to one or more anode regions. Anode 10 may optionally include a gap (not shown) between one or more anode regions and one or more capacitor regions of current collector 11. Electrode tabs 17 extend longitudinally from current collector 11. Figure 4A -B includes one or more anode regions and one or more capacitor regions extending laterally across the anode 10, and Figure 5A-B's anode 10 includes one or more anode regions and one or more capacitor regions extending longitudinally across the anode 10 .

[0040] Figure 4C and 4D A side view and a top view are shown, respectively, of a hybrid cathode 20 which may be suitably used with Figure 4A -B are used in combination to form a hybrid electrochemical cell 1 . Figure 5C and 5D Similarly, a side view and a top view are shown, respectively, of a hybrid cathode 20 which may be suitably used with Figure 5A -B is used in combination to form a hybrid electrochemical cell 1. Cathode 20 is characterized by a length L and a width W and includes one or more capacitor regions where capacitor material 22 is applied to current collector 21. The remainder of current collector 21 includes active material 23 applied in one or more cathode regions. Cathode 20 may optionally include a gap (not shown) between one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions of current collector 21. Electrode tabs 27 extend longitudinally from current collector 21. Figure 4C -D cathode 20 includes one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions extending laterally across cathode 20, and Figure 5C -D cathode 20 includes one or more cathode regions and one or more capacitor regions extending longitudinally across cathode 20.

[0041] Figure 4E A perspective view of a wound hybrid electrochemical module 40 is shown, the wound hybrid electrochemical module 40 comprising Figure 4A - One or more electrode pairs formed by the anode 10 and the cathode 20 shown in FIG. Figure 5E A perspective view of a wound hybrid electrochemical module 40 is shown, the wound hybrid electrochemical module 40 comprising Figure 5A -D forms one or more electrode pairs of the anode 10 and the cathode 20 shown. Figure 4E and 5E The wound hybrid electrochemical modules 40 in each of the embodiments are shown to include a single pair of electrodes (i.e., anode 10 and cathode 20), but each module 40 may include multiple electrode pairs. For clarity, the separators 2, electrolytes 3, and other accessory components of these hybrid electrochemical cells are omitted. A host material 13 coating gap 15 may optionally appear at the longitudinal end of the anode 10 to facilitate the winding of the electrodes 10, 20 to form the wound hybrid electrochemical module 40.

[0042] Although exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended that these embodiments describe all possible forms covered by the claims. The words used in the specification are descriptive rather than restrictive, and it should be understood that various changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. As previously mentioned, the features of various embodiments can be combined to form further embodiments of the present invention that may not be explicitly described or shown. Although various embodiments may have been described as providing advantages or being superior to other embodiments or prior art embodiments with respect to one or more desired characteristics, those skilled in the art recognize that one or more features or characteristics can be compromised to achieve the desired overall system properties depending on the specific application and implementation. These properties may include, but are not limited to, cost, strength, durability, life cycle cost, marketability, appearance, packaging, size, maintainability, weight, manufacturability, ease of assembly, etc. Therefore, the described embodiments are not outside the scope of the present disclosure with respect to one or more characteristics that are less ideal than other embodiments or prior art embodiments, and may be ideal for specific applications.

Claims

1. A hybrid electrochemical cell comprising: an anode comprising a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector is coated with an anode body material in one or more anode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions, wherein there is a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more anode regions, the gap having a width of 0.01 to 5 mm; and A cathode comprising a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector is coated with a cathode active material in one or more cathode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions, wherein there is a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more cathode regions, the gap having a width of 0.01 to 5 mm.

2. The hybrid electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the one or more capacitor regions of the anode are distinct from and do not overlap with the one or more anode regions, and / or the one or more capacitor regions of the cathode are distinct from and do not overlap with the one or more cathode regions.

3. The hybrid electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor material comprises one or more of activated carbon, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, lead oxide, germanium oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, TiS 2 , NiS, Ag 4 Hf 3 S 8 , CuS, FeS, and FeS 2 .

4. The hybrid electrochemical cell of claim 3, wherein the capacitor material applied to the anode current collector is different from the anode bulk material and the capacitor material applied to the cathode current collector is different from the cathode active material.

5. The hybrid electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the anode host material comprises one or more of lithium titanate, TiNb2O7, silicon, one or more silicon-lithium alloys, one or more silicon-tin alloys, one or more silicon-copper alloys, one or more silicon oxides, one or more cobalt oxides, one or more iron oxides, one or more titanium oxides, tin, one or more tin oxides, hard carbon, soft carbon, and graphite.

6. The hybrid electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the cathode active material comprises one or more lithium metal oxides.

7. A hybrid electrochemical cell as described in claim 1, wherein the cathode active material includes one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide and spinel structured lithium manganese oxide, the anode host material includes one or more of graphite, silicon and one or more silicon oxides, and the capacitor material includes activated carbon.

8. A hybrid electrochemical module comprising: A plurality of stacked or wound electrode pairs, each electrode pair comprising: an anode comprising a double-sided anode current collector, wherein each side of the current collector is coated with an anode body material in one or more anode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions, wherein there is a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more anode regions, the gap having a width of 0.01 to 5 mm; and A cathode comprising a double-sided current collector, wherein each side of the current collector is coated with a cathode active material in one or more cathode regions and with a capacitor material in one or more capacitor regions, wherein there is a gap between the one or more capacitor regions and the one or more cathode regions, the gap having a width of 0.01 to 5 mm.

9. The hybrid electrochemical module of claim 8, wherein the capacitor material comprises one or more of activated carbon, graphite, carbon aerogel, carbide-derived carbon, graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, lead oxide, germanium oxide, cobalt oxide, nickel oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, manganese oxide, ruthenium oxide, rhodium oxide, palladium oxide, chromium oxide, molybdenum oxide, tungsten oxide, niobium oxide, TiS2, NiS, Ag4Hf3S8, CuS, FeS, and FeS2.

10. The hybrid electrochemical module of claim 8, wherein the capacitor material and the anode body material and / or the cathode body material have a thickness of 20 microns to 200 microns.

11. The hybrid electrochemical module of claim 8, wherein the width of the one or more anode regions and / or the one or more cathode regions is 25 mm to 500 mm, and the width of the one or more capacitor regions is 5 mm to 400 mm.

12. The hybrid electrochemical module of claim 8, wherein the cathode active material comprises one or more of lithium iron phosphate, lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide, and spinel-structured lithium manganese oxide, the anode host material comprises one or more of graphite, silicon, and one or more silicon oxides, and the capacitor material comprises activated carbon.

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