High-temperature switch device

Abstract

Various embodiments of the present disclosure relate to high-temperature switchgear. The exemplary device includes a ceramic contact base having an opening therein configured to removably receive a contact; a first ceramic plunger housing portion and a second ceramic plunger housing portion, the first ceramic plunger housing portion including a first protrusion and the second ceramic plunger housing portion including a first recess for receiving the first protrusion; and a first ceramic contact housing portion and a second ceramic contact housing portion, the first ceramic contact housing portion including a second protrusion and a first cavity and the second ceramic contact housing portion including a second recess and a second cavity. The first ceramic plunger housing portion, the second ceramic plunger housing portion, and the ceramic contact base are configured to be coupled between the first cavity and the second cavity when the second recess receives the second protrusion.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent is a continuation of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 67 / 965,629, filed on January 24, 2020. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 67 / 965,629 is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Priority is claimed herein to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 67 / 965,629. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates generally to switches and, more particularly, to high temperature switchgear. Background Art

[0004] A switch typically includes an actuator (such as a button or lever). Typically, a portion of the actuator is electrically conductive. When the actuator moves from a first position to a second position, the conductive portion of the actuator typically engages (i.e., closes) or disengages (i.e., opens) one or more sets of electrical contacts. In some switches, a spring moves the actuator back to the first position, resetting the switch. Summary of the Invention

[0005] An example device includes: a ceramic contact base having an opening in the ceramic contact base, the opening being configured to removably receive a contact; a first ceramic plunger housing portion and a second ceramic plunger housing portion, the first ceramic plunger housing portion including a first protrusion, the second ceramic plunger housing portion including a first recess, the first recess being for receiving the first protrusion; and a first ceramic contact housing portion and a second ceramic contact housing portion, the first ceramic contact housing portion including a second protrusion and a first cavity, the second ceramic contact housing portion including a second recess and a second cavity, the first ceramic plunger housing portion, the second ceramic plunger housing portion and the ceramic contact base being configured to be coupled between the first cavity and the second cavity when the second recess receives the second protrusion.

[0006] An example device includes: a contact assembly, the contact assembly including a first contact member, a second contact member, and a third contact member; a first deformable metal sleeve including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end being crimped to the first contact member and the distal end being crimped to the first conductor; a second deformable metal sleeve including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end being crimped to the second contact member and the distal end being crimped to the second conductor; a third deformable metal sleeve including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end being crimped to the third contact member and the distal end being crimped to the third conductor; and a switch actuator for translating the third contact member when an object is within a threshold sensing region of the magnetically triggered proximity switch. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0007] Figure 1 A first known type of switch is shown.

[0008] Figure 2 A second known type of switch is shown.

[0009] Figure 3 Shown Figure 2 The main magnet assembly in Figure 2 Cross-sectional view of the assembly in the first housing part.

[0010] Figure 4 Shown is an exploded view of an example switch according to the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 Isometric view of an example contact substrate.

[0012] Figure 6 is an exploded view of an alternative example switch according to the teachings of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 7 yes Figure 6 An enlarged view of an example actuator assembly and example first, second, and third deformable sleeves.

[0014] The drawings are not to scale. Instead, the thickness of these layers or regions may be exaggerated in the drawings. Generally, the same reference numbers are used to indicate the same or similar components in the drawings and accompanying written descriptions. As used in this patent, a description of any component (e.g., layer, film, region, area, or sheet) as being in any manner (e.g., positioned on, located on, arranged on, or formed on) another component means that the referenced component is in contact with the other component, or that the referenced component is in contact with the other component through one or more intermediate components located between the referenced component and the other component. Connection references (e.g., attachment, coupling, connection, and bonding) should be interpreted broadly and can include intermediate components between a collection of elements and relative movement between elements, unless otherwise specified. Similarly, connection references do not necessarily mean that two elements are directly connected or in a fixed relationship with each other. A description of any component as being "in contact with" another component means that there are no intermediate components between the two components. Although the drawings show layers and regions with clear lines and boundaries, some or all of these lines and / or boundaries may be idealized. In reality, boundaries and / or lines may be invisible, mixed, and / or irregular.

[0015] When identifying multiple elements or components that can be indicated separately, the descriptors "first", "second", "third", etc. are used in this article. Unless otherwise specified or understood based on the context of its use, such descriptors are not intended to give any priority, physical order, or meaning of arrangement in a list, or to be sorted in time, but are merely used as labels to indicate multiple elements or components separately, so as to be used for ease of understanding the disclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor "first" can be used to indicate an element in the detailed description, while the same element can be indicated by different descriptors (such as "second" or "third") in the claims. In such instances, it should be understood that such descriptors are only used to easily reference multiple elements or components. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0016] Proximity switches can be used to detect the presence of nearby objects that are not directly coupled to the proximity switch. For example, a proximity switch can identify vibration measurements in machinery, mechanical equipment position, etc. In operation, a proximity switch can open or close a circuit using a plurality of contacts that respond to changes in an electromagnetic field, a beam of electromagnetic radiation (e.g., infrared, etc.) emitted from and returned to the proximity switch. Similarly, compared to mechanical switches, proximity switches can achieve reliable and long-lasting functional life, at least due to the lack of physical contact between the proximity switch and the sensed object.

[0017] Proximity switches are typically designed and manufactured to operate in low-heat environments. As used herein, a low-heat environment is an environment including temperatures up to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. For example, magnetically triggered proximity switches are typically designed using a single epoxy overmolded housing to couple and / or otherwise accommodate components in the switch. In some instances, proximity switches operating in low-heat environments are electrically coupled (e.g., conductive contacts in the switch are coupled to one or more electrical conductors) using solder on a printed circuit board (PCB) sealed with epoxy. This example proximity switch has an increased likelihood of malfunctioning in a high-heat environment (e.g., switch damage, switch degradation, component failure, etc.). As used herein, a high-heat environment is an environment including temperatures greater than 350 degrees Fahrenheit. Similarly, as used herein, devices, materials, and / or substances that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment refer to devices, materials, and / or substances that are suitable for operating effectively and appropriately at temperatures included in a high-heat environment.

[0018] Examples disclosed herein include methods and apparatus for operating switches (e.g., proximity switches) in high-heat environments. Examples disclosed herein include mechanical coupling (e.g., crimping conductive contacts in a switch to one or more electrical conductors) using materials (e.g., stainless steel, etc.) that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments. Similarly, examples disclosed herein enable electrical conductivity and effective switch operation in high-heat environments. In some examples disclosed herein, proximity switches can be mechanically coupled using crimped miniature stainless steel tubes.

[0019] To enable the proximity switch to operate effectively in high-heat environments, examples disclosed herein utilize at least one two-part (e.g., two-part) housing to couple at least one contact in the proximity switch. For example, the switch housing is divided into a first housing portion and a second housing portion, with at least one contact coupled between the first housing portion and the second housing portion. In such examples, the proximity switch can be designed using materials that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments (such as ceramics, glass, inorganic materials, and / or any suitable electrically insulating material that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments).

[0020] The examples disclosed herein further enable the proximity switch to operate effectively in a high-heat environment by utilizing a contact base designed to enable insertion and / or removal of contacts. Likewise, the contact base is composed of a material capable of withstanding temperatures in a high-heat environment, such as ceramic, glass, and / or any suitable insulating material capable of withstanding temperatures in a high-heat environment.

[0021] Figure 1 A first known type of switch 100 is shown. The switch 100 is shown in exploded view. The switch 100 includes a main magnet assembly 102, a contact housing 104, a plunger assembly 106, and a contact base 108. The bias magnet is coupled inside the contact housing 104. The contact base 108 includes a flexible conductor 110, a first contact lobe 112, and a second contact lobe 114. The first contact lobe 112 includes a first contact pad 116. The second contact lobe 114 includes a second contact pad 118. The contact base 108 is a single plastic overmolded component configured to accommodate the plunger assembly 106, the contact base 108, and the plunger lug 120. The plunger assembly 106 is encapsulated by a single plastic overmolded component 122. When assembled, the flexible conductor 110 is welded to the plunger lug 120. In addition, the flexible conductor 110, the first contact lobe 112, and the second contact lobe 114 are fixed relative to the contact base 108.

[0022] In operation, the presence of an object (e.g., an external magnet, a ferrous object, etc.) near the switch 100 (i.e., within the sensing field) causes movement of the plunger assembly 106. When assembled, the plunger assembly 106 is coupled to the main magnet assembly 102 and thereby causes the plunger assembly 106 and the main magnet assembly 102 to translate relative to the contact housing 104 (e.g., within the contact housing 104) via repulsive or attractive forces, thereby electrically coupling and / or decoupling the first and second contact pads 116, 118, and the plunger contact pad 124 to each other.

[0023] and Figure 1 Compared to the known switch 100 shown in , the examples disclosed herein employ methods and apparatus to ensure effective switching operation in high heat environments. In some examples disclosed herein, the flexible conductors and contact leaves are inserted into contact assemblies produced using materials that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments (such as ceramics, glass, inorganic materials, or any suitable electrically insulating materials that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments). In some examples disclosed herein, the contact housing is divided into two contact housing parts. Similarly, in some examples disclosed herein, the plunger housing is divided into two plunger housing parts. In this way, the contact housing and the plunger housing parts can be produced using materials that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments (such as ceramics, glass, inorganic materials, etc.) and are configured to be mechanically coupled together.

[0024] Figure 2 A second known type of switch 200 is shown. The second switch 200 is shown in an exploded view. The second switch 200 functions as a magnetically triggered proximity switch and / or sensor. The second switch 200 includes a threaded portion 202 having threads 204, 206, a contact assembly 208, a main magnet assembly 210, a first housing portion 212, a second housing portion 214, a PCB 216, and a set of conductors 218. Figure 2 When assembled, the switch 200 is potted with a silicone potting material. The contact assembly 208 includes a first contact lobe 220, a second contact lobe 222, and a third contact lobe 224. The PCB 216 includes a first solder pad 226, a second solder pad 228, and a third solder pad 230.

[0025] When assembled, the contact leaves 220, 222, 224 are electrically coupled (e.g., soldered) to corresponding pads 226, 228, 230. In addition, the first contact leaf 220 is electrically coupled to the first conductor 232 of the conductor set 218, the second contact leaf 222 is electrically coupled to the second conductor 234 of the conductor set 218, and the third contact leaf 224 is electrically coupled to the third conductor 236 of the conductor set 218. When assembled, the first contact leaf 220 and the second contact leaf 222 remain fixed in the first housing portion 212 and the second housing portion 214, respectively.

[0026] The main magnet assembly 210 includes a switch actuator 238, a first magnet 240, and a second magnet 242. When assembled, the prong 244 of the switch actuator 238 is mechanically coupled to the first magnet 240, and the prong 244 engages the third contact lobe 224 when assembled.

[0027] In operation, the presence of an object (e.g., an external magnet, a ferrous object, etc.) in proximity (i.e., within the sensing field) causes movement of the first magnet 240, thereby causing the switch actuator 238 and the fork 244 to translate and electrically couple and / or decouple with the contact lobes 220, 222, 224. In particular, the switch actuator 238 is caused to translate by a repulsive or attractive force caused by at least the main magnet assembly 210, thereby electrically coupling or decoupling the contact lobes 220, 222, 224 to each other.

[0028] exist Figure 2 , first housing portion 212 and second housing portion 214 are plastic overmolded components. Similarly, first conductor 232, second conductor 234, and third conductor 236 are individually insulated using elastomeric jackets. First magnet 240 and second magnet 242 are capable of operating in a low heat environment (e.g., rare earth magnets).

[0029] and Figure 2 Compared to the switch 200 of FIG. 1 , the example disclosed herein includes crimping the example first, second, and third contacts to the example first, second, and third conductors. In this manner, no PCB is required, and similarly, potting materials (e.g., ceramic epoxy) that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments can be used to pot the example switch. This example is Figure 2 The switch 200 is not feasible because the PCB or solder joints cannot operate effectively in a high heat environment.

[0030] Figure 3 Shown Figure 2 The main magnet assembly 210 is Figure 2 FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the assembly of the first housing portion 212 . Figure 3 The illustration includes a first contact lobe 220 , a second contact lobe 222 , a third contact lobe 224 , a first magnet 240 , a second magnet 242 , and a fork 244 .

[0031] Figure 4An exploded view of an example switch 400 according to the teachings of the present disclosure is shown. The switch 400 includes an example main magnet assembly 402, an example bias magnet assembly 404, an example plunger assembly 406, an example first contact housing portion 408, an example second contact housing portion 410, an example first plunger housing portion 412, an example second plunger housing portion 414, an example lug 416, an example first contact lobe 418, an example second contact lobe 420, an example flexible conductor 422, and an example contact base 424. In the examples disclosed herein, the contact lobe may be referred to as a contact. Figure 1 Similar to the known switch 100 of , the switch 400 of the illustrated example is proximity based, such that the electrical switch operates based on the presence of a detected target, such as an external magnet or a ferrous object (eg, an object of ferrous material having sufficient mass).

[0032] exist Figure 4 In the example shown, the main magnet assembly 402 includes an example main magnet 426, which is produced using rare earth metals that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments. In some examples disclosed herein, the main magnet 426 can be a samarium cobalt magnet that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments. Alternatively, in other examples, the main magnet 426 can be any suitable magnetic object (e.g., an iron object) that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments (e.g., a neodymium magnet that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments, etc.). The main magnet 426 (more generally, the main magnet assembly 402) is mechanically coupled (e.g., screwed, welded, etc.) to the example shaft 428 of the plunger assembly 406. The bias magnet assembly 404 includes an example bias magnet 430, which is produced using rare earth metals that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments. In some examples, the bias magnet 430 can be a samarium cobalt magnet that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments. Alternatively, in other examples, the bias magnet 430 can be any suitable magnetic object (e.g., a ferrous object) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment (e.g., a neodymium magnet that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment, etc.). The bias magnet assembly 404 also includes an example cylindrical interface 432 (e.g., a bushing) that is coupled to the bias magnet assembly 404 and the main magnet assembly 402 when assembled. The bias magnet assembly 404 includes an example hole 434 that extends therein to receive the shaft 428 of the plunger assembly 406. In this way, the shaft 428 passes through the hole 434 of the bias magnet assembly 404 when assembled to be mechanically coupled to the main magnet 426.

[0033] exist Figure 4In the example shown in FIG, the lug 416 is mechanically coupled to the plunger assembly 406 via the example threaded shaft 436. When assembled, the flexible conductor 422 is welded to the lug 416. In the examples disclosed herein, the flexible conductor 422 can be welded to the lug 416 using any suitable welding method, such as resistance welding. When assembled, the lug 416 is configured to be positioned in parallel between the example first contact pad 438 of the first contact lobe 418 and the example second contact pad 440 of the second contact lobe 420. In this manner, the example first contact pad 442 of the lug 416 can be electrically coupled to the first contact pad 438 of the first contact lobe 418, or the example second contact pad 444 can be electrically coupled to the second contact pad 440 of the second contact lobe 420.

[0034] exist Figure 4 In the embodiment, first contact pad 438 of first contact lobe 418, second contact pad 440 of second contact lobe 420, first contact pad 442 of lug 416, and / or second contact pad 444 of lug 416 are produced using any conductive material capable of withstanding temperatures in a high-heat environment. For example, first contact pad 438 of first contact lobe 418, second contact pad 440 of second contact lobe 420, first contact pad 442 of lug 416, and / or second contact pad 444 of lug 416 may be made of platinum, silver tin oxide, silver cadmium oxide plated with gold, and / or the like. In other examples, first contact pad 438 of first contact lobe 418, second contact pad 440 of second contact lobe 420, first contact pad 442 of lug 416, and / or second contact pad 444 of lug 416 may be produced using any suitable conductive material.

[0035] exist Figure 4 In the example shown in FIG, the first contact housing portion 408 and the second contact housing portion 410 are ceramic housing portions. In other examples, the first contact housing portion 408 and / or the second contact housing portion 410 can be molded using a suitable material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (such as ceramic epoxy, inorganic materials, etc.). Alternatively, in other examples, the first contact housing portion 408 and / or the second contact housing portion 410 can be any suitable electrically insulating material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (such as a plastic that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., polyimide, polybenzimidazole, etc.)). When assembled, the first contact housing portion 408 and / or the second contact housing portion 410 form a single contact housing (e.g., a single ceramic contact housing) to enclose the bias magnet assembly 404, the plunger assembly 406, the first plunger housing portion 412, the second plunger housing portion 414, the lug 416, the first contact lobe 418, the second contact lobe 420, and the flexible conductor 422.

[0036] exist Figure 4 In the example shown in , the first plunger housing portion 412 and the second plunger housing portion 414 are ceramic plunger housing portions. In other examples, the first plunger housing portion 412 and / or the second plunger housing portion 414 can be molded using a suitable material (such as, ceramic epoxy) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. Alternatively, in other examples, the first plunger housing portion 412 and / or the second plunger housing portion 414 can be any suitable electrically insulating material (such as, a plastic (e.g., polyimide, polybenzimidazole, etc.) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. When assembled, the first plunger housing portion 412 and / or the second plunger housing portion 414 form a single plunger housing (e.g., a single ceramic plunger housing) to enclose the plunger assembly 406, a portion of the shaft 428, and the threaded shaft 436 that is mechanically coupled to the plunger assembly 406.

[0037] exist Figure 4 In the example shown in FIG, the contact base 424 is a ceramic contact base. In other examples, the contact base 424 can be molded using a suitable material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., ceramic epoxy, inorganic material, etc.). Alternatively, in other examples, the contact base 424 can be any suitable electrically insulating material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., a plastic that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., polyimide, polybenzimidazole, etc.)). The contact base 424 includes example openings 458, 460, 462 that are configured to receive the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422, respectively. For example, the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and / or the flexible conductor 422 can be removably coupled (e.g., inserted) into the openings 458, 460, 462 of the contact base 424. For example, the openings 458, 460, 462 are configured to removably receive the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422, respectively. Figure 1 , the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and / or the flexible conductor 422 can be removed from the contact base 424. For example, because the contact base 424 is a ceramic contact base, the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and / or the flexible conductor 422 can be inserted and / or removed. In this way, the contact base 424 can be produced using methods other than overmolding to enable the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and / or the flexible conductor 422 to be inserted and / or removed. Figure 5 A detailed illustration of an example contact substrate 424 including openings 458 , 460 , 462 is depicted.

[0038] The first contact blade 418, the second contact blade 420, and the flexible conductor 422 are manufactured using a conductive material capable of withstanding temperatures in high-heat environments. For example, the first contact blade 418, the second contact blade 420, and / or the flexible conductor 422 may be manufactured using beryllium copper. When assembled in the body tube and / or housing, the first contact blade 418, the second contact blade 420, and the flexible conductor 422 are purged with nitrogen to remove and / or otherwise displace oxygen. Purging the assembly with nitrogen removes oxygen, enabling efficient operation in high-heat environments (e.g., temperatures greater than or equal to 350 degrees Fahrenheit) with minimal risk of oxidation.

[0039] exist Figure 4 In the example shown in FIG, the first contact housing portion 408 includes example protrusions 446, 448 and example recesses 450, 452. Although not shown, the example second housing portion 410 includes corresponding example recesses configured to receive the protrusions 446, 448 when assembled. Additionally, although not shown, the example second housing portion 410 includes corresponding example protrusions configured to be received by the recesses 450, 452 when assembled. Although Figure 4 Example protrusions 446, 448 are shown as cylindrical protrusions (eg, pins), but any suitable shape may be utilized to implement the protrusions 446, 448. Figure 4 While the example recesses 450, 452 are shown as cylindrical recesses, any suitable shape may be utilized to implement the recesses 450, 452. For example, the cross-section of the protrusions 446, 448 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) that is configured to fit within and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding recess 450, 452. In another example, the cross-section of the recesses 450, 452 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) that is configured to receive and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding protrusion 446, 448.

[0040] In other examples, the first contact housing portion 408 can include any suitable number of protrusions and / or recesses positioned in any suitable corresponding manner (e.g., all protrusions on one side, protrusions and recesses on one side, etc.). Similarly, in other examples, the second contact housing portion 410 can include any suitable number of protrusions and / or recesses positioned in any suitable corresponding manner (e.g., all protrusions on one side, protrusions and recesses on one side, etc.).

[0041] In other examples, the example switch 400 can be potted with a potting material (e.g., ceramic epoxy) that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments. In this manner, when assembled and potted, the example switch 400 can be hermetically sealed (e.g., airtight), vacuum-tight, water-tight, etc.

[0042] Similarly, the example first plunger housing portion 412 includes an example protrusion 454 and an example recess 456. Although not shown, the example second plunger housing portion 414 includes a corresponding example recess configured to receive the protrusion 454. Additionally, although not shown, the example second plunger housing portion 414 includes a corresponding example protrusion that is configured to be received by the recess 456 when assembled. Figure 4 The example protrusion 454 is shown as a cylindrical protrusion (e.g., a pin), but the protrusion 454 may be implemented using any suitable shape. Figure 4 An example recess 456 is shown as a cylindrical recess, but any suitable shape may be utilized to implement the recess 456. For example, the cross-section of the protrusion 454 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) that is configured to fit within and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding recess 456. In another example, the cross-section of the recess 456 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) that is configured to receive and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding protrusion 454.

[0043] In other examples, any suitable number of protrusions and / or recesses may be utilized to couple the first plunger housing portion 412 and the second plunger housing portion 414 .

[0044] Despite Figure 4 In the example shown in FIG, three sets of contact lobes are shown, but any suitable number of contact lobes may be implemented (e.g., 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, etc.). In some alternative examples, shaft 428 is biased by a spring (e.g., a linear spring). Although Figure 4 The examples show a single-pole double-throw switch, but in some examples, a double-pole double-throw switch can be implemented. In addition, in other examples, Figure 4The switch 400 can be a quick disconnect coupling switch. For example, when assembled, the first contact housing portion 408 can be coupled to the second contact housing portion 410 via any suitable quick disconnect method or device. Similarly, when assembled, the first plunger housing portion 412 can be coupled to the second plunger housing portion 414 via any suitable quick disconnect method or device. In another example, the contact base 424 can be implemented using any suitable quick disconnect method or device to enable rapid disconnection of external systems, equipment and / or devices. Alternatively, any materials and / or methods disclosed herein can be used to insulate the switch 400 to increase transient temperature resistance.

[0045] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 An isometric view of an example contact substrate 424. Figure 5 , openings 458, 460, 462 are shown as channels extending through the contact base 424. The openings 458, 460, 462 are keyed openings to prevent rotational movement of the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422. Figure 5 The openings 458, 460, 462 are shown as cylindrical with rectangular cross-section legs, but any suitable shape of opening can be used to receive the corresponding contacts. For example, the openings 458, 460, 462 can be keyed in any suitable manner (e.g., cylindrical with a single rectangular cross-section leg, etc.). In some examples, the cross-section of the openings 458, 460, 462 can be wider at the receiving end and narrower at the opposite end. In this manner, the change in the width of the openings 458, 460, 462 can apply physical pressure to the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422 to frictionally engage and retain (e.g., via an interference fit) the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422. In this example, the first contact leaf 418, the second contact leaf 420, and the flexible conductor 422 extend completely through the contact base 424.

[0046] Alternatively, in other examples, the openings 458, 460, 462 may not extend completely through the contact base 424. For example, the openings 458, 460, 462 may extend a fixed distance into the contact base 424. In this manner, a conductive material (such as copper that can withstand temperatures in high heat environments) may be inserted on the opposite side to provide a conductive path through the entire contact base 424.

[0047] Figure 66 is an exploded view of an alternative example switch 600 according to the teachings of the present disclosure. The switch 600 includes an example shaft 602, an example first contact housing portion 604, an example second contact housing portion 606, an example contact assembly 608, an example magnet assembly 610, an example first deformable metal sleeve 612, an example second deformable metal sleeve 614, an example third deformable sleeve 616, and a set of example conductors 618. When assembled, the first contact housing portion 604, the second contact housing portion 606, the contact assembly 608, and the magnet assembly 610 may be collectively referred to as an example actuator assembly 619.

[0048] exist Figure 6 In the example shown in FIG, the shaft 602 includes an example first threaded portion 620, an example non-threaded portion 622, and an example second threaded portion 624. The shaft 602 is a hollow shaft configured to receive, when assembled, the first contact housing portion 604, the second contact housing portion 606, the contact assembly 608, the magnet assembly 610, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, the third deformable sleeve 616, and a portion of the conductor set 618. The shaft 602 is produced using a material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment, such as a high-melting-point metal (e.g., tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, stainless steel, etc.), a plastic that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., polyimide, polyphenylimidazole, etc.), etc.

[0049] exist Figure 6 In the example shown in , the first contact housing portion 604 and the second contact housing portion 606 are ceramic housings. In other examples, the first contact housing portion 604 and / or the second contact housing portion 606 can be molded using a suitable material (such as, ceramic epoxy, inorganic material) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. Alternatively, in other examples, the first contact housing portion 604 and / or the second contact housing portion 606 can be any suitable electrically insulating material (such as, plastic (e.g., polyimide, polybenzimidazole, etc.) rated to withstand temperatures in a high heat environment) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. When assembled, the first contact housing portion 604 and / or the second contact housing portion 606 enclose the contact assembly 608 and the magnet assembly 610.

[0050] In other examples, the example switch 600 can be potted with a potting material (e.g., ceramic epoxy) that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments. In this manner, when assembled and potted, the example switch 600 can be hermetically sealed (e.g., airtight), vacuum-tight, water-tight, etc.

[0051] exist Figure 6In the example shown in FIG, the first contact housing portion 604 includes example recesses 626, 628, 630, 632 and an example cavity 678. The second contact housing portion 606 includes example protrusions 634, 636 and an example cavity 680. In this manner, when assembled, the first contact housing portion 604 and / or the second contact housing portion 606 encloses the contact assembly 608 and the magnet assembly 610 between the cavities 678, 680. Figure 6 In the example shown in , the first contact housing portion 604 and the second contact housing portion 606 are not overmolded as a single contact housing. Similarly, the contact housing portion 604 and / or the second contact housing portion 606 can be produced using materials that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments (such as ceramic, ceramic epoxy, plastics that can withstand temperatures in high-heat environments (e.g., polyimide, polyphenylimidazole, etc.). In this way, when assembled as a single contact housing portion, the recesses 626, 628, 630, 632 of the first contact housing portion 604 are configured to receive the example protrusions 634, 636 of the second contact housing portion 606 and two protrusions not shown.

[0052] although Figure 6 The example recesses 626, 628, 630, 632 are shown as cylindrical recesses, but any suitable shape may be used to implement the recesses 626, 628, 630, 632. Likewise, although Figure 6 Example protrusions 634, 636 are shown as cylindrical protrusions (e.g., pins), but any suitable shape may be used to implement the protrusions 634, 636. For example, the cross-section of the recesses 626, 628, 630, 632 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) configured to fit over and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding protrusions 634, 636. In another example, the cross-section of the protrusions 634, 636 may be any suitable shape (such as a rectangular cross-section, a triangular cross-section, etc.) configured to receive and / or otherwise interlock with the corresponding recesses 626, 628, 630, 632.

[0053] although Figure 6 Example protrusions 634, 636 are shown as being configured to be inserted into example recesses 626, 628, respectively, but additional corresponding protrusions are configured to be inserted into recesses 630, 632. In other examples, any number of corresponding recesses and / or protrusions can be used. For example, the first contact housing portion 604 can include two recesses that are configured to receive two corresponding protrusions on the second contact housing portion 606.

[0054] exist Figure 6 In the example shown in FIG, contact assembly 608 includes an example first contact lobe 638, an example second contact lobe 640, and an example third contact lobe 642. First contact lobe 638, second contact lobe 640, and third contact lobe 642 are manufactured using a conductive material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment. For example, first contact lobe 638, second contact lobe 640, and third contact lobe 642 can be manufactured using beryllium copper. Alternatively, in other examples, first contact lobe 638, second contact lobe 640, and third contact lobe 642 can be manufactured using any suitable conductive material.

[0055] When assembled in the body tube and / or housing, the first contact leaf 638, the second contact leaf 640, and the third contact leaf 642 are purged with nitrogen to remove oxygen. Additionally, when assembled, the switch 600 is purged with nitrogen to remove oxygen so that it can operate effectively in a high heat environment (e.g., a temperature greater than or equal to 350 degrees Fahrenheit) with minimal risk of oxidation.

[0056] When assembled, the first contact lobe 638 is electrically and / or otherwise mechanically coupled (e.g., crimped) to the example first conductor 644 via the first deformable sleeve 612. For example, when assembled, the first deformable sleeve 612 receives the example end of the first conductor 644 and the first contact lobe 638. When pressure is applied to the first deformable sleeve 612, the first deformable sleeve 612 deforms and electrically and / or otherwise mechanically couples the first conductor 644 and the first contact lobe 638. More specifically, the example proximal end 666 of the first deformable sleeve 612 receives the first contact lobe 638. Similarly, the example distal end 668 of the first deformable sleeve 612 receives the first conductor 644.

[0057] Similarly, the second contact lobe 640 is electrically and / or otherwise mechanically coupled (e.g., crimped) to the example second conductor 646 via the second deformable sleeve 614. For example, when assembled, the second deformable sleeve 614 receives the example end of the second conductor 646 and the second contact lobe 640, and when pressure is applied, the second deformable sleeve 614 deforms and electrically and / or otherwise mechanically couples the second conductor 646 and the second contact lobe 640. More specifically, the example proximal end 670 of the second deformable sleeve 614 receives the second contact lobe 640. Similarly, the example distal end 672 of the second deformable sleeve 614 receives the second conductor 646.

[0058] exist Figure 6In the example shown in FIG, the third contact lobe 642 is electrically and / or otherwise mechanically coupled (e.g., crimped) to the example third conductor 648 via the third deformable sleeve 616. For example, when assembled, the third deformable sleeve 616 receives the example end of the third conductor 648 and the third contact lobe 642, and when pressure is applied, the third deformable sleeve 616 deforms and electrically and / or otherwise mechanically couples the third conductor 648 and the third contact lobe 642. More specifically, the example proximal end 674 of the third deformable sleeve 616 receives the third contact lobe 642. Similarly, the example distal end 676 of the third deformable sleeve 616 receives the third conductor 648.

[0059] Furthermore, when assembled, the first, second, and third contact lobes 638, 640, and 642 are configured to extend a first, second, and third distances outside of the example faces 641 of the first and second contact housing portions 604, 606, respectively. Figure 7 A more detailed illustration of the faces 641 of the first contact housing part 604 and the second contact housing part 606 is shown in FIG. Figure 6 In the example shown in , the first contact lobe 638, the second contact lobe 640, and the third contact lobe 642 extend the same distance outside the surface 641 of the first contact housing portion 604 and the second contact housing portion 606. In other examples, the first contact lobe 638, the second contact lobe 640, and the third contact lobe 642 can extend a first distance, a second distance, and a third distance outside the surface 641 of the first contact housing portion 604 and the second contact housing portion 606. In such other examples, the first distance, the second distance, and the third distance can be three different distances, two equal distances, and one different distance, etc.

[0060] exist Figure 6In the example shown in , the magnet assembly 610 includes an example switch actuator 650, an example first magnet 652, and an example second magnet 654. The switch actuator 650 includes an example fork 651. In the example disclosed herein, the fork 651 is shown as a U-shaped fork. When assembled, the switch actuator 650 is mechanically coupled to the first magnet 652. In addition, the fork 651 receives and / or otherwise engages the third contact lobe 642 when assembled. Thus, the third contact lobe 642 is operably coupled to the first magnet 652. In operation, the presence of an object (e.g., an external magnet, a ferrous object, etc.) in proximity (i.e., within a desired range) to the example sensing field 664 of the switch 600 causes movement of the first magnet 652, thereby causing the switch actuator 650 to translate and causing the third contact lobe 642 to abut against the first contact lobe 638 or the second contact lobe 640. In particular, the switch actuator 650 is caused to translate by the repulsive or attractive forces caused by at least the magnet assembly 610 , thereby causing translation of the third contact lobe 642 to electrically couple or decouple the contact lobes 638 , 640 , 642 to one another.

[0061] exist Figure 6 In the examples shown in , the example first magnet 652 and / or the example second magnet 654 are made of rare earth metals that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. In some examples disclosed herein, the first magnet 652 and / or the second magnet 654 can be samarium cobalt magnets that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment. Alternatively, in other examples, the first magnet 652 and / or the second magnet 654 can be any suitable magnetic object (e.g., a ferrous object) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment (e.g., a neodymium magnet that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment, etc.). In this way, when assembled, the switch actuator 650 is coupled to a magnet (e.g., the first magnet 652) that can withstand temperatures in a high heat environment.

[0062] exist Figure 6In the example shown in FIG, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 are deformable metal sleeves. In the example disclosed herein, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 are manufactured using stainless steel tubing. For example, any of the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 can be a miniature stainless steel tube configured to receive a corresponding contact lobe 638, 640, 642 and / or a corresponding conductor 644, 646, 648. In other examples, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 can be manufactured using any suitable material capable of withstanding temperatures in a high-heat environment, such as a high-melting-point metal (e.g., tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, stainless steel, etc.), a plastic capable of withstanding temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., polyimide, polyphenylimidazole, etc.), or the like.

[0063] exist Figure 6 In the example shown in FIG, the first conductor 644, the second conductor 646, and / or the third conductor 648 are produced using glass-reinforced cable. In this manner, the example insulators 656, 658, 660 of the first conductor 644, the second conductor 646, and the third conductor 648, respectively, can be manufactured using glass. In other examples, the first conductor 644, the second conductor 646, and / or the third conductor 648 can be implemented using alternative materials for signal transmission, such as fiber optic cable.

[0064] Figure 6 The example shown in FIG. 6 also includes an example jacket 662 to surround the insulators 656, 658, and 660. In the examples disclosed herein, the jacket 662 is an insulator (such as glass) that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment. In other examples, the jacket 662 can be produced using any suitable jacket 662 (such as alumina, aluminum oxide, fiberglass, ceramic, etc.) that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment.

[0065] exist Figure 6 In the example shown in FIG, when assembled, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and the third deformable sleeve 616 enable the first contact leaf 638, the second contact leaf 640, and the third contact leaf 642 to be crimped to the first conductor 644, the second conductor 646, and the third conductor 648, respectively. In this manner, no structural features of the PCB are required, and as such, a potting material (e.g., ceramic epoxy) capable of withstanding temperatures in high-heat environments can be used to pot the example switch. In this manner, the potting material capable of withstanding temperatures in high-heat environments minimizes conductor movement.

[0066] although Figure 6The examples show a single-pole double-throw switch, but in some examples, a double-pole double-throw switch can be implemented. In addition, in other examples, Figure 6 Switch 600 can be a quick-disconnect coupling switch. For example, when assembled, first contact housing portion 604 can be coupled to second contact housing portion 606 via any suitable quick-disconnect method or device. In another example, first contact lobe 638, second contact lobe 640, and / or third contact lobe 642 can be coupled to corresponding conductors using any suitable quick-disconnect method or device. In this example, the quick-disconnect method or device enables rapid disconnection from external systems, devices, and / or equipment. Alternatively, any material and / or method disclosed herein can be used in insulating switch 600 to increase transient temperature resistance.

[0067] Figure 7 is included Figure 6 An example enlarged view 700 of the actuator assembly 619 of the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and the third deformable sleeve 616 is shown. Figure 7 As shown in FIG, actuator assembly 619 includes an example first contact housing portion 604 and an example second contact housing portion 606. A first contact lobe 638 and a third contact lobe 642 extend away from the second contact housing portion 606. A second contact lobe 640 extends away from the first contact housing portion 604.

[0068] exist Figure 7 In the embodiment, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 are manufactured using stainless steel tubes. For example, any of the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and the third deformable sleeve 616 can be a miniature stainless steel sleeve configured to receive the corresponding contact blade 638, 640, 642 and / or the corresponding conductor 644, 646, 648, respectively. In other examples, the first deformable sleeve 612, the second deformable sleeve 614, and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 can be manufactured using any suitable material that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment, such as a high-melting-point metal (e.g., tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, stainless steel, etc.), a plastic that can withstand temperatures in a high-heat environment (e.g., polyimide, polybenzimidazole, etc.), etc.

[0069] like Figure 7 , the first deformable sleeve 612 is crimped to the first contact lobe 638 and the first conductor 644. For example, pressure is applied to the first deformable sleeve 612, thereby causing deformation in the first deformable sleeve 612. This deformation applies pressure to the first contact lobe 638 and the first conductor 644, thereby mechanically and electrically connecting the first conductor 644 to the first contact lobe 638.

[0070] although Figure 7 Only the first deformable sleeve 612 is shown as being mechanically deformed, but the second deformable sleeve 614 and / or the third deformable sleeve 616 can be mechanically deformed in a similar manner. In examples, any suitable crimping method (such as hexagonal crimping, indentation crimping, four-point crimping, hand crimping, cut crimping, etc.) can be used.

[0071] Although certain example methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture are disclosed herein, the scope of coverage of this patent is not limited thereto. On the contrary, this patent covers all methods, apparatus, and articles of manufacture fairly falling within the scope of the claims of this patent.

[0072] Example high temperature switchgear is disclosed herein. Additional examples and combinations thereof include the following:

[0073] Example 1 includes a device comprising: a ceramic contact base having an opening in the ceramic contact base, the opening being configured to removably receive a contact member; a first ceramic plunger housing portion and a second ceramic plunger housing portion, the first ceramic plunger housing portion including a first protrusion, the second ceramic plunger housing portion including a first recess, the first recess being used to receive the first protrusion; and a first ceramic contact housing portion and a second ceramic contact housing portion, the first ceramic contact housing portion including a second protrusion and a first cavity, the second ceramic contact housing portion including a second recess and a second cavity, the first ceramic plunger housing portion, the second ceramic plunger housing portion and the ceramic contact base being configured to be coupled between the first cavity and the second cavity when the second recess receives the second protrusion.

[0074] Example 2 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the ceramic contact substrate includes a second opening in the ceramic contact substrate, wherein the second opening is configured to removably receive the second contact.

[0075] Example 3 includes the apparatus of Example 1, further comprising a plunger assembly coupled between the first ceramic plunger housing portion and the second ceramic plunger housing portion when the first recess receives the first protrusion.

[0076] Example 4 includes the apparatus of Example 3, wherein the plunger assembly includes a shaft passing through the bore of the magnet.

[0077] Example 5 includes the apparatus of Example 4, wherein the shaft is mechanically coupled to the second magnet.

[0078] Example 6 includes the apparatus of Example 5, wherein the magnet is a first magnet, and wherein the first magnet and the second magnet are capable of withstanding temperatures in a high heat environment.

[0079] Example 7 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the contact is movable to abut the second contact when the object is within a sensing field of the apparatus.

[0080] Example 8 includes the apparatus of Example 7, wherein the second contact is removably coupled to the ceramic contact substrate.

[0081] Example 9 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the first ceramic contact housing portion and the second ceramic contact housing portion form a single ceramic contact housing.

[0082] Example 10 includes the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the first ceramic contact housing portion includes a third protrusion, and the second ceramic contact housing portion includes a third recess configured to receive the third protrusion of the first ceramic contact housing portion.

[0083] Example 11 includes the device of Example 1, wherein the first ceramic plunger housing portion includes a third protrusion, and the second ceramic plunger housing portion includes a third recess for receiving the third protrusion of the first ceramic plunger housing portion.

[0084] Example 12 includes a magnetically triggered proximity switch, which includes: a contact assembly, including a first contact piece, a second contact piece, and a third contact piece; a first deformable metal sleeve, including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end is crimped to the first contact piece, and the distal end is crimped to the first conductor; a second deformable metal sleeve, including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end is crimped to the second contact piece, and the distal end is crimped to the second conductor; a third deformable metal sleeve, including a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end is crimped to the third contact piece, and the distal end is crimped to the third conductor; and a switch actuator, which is used to translate the third contact piece when the object is within a threshold sensing area of the magnetically triggered proximity switch.

[0085] Example 13 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, wherein the first contact and the second contact are stationary, and the third contact translates to abut the first contact and the second contact.

[0086] Example 14 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 13, wherein the third contact translates to abut the first contact when the object is within a threshold sensing region of the magnetically triggered proximity switch.

[0087] Example 15 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, wherein the first contact, the second contact, and the third contact extend a distance outside of the housing surface.

[0088] Example 16 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, wherein the first deformable metal sleeve, the second deformable metal sleeve, and the third deformable metal sleeve are stainless steel sleeves.

[0089] Example 17 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, wherein the first deformable metal sleeve, the second deformable metal sleeve, and the third deformable metal sleeve are located outside of the housing surface.

[0090] Example 18 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, wherein the switch actuator includes a fork for engaging a third contact, and the third contact is operably coupled to a magnet capable of withstanding temperatures in a high heat environment.

[0091] Example 19 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 12, further comprising a first housing portion and a second housing portion, the first housing portion and the second housing portion being made of ceramic.

[0092] Example 20 includes the magnetically triggered proximity switch of Example 19, wherein the first housing portion includes a protrusion, and the second housing portion includes a recess for receiving the protrusion.

[0093] The following claims are incorporated into this detailed description by reference, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment of the disclosure.

Claims

1. A high-temperature switchgear, comprising: a contact base having an opening therein, the opening being configured to removably receive a contact; a first plunger housing portion and a second plunger housing portion, the first plunger housing portion including a first protrusion and the second plunger housing portion including a first recess for receiving the first protrusion; and and a first contact housing part and a second contact housing part, wherein the first contact housing part includes a second protrusion and a first cavity, and the second contact housing part includes a second recess and a second cavity, and the first plunger housing part, the second plunger housing part and the contact base are configured to be at least partially coupled between the first cavity and the second cavity when the second recess receives the second protrusion. 2 . The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the contact base comprises a second opening therein, wherein the second opening is configured to removably receive a second contact. 3 . The device of claim 1 , further comprising a plunger assembly coupled between the first plunger housing portion and the second plunger housing portion when the first recess receives the first protrusion.

4. The device of claim 3, wherein the plunger assembly includes a shaft passing through a bore of the magnet. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the shaft is mechanically coupled to a second magnet.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the magnet is a first magnet, and wherein the first magnet and the second magnet are capable of withstanding temperatures in a high heat environment.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the contact is movable to abut a second contact when an object is within a sensing field of the device. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the second contact is removably coupled to the contact base.

9. The device of claim 1, wherein the first contact housing portion and the second contact housing portion form a single contact housing. 10 . The device of claim 1 , wherein the first contact housing portion comprises a third protrusion and the second contact housing portion comprises a third recess configured to receive the third protrusion of the first contact housing portion.

11. The device of claim 1, wherein the first plunger housing portion includes a third protrusion and the second plunger housing portion includes a third recess for receiving the third protrusion of the first plunger housing portion.

12. A high-temperature switchgear, comprising: Main magnet; bias magnet; lugs; Flexible conductor; a plunger having a first end coupled to the main magnet and a second end opposite the first end coupled to the flexible conductor; a first plunger housing; a second plunger housing, the first plunger housing coupled to the second plunger housing to enclose at least a portion of the plunger; a first contact housing; as well as A second contact housing is provided, wherein the first contact housing is coupled to the second contact housing to enclose at least a portion of the first plunger housing and the second plunger housing.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the first contact housing and the second contact housing enclose at least a portion of the main magnet, the bias magnet, the lug, the flexible conductor, the plunger, the first plunger housing, and the second plunger housing when the first contact housing is coupled to the second contact housing.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first contact housing and the second contact housing are comprised of at least one of ceramic or ceramic epoxy.

15. The device of claim 12, wherein the first plunger housing and the second plunger housing are constructed of at least one of ceramic or ceramic epoxy.

16. The device of claim 12, wherein at least one of the first plunger housing or the second plunger housing includes one or more protrusions, and the other of the first plunger housing or the second plunger housing includes a corresponding opening to receive the respective protrusion.

17. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein when the first contact housing is coupled to the second contact housing, the first contact housing has a first cavity to receive the first plunger housing and the second contact housing has a second cavity to receive the second plunger housing.

18. A high-temperature switchgear, comprising: a first plunger housing having a first cavity; a second plunger housing having a second cavity, the first plunger housing and the second plunger housing being coupled to enclose a plunger assembly of the proximity switch; a first contact housing defining a third cavity; as well as The second contact housing defines a fourth cavity, wherein at least a portion of the third cavity and at least a portion of the fourth cavity are complementary in shape to the outer surfaces of the first plunger housing and the second plunger housing.

19. The device of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the first cavity and at least a portion of the second cavity are complementary in shape to an outer surface of the plunger assembly.

20. The device of claim 18, wherein the first plunger housing, the second plunger housing, the first contact housing, and the second contact housing are composed of at least one of ceramic, ceramic epoxy, glass, polyimide, or polybenzimidazole.

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