Materials and methods for producing arabinoxylan compositions

Abstract

This document provides compositions containing arabinoxylans, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylans, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylans as, for example, food ingredients, dietary supplement ingredients, or pharmaceutical ingredients. In particular, this document discloses the use of lignocellulosic biomass with water at temperature and pressure to provide disclosed products.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Application Serial No. 62 / 846,291, filed May 10, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] This document relates to compositions containing arabinoxylans, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylans, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylans as, for example, food ingredients or dietary supplements. Background Art

[0004] Fiber can be found in plant foods and is a common dietary supplement. Fiber can include prebiotic fiber (sometimes called soluble fiber) and / or insoluble fiber.

[0005] Prebiotic fiber is the indigestible portion of food that passes through the small intestine undigested and ferments when it reaches the colon. The fermentation process can provide nutrition for the beneficial flora in the digestive tract and may help increase the number of desirable bacteria in the digestive system, which may reduce the risk of certain diseases and improve overall health. Non-limiting examples of prebiotic fibers include arabinoxylan, inulin, pectin, alginic acid, raffinose, and xylose.

[0006] Fiber compositions derived from plant sources can be a source of prebiotic fiber. According to the Dietary Guidelines formulated by the United States Department of Agriculture, the recommended daily fiber intake is about 28g in a 2,000 calorie diet. The fiber composition can also include naturally occurring sweeteners or added sweeteners. The fiber composition can be used to provide a large number of calorie-reduced products because long-chain fibers are not easily digested and passed through the intestines. Soluble fiber in the diet can improve digestion by drawing water into the intestines. The fiber composition can also produce a feeling of fullness and prevent blood sugar and insulin peaks, thereby reducing the desire for food and reducing or preventing the intake of inappropriate food or inappropriate amounts of food. Summary of the invention

[0007] This document provides compositions containing arabinoxylan, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylan, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylan as, for example, food ingredients, dietary supplement ingredients, or pharmaceutical ingredients. For example, this document provides compositions (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) that primarily contain a molecular weight (M w) of about 5500 to about 6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% arabinoxylan by dry weight). In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a carbohydrate polymer content of less than about 1% by dry weight of non-arabinoxylans and a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 3% by dry weight. Typically, plants such as wheat and corn contain about 1% to about 3% arabinoxylan by weight. w ) is at least about 100 kDa arabinoxylan molecules and covalently attached polyphenols, extraction of the arabinoxylan can produce a composition containing about 7% to about 30% carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, a sugar monomer content of about 0.5% to about 7.5%, a protein content of about 0.5% to about 25%, and an ash content of about 0.1% to about 3%. As described herein, the plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) that (a) primarily contains a molecular weight (M w ) arabinoxylans of 5500-6000 Da (e.g., greater than 88% arabinoxylans by dry weight), and (b) having other desirable structural and / or functional properties, such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 12% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form). Having the ability to produce large quantities of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) using the methods and materials described herein can allow manufacturers to provide customers with an abundant source of arabinoxylans with desirable structural and functional characteristics for use in, for example, foods, dietary supplements, and / or pharmaceutical compositions.

[0008] In one aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising about 88% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan, about 4% to about 12% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein and ash, and about 1% to about 12% dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0009] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The composition may contain about 88% to about 90% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may contain about 90% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may contain about 90% to about 95% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may contain about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may contain about 6% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may contain about 5% to about 7% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may contain about 8% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may contain about 2% to about 5% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may contain about 5% to about 10% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may contain about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise one or more polyphenols at about 1% to about 2% dry weight. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 5% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 5% to about 15% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 10% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 15% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 5% to about 7% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 18% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 60% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 60% to about 70% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 70% to about 80% dry weight of xylose units. The arabinoxylan may comprise about 75% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 62% to about 66% xylose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 78% to about 82% xylose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 8% to about 15% glucose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 10% to about 15% glucose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 9% to about 11% glucose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 12% to about 14% glucose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 2% to about 6% galactose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain about 3% to about 5% galactose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 1% mannose units by dry weight. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 0.5% mannose units by dry weight. The arabinoxylan may include an arabinose unit and a xylose unit, and a molar ratio of the arabinose unit to the xylose unit may be about 0.05 to about 0.35.Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.05 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.25 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.06 to about 0.10. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.28 to about 0.32. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.10 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.10 to about 0.20. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.11 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.18 to about 0.22. The composition may comprise less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein. The composition may comprise about 1% to about 4% by dry weight of protein. The composition may comprise about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of protein. The composition may comprise from about 3.6% to about 4% protein by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 0.5% to about 6% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 5% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 3% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 0.8% to about 1.2% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 4.5% to about 4.9% ash by dry weight. The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-6000Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-5700 Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5600-5800 Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3000-3500 Da. n The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3200-3400 Da. n). The one or more polyphenols may comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.005% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 2% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1.0% to about 1.5% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition may comprise coumaric acid units at about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight. The composition may comprise syringic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.1% dry weight. The composition may comprise syringic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.07% dry weight. The composition may comprise sinapinic acid units at about 0.1% to about 0.5% dry weight. The composition may comprise sinapinic acid units at about 0.3% to about 0.5% dry weight. The composition may comprise rosmarinic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.3% dry weight. The composition may comprise rosmarinic acid units at about 0.1% to about 0.2% dry weight. The composition may comprise vanillin units at about 0.001% to about 0.01% dry weight. The composition may comprise vanillin units at about 0.004% to about 0.006% dry weight. The composition may be light brown. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0010] In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising about 88% to about 90% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of arabinose units, about 78% to about 82% by dry weight of xylose units, about 9% to about 11% by dry weight of glucose units, about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units, about 4% to about 6% of non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof, and about 3% to about 11% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the composition is about 1.5-2.0. w) can be about 5400 to about 5800 Da. In another aspect, provided herein is a composition comprising about 90% to about 94% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 17% to about 21% by dry weight of arabinose units, about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units, about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units, about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units, about 8% to about 11% of non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof, and about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the composition is about 1.5 to about 2.5. w ) can be from about 5600 to about 6000 Da.

[0011] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. The molecular weight (M) of the composition n ) can be about 3100 to about 3500Da. The composition can include about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition can include about 0.01% to about 0.02% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition can include about 1.0% to about 1.5% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition can include about 0.01% to about 0.02% dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition can include about 0.05% to about 0.07% dry weight of syringic acid units. The composition can include about 0.3% to about 0.5% dry weight of sinapinic acid units. The composition can include about 0.1% to about 0.2% dry weight of rosmarinic acid units. The composition can include about 0.004% to about 0.006% dry weight of vanillin units. The composition can have an antioxidant level of about 27000 to about 31000 μmol TE / 100g. The composition may comprise epigallocatechin gallate.

[0012] In another aspect, provided herein is a food product comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0013] In another aspect, provided herein are dietary supplements comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0014] In another aspect, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising any one or more of the compositions provided herein.

[0015] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a food product.

[0016] In another aspect, provided herein is a use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a dietary supplement.

[0017] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of any one or more of the compositions provided herein in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0018] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of preparing a composition comprising providing a lignocellulosic biomass, combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water, activating the lignocellulosic biomass and the water using conditions comprising a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream, washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan, and processing the first soluble extract to form a composition.

[0019] Embodiments may include one or more of the following features. The first temperature may be about 190°C to about 215°C. The first pressure may be about 200 to about 500 psig. The activation step may have a duration of about 1 to about 30 minutes. Washing may include washing with water at a temperature of about 40°C and about 100°C. Processing may include one or more of carbon treatment, nanofiltration, or a combination thereof. Carbon treatment may include treatment with activated carbon. Carbon treatment may include using carbon in an amount of about 0.05% to about 0.15% dry weight of arabinoxylan in the first soluble extract. Processing may include sequential carbon treatment and nanofiltration to form a composition. The method may also include adding reduced-quality arabinoxylan to the first soluble extract prior to processing. The method may also include drying the composition. The composition may include about 88% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan, about 5% to about 12% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof, and about 1% to about 12% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise about 88% to about 90% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 90% to about 99% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 90% to about 95% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 91% to about 93% dry weight of arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 6% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may comprise about 5% to about 7% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may comprise about 8% to about 10% dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or a combination thereof. The composition may comprise about 2% to about 5% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise about 5% to about 10% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. The composition may comprise about 1% to about 2% dry weight of one or more polyphenols. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 5% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 5% to about 15% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 10% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 15% to about 25% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 5% to about 7% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 18% to about 20% dry weight of arabinose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 60% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 60% to about 70% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 70% to about 80% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylans may comprise from about 75% to about 85% dry weight of xylose units.Arabinoxylan may contain about 62% to about 66% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 78% to about 82% dry weight of xylose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 8% to about 15% dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 10% to about 15% dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 9% to about 11% dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 12% to about 14% dry weight of glucose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 2% to about 6% dry weight of galactose units. Arabinoxylan may contain about 3% to about 5% dry weight of galactose units. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 1% dry weight of mannose units. Arabinoxylan may contain less than about 0.5% dry weight of mannose units. Arabinoxylan may contain arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be about 0.05 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.05 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.25 to about 0.35. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.06 to about 0.10. Arabinoxylan may comprise arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of arabinose units to xylose units may be from about 0.28 to about 0.32. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be from about 0.10 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.15 to about 0.25. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.10 to about 0.20. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.11 to about 0.15. Arabinoxylan may comprise glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of glucose units to xylose units may be about 0.18 to about 0.22. The composition may comprise less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan. The composition may comprise about 0.5% to about 5% by dry weight of protein. The composition may comprise about 1% to about 4% by dry weight of protein. The composition may comprise about 0.8% to about 1.2% by dry weight of protein.The composition may comprise from about 3.6% to about 4% protein by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 0.5% to about 6% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 5% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 3% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 0.8% to about 1.2% ash by dry weight. The composition may comprise from about 4.5% to about 4.9% ash by dry weight. The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-6000Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-5700 Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5600-5800 Da. w The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3000-3500 Da. n The composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3200-3400 Da. n ). The one or more polyphenols may comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.005% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.001% to about 0.003% dry weight of ferulic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight of gallic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1% to about 2% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 1.0% to about 1.5% dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The composition may comprise from about 0.01% to about 0.05% dry weight of coumaric acid units. The composition may comprise coumaric acid units at about 0.01% to about 0.03% dry weight. The composition may comprise syringic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.1% dry weight. The composition may comprise syringic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.07% dry weight. The composition may comprise sinapinic acid units at about 0.1% to about 0.5% dry weight. The composition may comprise sinapinic acid units at about 0.3% to about 0.5% dry weight. The composition may comprise rosmarinic acid units at about 0.05% to about 0.3% dry weight. The composition may comprise rosmarinic acid units at about 0.1% to about 0.2% dry weight. The composition may comprise vanillin units at about 0.001% to about 0.01% dry weight. The composition may comprise vanillin units at about 0.004% to about 0.006% dry weight. The composition may be light brown. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition may have an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g. The composition may comprise epigallocatechin gallate.

[0020] In another aspect, provided herein are compositions prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0021] In another aspect, provided herein is a food product comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0022] In another aspect, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0023] In another aspect, provided herein is a dietary supplement comprising a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein.

[0024] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in a food product.

[0025] In another aspect, provided herein is the use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0026] In another aspect, provided herein is a use of a composition prepared by any of the methods provided herein in a dietary supplement.

[0027] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs. Although methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used to implement the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event of a conflict, this specification (including definitions) shall prevail. In addition, materials, methods and embodiments are illustrative only and not restrictive.

[0028] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. In accordance with standard practice in patent law, the word "comprising" in a claim may be replaced with "consisting essentially of" or "consisting of." BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Figure 1 is an illustration of an exemplary method for processing lignocellulosic biomass, according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] This document provides compositions containing arabinoxylan, methods for preparing compositions containing arabinoxylan, and methods for using compositions containing arabinoxylan as, for example, food ingredients, dietary supplement ingredients, or pharmaceutical ingredients. For example, this document provides compositions (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) containing primarily molecular weight (Mw ) is about 5500 Da to about 6000 Da arabinoxylan (e.g., greater than 88% arabinoxylan by dry weight).

[0031] Arabinoxylan is a heteropolymer found in many plants, and any suitable unit can be included.Usually, arabinoxylan has a xylose backbone (e.g., the xylose connected by 1,4-) covalently linked to one or more arabinose units (e.g., by 2,3-linked).Arabinoxylan can be further covalently linked to other sugar units, such as glucose, galactose and maltose, or be connected to polyphenols or polyphenol units.In some cases, arabinoxylan can be described according to its constituent units (e.g., by dry weight).For example only, specific arabinoxylan can be described as about 18% arabinose, about 63% xylose, about 13% glucose, about 4% galactose and about 2% polyphenols, all by dry weight.

[0032] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of about 88% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is w ) is from about 5500 to about 6000 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a carbohydrate polymer content other than arabinoxylan of less than about 1% by dry weight and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight.

[0033] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of about 80% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is w ) is from about 3100 to about 8400 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a carbohydrate polymer content of less than about 1% by dry weight that is not arabinoxylan and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight. In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have an arabinoxylan content of from about 80% to about 95% by dry weight, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the arabinoxylan of the composition is w ) is from about 3100 to about 8400 Da, and wherein the composition has (a) a content of other carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans, monomers, protein, and ash of from about 5% to about 20% by dry weight and (b) a polyphenol content of from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight.

[0034] As described herein, plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) that (a) contains primarily w) of about 5500 to about 6000 Da arabinoxylan (e.g., greater than 88% arabinoxylan by dry weight), and (b) having other desirable structural and / or functional properties, such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 12% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of the polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of the polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form).

[0035] As described herein, plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) that (a) contains primarily w ) of about 3100 to about 8400 Da (e.g., greater than 80% arabinoxylan by dry weight), and (b) having other desirable structural and / or functional properties, such as a content of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans of less than about 1%, a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 14% by dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form). As described herein, the plant material can be processed as described herein to produce a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition) having (a) a molecular weight (M) of less than about 100 Da. w ) is about 3100 to about 8400 Da arabinoxylan (e.g., greater than 80% arabinoxylan by dry weight), and (b) has other desirable structural and / or functional properties, such as a content of other carbohydrate polymers, monomers, proteins, and ash of about 5% to about 20% dry weight, a polyphenol content of about 1% to about 14% dry weight, a content of ferulic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of 0.0005% to about 0.005%, a content of gallic acid units (e.g., as a component of polyphenols, free units, or a combination thereof) of about 0.005% to about 0.02%, a content of epigallocatechin-3-gallate units, and / or a light brown color (e.g., when in powder form).

[0036] This document provides compositions comprising arabinoxylan (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions). The compositions described herein may comprise arabinoxylan and any other suitable component. In some cases, the compositions described herein may comprise polyphenols. In some cases, the compositions described herein may comprise carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, ash, protein, or a combination thereof of non-arabinoxylan.

[0037] Compositions as described herein can include any suitable amount of arabinoxylan. Various references to the percentage of the components of compositions have occurred throughout this document. Unless otherwise indicated, percentages are dry weight percentages. In some embodiments, compositions as described herein can include about 80% to about 99% dry weight arabinoxylan (e.g., about 80% to about 97%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 93%, about 80% to about 90%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 99%, about 90% to about 95%, or about 91% to about 93% dry weight arabinoxylan). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise from about 88% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight (e.g., from about 88% to about 97%, from about 88% to about 95%, from about 88% to about 93%, from about 88% to about 90%, from about 90% to about 99%, from about 93% to about 99%, from about 95% to about 99%, from about 90% to about 94%, from about 90% to about 95%, or from about 91% to about 93% arabinoxylan by dry weight). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise at least about 80% arabinoxylan by dry weight (e.g., at least about 83%, at least about 85%, at least about 89%, at least about 91%, at least about 93%, at least about 95%, or at least about 97% arabinoxylan by dry weight).

[0038] The arabinoxylan of the composition described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can have any suitable molecular weight. The molecular weight can be determined by any suitable method. For example, size exclusion (also sometimes referred to as gel permeation) chromatography (SEC) can be used to determine the molecular weight. Size exclusion chromatography can be used to separate complex mixtures of macromolecules according to the hydrodynamic size of the macromolecules. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the composition described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can have a molecular weight (M) of about 3100 to about 8400Da (e.g., 3100 to about 3500Da, about 3100 to about 4000Da, about 3100 to about 4800Da, about 3100 to about 5500Da, about 5500 to about 7500Da, about 4500 to about 6500Da, or about 6500 to about 8400Da. wIn some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of at least about 4800 Da (e.g., at least about 4900 Da, at least about 5000 Da, at least about 5200 Da, at least about 5400 Da, at least about 5600 Da, or at least about 5800 Da). w For example, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of about 5400 to about 6000 Da (e.g., about 5500 to about 6000 Da, about 5400 to about 5800 Da, about 5500 to about 5900 Da, about 5500 to about 5700 Da, about 5600 to about 5800 Da, about 5600 to about 6000 Da, about 5700 to about 6000 Da, or about 5700 to about 5900 Da). w In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have a molecular weight (M) of about 3000 to about 3500 Da (e.g., about 3000 to about 3400 Da, about 3000 to about 3300 Da, about 3200 to about 3400 Da, about 3200 to about 3500 Da, about 3300 to about 3500 Da, about 3100 to about 3500 Da, or about 3200 to about 3300 Da). n ).

[0039] The arabinoxylans in the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable chemical composition (e.g., comprising arabinose units, xylose units, glucose units, galactose units, mannose units, polyphenol units, or combinations thereof). The chemical composition can be determined by any suitable method, such as the method described in Technical Report NREL / TP-510-42623 (January 2008), entitled "Determination of Sugars, Byproducts, and Degradation Products in Liquid Fraction Process Samples," published by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S. Department of Energy), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For example, the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can comprise from about 5% to about 40% (e.g., from about 5% to about 35%, from about 5% to about 30%, from about 5% to about 25%, from about 5% to about 7%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 20%, from about 5% to about 15%, from about 5% to about 10%, from about 5% to about 7%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 10% to about 25%, from about 15% to about 25%, from about 17% to about 21%, from about 20% to about 25%, from about 10% to about 40%, from about 15% to about 40%, from about 20% to about 40%, from about 25% to about 40%, from about 30% to about 40%, from about 35% to about 40%, from about 10% to about 20%, from about 15% to about 20%, or from about 18% to about 20%) of arabinose units by dry weight. In some cases, the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can comprise about 60% to about 85% (e.g., about 60% to about 80%, about 60% to about 70%, about 70% to about 80%, about 60% to about 65%, about 62% to about 66%, about 70% to about 85%, about 75% to about 85%, about 80% to about 85%, about 63% to about 65%, about 62% to about 66%, about 72% to about 82%, about 78% to about 82%, about 79% to about 81%) xylose units by dry weight. In some cases, the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can comprise about 5% to about 20% (e.g., about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 15%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 15%, about 9% to about 11%, about 11% to about 15%, or about 12% to about 14%) of glucose units by dry weight. In some cases, the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can comprise about 2% to about 6% (e.g., about 3% to about 4% or about 3% to about 5%) of galactose units by dry weight.In some cases, the arabinoxylan of the composition provided herein can include less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.1%, 0.05% or 0.01%) dry weight mannose units. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the composition provided herein can lack mannose or include very little mannose. For example, the arabinoxylan of the composition provided herein can include about 0% to about 1% (e.g., about 0% to about 0.5%, about 0% to about 0.1%, about 0% to about 0.05%, about 0% to about 0.01% or about 0.5% to about 1%) dry weight mannose units. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylan of the composition provided herein can lack mannose. These components can be present in the arabinoxylan of the composition provided herein in any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of arabinose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.05 to about 0.65 (e.g., from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.25 to about 0.45, or from about 0.45 to about 0.65). For example, the ratio of arabinose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.05 to about 0.35 (e.g., from about 0.05 to about 0.25, from about 0.05 to about 0.15, from about 0.05 to about 0.10, from about 0.10 to about 0.35, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.35, from about 0.25 to about 0.35, from about 0.06 to about 0.10, from about 0.07 to about 0.09, from about 0.28 to about 0.32, or from about 0.29 to about 0.31). In some embodiments, the ratio of glucose units to xylose units of the arabinoxylans of the compositions provided herein can be from about 0.10 to about 0.25 (e.g., from about 0.10 to about 0.20, from about 0.10 to about 0.15, from about 0.11 to about 0.15, from about 0.15 to about 0.25, from about 0.15 to about 0.20, from about 0.18 to about 0.22, or from about 0.20 to about 0.25).

[0040] Polyphenols (e.g., one or more polyphenols) can be present in any suitable amount in compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions). In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include about 1% to about 14% (e.g., about 1% to about 12%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 2%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 12%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 12%, about 8% to about 12%, about 2% to about 14%, about 5% to about 14%, about 8% to about 14%, about 10% to about 14%, about 2% to about 8%, about 3% to about 11%, or about 4% to about 6%) one or more polyphenols of dry weight.

[0041] Compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include polyphenol units. In some cases, polyphenol units can be a part of polyphenols. In some embodiments, the polyphenols of compositions provided herein can be covalently attached to the arabinoxylan of compositions, can be free polyphenols, or can be their combination. In some cases, polyphenol units can be free units. In some embodiments, polyphenols can be mainly attached to arabinoxylan. In some embodiments, polyphenol units can include ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin or its combination. The polyphenol units of compositions provided herein can exist in any suitable amount. The polyphenol units of the compositions provided herein can be measured using any suitable method, such as the methods described in Malunga, Lovemore Nkhata, and Trust Beta. "Antioxidant capacity of water-extractable arabinoxylan from commercial barley, wheat, and wheat fractions." Cereal Chemistry 92.1 (2015): 29-36 or Nour, Violeta, Ion Trandafir, and Sina Cosmulescu. "HPLC determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and juglone in walnut leaves." Journal of Chromatographic Science 51.9 (2013): 883-890, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In some cases, standards can be purchased from suppliers such as Sigma-Aldrich and can be detected using an Agilent 1260 equipped with a quaternary pump, an autosampler, and a multi-wavelength detector (HPLC-UV). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include ferulic acid units. The ferulic acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include about 0.0005% to about 0.005% (e.g., about 0.0005% to about 0.001%, about 0.001% to about 0.003%, about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about 0.003% to about 0.005%, or about 0.001% to about 0.003%) dry weight of ferulic acid units. In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include gallic acid units. Gallic acid units may be present in any suitable amount.In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include about 0.005% to about 0.05% (e.g., about 0.005% to about 0.01%, about 0.01% to about 0.02%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, or about 0.01% to about 0.05%) dry weight of gallic acid units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. The 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include about 0.5% to about 2% (e.g., about 0.5% to about 1%, about 1% to about 2%, about 1.0% to about 1.5%, about 1.1% to about 1.5%, or about 1.2% to about 1.4%) dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units. In some embodiments, compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include coumaric acid units. Coumaric acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include coumaric acid units of about 0.010% to about 0.05% (e.g., about 0.01% to about 0.02%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, about 0.010% to about 0.015%, about 0.010% to about 0.025%, about 0.020% to about 0.025%, about 0.015% to about 0.025%, about 0.014% to about 0.018%, about 0.015% to about 0.017%) dry weight. In some embodiments, compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include syringic acid units. Syringic acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include about 0.01% to about 0.1% (e.g., about 0.01% to about 0.08%, about 0.01% to about 0.05%, about 0.01% to about 0.03%, about 0.03% to about 0.1%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.08% to about 0.1%, about 0.04% to about 0.08%, or about 0.05% to about 0.07%) of syringic acid units by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include sinapinic acid units. The sinapinic acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may contain about 0.1% to about 0.6% (e.g., about 0.2% to about 0.6%, about 0.2% to about 0.5%, about 0.2% to about 0.3%, about 0.3% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, or about 0.3% to about 0.5%) sinapinic acid units by dry weight.In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include rosmarinic acid units. Rosmarinic acid units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include rosmarinic acid units of about 0.05% to about 0.3% (e.g., about 0.05% to about 0.02%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, or about 0.1% to about 0.2%) dry weight. In some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include vanillin units. Vanillin units may be present in any suitable amount. In some embodiments, the vanillin units may be present in an amount of about 0.001% to about 0.01% (e.g., about 0.001% to about 0.008%, about 0.001% to about 0.005%, about 0.001% to about 0.003%, about 0.003% to about 0.01%, about 0.005% to about 0.1%, about 0.001% to about 0.007%, or about 0.004% to about 0.006%) of the dry weight of the vanillin units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) units. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include EGCG units. The EGCG units may be present in any suitable amount.

[0042] Compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable antioxidant level. Antioxidant levels can be measured using any suitable method. For example, the micromole trolox equivalent (μmol TE / 100g) of every 100 grams of compositions as described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be determined. In some embodiments, compositions can have an antioxidant level of about 25000 to about 50000 (e.g., about 25000 to about 35000, about 25000 to about 30000, about 30000 to about 35000, about 30000 to about 50000, about 40000 to about 50000, about 27000 to about 31000 or about 28000 to about 30000) μmol TE / 100g.

[0043] As described herein, compositions provided herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have arabinoxylan as a main component. In some cases, the features of compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be the amount of carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash or a combination thereof of components other than arabinoxylan, such as arabinoxylan. Non-limiting examples of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan include cellulose, straight-chain starch, amylopectin, glucuronic acid xylan, glucuronic acid arabinoxylan and glucomannan. For example, in some embodiments, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include less than 10% (e.g., less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2% or 1%) of dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, proteins and ash. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may comprise about 4% to about 20% (e.g., about 4% to about 12%, about 4% to about 10%, about 4% to about 6%, about 5% to about 7%, about 5% to about 10%, about 6% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 20%) dry weight of a combination of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, and ash. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include about 4% to about 12% (e.g., about 4% to about 10%, about 4% to about 8%, about 4% to about 6%, about 5% to about 12%, about 8% to about 12%, about 9% to about 12%, about 5% to about 10%, about 4% to about 6%, or about 9% to about 10%) of a combination of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans, sugar monomers, protein, and ash by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may include less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.8%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01%) of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include from about 0% to about 1% (e.g., from about 0% to about 0.5%, from about 0% to about 0.1%, from about 0% to about 0.05%, from about 0% to about 0.01%, or from about 0.5% to about 1%) of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylans by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include from about 0% to about 5% (e.g., from about 0% to about 3%, from about 0% to about 2%, from about 1% to about 5%, from about 3% to about 5%, or from about 3% to about 5%) of sugar monomers by dry weight.In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include about 0.5% to about 5% (e.g., about 0.5% to about 3%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.2%, about 1% to about 5%, about 3% to about 5%, about 1% to about 4%, about 2% to about 4%, about 3% to about 4%, or about 3.6% to about 4%) protein by dry weight. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can include about 0.5% to about 6% (e.g., about 0.5% to about 5%, about 0.8% to about 1.2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 6%, about 3% to about 6%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4.5% to about 4.9%, or about 5% to about 6%) ash by dry weight.

[0044] In some cases, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be designed to have one or more specific components with little (if any) amount. For example, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be designed to lack one or more specific components (e.g., one or more specific components that can be present in the starting materials for producing the compositions). Compared with the starting materials, such compositions can have improved smell or olfactory properties, improved or desired visual appearance or color, and / or improved taste or flavor. In some cases, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have reduced amounts of one or more components that can be present in the starting materials (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass). Corn syrup is a common sweetener, and in some embodiments, compositions described herein can have components different from corn syrup. For example, in some cases, corn syrup can include maltose, maltotriose, or a combination thereof.

[0045] Thus, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may lack maltose, maltotriose, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may comprise maltose in an amount less than about 15% dry weight (e.g., less than about 12%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% dry weight). In some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) may comprise maltose in an amount less than about 15% dry weight (e.g., less than about 12%, 10%, 5%, 2%, or 1% dry weight).

[0046] The arabinoxylans of the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can have any suitable color. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that polyphenols can contribute to the color of the composition to make it more brown; therefore, it is believed that light-colored compositions have a lower polyphenol content than dark-colored compositions. In some embodiments, the composition can be brown. In some embodiments, the composition (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can be light brown.

[0047] This document also provides specific exemplary arabinoxylan compositions. For example, this document provides an exemplary composition comprising: about 88% to about 90% (e.g., about 89%) of arabinoxylan by dry weight; less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan by dry weight; about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) of sugar monomers by dry weight; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) of protein by dry weight; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) of ash by dry weight; and about 2% to about 12% of polyphenols by dry weight. The arabinoxylan in the exemplary composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5500 to about 5700 Da (e.g., about 5600 Da). w ). The arabinoxylan in the composition may have the following content: about 5% to about 7% (e.g., about 6%) of arabinose units by dry weight, about 78% to about 82% (e.g., about 79% to about 81% or about 82%) of xylose units by dry weight, about 9% to about 11% (e.g., about 10%) of glucose units by dry weight, about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) of galactose units by dry weight, and less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) of mannose units by dry weight. The composition may be light brown.

[0048] As another example, this document provides another exemplary composition comprising: about 91% to about 93% dry weight arabinoxylan, less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan; about 0.5% to about 1.5% (e.g., about 1%) sugar monomers; about 3% to about 4% (e.g., about 3.8%) dry weight protein; about 4% to about 5% (e.g., about 4.7%) dry weight ash; and about 1% to about 3% (e.g., about 2%) dry weight polyphenols. The arabinoxylan in this exemplary composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 5700 to about 5900 Da (e.g., about 5800 Da). w The arabinoxylan in the exemplary composition may have a molecular weight (M) of about 3200 to about 3400 Da (e.g., about 3300 Da). nThe arabinoxylan in the composition may have the following content: about 18% to about 20% (e.g., about 19%) of arabinose units by dry weight, about 62% to about 66% (e.g., about 63% to about 65%, or about 64%) of xylose units by dry weight, about 12% to about 14% (e.g., about 13%) of glucose units by dry weight, about 3% to about 5% (e.g., about 4%) of galactose units by dry weight, and less than about 1% (e.g., less than about 0.5% or 0.1%) of mannose units by dry weight. The polyphenols in the composition may have the following contents: about 0.001% to about 0.003% (e.g., about 0.002%) of ferulic acid units by dry weight; about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.014%) of gallic acid units by dry weight; about 1% to about 2% (e.g., about 1.3%) of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units by dry weight; about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.016%) of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units by dry weight; about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.016%) of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units by dry weight; about 0.01% to about 0.02% (e.g., about 0.014 ... The composition may be light brown in color.

[0049] In some cases, the compositions provided herein (e.g., compositions having about 90% to about 94% by dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 17% to about 21% by dry weight of arabinose units; about 62% to about 66% by dry weight of xylose units; about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units; about 3% to about 4% by dry weight of galactose units; about 8% to about 11% of non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof; and about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the composition is about 1.5 to about 2.5. w ) is about 5600 to about 6000 Da, or exemplary composition 2 (Example 2)) can provide prebiotic benefits. For example, it was surprisingly found that the compositions provided herein (e.g., a composition having about 90% to about 94% dry weight of arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 17% to about 21% dry weight of arabinose units; about 62% to about 66% dry weight of xylose units; about 12% to about 14% dry weight of glucose units; about 3% to about 4% dry weight of galactose units; about 8% to about 11% of non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, proteins, ash, or combinations thereof; and about 1% to about 3% dry weight of one or more polyphenols, wherein the molecular weight (M) of the composition is about 500 to about 6000 Da. w) is about 5600 to about 6000 Da, or exemplary composition 2 (Example 2)) has a gastrointestinal tolerance that is not significantly different from the gastrointestinal tolerance exhibited when the placebo composition is administered (see, e.g., Example 8). In contrast, fiber supplements (e.g., arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS)) are generally considered to be poorly tolerated in the gastrointestinal system, causing, for example, flatulence and / or bloating, even when administered at the lower levels used in Example 8 (about 7 grams per serving). See, e.g., Cloetens, Lieselotte, et al. "Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study." British Journal of Nutrition 103.5 (2010): 703-713 and Isabelle EJA, et al. "Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on astrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial." British Journal of Nutrition 108.12 (2012): 2229-2242, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0050] This document also provides a product comprising any one or more compositions described herein. For example, this document provides a sweetener composition comprising any one or more compositions described herein. In some cases, food can be designed to comprise one or more compositions described herein. In some cases, a pharmaceutical composition or a dietary supplement can be formulated to comprise one or more compositions described herein. A product comprising any one or more compositions provided herein may have advantages. Non-limiting examples of such advantages include calorie reduction, reduced glycemic index, providing soluble fiber, providing prebiotics and providing antioxidants. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that arabinoxylan is a low-calorie carbohydrate, and arabinoxylan is a source of soluble fiber that can be used by the components of a microbiome to promote health. It is further believed that in some cases, polyphenols and / or polyphenol units can serve as antioxidants.

[0051] In any takeable composition provided herein (for example, sweetener composition, food, pharmaceutical composition or dietary supplement), compositions as described herein can be present in any suitable amount.For example, in some cases, compositions as described herein can be present in an amount of about 500mg to about 15g (for example, about 500mg to about 1g, about 500mg to about 3g, about 500mg to about 5g, about 500mg to about 7g, about 500mg to about 10g, about 500mg to about 12g, about 1g to about 15g, about 3g to about 15g, about 5g to about 15g, about 7g to about 15g, about 10g to about 15g, about 12g to about 15g, about 5g to about 10g or about 7g to about 12g).In some cases, compositions as described herein can be present in an amount of at least 7g (for example, at least 8g, 10g, 12g, 14g or 15g) per portion.

[0052] The calorie content, glycemic index, soluble fiber content, prebiotic fiber content, and antioxidant content can each be determined by any suitable method. In some embodiments, the soluble fiber content can be the same as the arabinoxylan content (e.g., as a percentage of dry weight). In some embodiments, the prebiotic content can be the same as the arabinoxylan content (e.g., as a percentage of dry weight). In some embodiments, the antioxidant content can be the same as the polyphenol content (e.g., as a percentage of dry weight).

[0053] This document also provides the use of any one or more compositions described herein. For example, this document provides the use of any one or more compositions described herein in sweetener compositions, foods, pharmaceutical compositions and / or dietary supplements.

[0054] Sweetener composition can be any suitable sweetener composition that is formulated to contain one or more compositions containing arabinoxylan as described herein.For example, compositions provided herein can be combined with traditional sweeteners (e.g., corn syrup) to produce a sweetener composition with reduced calories and / or reduced glycemic index.Combination can include any appropriate step.In some embodiments, combination can include mixing, blending, stirring, dissolving, emulsifying or its combination.For example, in some embodiments, dry glucose and dry compositions provided herein can be mixed together, and optionally, water can be added to form syrup (e.g., about 70% to about 80% dry matter).In some embodiments, dry compositions provided herein can be added to glucose syrup (e.g., by mixing, blending, dissolving or its combination).In some embodiments, dry glucose can be added to compositions provided herein in the form of syrup (e.g., by mixing, blending, dissolving or its combination).In some embodiments, glucose syrup can be combined with compositions provided herein in the form of syrup (e.g., by mixing or blending).One or more compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be combined with traditional sweeteners to form sweeteners. One or more compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be combined with traditional sweeteners in any suitable ratio. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio is about 5% to about 90% (e.g., about 10% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 75%, about 20% to about 80%, about 40% to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, about 10% to about 30%, about 30% to about 50%, about 50% to about 70%, or about 70% to about 90%) of the compositions provided herein ( For example, the arabinoxylan composition) can be combined with about 5% to about 90% (e.g., about 10% to about 90%, about 25% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 75% to about 90%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 75%, about 20% to about 80%, about 40% to about 60%, about 45% to about 55%, about 10% to about 30%, about 30% to about 50%, about 50% to about 70%, or about 70% to about 90%) of traditional sweeteners by dry weight or volume.

[0055] In some cases, the sweetener composition provided herein may have a desired property. For example, in some embodiments, the sweetener composition may be a solid. In some embodiments, the sweetener composition may be a liquid. In some cases, the sweetener composition provided herein may have a dextrose equivalent (DE) of about 35 to about 75 (e.g., about 35 to about 65, about 35 to about 55, about 35 to about 45, about 45 to about 75, about 55 to about 75, about 65 to about 75, about 42, about 53 or about 63). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the sweetener composition with DE within about 10% of commercially available sweeteners described herein can replace commercially available sweeteners with approximately equal volumes (or within about 10%). In some embodiments, the sweetener compositions provided herein can have a glycemic index (GI) of about 10 to about 80 (e.g., about 10 to about 75, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 25, about 25 to about 80, about 50 to about 80, about 75 to about 80, about 35 to about 50, about 40 to about 50, or about 40 to about 45). The glycemic index of glucose (e.g., dextrose) is usually reported as 100. The glycemic index of sucrose is usually reported as 65. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that sweeteners with lower GI values ​​can help manage blood sugar and insulin levels and / or help control appetite and weight loss. In some embodiments, the sweetener compositions provided herein may have a calorie content of about 100 to about 225 (e.g., about 100 to about 200, about 100 to about 175, about 100 to about 150, about 100 to about 125, about 125 to about 225, about 150 to about 225, about 175 to about 225, about 200 to about 225, about 125 to about 200, about 150 to about 200, about 175 to about 200, or about 180 to about 200) per 100 g of the sweetener composition.

[0056] The described properties can be measured using any suitable method. For example, the glycemic index (GI) can be tested using methods known in the art, such as "In vitro method for predicting glycemic index offoods using simulated digestion and an artificial neural network" RL Magaleta et al., Cereal Chemistry Vol. 87, No. 4, described in 2010. For example, soluble fiber can be measured by AOAC Official Methods of Analysis 2011.25. For example, in some embodiments, DE can be measured using Lane-Eynon titration. In some embodiments, DE can be determined using osmotic pressure determination.

[0057] Food can be any suitable food designed to contain one or more compositions containing arabinoxylan as described herein.Food can be a material, chewing gum or a material for its composition for food or beverage for humans or animals (for example, referring to 21 U.SC § 321).In some embodiments, food can be food (for example, solid food).For example, in some embodiments, food can be pie, cookie (for example, chocolate chip cookie), candy (for example toffee chew), bar (for example cereal bar or granola bar), cake, bread, biscuit, canned food (for example canned soup, canned fruit) or dairy products (for example yogurt, ice cream).In some embodiments, food can be sweetener (for example, solid sweetener or syrup sweetener as described above).In some embodiments, food can be beverage.For example, in some embodiments, food can be fruit juice (for example, fruit juice cocktail), soda or energy drink.In some embodiments, food can be chewing gum.

[0058] Dietary supplements can be any suitable dietary supplements designed to include one or more compositions containing arabinoxylans as described herein. In some cases, dietary supplements can include pharmaceutical products, natural health products, nutritional supplements, vitamins, minerals, protein supplements, etc. The non-limiting example of dietary supplements is a fiber supplement. In some cases, the fiber supplement provided herein can be in powder form. In some cases, the dietary supplements provided herein can fall into the definition of dietary supplements by regulatory agencies (e.g., the U.S. Food and Drug Administration) according to appropriate regulations (e.g., 21 U.SC § 321).

[0059] The pharmaceutical composition can be any suitable pharmaceutical composition designed to contain one or more compositions containing arabinoxylan as described herein. Typically, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated to contain at least one active ingredient (e.g., one, two, three, four, five or more active ingredients, such as drugs) in a pharmaceutically effective amount. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition provided herein can be an oral pharmaceutical preparation. Typically, the oral pharmaceutical preparation contains a sweetener.

[0060] This document also provides methods of making the compositions described herein (eg, arabinoxylan compositions). The compositions described herein can be made using the methods described herein.

[0061] In some cases, compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Lignocellulosic biomass can include plant materials that are generally considered to be unsuitable for direct human digestion, such as hardwood or softwood, plant stems and stalks. The source of lignocellulosic biomass that can be used to prepare compositions provided herein includes but is not limited to straw (e.g., wheat straw), corn stalks, bagasse, hardwood, softwood and combinations thereof. Lignocellulosic biomass can be obtained as a byproduct of other industries such as agriculture, forestry and energy crops.

[0062] In some cases, the methods described herein may include extracting hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass. Extracting hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass can be accomplished by any suitable method. In some cases, the methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0119188 or PCT Patent Application Publication No. WO2016 / 161515 can be used to extract hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0063] In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic biomass can be combined with water, and the lignocellulosic biomass can be activated using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form an activated cellulose stream (e.g., a first activation step). In some embodiments, a pre-activation step can precede the first activation step. The first activated cellulose stream can be washed to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract.

[0064] An exemplary method that can be used to produce the first soluble extract is shown in Figure 1In. Lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be fed to reactor 103, wherein lignocellulosic biomass 101 undergoes a first activation step to produce a first activated cellulose stream 104. In the first activation step, lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be treated at elevated temperature and pressure to produce a first activated cellulose stream 104, for example, comprising cellulose II and insoluble solids. The first activation step can be carried out in the presence of water. Water can be introduced into reactor 103 in one or more of the following ways: present in lignocellulosic biomass 101, present in reactor 103 when lignocellulosic biomass is introduced into reactor 103, or introduced by feed stream 102. Reactor 103 can be a batch reactor or a continuous process reactor. In the case of a batch reactor, lignocellulosic biomass 101 can be fed to reactor 103, and the reactor (which can be a stirred tank reactor) can be raised to operating conditions for a desired time. If reactor 103 is a continuous flow reactor, it can be a steam exposure reactor and can be maintained at desired operating conditions. The first activated cellulose stream 104 can be washed to extract soluble non-cellulose components, such as arabinoxylan and some ash, extractives and lignin. The first activated cellulose stream 104 and wash water 106 can be introduced into a washing reactor 105 to produce a soluble extract 107 and washed first activated cellulose stream 108. The washing reactor 105 can be any suitable reactor. Optionally, the washing reactor 105 can be operated in countercurrent, and it can be a countercurrent belt filter. Other filtering or separation methods can be used, such as filter press, double screen press, double roller press, rotary vacuum filter or centrifuge.

[0065] Lignocellulosic biomass can be any suitable raw material. For example, lignocellulosic biomass can include one or more of wheat straw, corn stalks, bagasse, hardwood, softwood, energy crops, etc. In some cases, the agricultural raw material provided can be processed to remove rocks, soil or other materials present in the agricultural raw material, and reduce the size of the agricultural or forest raw material supplied to the process, such as by crushing, grinding, milling or otherwise processing. In some cases, the lignocellulosic biomass for producing the compositions described herein is wheat straw.

[0066] In some cases, the pre-activation step may include treating lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., wheat straw) with steam. The pre-activation step may include any suitable temperature, pressure, and duration. In some embodiments, the temperature of the pre-activation step may be from about 110°C to about 150°C (e.g., from about 110°C to about 140°C, from about 110°C to about 130°C, from about 120°C to about 150°C, from about 120°C to about 140°C, or from about 125°C to about 135°C). In some embodiments, the duration of the pre-activation step may be from about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes (e.g., from about 5 minutes to about 25 minutes, from about 5 minutes to about 15 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 20 minutes to about 30 minutes, from about 10 minutes to about 30 minutes, or from about 13 minutes to about 17 minutes). In some embodiments, the pressure of the pre-activation step may be from about 10psi to about 20psi (e.g., from about 10 to about 15psi, from about 15 to about 20psi, from about 10psi, from about 15psi, or from about 20psi).

[0067] In some cases, the first activation step can be performed under conditions that increase the amount of cellulose II in the first activated cellulose stream relative to the amount of cellulose II in the feedstock.

[0068] The temperature of the first activation step can be any suitable temperature. In some cases, the temperature of the first activation step can be higher than 190°C (e.g., higher than 200°C, 210°C, 220°C, 230°C, or 240°C). In some embodiments, the temperature of the first activation step can be lower than about 250°C (e.g., lower than 240°C, 230°C, or 220°C). In some embodiments, the temperature of the first activation step can be from about 190°C to about 250°C (e.g., from about 190°C to about 230°C, from 190°C to about 225°C, from about 190°C to about 210°C, from about 210°C to about 250°C, from about 230°C to about 250°C, from about 200°C to about 240°C, from about 210°C to about 230°C, from about 215°C to about 225°C, or from about 221°C to about 223°C).

[0069] In the first activation step, the amount of moisture introduced can be any suitable amount. In some embodiments, based on lignocellulosic biomass plus moisture, the amount of moisture can be at least about 30% (for example, at least about 40% or at least about 50%). In some embodiments, the amount of moisture can be less than 90% (for example, less than 80%, 70% or 60%). In some embodiments, the amount of moisture in the first activation step can be about 50%. In some embodiments, the amount of moisture in the first activation step can be about 10% to about 65% (for example, about 10% to about 60%, about 10% to about 50%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 20%, about 20% to about 65%, about 30% to about 65%, about 40% to about 65%, about 50% to about 65%, about 20% about 50%, about 30% to about 60%, or about 35% to about 55%).

[0070] The moisture in the first activation step may be in the form of steam or liquid water. It should be understood that the temperature and pressure of the first activation step may be selected so that liquid water is present in the first activation step. It should be understood that the temperature and pressure of the first activation step may be selected so that steam is present in the first activation step.

[0071] The pressure of the first activation step can be any suitable pressure. In some embodiments, the pressure can be at least about 200psig (for example, at least about 250, 300 or 350psig). In some embodiments, the pressure can be less than 500psig (for example, less than about 450 or 400psig). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the pressure in the reactor corresponds to the minimum temperature according to saturated steam thermodynamics. In some embodiments, the pressure can be increased to exceed and be higher than this value by adding pressurized gas or adding superheat.

[0072] The duration of the first activation step can be any suitable duration. In some embodiments, the first activation step can be less than 30 minutes (for example, less than 20,10 or 5 minutes). In some embodiments, the duration of the first activation step can be about 1 minute to about 30 minutes (for example, about 1 to about 20 minutes, about 1 to about 15 minutes, about 1 to about 10 minutes, about 5 to about 30 minutes, about 10 to about 30 minutes, about 20 to about 30 minutes, about 5 to about 25 minutes, about 5 to about 15 minutes or about 8 to about 12 minutes). It should be understood that the duration of the first activation step can change according to many factors, including the severity of the first activation step, such as the temperature and pressure of the first activation step.

[0073] It should be understood that the temperature, pressure and duration of the treatment can be combined in any desired combination. Thus, for example, the first activation step may include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to a pressure of 200 to 500 psig and a temperature of 200 to 250° C. for 1 to 30 minutes, or to a pressure of 200 to 500 psig and a temperature of 190° C. to 215° C. for less than 4 minutes. As another example, the pre-activation step may include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass to steam treatment for about 13 to about 17 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes) at a pressure of about 13 to about 17 psi (e.g., about 15 psi) and a temperature of about 125° C. to about 135° C. (e.g., about 130° C.). As yet another example, the first activation step can include subjecting the lignocellulosic biomass (e.g., lignocellulosic biomass that has undergone a pre-activation step) to a pressure of about 300 to about 340 psi (e.g., about 305 to about 335 psi) and a temperature of about 215° C. to about 230° C. (e.g., about 222° C.) for about 8 to about 12 minutes (e.g., about 10 minutes).

[0074] The first activated cellulose stream can have any suitable solid content. For example, the first activated cellulose stream can have a solid content of about 30% and 50% solids by weight. In some cases, the solids can be primarily cellulose. In some cases, the solids can include lignin, arabinoxylan and / or trace components, such as ash, protein or extractives.

[0075] The first activated cellulose stream can be washed to form the first washed activated cellulose stream and the first soluble extract. The first activated cellulose stream can be washed with water. Water can include any suitable solute. In some embodiments, the wash water can have a temperature of about 40°C to about 100°C (e.g., about 40°C to about 80°C, about 40°C to about 60°C, about 60°C to about 100°C, about 80°C to about 100°C, about 50°C to about 90°C, about 60°C to about 80°C, about 70°C to about 90°C, or about 55°C to about 55°C about 65°C). In some embodiments, the wash water can have a temperature of about 25°C to about 95°C (e.g., about 25°C to about 75°C, about 25°C to about 50°C, about 50°C to about 95°C, about 75°C to about 95°C, about 25°C to about 50°C, or about 25°C to about 75°C).

[0076] The first soluble extract may be separated from the washed first activated cellulose stream by any suitable method.In some embodiments, the first soluble extract may be separated from the washed first cellulose stream by filtration, such as vacuum filtration.

[0077] In some cases, the first soluble extract (eg, including arabinoxylan) can undergo further processing steps. In some embodiments, the first soluble extract can undergo one or more additional steps to form a composition described herein (eg, an arabinoxylan composition).

[0078] Processing can include any appropriate steps. In some embodiments, the processing steps may include one or more of: any appropriate order of carbon (e.g., activated carbon) treatment or nanofiltration. It should be understood that other techniques may also be used. In some embodiments, processing may not include carbon (e.g., activated carbon) treatment.

[0079] Carbon treatment can include treating the first soluble extract (or the first soluble extract that has undergone one or more processing steps) with carbon (e.g., activated carbon). The loading of carbon can be any suitable loading. For example, carbon (e.g., activated carbon) can be used for a loading of about 0.05% to about 0.3% (e.g., 0.05% to about 0.2%, about 0.05% to about 0.1%, about 0.1% to about 0.3%, about 0.1% to about 0.2%, or about 0.05% to about 0.15%) of one or more components (e.g., arabinoxylan) in the composition. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a loading of about 0.1% or less (e.g., less than about 0.09%, 0.08%, 0.07%, or 0.06%) of the dry weight of one or more components (e.g., arabinoxylan) in the composition can increase the yield of arabinoxylan by minimizing the amount of arabinoxylan adsorbed by carbon.

[0080] Nanofiltration of (e.g., the first soluble extract or the first soluble extract that has undergone one or more processing steps) can include any suitable conditions. In some cases, nanofiltration can use a filter with a pore size of about 0.01 to about 10 nm (e.g., about 0.01 to about 0.05 nm, about 0.04 to about 0.05 nm, about 0.05 to about 0.1 nm, about 0.1 to about 0.5 nm, about 0.5 to about 1 nm, about 1 to about 5 nm, or about 5 to about 10 nm). In some cases, nanofiltration can use a filter with a pore size of about 1 to about 10 nm (e.g., about 1 to about 5 nm or about 5 to about 10 nm). Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that nanofiltration can remove low molecular weight impurities, ions and / or water and concentrate the composition, and the removal of protein can help reduce the foaming in the composition as described herein. In some embodiments, depending on the pore size, nanofiltration can be used to reduce the amount of protein in the composition as described herein. For example, in some embodiments, nanofiltration can use a filter with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of about 100Da to about 250kDa (e.g., about 100Da to about 500Da, about 100Da to about 1kDa, about 1kDa to about 3kDa, about 1kDa to about 10kDa, about 10kDa to about 30kDa, about 10kDa to about 50kDa, about 50kDa to about 100kDa, or about 100kDa to about 250kDa). In some embodiments, nanofiltration can include two filtering steps, which use holes of different sizes (e.g., larger pore size, then smaller pore size), such as any pore size described herein. For example, the first filtration can be performed using a filter having a MWCO of about 100kDa to about 250kDa (e.g., about 100kDa to about 200kDa or about 150kDa to about 250kDa). For example, the second filtration can be performed using a filter having a MWCO of about 100Da to about 30kDa (e.g., about 100Da to about 500Da, about 100Da to about 1kDa, about 1kDa to about 5kDa, about 1kDa to about 10kDa, about 5kDa to about 15kDa, about 10kDa to about 30kDa, or about 15kDa to about 30kDa). In some embodiments, the retentate or filtered solid (e.g., comprising one or more proteins) can be retained for further purification or other purposes. Thus, provided herein are retentates or filtered solids (e.g., comprising one or more proteins) produced by the methods described herein.

[0081] In some embodiments, the first soluble extract may be processed by sequential carbon treatment and nanofiltration to form the composition.

[0082] In some embodiments, the first soluble extract may be processed by nanofiltration to form the composition.

[0083] In some cases, compositions containing arabinoxylans can also be prepared by other methods. For example, compositions containing high molecular weight arabinoxylans can be obtained from commercial suppliers. In some cases, compositions containing high molecular weight arabinoxylans can have an alkaline pH. In some embodiments, the arabinoxylans of the compositions containing high molecular weight arabinoxylans can have a molecular weight (M) of at least about 20 kDa (e.g., at least about 30, 50, 75, or 100 kDa). w In some embodiments, the high molecular weight arabinoxylan can have a molecular weight (M) of about 20 kDa to about 300 kDa (e.g., about 20 to about 250 kDa, about 20 to about 200 kDa, about 20 to about 150 kDa, about 20 to about 100 kDa, about 20 to about 50 kDa, about 50 to about 300 kDa, about 100 to about 300 kDa, about 150 to about 300 kDa, about 200 to about 200 kDa, about 250 to about 300 kDa, or about 100 to about 200 kDa). w ).

[0084] Compositions containing high molecular weight arabinoxylans may be treated to reduce the molecular weight (M w) and form the arabinoxylan of quality reduction.In some embodiments, alkaline conditions can be used to reduce the molecular weight of high molecular weight arabinoxylan.In some embodiments, alkaline conditions can include pH 9.5 to about 11.5 (for example, about 9.5 to about 11.0, about 9.5 to about 10.5, about 9.5 to about 10.0, about 10.0 to about 11.5, about 10.0 to about 11.0, about 10.0 to about 10.5, about 10.5 to about 11.5, about 10.5 to about 11.0, about 11.0 to about 11.5, about 9.5, about 10.0, about 10.5, about 11.0 or about 11.5).Not subject to the constraint of any particular theory, it is believed that the reduction of molecular weight is relevant with pH, ​​duration, temperature and pressure of processing.In some embodiments, pressure can be atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the duration of the alkali treatment can be about 30 minutes to about 8 hours (e.g., about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 6 hours, or about 2 hours to about 4 hours). In some embodiments, the temperature can be about 60°C to about 150°C (e.g., about 60°C to about 120°C, about 60°C to about 100°C, about 60°C to about 80°C, about 70°C to about 150°C, about 90°C to about 150°C, about 110°C to about 150°C, about 130°C to about 150°C, about 80°C to about 130°C, or about 100°C to about 110°C). The alkali treatment can reduce the molecular weight to the desired molecular weight depending on the conditions. In some embodiments, the molecular weight (M) of the alkali-treated arabinoxylan is about 1.5-2.0 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 wt.-1 w ) can be about 5500 to about 6000 Da (e.g., about 5500 to about 5900 Da, about 5500 to about 5700 Da, about 5600 to about 6000 Da, about 5700 to about 6000 Da, or about 5700 to about 5900 Da).

[0085] The reduced-quality arabinoxylan can be processed using any suitable steps to form a composition described herein (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition). In some embodiments, the reduced-quality arabinoxylan composition can be processed using any steps described herein to form a composition described herein. In some embodiments, the reduced-quality arabinoxylan can be subjected to any suitable order of carbon (e.g., activated carbon) treatment or nanofiltration to form a composition (e.g., an arabinoxylan composition). In some embodiments, the composition made from the reduced-quality arabinoxylan can be used in any application described herein (e.g., a sweetener, food, pharmaceutical composition, or dietary supplement).

[0086] In some embodiments, the reduced-quality arabinoxylans can be combined with the first soluble extract in any suitable ratio. For example, about 25% to about 75% (e.g., about 25% to about 50%, about 50% to about 75%, about 25%, about 50% or about 75%) of the reduced-quality arabinoxylans by dry weight can be combined with about 25% to about 75% (e.g., about 25% to about 50%, about 50% to about 75%, about 25%, about 50% or about 75%) of the first soluble extract by dry weight. In some embodiments, such a combination can be subjected to any suitable order of treatment with carbon (e.g., activated carbon) or nanofiltration to form a composition.

[0087] The compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be dried (e.g., partially or completely). The compositions can be dried using any suitable method. For example, in some embodiments, the compositions described herein (e.g., arabinoxylan compositions) can be dried using spray drying, pad drying, or freeze drying.

[0088] The concentration of the composition (e.g., arabinoxylan composition) can be carried out, for example, by evaporation or reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis can also be used for the pre-concentration of arabinoxylans, followed by evaporation. Any suitable concentration method and any suitable drying method can be used. A non-limiting example of an evaporation method that preserves flavor and / or color is falling film evaporation under vacuum. Other non-limiting exemplary drying methods that can retain flavor and / or color are freeze drying or spray drying.

[0089] Exemplary embodiments

[0090] Embodiment 1 is a composition comprising:

[0091] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0092] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of about 3100 Da to about 8400 Da. w ).

[0093] Embodiment 2 is a composition comprising:

[0094] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0095] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of at least about 4800 Da w ).

[0096] Embodiment 3 is a composition comprising:

[0097] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0098] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 40% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0099] Embodiment 4 is a composition comprising:

[0100] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0101] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0102] Embodiment 5 is a composition comprising:

[0103] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0104] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0105] Embodiment 6 is a composition comprising:

[0106] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0107] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0108] Embodiment 7 is a composition comprising:

[0109] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0110] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% by dry weight mannose units.

[0111] Embodiment 8 is a composition comprising:

[0112] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0113] The arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and a molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0114] Embodiment 9 is a composition comprising:

[0115] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0116] The arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and a molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0117] Embodiment 10 is a composition comprising:

[0118] about 80% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight; and

[0119] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0120] Embodiment 11 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-10, comprising about 88% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0121] Embodiment 12 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-11, comprising about 90% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0122] Embodiment 13 is a composition comprising:

[0123] from about 80% to about 96% arabinoxylan by dry weight; and

[0124] From about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, and ash.

[0125] Embodiment 14 is a composition comprising:

[0126] about 80% to about 95% arabinoxylan by dry weight;

[0127] from about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, and ash; and

[0128] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0129] Embodiment 15 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-12, comprising about 88% to about 90% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0130] Embodiment 16 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-13, comprising about 90% to about 95% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0131] Embodiment 17 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-14, comprising about 91% to about 93% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0132] Embodiment 18 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-12 or 15-17, comprising about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0133] Embodiment 19 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-18, comprising about 4% to about 12% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0134] Embodiment 20 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-12 or 15-19, comprising about 6% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0135] Embodiment 21 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-12 or 15-20, comprising about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0136] Embodiment 22 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-12 or 15-19, comprising about 8% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0137] Embodiment 23 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-9, 11-13, or 15-22, comprising from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0138] Embodiment 24 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-23, comprising from about 1% to about 12% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0139] Embodiment 25 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-24, comprising from about 2% to about 5% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0140] Embodiment 26 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-25, comprising from about 5% to about 10% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0141] Embodiment 27 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-26, comprising from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0142] Embodiment 28 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-27, comprising from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0143] Embodiment 29 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-2 or 4-28, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 40% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0144] Embodiment 30 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-29, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 25% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0145] Embodiment 31 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 15% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0146] Embodiment 32 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 10% to about 20% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0147] Embodiment 33 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 15% to about 25% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0148] Embodiment 34 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-31, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 7% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0149] Embodiment 35 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-30, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 18% to about 20% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0150] Embodiment 36 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-3 or 5-35, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0151] Embodiment 37 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 60% to about 70% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0152] Embodiment 38 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 70% to about 80% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0153] Embodiment 39 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 75% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0154] Embodiment 40 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-37, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 62% to about 66% xylose units by dry weight.

[0155] Embodiment 41 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-36, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 78% to about 82% xylose units by dry weight.

[0156] Embodiment 42 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-4 or 6-41, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 8% to about 15% glucose units by dry weight.

[0157] Embodiment 43 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 10% to about 15% by dry weight glucose units.

[0158] Embodiment 44 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 9% to about 11% glucose units by dry weight.

[0159] Embodiment 45 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-42, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 12% to about 14% glucose units by dry weight.

[0160] Embodiment 46 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-5 or 7-45, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% galactose units by dry weight.

[0161] Embodiment 47 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-46, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 3% to about 5% galactose units by dry weight.

[0162] Embodiment 48 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-6 or 8-47, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% mannose units by dry weight.

[0163] Embodiment 49 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-48, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 0.5% mannose units by dry weight.

[0164] Embodiment 50 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-7 or 9-49, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0165] Embodiment 51 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-50, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.35.

[0166] Embodiment 52 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.15.

[0167] Embodiment 53 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0168] Embodiment 54 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.25 to about 0.35.

[0169] Embodiment 55 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.06 to about 0.10.

[0170] Embodiment 56 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-51, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.28 to about 0.32.

[0171] Embodiment 57 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-8 or 10-56, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0172] Embodiment 58 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0173] Embodiment 59 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.20.

[0174] Embodiment 60 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.11 to about 0.15.

[0175] Embodiment 61 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-57, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.18 to about 0.22.

[0176] Embodiment 62 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-61, wherein the composition comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0177] Embodiment 63 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-62, wherein the composition comprises less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0178] Embodiment 64 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-63, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 5% protein by dry weight.

[0179] Embodiment 65 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-64, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 4% protein by dry weight.

[0180] Embodiment 66 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-64, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% protein by dry weight.

[0181] Embodiment 67 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-65, wherein the composition comprises about 3.6% to about 4% protein by dry weight.

[0182] Embodiment 68 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-67, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 6% dry weight ash.

[0183] Embodiment 69 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 5% dry weight ash.

[0184] Embodiment 70 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-69, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 3% dry weight ash.

[0185] Embodiment 71 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.8% to about 1.2% ash by dry weight.

[0186] Embodiment 72 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-68, wherein the composition comprises from about 4.5% to about 4.9% dry weight ash.

[0187] Embodiment 73 is the composition of any one of embodiments 3-72, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of about 3100-8400 Da. w ).

[0188] Embodiment 74 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1 or 3-73, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight of at least 4800 Da.

[0189] Embodiment 75 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-74, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-6000 Da. w ).

[0190] Embodiment 76 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-75, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-5700 Da. w ).

[0191] Embodiment 77 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-76, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5600-5800 Da. w ).

[0192] Embodiment 78 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-77, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 3000-3500 Da. n ).

[0193] Embodiment 79 is the composition of any one of embodiments 1-78, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 3200-3400 Da. n ).

[0194] Embodiment 80 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-79, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

[0195] Embodiment 81 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-80, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.005% by dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0196] Embodiment 82 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-81, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.003% by dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0197] Embodiment 83 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-82, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0198] Embodiment 84 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-83, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0199] Embodiment 85 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-84, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0200] Embodiment 86 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-85, wherein the composition comprises from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0201] Embodiment 87 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-86, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0202] Embodiment 88 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-87, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0203] Embodiment 89 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-88, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.1% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0204] Embodiment 90 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-89, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0205] Embodiment 91 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-90, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapinic acid units.

[0206] Embodiment 92 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-91, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapinic acid units.

[0207] Embodiment 93 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-92, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0208] Embodiment 94 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-93, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0209] Embodiment 95 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-94, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.01% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0210] Embodiment 96 is the composition of any of embodiments 10-12 or 14-95, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0211] Embodiment 97 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-96, wherein the composition is light brown.

[0212] Embodiment 98 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-97, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0213] Embodiment 99 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-98, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0214] Embodiment 100 is the composition of any of embodiments 1-99, wherein the composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0215] Embodiment 101 is a composition comprising:

[0216] From about 88% to about 90% by dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises:

[0217] about 5% to about 7% by dry weight arabinose units;

[0218] about 78% to about 82% by dry weight xylose units;

[0219] about 9% to about 11% by dry weight glucose units;

[0220] about 3% to about 4% by dry weight galactose units;

[0221] about 4% to about 6% non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or combinations thereof; and

[0222] from about 3% to about 11% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols,

[0223] The molecular weight (M) of the composition w ) is about 5400 to about 5800 Da.

[0224] Embodiment 102 is a composition comprising:

[0225] From about 90% to about 94% by dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises:

[0226] about 17% to about 21% by dry weight arabinose units;

[0227] about 62% to about 66% by dry weight xylose units;

[0228] about 12% to about 14% by dry weight glucose units;

[0229] about 3% to about 4% by dry weight galactose units;

[0230] about 8% to about 11% non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or combinations thereof; and

[0231] from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols,

[0232] The molecular weight (M) of the composition w ) is about 5600 to about 6000 Da.

[0233] Embodiment 103 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-102, wherein the molecular weight (M n ) is about 3100 to about 3500 Da.

[0234] Embodiment 104 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-103, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.003% by dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0235] Embodiment 105 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-104, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.02% by dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0236] Embodiment 106 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-105, wherein the composition comprises from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0237] Embodiment 107 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-106, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.02% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0238] Embodiment 108 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-107, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0239] Embodiment 109 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-108, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapinic acid units.

[0240] Embodiment 110 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-109, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0241] Embodiment 111 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-110, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight vanillin units.

[0242] Embodiment 112 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-111, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 27,000 to about 31,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0243] Embodiment 113 is the composition of any of embodiments 101-112, wherein the composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0244] Embodiment 114 is a food product comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113.

[0245] Embodiment 115 is a dietary supplement comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113.

[0246] Embodiment 116 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113.

[0247] Embodiment 117 is the food of embodiment 114, the dietary supplement of embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 116, wherein the composition of any of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0248] Embodiment 118 is the food of embodiment 114, the dietary supplement of embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 116, wherein the composition of any of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0249] Embodiment 119 is the food of embodiment 114, the dietary supplement of embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 116, wherein the composition of any of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0250] Embodiment 120 is the food of embodiment 114, the dietary supplement of embodiment 115, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 116, wherein the composition of any of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0251] Embodiment 121 is the use of the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 in food.

[0252] Embodiment 122 is the use of the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 in a dietary supplement.

[0253] Embodiment 123 is the use of the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0254] Embodiment 124 is the use of any one of embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0255] Embodiment 125 is the use of any one of embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0256] Embodiment 126 is the use of any one of embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0257] Embodiment 127 is the use of any one of embodiments 121-123, wherein the composition of any one of embodiments 1-113 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0258] Embodiment 128 is a method of preparing a composition, comprising:

[0259] providing lignocellulosic biomass;

[0260] combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water;

[0261] activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream;

[0262] washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan; and

[0263] The first soluble extract is processed to form a composition.

[0264] Embodiment 129 is the method of embodiment 128, wherein the first temperature is from about 190°C to about 225°C.

[0265] Embodiment 130 is the method of embodiment 128 or embodiment 129, wherein the first pressure is from about 200 to about 500 psig.

[0266] Embodiment 131 is the method of any of embodiments 128-130, wherein the activating step has a duration of about 1 to about 30 minutes.

[0267] Embodiment 132 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-131, wherein washing comprises washing with water at a temperature between about 40°C and about 100°C.

[0268] Embodiment 133 is the method of any of embodiments 128-132, wherein processing comprises one or more of treatment with carbon, nanofiltration, or a combination thereof.

[0269] Embodiment 134 is the method described in Embodiment 133, wherein the treatment with carbon is treatment with activated carbon.

[0270] Embodiment 135 is the method of embodiment 133 or embodiment 134, wherein treating with carbon comprises using carbon in an amount of about 0.05% to about 0.15% dry weight of the arabinoxylans in the first soluble extract.

[0271] Embodiment 136 is the method of any of embodiments 128-135, wherein processing comprises sequentially treating with carbon and nanofiltration to form the composition.

[0272] Embodiment 137 is the method of any of embodiments 133-136, wherein nanofiltration comprises filtration using a pore size of about 0.01 to about 10 nm.

[0273] Embodiment 138 is the method of embodiment 137, wherein nanofiltration comprises filtration using a pore size of about 0.04 to about 0.05 nm.

[0274] Embodiment 139 is the method of embodiment 137, wherein nanofiltration comprises filtration using a pore size of about 1 to about 10 nm.

[0275] Embodiment 140 is the method of any of embodiments 137-139, wherein processing does not include treatment with carbon.

[0276] Embodiment 141 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-140, further comprising adding reduced quality arabinoxylan to the first soluble extract prior to processing.

[0277] Embodiment 142 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-141, further comprising drying the composition.

[0278] Embodiment 143 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0279] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0280] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of about 3100 Da to about 8400 Da. w ).

[0281] Embodiment 144 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0282] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0283] wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of at least about 4800 Da w ).

[0284] Embodiment 145 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0285] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0286] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 25% by dry weight of arabinose units.

[0287] Embodiment 146 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0288] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0289] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0290] Embodiment 147 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0291] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0292] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 12% to about 14% by dry weight of glucose units.

[0293] Embodiment 148 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0294] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0295] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% by dry weight of galactose units.

[0296] Embodiment 149 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0297] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0298] wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% by dry weight mannose units.

[0299] Embodiment 150 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0300] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0301] The arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and a molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0302] Embodiment 151 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0303] from about 80% to about 99% by dry weight arabinoxylan,

[0304] The arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and a molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0305] Embodiment 152 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-142, wherein the composition comprises:

[0306] about 80% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight; and

[0307] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0308] Embodiment 153 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-152, wherein the composition comprises about 88% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0309] Embodiment 154 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-152, wherein the composition comprises about 90% to about 99% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0310] Embodiment 155 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-152, wherein the composition comprises:

[0311] from about 80% to about 96% arabinoxylan by dry weight; and

[0312] From about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, and ash.

[0313] Embodiment 156 is the method of any one of embodiments 128-155, wherein the composition comprises:

[0314] about 80% to about 95% arabinoxylan by dry weight;

[0315] from about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or combinations thereof; and

[0316] From about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0317] Embodiment 157 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-156, wherein the composition comprises about 88% to about 90% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0318] Embodiment 158 ​​is the method of any one of embodiments 143-157, wherein the composition comprises about 90% to about 95% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0319] Embodiment 159 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-158, wherein the composition comprises about 91% to about 93% arabinoxylan by dry weight.

[0320] Embodiment 160 is the method of any of embodiments 143-154 or 156-159, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 20% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0321] Embodiment 161 is the method of any of embodiments 143-160, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 12% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0322] Embodiment 162 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-161, wherein the composition comprises from about 6% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0323] Embodiment 163 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-162, wherein the composition comprises about 5% to about 7% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0324] Embodiment 164 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-162, wherein the composition comprises from about 8% to about 10% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or a combination thereof.

[0325] Embodiment 165 is the method of any of embodiments 143-151, 153-155, or 157-164, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 14% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0326] Embodiment 166 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-165, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 12% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0327] Embodiment 167 is the method of any of embodiments 143-166, wherein the composition comprises from about 2% to about 5% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0328] Embodiment 168 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-167, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 10% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0329] Embodiment 169 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-168, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0330] Embodiment 170 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-169, wherein the composition comprises from about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols.

[0331] Embodiment 171 is the method of any of embodiments 143-144 or 146-170, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 40% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0332] Embodiment 172 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 25% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0333] Embodiment 173 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 5% to about 15% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0334] Embodiment 174 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 10% to about 20% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0335] Embodiment 175 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 15% to about 25% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0336] Embodiment 176 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-172, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 5% to about 7% arabinose units by dry weight.

[0337] Embodiment 177 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-171, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 18% to about 20% by dry weight arabinose units.

[0338] Embodiment 178 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-145 or 147-177, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 60% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0339] Embodiment 179 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 60% to about 70% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0340] Embodiment 180 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 70% to about 80% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0341] Embodiment 181 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 75% to about 85% by dry weight of xylose units.

[0342] Embodiment 182 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 62% to about 66% xylose units by dry weight.

[0343] Embodiment 183 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-178, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 78% to about 82% xylose units by dry weight.

[0344] Embodiment 184 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-146 or 148-183, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 8% to about 15% glucose units by dry weight.

[0345] Embodiment 185 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-184, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 10% to about 15% by dry weight glucose units.

[0346] Embodiment 186 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-184, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 9% to about 11% glucose units by dry weight.

[0347] Embodiment 187 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-184, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 12% to about 14% glucose units by dry weight.

[0348] Embodiment 188 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-147 or 149-187, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises from about 2% to about 6% galactose units by dry weight.

[0349] Embodiment 189 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-188, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises about 3% to about 5% galactose units by dry weight.

[0350] Embodiment 190 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-148 or 150-189, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 1% mannose units by dry weight.

[0351] Embodiment 191 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-190, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than about 0.5% mannose units by dry weight.

[0352] Embodiment 192 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-149 or 151-191, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.65.

[0353] Embodiment 193 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-192, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.35.

[0354] Embodiment 194 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.05 to about 0.15.

[0355] Embodiment 195 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0356] Embodiment 196 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.25 to about 0.35.

[0357] Embodiment 197 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-194, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.06 to about 0.10.

[0358] Embodiment 198 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-193, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises arabinose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the arabinose units to the xylose units is from about 0.28 to about 0.32.

[0359] Embodiment 199 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-150 or 152-198, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.25.

[0360] Embodiment 200 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-199, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.15 to about 0.25.

[0361] Embodiment 201 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.10 to about 0.20.

[0362] Embodiment 202 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.11 to about 0.15.

[0363] Embodiment 203 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-200, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises glucose units and xylose units, and the molar ratio of the glucose units to the xylose units is from about 0.18 to about 0.22.

[0364] Embodiment 204 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-203, wherein the composition comprises less than about 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0365] Embodiment 205 is the method of any of embodiments 143-204, wherein the composition comprises less than about 0.5% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

[0366] Embodiment 206 is the method of any of embodiments 143-205, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 5% protein by dry weight.

[0367] Embodiment 207 is the method of any of embodiments 143-206, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 4% protein by dry weight.

[0368] Embodiment 208 is the method of any of embodiments 143-206, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% protein by dry weight.

[0369] Embodiment 209 is the method of any of embodiments 143-207, wherein the composition comprises about 3.6% to about 4% protein by dry weight.

[0370] Embodiment 210 is the method of any of embodiments 143-209, wherein the composition comprises about 0.5% to about 6% dry weight ash.

[0371] Embodiment 211 is the method of any of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 5% dry weight ash.

[0372] Embodiment 212 is the method of any of embodiments 143-211, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 3% dry weight ash.

[0373] Embodiment 213 is the method of any of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 0.8% to about 1.2% dry weight ash.

[0374] Embodiment 214 is the method of any of embodiments 143-210, wherein the composition comprises about 4.5% to about 4.9% dry weight ash.

[0375] Embodiment 215 is the method of any one of embodiments 135-214, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of about 3100-8400 Da. w ).

[0376] Embodiment 216 is the composition of any one of embodiments 143 or 145-215, wherein the arabinoxylan has a molecular weight of at least 4800 Da.

[0377] Embodiment 217 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-216, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-6000 Da. w ).

[0378] Embodiment 218 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-217, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5500-5700 Da. w ).

[0379] Embodiment 219 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-218, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 5600-5800 Da. w ).

[0380] Embodiment 220 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-219, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 3000-3500 Da. n ).

[0381] Embodiment 221 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-220, wherein the composition has a molecular weight (M) of about 3200-3400 Da. n ).

[0382] Embodiment 222 is the method of any one of embodiments 152-154 or 156-221, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprise units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

[0383] Embodiment 223 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-22, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001% to about 0.005% by dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0384] Embodiment 224 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-223, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.001% to about 0.003% by dry weight of ferulic acid units.

[0385] Embodiment 225 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-224, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight gallic acid units.

[0386] Embodiment 226 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-225, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of gallic acid units.

[0387] Embodiment 227 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-226, wherein the composition comprises about 1% to about 2% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0388] Embodiment 228 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-227, wherein the composition comprises from about 1.0% to about 1.5% by dry weight of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid units.

[0389] Embodiment 229 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-228, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.05% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0390] Embodiment 230 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-229, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.03% by dry weight of coumaric acid units.

[0391] Embodiment 231 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-230, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.1% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0392] Embodiment 232 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-231, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.07% by dry weight of syringic acid units.

[0393] Embodiment 233 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-232, wherein the composition comprises about 0.1% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapinic acid units.

[0394] Embodiment 234 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-233, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.3% to about 0.5% by dry weight of sinapinic acid units.

[0395] Embodiment 235 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-234, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.05% to about 0.3% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0396] Embodiment 236 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-235, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.1% to about 0.2% by dry weight of rosmarinic acid units.

[0397] Embodiment 237 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-236, wherein the composition comprises about 0.001% to about 0.01% by dry weight of vanillin units.

[0398] Embodiment 238 is the method of any of embodiments 152-154 or 156-237, wherein the composition comprises about 0.004% to about 0.006% by dry weight vanillin units.

[0399] Embodiment 239 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-238, wherein the composition is light brown.

[0400] Embodiment 240 is the method of any of embodiments 143-239, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0401] Embodiment 241 is the method of any of embodiments 143-240, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of about 25,000 to about 35,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0402] Embodiment 242 is the method of any one of embodiments 143-241, wherein the composition comprises epigallocatechin gallate.

[0403] Embodiment 243 is a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242.

[0404] Embodiment 244 is a food comprising a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242.

[0405] Embodiment 245 is a dietary supplement comprising a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242.

[0406] Embodiment 246 is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242.

[0407] Embodiment 247 is the food of embodiment 243, the dietary supplement of embodiment 244, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0408] Embodiment 248 is the food of embodiment 243, the dietary supplement of embodiment 244, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0409] Embodiment 249 is the food of embodiment 243, the dietary supplement of embodiment 244, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0410] Embodiment 250 is the food of embodiment 243, the dietary supplement of embodiment 244, or the pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 245, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0411] Embodiment 251 is the use of the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 in food.

[0412] Embodiment 252 is the use of a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 in a pharmaceutical composition.

[0413] Embodiment 253 is the use of a composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 in a dietary supplement.

[0414] Embodiment 255 is the use of any one of embodiments 251-253, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 7 g per serving.

[0415] Embodiment 256 is the use of any one of embodiments 251-253, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 10 g per serving.

[0416] Embodiment 257 is the use of any one of embodiments 251-253, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 12 g per serving.

[0417] Embodiment 258 is the use of any one of embodiments 251-253, wherein the composition prepared by the method of any one of embodiments 128-242 is present in an amount of at least 14 g per serving.

[0418] Example

[0419] Example 1

[0420] Wheat straw is treated with steam at a given temperature for a given time (activation step; see, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2018 / 0119188, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) to dissolve the crude arabinoxylan in water.

[0421] The material is extracted with water and the liquid unprocessed arabinoxylan is removed by vacuum filtration to form a first soluble extract.

[0422] The first soluble extract was treated with a minimal amount of carbon (0.1% w / w) to remove compounds that could foul downstream membranes (e.g., soluble lignin and proteins), but in a way that minimized AX yield loss by avoiding adsorption of AX (with attached polyphenolic groups) on the carbon.

[0423] The resulting arabinoxylan is then treated using nanofiltration to remove degradation compounds and impurities, such as salts and plant-based inorganics. The membrane size is selected to maintain AX yield (e.g., to minimize the amount of AX filtered out along with the impurities). This step also removes water and concentrates the AX before evaporating into a syrup or drying into a powder.

[0424] Relatively pure AX (eg, greater than about 90%), including polyphenols and color, is then evaporated into a concentrated syrup or dried into a powder.

[0425] Example 2

[0426] Table 1 shows exemplary arabinoxylan compositions prepared by the method of Example 1. The exemplary compositions have an antioxidant level of about 29000 μmol TE / 100 g.

[0427] Table 1

[0428]

[0429] #:Undetermined

[0430] Example 3

[0431] In the pre-activation step, the wheat straw is treated with steam at about 110° C. to about 150° C. (e.g., about 130° C.) at a pressure of about 10 psi to about 20 psi (e.g., about 15 psi) for about 5 minutes to about 30 minutes (e.g., about 15 minutes). The ratio of steam to wheat straw is about 0.1 to about 1.0 (e.g., about 0.1 to about 0.8, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.3, about 0.3 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.8 to about 1, about 0.3 to about 0.5, about 0.3 to about 0.8, or about 0.5 to about 0.8). The straw is then treated with steam at about 200° C. to about 240° C. (e.g., about 222° C.) at a pressure of about 300 psi to about 350 psi (e.g., about 305 to about 335 psi) for about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes (e.g., about 10 minutes). The ratio of steam to wheat straw is about 0.1 to about 2.0 (e.g., about 0.1 to about 1.5, about 0.1 to about 1.0, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 2.0, about 1.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.0, or about 1.0 to about 1.5).

[0432] The material is extracted with water at a temperature of about 25°C to about 95°C (e.g., about 25°C to about 75°C, about 25°C to about 50°C, about 50°C to about 95°C, about 75°C to about 95°C, about 25°C to about 50°C, or about 25°C to about 75°C), and the arabinoxylan solution is removed by vacuum filtration.

[0433] Example 4

[0434] Unprocessed arabinoxylan (e.g., unprocessed arabinoxylan of Example 3) is treated with about 0.05% to about 0.15% (e.g., 0.1% w / w) activated carbon to remove compounds that may foul downstream membranes (e.g., soluble lignin and proteins), but in a manner that minimizes AX yield loss by avoiding adsorption of AX (having attached polyphenolic groups) on the carbon.

[0435] The resulting composition is then treated using nanofiltration to remove degradation compounds and impurities, such as salts and plant-based inorganics. The membrane size is selected to maintain AX yield (e.g., to minimize the amount of AX that is filtered out along with the impurities). This step also removes water and concentrates the AX before evaporating into a syrup or drying into a powder.

[0436] Relatively pure AX (eg, greater than about 90%), including polyphenols and color, is then evaporated into a concentrated syrup or dried into a powder.

[0437] Some properties of the prepared AX are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

[0438] Table 2

[0439]

[0440] Table 3

[0441]

[0442] Example 5

[0443] High molecular weight arabinoxylan preparations are obtained from commercial suppliers. High molecular weight arabinoxylan preparations (which may have connected polyphenols and higher molecular weights, such as higher than about 20kDa (e.g., about 30 to about 300kDa) and may have an alkaline pH (e.g., about 9 to about 14)) are treated with alkaline conditions at elevated temperatures in the presence or absence of an oxidant and an additive that can improve the performance of the oxidant. In some cases, the temperature is 60°C to 200°C (e.g., about 90°C) for a period of 30 minutes to 8 hours (e.g., about 2 to 4 hours). Typically, the higher the temperature, the shorter the time used. Typically, temperatures higher than 100°C are not used because they typically include more complex and more expensive pressurized systems. The resulting arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of about 5500 to about 6000Da. w ).

[0444] Example 6

[0445] The arabinoxylans prepared in Example 5 are combined with a first soluble extract (eg, the first soluble extract of Example 1). The combined arabinoxylans are treated with activated carbon and nanofiltration, eg, as in Example 4.

[0446] Example 7

[0447] The arabinoxylan prepared in Example 5 was treated with activated carbon and nanofiltration as described in Example 4.

[0448] Example 8

[0449] A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study to investigate the effects of arabinoxylan on gastrointestinal tolerance in healthy adults

[0450] The study was conducted as a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with one screening visit (Visit 1; Week -1) and three test periods separated by a washout period of at least 2 weeks [Test Period 1 (Visits 2 and 3; Weeks 0 to 3), Test Period 2 (Visits 4 and 5; Weeks 5 to 8), and Test Period 3 (Visits 6 and 7; Weeks 10 to 13)]. Subjects took 11.6 g maltodextrin / day (placebo), 5.8 g maltodextrin / day and 7.25 g Exemplary Composition 2 (Table 1) / day (providing 6.37 g arabinoxylan fiber / day), or 14.5 g Exemplary Composition 2 (Table 1) / day (providing 12.74 g arabinoxylan fiber / day) for 3 weeks. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms were assessed using multiple outcome measures collected from the Gastrointestinal Tolerance Questionnaire (GITQ), which was completed within 7 days before the start of any intervention (baseline, Week 0) and at the end of each 3-week test period.

[0451] The subjects were male and female, aged 21 to 65 years (inclusive), each with a body weight of 18.5-35.0 kg / m 2 (inclusive) body mass index (BMI) and bowel regularity (by self-report).

[0452] Research Products

[0453] a. Placebo: 11.6 g maltodextrin / day

[0454] b. Active 1: 5.8 g maltodextrin / day and 7.25 g Exemplary Composition 2 / day, which provides 6.37 g arabinoxylan fiber / day

[0455] c. Active substance 2: 14.5 g of exemplary composition 2 / day, which provides 12.74 g of arabinoxylan fiber / day

[0456] Subjects were instructed to take the study product daily for 3 weeks. Subjects were assigned an opaque sachet containing the study product and were instructed to mix the contents of each sachet thoroughly with 16 ounces of water and drink the entire drink, then rinse the drink container with some water and drink this additional water to ensure that all of the study product was consumed. Each dose of the study product was completed within 10 minutes to 1 hour. The study product was taken twice daily, once in the morning and once in the evening, with or without food.

[0457] Key results

[0458] The area under the curve (AUC) of the GITQ composite score was measured daily during the three testing periods.

[0459] Analyze groups

[0460] Two sample populations were analyzed: modified intent-to-treat (mITT) and per protocol (PP). The mITT population (n = 44) included all randomized subjects who completed appropriate questionnaires / study procedures. The PP (n = 36) population was a subset of the mITT population, in which subjects withdrew due to premature termination / withdrawal of consent (n = 3), failure to repeat diet (n = 3), non-compliance (n = 1), excessive weight change during the trial not related to the study product (n = 1), and influenza with concomitant medication use during treatment (n = 1).

[0461] Statistical analysis methods

[0462] The AUCs for the component GI tolerability scores for the treatment period restricted to 21 days were calculated using the trapezoidal approximation:

[0463]

[0464] Two subjects had 20 days. Due to the nonlinearity of the residuals, the AUC was ranked and modeled using a linear mixed model with a random intercept for subjects nested within the sequence. The final adjusted model was selected using a backward elimination method taking into account the following fixed effects: sequence, period, and previous treatment.

[0465] result

[0466] There was no statistically significant difference in the AUC of the GITQ comprehensive score (P>0.05) (Tables 4 and 5).

[0467] Table 4 AUC of GITQ comprehensive score in mITT population

[0468]

[0469] 1 The final adjusted model takes into account the series, period, baseline and previous products. A rank-based transformation is used.

[0470] 2 The model is ranking-based; the estimates produced by the model reflect the ranking of the GITQ composite score.

[0471] Abbreviations: AX, arabinoxylan; CI, confidence interval; n, sample size; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean

[0472] Table 5 AUC of GITQ comprehensive score in PP population

[0473]

[0474] 1The final adjusted model takes into account the series, period, baseline and previous products. A rank-based transformation is used.

[0475] 2 The model is ranking-based; the estimates produced by the model reflect the ranking of the GITQ composite score.

[0476] Abbreviations: AX, arabinoxylan; CI, confidence interval; n, sample size; SD, standard deviation; SEM, standard error of the mean

[0477] Summarize

[0478] Daily administration of 7.25 g and 14.5 g of Exemplary Composition 2 (providing 6.37 g and 12.74 g of arabinoxylan fiber, respectively) for 3 weeks did not affect GI tolerability compared to placebo.

[0479] Other Implementations

[0480] It should be understood that although the invention has been described in conjunction with its detailed description, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. A composition comprising: 90% to 94% by dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: 17 to 21% dry weight of arabinose units; 62% to 66% dry weight xylose units; 12% to 14% dry weight glucose units; 3% to 4% by dry weight of galactose units; 8% to 11% non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or combinations thereof; and 1% to 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, The molecular weight (M) of the composition w ) is 5600 to 6000Da, The arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of 3100 to 8400 Da. w ), The composition is prepared by the following method, which comprises: providing lignocellulosic biomass; combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water; activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream; washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan; and The first soluble extract is processed to form the composition, the processing comprising sequentially treating with carbon and nanofiltration to form the composition.

2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than 1% by dry weight of mannose units. 3 . The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the arabinose unit to the xylose unit is 0.28 to 0.

32. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the glucose unit to the xylose unit is 0.18 to 0.

22.

5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises less than 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% to 5% protein by dry weight.

7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% to 6% dry weight ash.

8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprises units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of 25000 to 50000 μmol TE / 100 g.

10. The composition according to claim 1, comprising: 92% by dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: 19% arabinose units by dry weight; 64% dry weight xylose units; 13% dry weight glucose units; 4% dry weight galactose units; 1% sugar monomers, 3.8% protein, 4.7% ash; and 1.928% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, The molecular weight (M) of the composition w ) is 5800Da.

11. A food product comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

12. A dietary supplement comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 10.

14. A method for preparing a composition, comprising: providing lignocellulosic biomass; combining the lignocellulosic biomass with water; activating the lignocellulosic biomass and water using conditions including a first temperature and a first pressure to form a first activated cellulose stream; washing the first activated cellulose stream to form a washed first activated cellulose stream and a first soluble extract, wherein the first soluble extract comprises arabinoxylan; and processing said first soluble extract to form a composition, said processing comprising sequentially treating with carbon and nanofiltration to form said composition, The composition comprises: 90% to 94% by dry weight arabinoxylan, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises: 17 to 21% dry weight of arabinose units; 62% to 66% dry weight xylose units; 12% to 14% dry weight glucose units; 3% to 4% by dry weight of galactose units; 8% to 11% non-arabinoxylan carbohydrate polymers, sugar monomers, protein, ash, or combinations thereof; and 1% to 3% by dry weight of one or more polyphenols, The molecular weight (M) of the composition w ) is 5600 to 6000Da, The arabinoxylan has a molecular weight (M) of 3100 to 8400 Da. w ).

15. The method of claim 14, wherein nanofiltration comprises filtration using a pore size of 0.01 to 10 nm.

16. The method of claim 14, further comprising adding reduced quality arabinoxylan to the first soluble extract prior to processing.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein the arabinoxylan comprises less than 1% mannose units by dry weight.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the molar ratio of the arabinose unit to the xylose unit is 0.28 to 0.

32.

19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the molar ratio of the glucose unit to the xylose unit is 0.18 to 0.

22.

20. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises less than 1% by dry weight of carbohydrate polymers other than arabinoxylan.

21. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% to 5% protein by dry weight.

22. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition comprises 0.5% to 6% dry weight ash.

23. The method of claim 14, wherein the one or more polyphenols comprises units selected from the group consisting of ferulic acid, gallic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, sinapinic acid, rosmarinic acid, vanillin, and combinations thereof.

24. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition has an antioxidant level of 25,000 to 50,000 μmol TE / 100 g.

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