Sub- translucent photovoltaic devices and methods of making the same

Abstract

A semi-transparent photovoltaic device (1) is disclosed, having a semi-transparent substrate (10) having photovoltaic stacks (11) interrupted by spatially distributed openings (11o) filled with a semi-transparent polymer (13a). A method for manufacturing the device is also disclosed. The method includes: - providing (S1) a photovoltaic stack (11) at a first side (10a) of the substrate (10); - removing (S2) material from the stack in spatially distributed regions to form openings (11o) in these regions; - depositing (S3) a protective layer (12) overly on the substrate having the photovoltaic stack (11); - depositing (S4) a radiation-curable precursor layer (13) for a semi-transparent polymer overly on the protective layer (12); - irradiating the substrate (10) from a second side (10b) opposite to the first side (10a) of the substrate (S5) to selectively cure the radiation-curable precursor inside and in front of the spatially distributed openings (11o), the radiation-curable precursor being subsequently converted into the semi-transparent polymer (13a); - removing the uncured remainder (13b) of the radiation-curable precursor layer (S6).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to a semi-transparent photovoltaic device.

[0002] This application also relates to a method for manufacturing a semi-transparent photovoltaic device. Background Technology

[0003] Photovoltaic devices typically include a photovoltaic stack, which comprises at least one photovoltaic layer sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode. Semi-transparent photovoltaic devices are widely used in applications requiring regulation of solar radiation intensity and the conversion of absorbed solar radiation into electrical energy.

[0004] Photovoltaic products for this purpose are known, in which the photovoltaic stack is interrupted by a semi-transparent segment pattern. The photovoltaic stack can be provided, for example, as a comb pattern, wherein the spaces between the teeth of the comb are made of a semi-transparent material. Other patterns can also be applied to make the stack partially semi-transparent. For example, the photovoltaic stack can be interrupted by alternating circular openings. It has been found that misalignment of the individual layers of the photovoltaic stack can be clearly manifested as the Moiré effect, which can be quite bothersome unless specifically required. One option is to provide the pattern at a sufficiently large scale that the Moiré effect is no longer visible. However, in applications where the semi-transparent segment pattern is provided at a smaller scale, the above option does not serve as a solution. Therefore, a method for manufacturing sub-semi-transparent photovoltaic devices is needed that reduces the risk of the Moiré effect becoming visible with semi-transparent patterns at smaller scales, and sub-semi-transparent photovoltaic devices that can be manufactured by this method are also needed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address this need, a method for manufacturing semi-transparent photovoltaic devices is provided. Furthermore, a semi-transparent photovoltaic device that can be manufactured using this method is also provided.

[0006] The method includes the following steps.

[0007] A substrate is provided, wherein a first side of the substrate has a photovoltaic stack.

[0008] Material is removed from the spatially distributed regions of the stack, thereby forming openings in these regions. The openings in the spatially distributed regions can be provided in various ways. According to one option, circular openings or openings of another shape are provided. According to another option, elongated openings are formed. Depending on the application, the photovoltaic stack can remain as a single unit. That is, although the stack is interrupted by openings, it remains laterally connected. In other words, for each layer in the stack, there is a path between each pair of points in that layer. Alternatively, the stack can be divided into mutually separate photovoltaic stack segments.

[0009] After patterning the photovoltaic stack, a protective layer is deposited on the substrate having the patterned photovoltaic stack in a blanket-wise fashion, and then a radiation-curable precursor layer for the polymer is deposited on the protective layer in a blanket-wise fashion, such that the radiation-curable precursor fills the openings in the spatially distributed region.

[0010] The substrate is then irradiated from a second side opposite to a first side of the substrate having the patterned photovoltaic stack. The radiation received by the substrate at its second side protrudes into a radiation-curable precursor layer within an opening, where material is removed from the stack. The radiation is absorbed by the material of the photovoltaic stack outside these areas. Therefore, the radiation-curable precursor present inside the spatially distributed openings and optionally in front of them is selectively cured and transformed into a translucent polymer. The radiation-curable precursor may, for example, be a visible-light-curable adhesive, such as an adhesive that can be cured by radiation within a certain wavelength range, for which the substrate is translucent, but which is absorbed by the photovoltaic material for photoelectric conversion.

[0011] The uncured remainder of the radiation-curable precursor layer is then removed with a solvent. The protective layer then protects the photovoltaic stack from the solvent.

[0012] This method enables proper alignment of the pattern formed in the radiation-curable precursor with the pattern in the photovoltaic stack. Attached Figure Description

[0013] The above and other aspects will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the accompanying drawings:

[0014] Figure 1 An embodiment of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device is schematically illustrated;

[0015] Figure 2 An embodiment of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device in use is schematically illustrated; furthermore, Figure 2A and Figure 2B The first and second examples of the embodiments are shown in top view form, respectively.

[0016] Figure 3 An application of one embodiment of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device is schematically illustrated;

[0017] Figures 4A to 4E An embodiment of manufacturing a semi-transparent photovoltaic device is schematically illustrated;

[0018] Figures 5A to 5C The steps in another embodiment of the manufacturing of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device are illustrated schematically;

[0019] 6A to 6D The steps in yet another embodiment of the manufacturing of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device are illustrated schematically;

[0020] Figure 7 Other embodiments of semi-transparent photovoltaic devices are illustrated schematically. Detailed Implementation

[0021] Unless otherwise indicated, similar reference numerals in the figures indicate similar elements.

[0022] Figure 1 A semi-transparent photovoltaic device 1 is schematically shown, comprising a semi-transparent substrate 10 with a photovoltaic stack 11 disposed on its first side 10a, the photovoltaic stack 11 being interrupted by spatially distributed openings 11o. The photovoltaic stack 11 can be coupled to a DC / AC converter 20 via a first electrical connector 21 and a second electrical connector 22, the DC / AC converter being coupled to a three-phase power network at its outputs 23, 24, and 25. Alternatively, the photovoltaic stack 11 can be coupled to a battery charger via its electrical connectors, or, for example, to an electrical load. Figure 1 As schematically shown in the detailed portion, the photovoltaic stack 11 includes at least a first electrode 111, a second electrode 115, and a photovoltaic layer 113 between these electrodes. Typically, a charge carrier transport layer is also present between each electrode 111, 115 and the photovoltaic layer 113. For example, in this application, an electron transport layer 112 exists between the first electrode 111 (as a cathode) and the photovoltaic layer 113. Furthermore, a hole transport layer 114 exists between the second electrode 115 (as an anode) and the photovoltaic layer 113. Note that a single layer shown in the figures may be a stack of multiple sublayers. However, for clarity, only one layer is shown for each function.

[0023] The protective layer 12 extends coverively over the surface formed by the combination of the substrate 10 and the interrupted photovoltaic stack 11. The openings 11o of the spatial distribution of the interrupted photovoltaic stack 11 are filled with a translucent polymer 13a, which is obtained from a radiation-cured precursor.

[0024] like Figure 2 As schematically shown, the semi-transparent photovoltaic device 1 transmits a portion of the solar radiation Ra into the translucent polymer 13a in the opening 11o, and absorbs another portion Rb into the photovoltaic stack 11 for conversion into electricity.

[0025] Various options are available for providing a semi-transparent region 11o in the photovoltaic stack 11. Figure 2A In the example shown, opening 11o is circular. However, any other shape can be chosen, such as ellipse or rectangle. Figure 2A As shown, the surface includes subsequent rows of openings. The cross-section XX passing through the second row from below corresponds to... Figure 2 The cross-section shown. All other even rows have the same alignment, and odd rows are offset relative to even rows.

[0026] exist Figure 2B In the example, opening 11o is set as mutually parallel rectangular openings. Cross-section YY corresponds to... Figure 2 The cross-section shown. In Figure 2A , Figure 2B In the illustrated embodiment, the photovoltaic stack 11 is maintained as a single unit. That is, although the stack 11 is interrupted by the opening 11o, the stack remains laterally connected. For each layer in the stack 11, there is a path between each pair of points in that layer. Alternatively, the stack can be divided into mutually separate photovoltaic stack segments. For example, in Figure 2B In one embodiment, an additional opening 11oo may be provided, which divides the photovoltaic stack 11 into a left connecting segment and a right connecting segment. Figure 2A The example may also provide additional openings that divide the photovoltaic stack 11 into mutually disconnected segments.

[0027] Figure 3A house 30 is schematically shown as an exemplary application, having a roof 31, a front door 32, windows 33 and 34, and a semi-transparent photovoltaic device 1 serving as a photovoltaic window in the house 30. The photovoltaic window 1 can be transparent, but it can also be milky white, or it can be controllably switched between a transparent state and a milky white state. A portion Ra of the solar radiation R shining on the window 1 is transmitted, and the remaining portion of the solar radiation is absorbed by the semi-transparent photovoltaic device 1 to be converted into electrical energy, which is provided to a DC / AC converter 20 or a storage device via electrical connectors 21 and 22.

[0028] Figures 4A to 4E It schematically shows, as Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 2A , Figure 2B As shown and for example in Figure 3 The manufacturing method of a semi-transparent photovoltaic device 1 used in applications.

[0029] In step S1, a photovoltaic stack 11 is provided at the first side 10a of the substrate 10. The photovoltaic stack 11 can be provided by subsequent functional layer deposition. Thus, various deposition techniques can be selected. For example, the inorganic layer can be applied by various vapor deposition methods, such as physical vapor deposition methods (e.g., thermal evaporation, electron beam evaporation, sputtering, magnetron sputtering, reactive sputtering, reactive evaporation, etc.), and various chemical vapor deposition methods (e.g., thermochemical vapor deposition (CVD), photo-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD), plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), etc.). The organic layer can be applied by various coating techniques (e.g., spin coating, slot coating, coincidence coating, hot melt coating, spray coating, etc.) and various printing techniques (e.g., inkjet printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, screen printing, rotary screen printing, etc.).

[0030] The photovoltaic stack should include at least a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a photovoltaic layer in contact with these two electrode layers. The photovoltaic layer can therefore be disposed between the first and second electrode layers. The stack can be obtained by subsequently depositing the first electrode layer, the photovoltaic layer, and the second electrode layer. Typically, a charge carrier transport layer is also present between each electrode and the photovoltaic layer. In this case, the first charge carrier layer is deposited after the first electrode layer but before the photovoltaic layer, and / or the second charge carrier transport layer is deposited after the photovoltaic layer and before the second electrode layer.

[0031] Alternatively, the two electrode layers can be disposed on the same side of the photovoltaic layer, for example, as disclosed in PCT application WO / 2018 / 190711 filed by the same applicant. In this case, the deposition stack includes the sequential deposition of a first electrode layer, an insulating layer, a second electrode layer, and a photovoltaic layer, wherein the photovoltaic layer contacts the first electrode layer through openings through the second electrode layer and the insulating layer. Additional layers may be deposited. For example, a first charge carrier transport layer may be deposited after the deposition of the first electrode layer but before the deposition of the insulating layer. Similarly, for example, a second charge carrier transport layer may be deposited after the deposition of the second electrode layer but before the deposition of the photovoltaic layer.

[0032] After step S1, when the photovoltaic stack 11 is deposited, in step S2, material is removed from the spatially distributed areas of the stack. This forms openings 11o in these areas, which expose the surface on the first side 10a where the stack 11 is deposited.

[0033] In step S3, the protective layer 12 is deposited overly on the substrate having the photovoltaic stack 11. The protective layer 12 is used in the method described in more detail below to protect the material of the photovoltaic stack. The protective layer 12 may be, for example, a PTFE layer provided by TFE deposition and subsequent polymerization. Alternatively, an encapsulation layer of a semi-transparent inorganic material (such as SiN or Al2O3) is suitable for this purpose.

[0034] In step S4, a radiation-curable precursor layer 13 for a semi-transparent polymer is deposited on the protective layer 12 in a covering manner. The precursor may be, for example, a negative photoresist or a crosslinked polymer.

[0035] In step S5, the substrate 10 is irradiated from a second side 10b opposite to the first side 10a of the substrate 10. Radiation R passes through openings 10o within the photovoltaic stack 11, thereby selectively curing the radiation-curable precursor 13 inside and in front of these openings 11o. The radiation-curable precursor is exposed to the radiation R transmitted through the openings and is thus cured into a translucent polymer portion 13a. Outside these openings 11o, the radiation is absorbed by the photovoltaic stack 11. Therefore, the remaining portion 13b of the material of the radiation-curable precursor 13 is not exposed to radiation and remains soluble. The radiation-curable precursor is preferably a visible light-curable material. The material of the photovoltaic layer is generally suitable for absorbing visible radiation for photoelectric conversion, and the substrate and any layer between the substrate and the photovoltaic layer are generally suitable for propagating visible light, thus not imposing specific design requirements on other materials used in the photovoltaic device. Visible light-curable materials are readily available, for example, as represented by visible light-curable adhesives. Alternatively, a UV-curable material can be considered, provided that the selected photovoltaic material is opaque to the UV radiation used for curing, and that the substrate and intermediate layer transmit the UV radiation for this purpose.

[0036] In step S6, the residual portion 13b is removed using a suitable solvent. The photovoltaic stack 11 is thus protected by the protective layer 12.

[0037] One option for controlling the distribution of incident radiation between the portion absorbed by the photovoltaic stack for photoelectric conversion and the portion to be transmitted through the device is to select the size and distribution of the openings 11o in the photovoltaic stack 11. If these specifications have been determined for other reasons, such as the expectation of a common deposition process, other options may be used to control this distribution.

[0038] exist Figures 5A to 5C An option is shown. This option continues to use via... Figure 4A , Figure 4B The semi-finished products obtained in steps S1-S3 shown in the figure.

[0039] In the following Figure 5A In step S14 shown, in a manner similar to Figure 4C The radiation-curable precursor layer 13 is deposited in the manner described in step S4. However, in this embodiment of the method, the radiation-curable precursor 13 includes scattering particles 130.

[0040] and Figure 4D Step S5 is similar, execute Figure 5BIn step S15, the substrate 10 is irradiated from the second side 10b. Radiation R exits through openings 10o within the photovoltaic stack 11, thereby selectively curing the modified radiation-curable precursor 13, as deposited in and in front of these openings 11o in step S14.

[0041] In addition, with Figure 4E Step S6 is similar, execute Figure 5C In step S16 shown, the remaining uncured precursor 13b is removed by a suitable solvent.

[0042] 6A to 6D Another option is shown to modify the distribution of incident radiation between the portion absorbed for photoelectric conversion and the portion to be transmitted. Figure 6A It shows the way Figures 4A to 4C The semi-finished products obtained in steps S1 to S4 shown in the figure.

[0043] Subsequently, Figure 6A In the additional step S24A shown, the patterned stamp 50 is moved to the free surface 13s of the radiation-curable precursor layer 13. Figure 6B The step S25 shown corresponds to Figure 4D Step S5. However, with the above modifications, the mold 50 is held in that position during irradiation.

[0044] like Figure 6C As shown, after the radiation-curable precursor in layer 13 is selectively cured by irradiation in step S25, the mold 50 is removed in additional step S25A.

[0045] Subsequently Figure 6D Shown and Figure 4E In step S6, similar to step S26, the uncured remainder 13b of the radiation-curable precursor in layer 13 is removed. Figure 6D As shown, in the product thus obtained, the translucent polymer portion 13a has a patterned surface 13p that is complementary to the pattern of the molding 50. The pattern 13p alters the distribution of incident radiation between the portion that is absorbed for photoelectric conversion and the portion to be transmitted. The patterned surface may have a random surface pattern, or optionally a pattern formed by a geometry, such as a dome or pyramid structure.

[0046] Various other options can be used to provide a translucent polymer portion 13a with a patterned surface. Figure 7 Examples 13P1, 13P2, 13P3, and 13P4 are shown. Figures 4A to 4EIn the example shown, these options are combined in a single product 1. Alternatively, a single pattern can be applied to a single product 1. For example, a pattern 13p1 defining a concave lens can be applied, which tends to diverge incident radiation into the photovoltaic stack 11, thereby allowing a larger portion of the incident radiation to be used for photovoltaic conversion. The same effect can be achieved with pattern 13p3, which includes a diverging Fresnel lens. Alternatively, a pattern 13p2 defining a convex lens can be applied, which tends to converge incident radiation within the polymer portion 13a, thereby allowing a larger portion of the incident radiation to pass through product 1. The same effect can be achieved with pattern 13p4, which includes a converging Fresnel lens.

[0047] It is important to note that there are various options for the materials used to construct the photovoltaic stack. For example, a wide range of photovoltaic materials, including inorganic (i.e., silicon-based) and organic materials, are available. One particularly promising class of materials for this purpose is perovskite. Perovskites typically have an ABX3 crystal structure, where A is an organic cation, such as methylammonium (CH3NH3)+, B is an inorganic cation, typically lead(II) (Pb2+), and X is a halogen atom, such as iodine (I-), chlorine (Cl-), fluorine (F-), or bromine (Br-). A particular advantage of perovskites is their relatively easy processing, and their band gaps can be set to desired values ​​by appropriately selecting the halide content. One example is lead methylammonium trihalide (CH3NH3PbX3), whose optical band gap ranges from 1.5 eV to 2.3 eV depending on the halide content. Other more complex structures involve mixed A cations, such as cesium (Cs+), methylamine (CH3NH3)+, MA, formamide (H2NCHNH2)+, FA), or rubidium (Rb+), and mixed X anions. Examples of complex mixed perovskites are cesium formamide lead trihalide CsxFA1-xPbIyBr3-y and cesium methylamine formamide lead trihalide CsxMAzFA1-x-zPbIyBr3-y (where x < 1, z < 1, x + z < 1). The band gap and physical properties of perovskite materials can be tuned by varying the ratio of A-cations to X-anions. Other metals, such as tin, can replace Pb at the B sites in perovskite materials. One example is CH3NH3SnI3. Combinations of Sn and Pb perovskites with wider band gaps in the range of 1.2 eV to 2.2 eV are also possible. The thickness of the perovskite photovoltaic layer 43 can be, for example, in the range of 100 nm to 20 micrometers.

[0048] The photovoltaic stack 11 can be one of a plurality of stacks. For example, the stack of a plurality of stacks may include a pair of photovoltaic stacks based on a first perovskite and a second perovskite (e.g., PSC-PSC series), wherein the photovoltaic stacks based on the first perovskite and the second perovskite convert the different portions of the radiation spectrum into electricity.

[0049] Regarding the electrode layers, the following can be considered. Since the photovoltaic stack does not necessarily need to be translucent, it is sufficient for the electrode layer on the side facing the solar radiation receiver to be translucent. The other electrode layers can be opaque. For example, if Figure 1 If the product is used to receive radiation from above, then it is sufficient for electrode layer 115 to be translucent, and electrode layer 111 can be opaque. On the other hand, if Figure 1 If the product is used to receive radiation from below, then it is sufficient for electrode layer 111 to be semi-transparent, and electrode layer 115 can be opaque.

[0050] Examples of suitable organic semi-transparent (transparent) conductive materials for use in semi-transparent electrode layers include polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, or doped polymers. Examples of suitable inorganic semi-transparent (transparent) conductive materials for use in semi-transparent electrode layers include ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), IZO (Indium Zinc Oxide), ATO (Antimony Tin Oxide), or tin oxide. Other metal oxides can also work, including but not limited to nickel-tungsten-Oxide, indium-doped zinc oxide, and magnesium-indium-Oxide. Thin metal layers, oxide layers, or combinations thereof, such as TCO or metal oxide layers or conductive polymer layers (such as PEDOT-PSS), can also be used. For example, a 7 nm silver layer can be sandwiched between two 10 nm ITO layers. The total thickness of the transparent conductive electrode layer can range from tens of nm to hundreds of nm, for example, from 100 nm to 200 nm, such as approximately 120 nm. In some embodiments, the semi-transparent electrode layer may be supported by, for example, a conductive material mesh in electrical contact with the semi-transparent electrode layer, or by a lateral electrical conductor, wherein the lateral electrical conductor extends from the conductive plane through the photovoltaic layer toward the semi-transparent electrode layer.

[0051] Other conductive materials are also suitable for electrode layers that are not necessarily translucent. For example, metal layers of arbitrary thickness (such as copper or silver) would be applicable.

[0052] As described above, one or more charge carrier transport layers can be provided. For example, a hole transport layer, specifically charge carrier transport layer 112 (such as a nickel oxide layer or a MoSe layer) in this application, can be disposed between the anode (layer 111 in this application) and the photovoltaic layer 113. Further examples of hole transport materials for the hole transport layer have been outlined, for example, in the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Vol. 18, pp. 837-860, 1996, by Y. Wang. Both hole transport molecules and polymers can be used. In one embodiment, the hole transport layer can have a thickness in the range of 10 nm to 200 nm. Additionally, an electron transport layer, specifically layer 114 in this application, can be disposed between the cathode (115 in this application) and the photovoltaic layer 113. Suitable materials for this purpose include, for example, TiO2, SnO2, ZrO2 and ZnO: the thickness of the electron transport layer can range from a few nm to several hundred nm.

[0053] Depending on the application, the substrate can be glass or a polymer, such as PET or PEN. Also depending on the application, the substrate thickness can range from approximately tens of micrometers to several millimeters.

[0054] As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “has,” or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements is not necessarily limited to those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Furthermore, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” means inclusive or rather than exclusive or. For example, conditions A or B satisfy any of the following: A is true (or exists) and B is false (or does not exist); A is false (or does not exist) and B is true (or exists); and both A and B are true (or exist).

[0055] Furthermore, the terms "a" or "an" are used to describe elements and components of the invention. This is done merely for convenience and to give the general meaning of the invention. This description should be understood to include one or at least one, and the singular includes the plural unless it is obvious otherwise.

Claims

1. A method for manufacturing a semi-transparent photovoltaic device (1), the semi-transparent photovoltaic device comprising a semi-transparent substrate (10), the semi-transparent substrate having a photovoltaic stack (11) interrupted by spatially distributed openings (11o), the spatially distributed openings being filled with a semi-transparent polymer (13a), the method comprising: -The photovoltaic stack (11) is provided (S1) on the first side (10a) of the substrate (10). - Remove material from the spatially distributed region of the stack (S2) to form an opening (11o) in the region. - A radiation-curable precursor layer (13) for the translucent polymer is deposited over the protective layer (12) in a coating manner (S4). - Irradiate the substrate (10) from the second side (10b) opposite to the first side (10a) of the substrate (S5), thereby selectively curing the radiation-curable precursor inside and in front of the spatially distributed opening (11o), which is then converted into the translucent polymer (13a). Its features are, - After the material is removed from the stack (S2) and before the radiation-curable precursor layer (13) is coated (S3) on the substrate having the photovoltaic stack (11), a protective layer (12) is coated (S3). - Before the irradiation step (S25), the patterned mold (50) is moved (S24A) to the free surface (13s) of the radiation-curable precursor layer (13), and after the irradiation step (S25), the mold is removed (S25A). - Remove the uncured remaining portion (13b) of the radiation-curable precursor layer (S6).

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, The radiation-curable precursor layer (13) includes scattering particles (130).

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The mold (50) is patterned to imprint the scattering structure onto the free surface (13s).

4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, The mold (50) is patterned to imprint lens-shaped elements (13p1, 13p2, 13p3, 13p4) into the free surface, the lens-shaped elements being aligned with the photovoltaic unit to guide light to the photovoltaic unit.

5. A semi-transparent photovoltaic device (1), the semi-transparent photovoltaic device comprising a semi-transparent substrate (10), the semi-transparent substrate having a photovoltaic stack (11), the photovoltaic stack being interrupted by spatially distributed openings (11o), the semi-transparent photovoltaic device comprising: - Substrate (10), wherein the photovoltaic stack (11) is provided on a first side (10a) of the substrate (10). - The openings (11o) of the spatial distribution are filled with a translucent polymer (13a) obtained from a radiation-cured precursor. Its features are, The protective layer (12) extends overly over the substrate (10) having the photovoltaic stack (11); The free surface (13s) of the filled translucent polymer (13a) is patterned.

6. The photovoltaic device according to claim 5, wherein, The translucent polymer (13a) includes scattering particles (130).

7. The photovoltaic device according to claim 5 or 6, wherein, The free surface (13s) is patterned into a scattering structure.

8. The photovoltaic device according to claim 5 or 6, wherein, The free surface (13s) has a pattern of lens-like elements.

9. The photovoltaic device according to claim 8, wherein, The lens-shaped element is a concave lens (13p1).

10. The photovoltaic device according to claim 8, wherein, The lens-shaped element is a convex lens (13p2).

11. The photovoltaic device according to claim 8, wherein, The lens-shaped element is a diverging Fresnel lens (13p3).

12. The photovoltaic device according to claim 8, wherein, The lens-shaped element is a converging Fresnel lens (13p4).

13. The photovoltaic device according to claim 5 or 6, wherein, The photovoltaic stack (11) includes a perovskite photovoltaic layer.

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