Method of increasing entropy flow on a fluid power machine

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for increasing the efficiency of a fluid power machine, wherein a fluid guided through the fluid power machine transfers kinetic energy to the fluid power machine. The object of the invention is to increase the efficiency on a fluid power machine. The solution according to the invention for achieving the above-mentioned object is that the fluid or at least one fluid component of the fluid is compressible and directly downstream of the fluid power machine (1) the flow velocity of the fluid is increased by a certain amount by converting the potential energy of the fluid into kinetic energy of the fluid by means of a force F B which is generated by a force field and acts in the flow direction, so that the pressure of the fluid, which is reduced on the fluid power machine (1) during the transfer of the kinetic energy, is increased again by at least a factor of 0.1 of the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine (1).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for improving the efficiency of a fluid power machine, wherein a fluid guided through the fluid power machine transfers kinetic energy to the fluid power machine. Background Technology

[0002] Thermodynamic cycles are technologically applied to energy conversion in various ways. In the most critical public energy supply processes, the vast majority of energy still comes from fossil fuels, formed over millions of years on Earth through photosynthesis. This poses a growing problem as human energy demands increase, because these energy resources cannot be replaced in equivalent quantities. Furthermore, the use of these energy forms causes severe environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to gradually replace these energy forms with renewable energy sources. However, this, in turn, introduces a series of problems.

[0003] Two virtually limitless primary energy sources are nuclear fusion in the sun and nuclear fission (geothermal energy) within the Earth. These drive all energy cycles on Earth. This energy can also be reused, for example, as wind, hydropower, or geothermal energy. The primary energy released each year exceeds human energy needs. However, this energy is not always readily available. Furthermore, developing renewable energy sources is typically costly. Long energy payback periods and low harvest factors are the reasons for the continued heavy reliance on fossil fuels.

[0004] Therefore, energy conversion processes, energy storage, and their efficiency play a crucial role. To date, only chemical energy (such as methane or hydrogen) is suitable for large-scale energy storage over extended periods (>6 months). While battery storage offers good efficiency, its high cost and the scarcity of required materials limit its application to mobile devices or everyday storage. Pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants are only suitable for areas with significant altitude variations. Thermal energy storage theoretically provides high energy capacity per volume. However, converting this energy to other forms requires a significant temperature difference, which in turn increases heat loss. Therefore, thermal storage devices are suitable for compensating for daily fluctuations in heating. Thermal storage devices offer little benefit for converting to other energy forms due to their low energy conversion efficiency.

[0005] For industrial energy supply, thermodynamic processes are primarily employed, where the optimization potential of gas-fired or steam-fired power plants is limited. Maximum efficiency is limited by the highest achievable temperature in materials technology and ambient temperature. The problems with energy conversion achieved through thermodynamic processes are particularly evident in compressed air energy storage power plants, which have so far not been commercially viable. Compressing air increases thermal energy. Since the ground-based storage devices cannot be thermally isolated, energy is lost to the surrounding environment. The compressed air re-expands upon releasing energy, leading to rapid cooling and icing. Here, the energy lost during compression must be replaced, for example, by burning natural gas. Because output volume work always requires expansion, a large temperature difference is necessary in all thermodynamic processes.

[0006] In thermodynamic processes, right-handed processes (outputting volume work, heat engines) differ from left-handed processes (refrigeration engines, heat pumps).

[0007] In essence, thermal energy is the sum of the effects of different forms of kinetic energy. The (internal) energy of the thermodynamic microstate consists of three basic parts: translational kinetic energy E. trans Vibrational energy E vib and rotational energy E rot Therefore, each form of energy can be associated with the total entropy of the corresponding portion ( ).

[0008] E vib It is relatively rare in gases and can usually be ignored. E trans It dominates in monatomic gases. In the liquid state, E trans = 0 and E rot Dominant. In the solid state, molecules also cannot rotate, and the total energy is determined by E. vib The decision is made. In polyatomic gases or at the interface between gases, liquids, and solids, these different forms of kinetic energy act alternately. This leads to a dynamic equilibrium among the forms of kinetic energy.

[0009] Only the translational portion of internal energy (E) trans It can be directly used to do volume work. But if the translational impulse (P) trans When the impulse decreases, the energy and entropy of vibration and rotation are transferred to translational motion. Translational energy and entropy increase again, and the vibrational and rotational portions decrease. Impulse determines the direction of thermal energy flow. Impulse is temperature-dependent. In right-handed thermodynamic processes, at higher molecular translational impulses (high temperatures), thermal energy is provided and mechanical energy is released. At lower impulses (low temperatures), thermal energy is output and mechanical energy is provided. Therefore, based on the energy-impulse relationship, the output mechanical energy is greater than the provided mechanical energy. In a left-handed heat pump, this process is reversed. Therefore, mechanical work must be provided for the entire process. Thus, the impulse-intensity ratio also determines efficiency.

[0010] Thermal energy can be converted into directed mechanical energy through isentropic state changes. However, the operating principles of piston engines and hydrodynamic engines differ. The force acting on the piston is generated by the average impulse of the molecules and the number of impulses (pressures). Specifically, molecules strike the piston with an average velocity roughly equivalent to the speed of sound. Therefore, the average impulse is derived from the molecular mass and the speed of sound. If the piston moves during expansion, the relative velocity decreases below the speed of sound. Therefore, the average effective impulse is always slightly lower than the impulse at the speed of sound. During compression, the average effective impulse is slightly higher than the impulse at the speed of sound because the piston moves in the opposite direction.

[0011] Fluid dynamics have been disclosed in the prior art. In these fluid dynamics, a compressible working medium is first accelerated using a converging nozzle (nozzle). Unlike many other forms of energy, thermal energy does not have a directional vector in space. It acts simultaneously in all spatial directions. The converging nozzle converts this non-directional translational energy of the flow into directional lateral energy. However, this can only accelerate the flow to the speed of sound, because beyond this speed there is no translational energy available for conversion. One solution for acceleration above the speed of sound is the Laval nozzle. Here, after reaching the speed of sound, the flow cross-section expands again. The volume work done in this process achieves further lateral acceleration. Its disadvantage is that entropy decreases due to the expansion of the cross-section of the Laval nozzle. DE 10 2014 004 237 A1 describes an alternative. In this case, a mixture of gas and liquid is mixed and accelerated. By providing rotational and vibrational energy from the liquid, multiphase flow can be accelerated above the speed of sound without expanding the cross-section. Based on the energy equation Compared to piston engines, higher speeds allow for greater energy output, resulting in higher efficiency. A similar method is described in DE 10 2012 108 222 A1. Here, the multiphase flow (air / water) is also accelerated, and accelerated to supersonic speeds. Here, water increases the mass of the flow and compensates for the reduction in translational energy by providing rotational and vibrational energy to the water molecules.

[0012] One less-considered issue in hydrodynamics is the acceleration of molecules downstream of the hydrodynamic engine. For this purpose, see [reference needed]. Figure 1 Molecules move in the flow channel at a velocity v1 (see...) Figure 1 If a molecule hits the hydrodynamic engine (4), it releases most of its transverse kinetic energy into the engine and continues to move at a velocity v2. The velocity v2 is minimal due to the energy release; therefore, the speed of sound (v) in the molecular motion is very small. S The flow direction is dominant. Therefore, force F2 also acts in the opposite direction to the flow direction. This force is affected by the strength and quantity of molecular impulses in the opposite direction to the flow direction and limits the efficiency of the hydrodynamic engine.

[0013] To reduce force and improve efficiency, thermal energy is technically transferred to an external storage tank. This lowers the temperature, and consequently reduces the strength of the molecular impulse. However, to significantly reduce the strength, a large amount of thermal energy and entropy must be transferred. In the Clausius-Rankine process or organic Rankine process, the translational velocity is reduced to zero through condensation. However, all translational energy must be transferred; similarly, in polyatomic molecules, a portion of vibrational and rotational energy must be transferred.

[0014] DE 26 54 097 A1 describes the operation of a right-handed cycle at temperatures below ambient. However, it presents the problem of heat energy output to the environment. The authors propose a heat pump as a solution. However, they do not explain why this heat pump requires less driving energy than the additional energy released due to the higher temperature difference during the right-handed cycle. Due to heat loss and frictional losses at the heat pump, additional heat energy must be output, which, according to the law of conservation of energy, reduces the useful energy of the entire system.

[0015] DE 10 2017 127 716 A1 describes a method for cooling via isothermal compression. This method utilizes gravity for isothermal compression. However, the fluid dynamics engine is not located in a multiphase flow channel, and the purpose of this method is to perform compression upstream of the fluid dynamics engine. Because the entropy flow at the fluid dynamics engine is lower than that of the multiphase flow, this method is not used to generate mechanical energy, but rather for cooling. Summary of the Invention

[0016] The purpose of this invention is to improve the efficiency of fluid power machines.

[0017] The method of this invention aims to deliver a compressible fluid flow to a fluid power machine. On the fluid power machine, the kinetic energy of the fluid is transferred to the machine. After polytropic expansion on the fluid power machine, downstream of the machine, a force F generated by a force field and acting in the direction of flow is applied. B By converting the potential energy of the fluid into its kinetic energy, the fluid velocity, which decreases during kinetic energy transfer on the fluid power machine, is increased to a certain extent, thereby restoring the fluid pressure that has decreased on the fluid power machine to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine. Technically, the increase in fluid pressure downstream of the fluid power machine is, of course, limited by the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine. The force F along the flow direction is generated by a force field, such as a gravitational field, centrifugal field, magnetic field, or electric field. B By changing the position of molecules along the flow direction, the potential energy of the field is converted into kinetic energy.

[0018] In the method according to one embodiment, the force F along the flow direction BIt works, partially or completely compensating for the thermodynamic force F2 that acts in the opposite direction to the flow. This is achieved by using force F downstream of the fluid power unit. B Increasing the fluid velocity increases the fluid pressure downstream of the fluid power machine. The resulting decrease in pressure in the fluid directly downstream of the fluid power machine improves the efficiency of the polytropic expansion mechanism. This is achieved through force F. B The molecules of the fluid are accelerated to a velocity v2. If the fluid is, for example, a gas, then the velocity v2 should be at least 0.3 times the speed of sound of the fluid. Therefore, F B The velocity is on the order of F2. For a mixture of two gases, the velocity v2 should be at least 0.3 times the weighted average of the sound speeds of the two gases. Accelerating the fluid molecules downstream of the fluid power machine has a significant impact on its efficiency. The purpose of acceleration is to reduce pressure directly downstream of the fluid power machine, thereby reducing the force against the flow direction. The greater the acceleration downstream of the fluid power machine, the greater the impact of the method of the present invention on the efficiency of the fluid power machine, wherein the increase in flow velocity downstream of the fluid power machine is, of course, limited by the flow velocity upstream of the fluid power machine. Compared to a flow velocity of 0.3 times the fluid sound speed, higher efficiency is achieved for the fluid power machine when, for example, the flow velocity downstream of the fluid power machine is accelerated to 0.5 times, 0.6 times, 0.8 times, or one time the fluid sound speed, wherein in this case, the flow velocity upstream of the fluid power machine is at least approximately 0.51 times, 0.61 times, 0.81 times, or 1.01 times the fluid sound speed.

[0019] If the fluid consists of a gas and a liquid, then the velocity v2 should be such that the translational velocity of the molecules of the gas (the compressible fluid component) is at least 0.3 times the speed of sound.

[0020] In existing methods, flow acceleration is achieved by outputting heat energy and entropy to the environment. The method of this invention aims to completely avoid or at least significantly reduce the heat energy output necessary for acceleration, specifically by utilizing a force F acting along the flow direction through a force field. B This generates acceleration of fluid molecules. Force F B Independent of the molecular motion state, it is even possible to accelerate molecules with high kinetic energy. With the help of the higher kinetic energy of the molecules and the associated higher impulse, the thermal energy can be output to an external storage device (energy sink) with higher intensity (temperature) after acceleration.

[0021] According to some embodiments, the compressible fluid is accelerated upstream of the fluid power unit via a nozzle (converging nozzle) along the flow direction. A diffuser and / or compressor is provided downstream of the fluid power unit along the flow direction.

[0022] In this way, the compressible fluid is first accelerated at the converging nozzle, wherein the translational kinetic energy (E) of the molecules is increased. trans ) is converted into lateral kinetic energy (E lat ), and also the vibrational and rotational energies (E) of fluid molecules. vib E rot ) is converted into translational energy (E) trans The fluid flow is accelerated to a velocity (v1). This results in a translational entropy ratio (S). trans The energy and impulse released in the hydrodynamic machine cause the fluid flow velocity to decrease significantly again. Subsequently, the force F in the flow channel... B Downstream of the hydrodynamic engine, the fluid molecules are accelerated to velocity v2. Subsequently, in the diffuser and / or compressor, the volumetric effective energy ratio and entropy ratio (E) are... trans S trans The energy is reduced due to conversion into vibrational and rotational energy. There is no need to output this proportion externally. To fully compensate for F2, molecules need to be accelerated to the speed of sound. For a velocity v2 greater than 0.3 times the speed of sound, a significant increase in the efficiency of the hydrodynamic engine is achieved. At a speed of one time the speed of sound, a vacuum is generated directly downstream of the hydrodynamic engine. In the diffuser, a portion of the transverse kinetic energy is reconverted into non-directional thermodynamic motion, where temperature and pressure increase. Therefore, the amount of heat energy that needs to be output to the environment is reduced, or eliminated altogether, reducing global warming caused by thermodynamic processes. The flow then continues at a lower transverse velocity (v3).

[0023] The lateral velocity (v1) of the molecule upstream of the hydrodynamic engine should be higher than the speed of sound. At higher velocities, based on The energy released is greater than that obtained by using F B The energy required to accelerate molecules to the speed of sound. In principle, acceleration above the speed of sound is based on the principle of relativity. In a converging nozzle, the translational motion of molecules is converted into lateral motion along the flow direction. However, the average velocity relative to an external observer of the flow remains constant. Therefore, despite the decrease in temperature, no additional energy is provided from the outside. But the intensity of the translational motion of molecules decreases in terms of the vibrational and rotational energy carried in the flow. Therefore, energy transfer from vibrational and rotational energy to translational energy can be additionally used for lateral acceleration. Thus, the lateral velocity can be higher than the average translational velocity (speed of sound) at the inlet of the converging nozzle. This provides energy with a smaller intensity (impulse, temperature). This improves the efficiency and energy efficiency of the process.

[0024] With respect to negative acceleration in the diffuser, the energy flow operates in the opposite direction. Transverse kinetic energy is converted into disordered translational motion of molecules, increasing their intensity. This allows a portion of the translational energy to be converted into vibrational and rotational energy. If heat is output to the environment, vibrational and rotational energy must also be output. However, if an external force F is applied beforehand... B Adding further acceleration to the flow increases the ratio of vibrational and rotational energy, which are independent of volume. Therefore, more energy can be stored in the flow and released again upon further acceleration.

[0025] The ratio of vibrational and rotational energy to translational energy is described by the isentropic coefficient. Therefore, within the operating temperature range, the fluid should have at least one fluid component with an isentropic coefficient less than or equal to 1.4. Higher efficiency is achieved when at least one fluid component has an isentropic coefficient less than or equal to 1.2. Further higher efficiency is achieved when the isentropic coefficient is less than or equal to 1.1.

[0026] The fluid can be a gas or a multiphase flow, wherein in this application, multiphase flow refers to both a gas mixture and a mixture composed of gas and liquid. For multiphase flow, a high isentropic coefficient (c) should be considered. p / c V The substance is mixed with a substance having a low isentropic coefficient (e.g., helium / n-butane). The non-volume-dependent ratio of thermal energy (vibrational and rotational energy) should have a high heat capacity relative to translational energy. Even for liquids, the isentropic coefficient (c) can be calculated in principle. p / c V The isentropic coefficient is approximately 1. The advantage of gas mixtures is that the larger interaction surface of individual molecules improves energy exchange. For a pure substance (a fluid composed of only one gas), the ratio of vibrational energy to rotational energy is defined by the molecular structure. Therefore, gases with very small isentropic coefficients and high molecular weights should be used. Alternatively, a multiphase flow consisting of a gaseous fluid component and a liquid fluid component can be used, where, in order to generate a pressure reduction downstream of the hydrodynamic engine, the velocity v2 should such that the translational velocity of the gas (compressible fluid component) molecules is at least 0.3 times the speed of sound.

[0027] In a further embodiment of the method according to one embodiment, a fluid mixture is used as the working medium. A fluid with a high vapor pressure is combined with a fluid with a low vapor pressure. The pressure at the inlet of the converging nozzle is selected in a manner such that both fluids are in a liquid state (vibrational and rotational energy). If the pressure decreases during acceleration in the converging nozzle, the fluid with the higher vapor pressure reaches its boiling point. The fluid with the higher vapor pressure is completely evaporated by transferring vibrational and rotational energy from the fluid with the lower vapor pressure. This evaporation physics is also the basis for cavitation, which is typically avoided in fluid dynamics. However, this effect is deliberately enhanced in the method of the invention to achieve high acceleration of the flow. The now compressible fluid (with translational energy) is significantly accelerated in the flow channel due to volume increase, releasing energy and impulse to the fluid dynamics. By pressurizing in the diffuser and / or in the compressor to reach the freezing point, the compressible component of the fluid releases its translational energy to the incompressible fluid component (vibrational and rotational energy).

[0028] In an alternative further embodiment, the process can also operate according to a reversible chemical process. A gas dissolved in a liquid is fed into a converging nozzle. If the pressure decreases during acceleration within the converging nozzle, the reaction equilibrium changes, and the gas escapes from the solution. This provides translational energy for high acceleration. The compressible fluid releases energy and impulse to a hydrodynamic engine. By pressurizing in a diffuser and / or a compressor, the reaction equilibrium changes again, and the gas dissolves in the liquid due to a chemical reaction. The translational energy is converted into vibrational and rotational energy.

[0029] Externally targeting F B The energy provided can be supplied, for example, by gravity, magnetism, electricity, or centrifugal force. Similarly, mechanical force can also be provided by other fluid power machines that operate on externally supplied energy, wherein, in this case, the fluid power machine is located downstream of the diffuser along the flow direction.

[0030] Table 1 shows the speeds of different substances from zero to the speed of sound (v) at normal pressure and temperature (1 bar; 300 K). s A comparison of the acceleration time and acceleration distance caused by gravity (~9.81 m / s²) during the free fall of a celestial body.

[0031] substance <![CDATA[v s (m / s)]]> t(s) s (m) helium 1020 104 53028 Nitrogen 353 36 6351 carbon dioxide 269 27 3688 Xenon 174 18 1543 Water / air mixture 10 1 10

[0032] Table 1

[0033] As can be seen from the table, gravity is particularly suitable for media with very heavy molecules and multiphase flows. Acceleration exceeding 0.3 times the speed of sound in the fluid increases the pressure and temperature within the diffuser, thus allowing the process to operate below ambient temperature. At lower temperatures, the lower speed of sound also enables shorter acceleration distances and times. In a mixture of water and air with a higher water mass, the water pressure increases from 0 bar to 1 bar during a 10 m drop. This also compresses air molecules to this pressure, causing them to move at the speed of sound. The speed of sound in the overall flow is much lower. Therefore, a 10 m drop is sufficient to create a vacuum downstream of the power unit. Thus, in a gravity diffuser, the velocity of molecules can be increased either within or upstream of the diffuser. This reduces the downward pressure during isentropic expansion and increases the efficiency of the thermodynamic process.

[0034] Compared to gravity, centrifugal force can generate a greater force. This shortens the acceleration distance and thus reduces the size of the heat engine. For this purpose, the heat engine employs a rotationally symmetric structure and rotates around its axis of rotation. This rotation creates a non-uniform phase space. The expected value (overall mean) increases with increasing distance from the axis of rotation, and consequently with increasing pressure, temperature, and density. If the tangential velocity is within the speed of sound range, a near-vacuum is created at the axis of rotation. The compressor compensates for process losses (e.g., friction) without requiring significant volume work. The compressor forces the working medium into a converging nozzle, where it is accelerated. The centrifugal force F decreases along the flow direction. Z Below, another acceleration occurs through thermodynamic forces. At the hydrodynamic engine, kinetic energy is extracted from the molecules at high speeds. Subsequently, this energy is transferred along the flow direction in the flow channel via F. Z Molecules are accelerated. Pressure and temperature are increased in the diffuser. Optionally, thermal energy (Q2) can be output upstream of the compressor via a heat exchanger. Thermal energy (Q1) is provided downstream of the compressor. This reduces the volumetric work done on the compressor. Thermal energy can be transported via heat conduction through the walls of the flow channels, but it can also be transported via fluid located in parallel flow channels.

[0035] Using a thermodynamic machine with centrifugal converging nozzles and a centrifugal diffuser, molecules can be accelerated laterally to speeds exceeding the speed of sound by altering the centrifugal force. Homogeneous materials can be used, but multiphase flows can also be employed. When using multiphase flows with different isentropic coefficients, temperature changes decrease, and due to the increase in incompressible components (rotational and vibrational energy), tangential velocities can be reduced, thus decreasing the radius. The translational proportion of the entropic flow increases during acceleration, which in turn leads to an increase in the lateral velocity on the hydrodynamic machine.

[0036] Depending on the application, the fluid power unit may be a turbine or an MHD generator.

[0037] However, the method of the present invention is also suitable in principle for improving the efficiency of arbitrary variable expansion. In the case of expansion in a piston machine, energy is extracted at the speed of sound, and acceleration energy is provided in the flow channel at a relative velocity below the speed of sound. However, in the case of a hydrodynamic machine, since the relative velocity achievable when releasing mechanical energy is higher, the expected effect is greater. Furthermore, in the case of a piston machine, due to the discontinuous operation, several pistons need to operate in parallel and phase-shifting manner, thereby generating continuous flow in the flow channel. Attached Figure Description

[0038] The embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherein:

[0039] Figure 1 For the flow of fluid using existing fluid dynamics mechanisms,

[0040] Figure 2 For the arrangement scheme utilizing the method of the present invention,

[0041] Figure 3 Another arrangement scheme for utilizing the method of the present invention,

[0042] Figures 4a-4b illustrate the thermal cycle aided by a centrifugal converging nozzle and a centrifugal diffuser.

[0043] Figure 5 For gravity diffusers,

[0044] Figure 6 To utilize the thermodynamic cycle of the MHD generator,

[0045] Figure 7 For heat pumps with branched entropy loops,

[0046] Figure 8 For heat pumps with open branching entropy loops,

[0047] Figure 9 For a heat engine with a branched entropy loop,

[0048] Figure 10 It is a hydroelectric motor. Detailed Implementation

[0049] Figure 1 The diagram illustrates the flow of fluid using a prior art fluid dynamics machine 1. The fluid dynamics machine 1 is shown as an impeller. The fluid flow transfers a portion of its kinetic energy to the fluid dynamics machine 1, where the kinetic energy is output as work. Fluid molecules M move in the flow channel at velocity v1 and release a portion of their lateral kinetic energy to the fluid dynamics machine at the impeller, subsequently continuing to move at velocity v2.

[0050] Figure 2An arrangement scheme for increasing entropy flow on a fluid power machine 1 using the method of the present invention is shown. For this purpose, a compressible fluid undergoes polytropic expansion on the fluid power machine 1, which is designed as a turbine. After polytropic expansion, an additional force F... B A force F acts along the flow direction on the fluid molecule M, causing the molecule M to be accelerated in that direction. B Generated by a force field, in which the potential energy of the fluid is converted into its kinetic energy. This is achieved through the force F. B The molecules M of a fluid composed of gas or a gas mixture are accelerated downstream of the fluid power machine to at least 0.3 times the speed of sound, thereby increasing the reduced fluid pressure on the fluid power machine back to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine. This achieves the pressure reduction required to improve the efficiency of the fluid power machine directly downstream of it. In the illustrated embodiment, force F... B For example, it could be gravity. In a fluid formed by a mixture of gas and liquid, pressure reduction is achieved directly downstream of the fluid engine when the fluid velocity v2 is at least such that the translational velocity of the gas (compressible fluid component) molecules M is at least 0.3 times the speed of sound.

[0051] Figure 3 Another arrangement utilizing the method of the present invention is shown. Polytropic expansion on the fluid power unit 1 is performed upstream of the converging nozzle 2, thereby accelerating the compressible fluid upstream of the fluid power unit 1. A diffuser 3 is arranged downstream of the fluid power unit 1 along the flow direction. Depending on the desired efficiency improvement of the fluid power unit, the fluid can be accelerated upstream at the converging nozzle to, for example, 0.31, 0.51, 0.61, 0.81, or 1.01 times the velocity of sound. Subsequently, the fluid is accelerated downstream of the fluid power unit to a velocity as close as possible to the upstream velocity value (0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, or one times the velocity of sound). A compressor 5 is arranged downstream of the diffuser 3, but this compressor is optional. In another embodiment not shown, a compressor 5 is provided as an alternative to the diffuser 3. The fluid can exist as a pure substance (a gas), a gas mixture, or a mixture of gas and liquid, with force F... B For example, gravity.

[0052] Figures 4a and 4b show two arrangement schemes of the method of the present invention in a thermodynamic cycle using a centrifugal converging nozzle and a centrifugal diffuser. The flow channel, along with the fluid, rotates about the rotation axis 4. Thus, the centrifugal force F... ZThe fluid density increases with distance from the rotating shaft 4. A compressor 5 is installed at the point of maximum rotational speed. A fluid power unit 1 is arranged on the rotating shaft 4. First, the fluid is accelerated in the converging nozzle 2, and energy and impulse are released to the fluid power unit 1. Downstream of the fluid power unit 1, the fluid is accelerated by increased centrifugal force, and the pressure in the diffuser 3 increases again. Here, the fluid molecules M are also accelerated to at least 0.3 times the speed of sound. Thermal energy Q1 can be provided between the compressor 5 and the converging nozzle 2. Optionally, thermal energy Q2 is output between the diffuser 3 and the compressor 2. In the embodiment shown in Figure 4a, the fluid power unit 1 is arranged radially relative to the rotating shaft. In the alternative embodiment shown in Figure 4b, the fluid power unit 1 is arranged axially relative to the rotating shaft. Here, the fluid can also exist as a pure substance (a gas), a gas mixture, or a mixture of gas and liquid. In a fluid formed from a gas or a gas mixture, the fluid is accelerated to at least 0.3 times the speed of sound downstream of the fluid power machine, thereby increasing the reduced fluid pressure on the fluid power machine back to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine. This results in the pressure reduction required to improve the efficiency of the fluid power machine directly downstream of the fluid power machine. In a fluid formed from a gas-liquid mixture, the pressure reduction is achieved directly downstream of the fluid power machine when the fluid velocity v2 is at least such that the translational velocity of the gas (compressible fluid component) molecules M is at least 0.3 times the speed of sound.

[0053] In the illustrated implementation scheme, i.e., force F B Due to centrifugal force F Z Therefore, the described thermal engine, utilizing a centrifugal converging nozzle and a centrifugal diffuser, is also applicable to places with lower gravity (such as space).

[0054] In one implementation, Figure 3 Alternatively, the arrangement shown in Figures 4a / 4b utilizes multiphase flow, where work is done through phase changes (evaporation / condensation) of components or reversible chemical reactions. For example, if a mixture of water and isobutane is introduced into a converging nozzle 2 at 4 bar and 300 K, both components are in a liquid state. Acceleration in the converging nozzle 2 reduces the pressure, and the isobutane reaches its boiling point. The isobutane evaporates by providing the rotational and vibrational energy (of the molecule M) of the liquid water. The increase in volume further accelerates the flow. Some kinetic energy is released on the hydrodynamic engine 1. Subsequently, the flow is accelerated laterally by gravity or centrifugal force. Due to the increased pressure in the diffuser 3 and / or the subsequent compressor 5, the gas condenses as its volume decreases dramatically. However, the energy released in this process does not need to be transferred externally but is stored in the loop as vibrational and rotational energy independent of volume.

[0055] When using a water-carbon dioxide mixture, carbon dioxide dissolves in the water and reacts to form carbonic acid. When a pressure drop occurs in the converging nozzle 2, the solution equilibrium decreases, and gaseous carbon dioxide escapes from the flow channel and accelerates. Due to the concentration equilibrium established in the solution, a uniform gas overflow is expected. Following energy release on the hydrodynamic unit and acceleration in the flow channel, the gas reverts to a solution due to increased pressure in the diffuser 3 and / or subsequent compressor 5, and the volume of the multiphase flow decreases. Subsequently, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

[0056] The choice of components has a significant impact on the operating pressure. In substances with low vapor pressure (e.g., isopropanol / water mixtures), the pressure upstream of the converging nozzle 2 can be less than 1 bar. This simplifies the design. Due to the high density of liquid water, the energy density and entropy flow remain extremely high. This allows for extremely high velocity and energy release in a fluid dynamics machine within a compact size.

[0057] Figure 5 An attractive force diffuser is shown as another arrangement utilizing the method of the present invention. The fluid is accelerated in the converging nozzle 2 and supplied to the hydrodynamic motor 1. The flow channel and diffuser 3 are arranged in the direction of gravity, thereby increasing the attractive force F. G Used as force F B Furthermore, the fluid molecules M accelerate due to the conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy. The machine is designed in such a way that the volume between the compressor 5 and the converging nozzle 2 is larger than the volume between the fluid power unit 1 and the compressor 5. Alternatively, a pressure balancing vessel 6 can be installed. This generates a negative pressure at the fluid power unit 1, which improves efficiency. Thermal energy Q1 is provided between the compressor 5 and the converging nozzle 2. Optionally, thermal energy Q2 can be output between the diffuser 3 and the compressor 5.

[0058] Since only the relative velocity of the flow is related to the energy supply in the fluid power machine 1, energy can be extracted from narrow channels at high speeds and supplied in wider channels at low speeds. The energy released at high speed is greater than the energy provided at low speed. This is due to the mechanical force (F) provided by compressor 5. m ) and gravity F gThe same function is achieved, and the pressure downstream of the fluid power unit 1 is reduced. For this purpose, a pressure balancing container 6 is installed between the compressor 5 and the converging nozzle 2, which keeps the pressure at the inlet of the converging nozzle 2 constant. In compressible media, pressure balancing can also be achieved through a larger volume upstream of the converging nozzle 2 compared to the volume between the diffuser 3 and the compressor 5. In an open process, the surrounding atmosphere can handle the pressure balancing. If mechanical work is done on the compressor / booster 5, the pressure at the outlet of the diffuser 3 decreases. Thus, the pressure at the outlet of the fluid power unit 1 is reduced to almost zero, resulting in a higher flow velocity and higher efficiency. For this, sufficient energy must be available for acceleration in the converging nozzle 2, which can be provided by most of the vibrational and rotational energy (in complex molecules M or multiphase flows). Thus, the fluid can be accelerated to supersonic speeds without a Laval nozzle. Since no thermal energy Q1 is required at high temperatures, but is only transferred when the relative translational velocity of the molecules M in the flow decreases, the effective volumetric heat capacity and entropy flow I on the power unit 1 are... S Increase. Therefore, based on (P = power, T = temperature, entropy flow), with the inlet temperature constant, the power P increases.

[0059] The compressor / booster 5 should be located near the lowest point in the cycle. The energy W2 required for the operation of the compressor 5 can be provided partly or entirely by the mechanical energy W1 released at the fluid power unit 1.

[0060] Figure 5 The fluid used in the illustrated arrangement can also exist as a pure substance (a gas), a gas mixture, or a mixture of gas and liquid. In the fluid formed by a gas or gas mixture, the fluid is accelerated to at least 0.3 times the speed of sound downstream of the fluid power machine, thereby increasing the reduced fluid pressure on the fluid power machine back to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine, thus achieving the pressure reduction required to improve the efficiency of the fluid power machine directly downstream of it. In the fluid formed by a gas and liquid mixture, the pressure reduction is achieved directly downstream of the fluid power machine when the fluid velocity v2 is at least such that the translational velocity of the gas (compressible fluid component) molecules M is at least 0.3 times the speed of sound.

[0061] Figure 6The diagram illustrates a thermodynamic cycle using a fluid dynamic machine designed as an MHD generator, as another arrangement for utilizing the method of the present invention. A mixture of electrolyte (e.g., an ionized solution) and a compressible fluid is used as the working medium. The mixture is accelerated in a converging nozzle 2 and flows through the magnetic field of a fluid dynamic machine 1 designed as an MHD generator. Here, charge carriers in the electrolyte are deflected to the left or right, and electrical energy is output through electrodes. In a diffuser 3, the flow velocity slows down, where translational energy is converted into vibrational and rotational energy.

[0062] The fluid is compressed in compressor 5 and flows back to converging nozzle 2. The volume between compressor 5 and converging nozzle 2 must be larger than the volume between the MHD generator and compressor 5. Alternatively, a pressure balancing vessel 6 can be installed. This creates a negative pressure downstream of the MHD generator in compressor 5, which accelerates the flow and increases efficiency. Thermal energy Q1 is provided upstream of converging nozzle 2. Optionally, thermal energy Q2 can be output downstream of diffuser 3.

[0063] The advantage of this arrangement is that a higher magnetic field strength can be achieved in a narrow flow channel compared to the widened flow channel of a Laval nozzle. Furthermore, the higher charge carrier density of the electrolyte allows for a compact machine size. Unlike the use of ionized gases, the process can be carried out at ambient temperature, thus reducing the requirements for materials and costs.

[0064] Figure 7 A heat pump with a branched entropy loop is shown as applied to the method of the present invention. A fluid formed by a first fluid component and a second fluid component is accelerated in a converging nozzle 2 and supplied to a fluid power unit 1, wherein at least the second fluid component is compressible. Optionally, a force F can be applied downstream of the fluid power unit 1. B The fluid is accelerated in the flow channel and diffuser 3, thereby reducing the pressure at the outlet of the fluid power unit 1. Subsequently, a fluid component with a larger c compared to the first fluid component will be generated. p / c VThe second fluid component is separated in separator 7 and supplied to compressor 5.2, where it is accelerated and / or compressed. The temperature rises due to compression. The first fluid component is supplied to compressor 5.1, where the temperature remains constant or changes only slightly relative to the second fluid component. Heat energy Q1 is thus supplied to the first fluid component via heat exchanger 8.1. The second fluid component, compressed in compressor 5.2, releases its heat energy Q2 via heat exchanger 8.2. Subsequently, the two fluid components are combined in mixer 9. The volume between fluid power unit 1 and compressor 5.2 must be smaller than the volume between compressor 5.1 and mixer 9. Alternatively, a pressure balancing vessel 6 can be installed. This creates a negative pressure in separator 9 between compressors 5.1 and 5.2, which increases the efficiency of fluid power unit 1. In terms of significant differences, within the operating temperature range, the c of the second fluid component in compressors 5.1 and 5.2... p / c V The ratio should be at least c of the first fluid component. p / c V It is 1.1 times that of the other two.

[0065] The magnitude of entropy flow has a significant impact on efficiency. The heat power is equal at the inlet and outlet. In the case of ), based on ,Depend on The conclusion is Therefore, the mechanical energy provided Only process losses need to be compensated. Because and ,therefore, In this situation, energy flow It flows out of the machine. Therefore, depending on the specific magnitude of the entropy flow, the machine can also be used as a heat engine.

[0066] The mass flow rate of the fluid component should be such that the entropy flow I of the first fluid component on compressor 5.1 S1 The entropy flow I of the second fluid component on compressor 5.2 is greater than that of the second fluid component. S2 To significantly improve efficiency, the I on compressor 5.1 S1 The mass flow rate should be at least five times greater than the entropy flow rate I on compressor 5.2. S2 The mass flow rate. The entropy flow at the inlet of the fluid power machine is equivalent to these two entropy flows I. S1 with I S2 sum.

[0067] Figure 8A heat pump with an open branched entropy loop is shown. The machine uses a fluid whose compressible portion is formed from air. Air is drawn in from the atmosphere at inlet 7 and mixed with an incompressible fluid (e.g., water) in mixer 9. The fluid is accelerated in converging nozzle 2 and supplied to fluid power unit 1. Downstream of diffuser 3, the air is separated in separator 7 and supplied to compressor 5.2. Compressor 5.2 increases the air pressure to atmospheric pressure, thereby providing a negative pressure in mixer 9. The heated air then flows back to the atmosphere via outlet 10. The pressure of the cooler, incompressible portion of the fluid is increased to atmospheric pressure in compressor 5.1. The heat energy Q1 drawn from the air is restored to the incompressible fluid at heat exchanger 8.

[0068] Figure 9 A heat engine with a branched entropy loop is shown (see Figure 9 Heat engines are similar to Figure 7 The heat pump shown performs work in the manner described. In entropy loop I... S2 In the process, the heat energy Q2 from heat exchanger 8.2 is first output, and then the fluid is compressed in compressor 5.2. Due to the relationship with I... S1 In comparison, entropy loop I S2 The fluid component in the middle has a small heat capacity, so only a small amount of heat energy needs to be output.

[0069] Figure 10 A hydroelectric generator is shown for further application of the method, which converts potential and thermal energy into mechanical energy. Water flows from an upper tank 11 to a lower tank 12. A hydrodynamic machine 1, designed as a turbine, is mounted below the upper tank. The entropy of the water is directed through a converging nozzle 2 (Venturi nozzle or jet nozzle) with a mixer. S1 With air I S2 The mixture is accelerated. The accelerated, cooled air draws away the vibrational and rotational energy from the water molecules, causing them to expand approximately isothermally. The water molecules accelerate along with the air, releasing their energy into the turbine 1. The water and air are separated within the turbine casing 1.1. The water accumulates at the bottom of the turbine casing 1.1 and is accelerated by a gravity diffuser. A fall height of over 10 m increases the pressure by approximately 1 bar. This creates a vacuum within the turbine casing 1.1. To maintain this negative pressure, air must be pumped out through the duct 14, for example, using a piston pump or jet pump 13.

[0070] Appendix Label Table

[0071] M molecule

[0072] 1. Fluid power machine

[0073] 1.1 Housing

[0074] 2 tapered nozzles

[0075] 3 diffusers

[0076] 4 rotating axes

[0077] 5 compressors

[0078] 5.1 Compressor

[0079] 5.2 Compressor

[0080] 6 Balance Containers

[0081] 7 Separators

[0082] 8 heat exchangers

[0083] 8.1 Heat Exchanger

[0084] 8.2 Heat Exchanger

[0085] 9 Mixers

[0086] 10 Exports

[0087] 11 storage tanks

[0088] 12 storage tanks

[0089] 13 jet pump

[0090] 14. Air duct.

Claims

1. A method of operating a fluid power machine (1), wherein a fluid guided through the fluid power machine (1) transfers kinetic energy to the fluid power machine (1), characterized in that, The fluid or at least one fluid component of the fluid is compressible, and the compressible fluid is accelerated in a converging nozzle (2) upstream of the fluid power machine (1) along the flow direction, and a diffuser (3) is provided downstream of the fluid power machine along the flow direction, and directly downstream of the fluid power machine (1), a force F generated by a force field and acting along the flow direction is applied. B By converting the potential energy of the fluid into the kinetic energy of the fluid, the flow velocity of the fluid, which decreases during the transfer of kinetic energy on the fluid power machine (1), is increased to a certain extent, thereby increasing the pressure of the fluid, which decreases on the fluid power machine (1), back to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine (1), and the force F acting in the flow direction. B For gravity, centrifugal force, magnetic force, electric force, or mechanical force provided by another fluid power machine, and A fluid mixture of a first medium and a second medium is used as a compressible fluid, wherein the first medium is a gas and the second medium is a liquid, and the first medium is dissolved in the second medium before acceleration at the converging nozzle (2), discharged from the second medium during acceleration at the converging nozzle (2), and redissolved in the second medium downstream of the diffuser (3).

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fluid power unit (1) is a turbine or an MHD generator.

3. A method of operating a fluid power machine (1), wherein a fluid guided through the fluid power machine (1) transfers kinetic energy to the fluid power machine (1), characterized in that, The fluid or at least one fluid component of the fluid is compressible, and the compressible fluid is accelerated in a converging nozzle (2) upstream of the fluid power machine (1) along the flow direction, and a diffuser (3) is provided downstream of the fluid power machine along the flow direction, and directly downstream of the fluid power machine (1), a force F generated by a force field and acting along the flow direction is applied. B By converting the potential energy of the fluid into the kinetic energy of the fluid, the flow velocity of the fluid, which decreases during the transfer of kinetic energy on the fluid power machine (1), is increased to a certain extent, thereby increasing the pressure of the fluid, which decreases on the fluid power machine (1), back to at least 0.1 times the fluid pressure upstream of the fluid power machine (1), and the force F acting in the flow direction. B For gravity, centrifugal force, magnetic force, electric force, or mechanical force provided by another fluid power machine, and The fluid mixture of the first medium and the second medium is used as a compressible fluid, wherein the first medium has a lower vapor pressure than the second medium, and the first medium is liquid when accelerated at the converging nozzle (2) and downstream of the fluid power unit (1), and the second medium is at least partially gaseous when accelerated at the converging nozzle and liquid downstream of the diffuser (3).

4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that, The fluid power unit (1) is a turbine or an MHD generator.

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