Liquid-liquid phase transition compositions and methods

Abstract

This application relates to liquid-liquid phase change compositions and methods. In one embodiment, a liquid-liquid phase change method includes first forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water, and then phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases. The liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy, as measured by a calorimeter, can be greater than 5 kJ / kg, and each liquid phase can have unique and advantageous properties. In another embodiment, this application relates to compositions suitable for use in liquid-liquid phase change compositions.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application 62 / 987,972, filed March 11, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] Background Technology and Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application relates to compositions for liquid-liquid phase change liquids. Embodiments include new liquid categories and new liquid-liquid phenomena. Applications may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following, or combinations thereof: heat transfer, cold transfer, refrigeration cycles, permeation heat engines, HVAC, drilling fluids, oil and gas drilling, forward osmosis, permeation-assisted reverse osmosis, permeation-assisted nanofiltration, permeation processes, gas separation, separation, extraction, heat storage, heat transfer, local heating, or sensors. Desired properties may include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following, or combinations thereof: large phase change enthalpy, phase change enthalpy over the application temperature range, large total heat capacity over the application temperature range, density difference between liquid phases, separability of the liquid phases, low viscosity, or reversible liquid-liquid phase change. Attached Figure Description

[0005] Figure 1 This is the RC1 plot for all cycles of composition #1. Tr is the composition temperature, Tj is the instrument jacket temperature, qhf is the heat flux, and qrtc is the heat transfer rate. The phase change enthalpy of composition #1 is fully reversible and repeatable. Composition #1 exhibits consistent phase change enthalpy and specific heat capacity over 12 consecutive heating + cooling cycles without degradation, and the standard deviation is less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument). The heat absorbed by the phase change heating enthalpy is the same as the heat released by the phase change cooling enthalpy, with a standard deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument).

[0006] Figure 2 This is the RC1 plot for all cycles of composition #2. Tr is the composition temperature, Tj is the instrument jacket temperature, qhf is the heat flux, and qrtc is the heat transfer rate. The phase change enthalpy of composition #2 is fully reversible and repeatable. Composition #2 exhibits consistent phase change enthalpy and specific heat capacity over 12 consecutive heating + cooling cycles without degradation, and the standard deviation is less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument). The heat absorbed by the phase change heating enthalpy is the same as the heat released by the phase change cooling enthalpy, with a standard deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument).

[0007] Figure 3is an RC1 plot for one cycle of Composition #1. Tr is the composition temperature, Tj is the instrument jacket temperature, q hf is the heat flow, q rtc is the heat flux. Tr represents the temperature of the reactor, Tj represents the jacket temperature, Tr and Tj refer to the left Y-axis label ("Temperature"). q hf and q rtc represent the heat flow and heat flux, respectively, and are re-represented by the right Y-axis label ("Heat Flow").

[0008] Figure 4 is an RC1 plot for one cycle of Composition #2. Tr is the composition temperature, Tj is the instrument jacket temperature, q hf is the heat flow, q rtc is the heat flux. Tr represents the temperature of the reactor, Tj represents the jacket temperature, Tr and Tj refer to the left Y-axis label ("Temperature"). q hf and q rtc represent the heat flow and heat flux, respectively, and are re-represented by the right Y-axis label ("Heat Flow"). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] EXAMPLE DEFINITIONS

[0010] • Liquid-liquid phase transition: A "liquid-liquid phase transition" can include the maintenance of a liquid phase while the composition undergoes heat absorption (endothermic) or heat release (exothermic). One or more aspects or properties of the composition can change during the liquid-liquid phase transition, such as the amount of one or more liquid phases or combinations thereof, or viscosity, or composition, or concentration, or distribution.

[0011] • Liquid-liquid phase transition reagent: A reagent that has a liquid-liquid phase transition in a binary solution comprising the reagent and a solvent reagent or water.

[0012] • Liquid-liquid phase transition composition: A composition that exhibits a liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid phase, or an enthalpy of a liquid-liquid phase transition, or a cloud point temperature, or a combination thereof.

[0013] • Organic liquid phase: An "organic liquid phase" refers to a liquid phase that forms at or above the liquid-liquid phase transition cloud point that comprises a higher concentration of one or more organic reagents or combinations thereof than water, or a higher concentration of an organic liquid phase than another liquid phase in the same composition. For example, an organic liquid phase can comprise a concentration of one or more organic reagents or combinations thereof that is at least 0.1%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or 35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70% higher than another liquid phase in the same composition. For example, an organic liquid phase can comprise a concentration of water that is at least 0.1%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or 35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70% less than another liquid phase in the same composition.

[0014] • Organic reagent: A reagent comprising at least a portion of carbon. A reagent comprising a carbon-based substance.

[0015] • aqueous liquid phase: "Aqueous liquid phase" refers to a liquid phase formed above the liquid-liquid phase transition cloud point or above, which comprises a higher concentration of water than one or more organic reagents or combinations thereof, or a higher concentration of water than another liquid phase in the same composition. For example, an aqueous liquid phase above the cloud point can comprise a concentration of water at least 0.1%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or 35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70% higher than another liquid phase in the same composition. For example, an aqueous liquid phase above the cloud point can comprise a concentration of one or more organic reagents or combinations thereof at least 0.1%, or 1%, or 5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or 35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70% less than another liquid phase in the same composition.

[0016] • follow-on reagent: "Follow-on reagent" can include a reagent that follows the liquid-liquid phase transition reagent or water into two or more liquid phases during the cloud point. The follow-on reagent "follows" an organic liquid phase or a liquid phase comprising the liquid-liquid phase transition reagent into multiple liquid phases during the cloud point, which can comprise greater than 50% of the "follow-on reagent" in the composition. The follow-on reagent "follows" an aqueous liquid phase into multiple liquid phases during the cloud point, which can comprise greater than 50% of the "follow-on reagent" in the composition. In some cases, the follow-on reagent can include a reagent that does not have a liquid-liquid phase transition in a binary mixture with water and the follow-on reagent. In some cases, the follow-on reagent can include a reagent that has a liquid-liquid phase transition in a binary mixture with water and the follow-on reagent.

[0017] • density reducing reagent: a reagent that can reduce the density of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase transition composition while enabling the composition to maintain a liquid-liquid phase transition, or one or more other desired properties, or combinations thereof.

[0018] • density enhancing reagent or density increasing reagent: a reagent that can increase the density of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase transition composition while enabling the composition to maintain a liquid-liquid phase transition, or one or more other desired properties, or combinations thereof.

[0019] • phase transition type modifier: a phase transition modifier is a reagent that can adjust or change one or more properties or attributes of a liquid-liquid phase transition solution. The properties can include, but are not limited to, density, or viscosity, or cloud point type, or cloud point temperature, or temperature range of liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy, or liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy, or vapor pressure, or solubility. In some embodiments, it can be desirable for a phase transition type modifier to adjust or change one or more properties or attributes while preserving one or more other desirable attributes.

[0020] • Particle count: The number of particles in a solution is measured by a laser particle counting method, where the solution is continuously mixed or turbulent. Particle count can determine the presence and / or formation of a new phase (e.g., a new liquid phase) in a liquid composition.

[0021] • Particle density: The number of particles per 1 mL of solution is measured by a laser particle counting method, where the solution is continuously mixed or turbulent. Particle count can determine the presence and / or formation of a new phase (e.g., a new liquid phase) in a liquid composition.

[0022] • Combined cloud point: By "combined cloud point" is meant the temperature at which a mixture of three or more different liquid substances begins to phase separate, resulting in two phases and / or the mixture becomes cloudy. As used herein, the combined cloud point of three or more different liquid substances is generally different from the cloud point of any combination of two of the three or more different liquid substances. That is, like azeotropes, the mixture of three or more substances behaves differently in terms of cloud point than would be predicted from the corresponding binary mixtures of its individual components. For example, two or more non-water agents can be combined with water into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single cloud point temperature ("combined cloud point") rather than either of the two cloud point temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. Similarly, two or more non-solvent agents can be combined with a solvent into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single cloud point temperature ("combined cloud point") rather than either of the two cloud point temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. The two or more non-water or non-solvent agents can exhibit a different cloud point temperature than either of the individual agents in solution with water or solvent.

[0023] • Combined liquid-liquid phase transition: A temperature at which a mixture of three or more different liquid substances absorbs heat or releases heat, or both, in a liquid-liquid phase transition at that temperature. As used herein, the combined liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of three or more different liquid substances is typically different from the cloud point of any combination of two of the three or more different liquid substances. That is, like azeotropes, the mixture of three or more substances behaves differently with respect to the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range than would be predicted from the respective binary mixtures of its individual components. For example, two or more non-water reagents can be combined with water into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ("combined liquid-liquid phase transition") rather than either of the two liquid-liquid phase transition temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. Similarly, two or more non-solvent reagents can be combined with a solvent into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range ("combined liquid-liquid phase transition") rather than either of the two liquid-liquid phase transition temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. Two or more non-water or non-solvent reagents can exhibit a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature that is different from either of the individual reagents in solution with water or the solvent. In some cases, "combined liquid-liquid phase transition" can be used interchangeably with "combined cloud point."

[0024] • Cloud point or initial cloud point: The temperature or temperature range at which there is a sharp increase in the particle count in a solution. A liquid solution can exhibit a temperature at which there is a significant formation of a new phase (which can be indicated by a particle count). Mixing of the solution can be required when performing a particle count method.

[0025] • Liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy: The total amount of heat absorbed (endothermic) or released (exothermic) by a liquid-liquid phase transition composition. In some cases, it can include the total amount of heat absorbed (endothermic) or released (exothermic) by a liquid-liquid phase transition composition over a defined temperature range.

[0026] • Temperature range of liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy: The temperature range over which the heat absorbed or released in a solution by a liquid-liquid phase transition exceeds the baseline specific heat capacity of the solution.

[0027] • Liquid-liquid phase transition onset enthalpy temperature: The temperature at which the heat absorbed or released in a solution by a liquid-liquid phase transition begins to exceed the baseline specific heat capacity of the solution.

[0028] • Liquid-liquid phase transition peak enthalpy: The temperature at which a composition has a maximum effective specific heat capacity. The temperature or point at which a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy has a maximum rate of heat absorption (endothermic) or heat release (exothermic). The temperature at which a liquid has a maximum specific heat capacity or increase in specific heat capacity due to a liquid-liquid phase transition.

[0029] • Peak effective specific heat capacity: The maximum effective specific heat capacity of a composition.

[0030] • Baseline specific heat capacity: Baseline specific heat capacity includes the specific heat capacity of a solution when it is not undergoing a liquid-liquid phase change. Baseline specific heat capacity can include the total specific heat capacity of individual separate agents by multiplying the specific heat capacity of each agent by the respective decimal weight percent concentration of each agent in the composition and adding the resulting calculated values.

[0031] • Reversibility: In some compositions, reversibility can involve a liquid having a phase change enthalpy that, when heated at a certain temperature, absorbs a certain amount of heat, and when cooled through the same temperature range, releases about the same amount of heat. In some compositions, reversibility can involve a composition that is able to form phase B from phase A by changing a parameter (e.g., temperature or concentration), and then return the composition to phase A by returning the parameter to its previous level.

[0032] • Viscosity reducing agent: An agent that can reduce the dynamic viscosity of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change composition while enabling the composition to maintain a liquid-liquid phase change, or one or more other desired properties, or a combination thereof.

[0033] • Viscosity increasing agent: An agent that can increase the dynamic viscosity of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change composition while enabling the composition to maintain a liquid-liquid phase change, or one or more other desired properties, or a combination thereof.

[0034] • Density reducing agent: The density reducing agent can include an agent that can be used to reduce the density of the liquid phase. For example, the density reducing agent can include an agent that is added to reduce the density of the liquid phase in a composition having a liquid-liquid phase change, while enabling the liquid-liquid phase change composition to maintain a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy, such as a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 2.5 kJ / kg. For example, the density reducing agent can include an agent that is added to reduce the density of the liquid phase and can have an affinity for one of the two or more liquid phases that are produced by the liquid-liquid phase change at or above the cloud point temperature. The affinity for a liquid phase can be defined as an agent in which greater than 10 wt%, or 20 wt%, or 30 wt%, or 40 wt%, or 50 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt% of the agent in a liquid-liquid phase change solution is in one of the two or more liquid phases that exist above the cloud point temperature. The affinity for a liquid phase can be defined as an agent in which greater than 50 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt% of the agent in a liquid-liquid phase change solution is in one of the two or more liquid phases that exist above the cloud point temperature. For example, methanol (density 0.792 g / mL) can have an affinity for water or a liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water in a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising a glycol polymer and water above the cloud point temperature. For example, 2-butoxyethanol (density 0.9 g / mL) can have an affinity for a glycol polymer or a liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer in a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising a glycol polymer and water above the cloud point temperature.

[0035] • Density enhancing agent: A density enhancing agent can include an agent that can be used to increase the density of a liquid phase. For example, a density enhancing agent can include an agent that is added to increase the density of a liquid phase in a liquid-liquid phase change composition while enabling the liquid-liquid phase change composition to maintain a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy, such as a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 2.5 kJ / kg. For example, a density enhancing agent can include an agent that is added to increase the density of a liquid phase and can have an affinity for one of the two or more liquid phases that are produced by a liquid-liquid phase change at or above the cloud point temperature. An affinity for a liquid phase can be defined as an agent where greater than 10 wt%, or 20 wt%, or 30 wt%, or 40 wt%, or 50 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt% of the agent in a liquid-liquid phase change solution is in one of the two or more liquid phases that exist above the cloud point temperature. An affinity for a liquid phase can be defined as an agent where greater than 50 wt%, or 60 wt%, or 70 wt%, or 80 wt%, or 90 wt%, or 95 wt% of the agent in a liquid-liquid phase change solution is in one of the two or more liquid phases that exist above the cloud point temperature. For example, dipotassium phosphate (density 2.44 g / mL) can have an affinity for water or a liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water in a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising a glycol polymer and water above the cloud point temperature. For example, propylene carbonate (density 1.2 g / mL) can have an affinity for a glycol polymer or a liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer in a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising a glycol polymer and water above the cloud point temperature.

[0036] • Solvent agent: A liquid substance that is capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances. In some embodiments, the agent comprises the maximum weight percent concentration of the composition. In some embodiments, a solvent agent can include water. In some embodiments, a solvent agent can include a low molecular weight organic, such as methanol or CO2, or a low molecular weight inorganic, such as ammonia or sulfur dioxide.

[0037] • Non-water agent: An agent other than water.

[0038] • Single liquid phase combination solution: A single liquid phase solution comprising the entire composition. A solution comprising the agents of a liquid-liquid phase change composition or a liquid-liquid phase change composition dissolved together in a single liquid phase.

[0039] • Non-contact separation: A non-contact separation can include a situation where one liquid phase is separated and does not have physical contact with other liquid phases.

[0040] Some embodiments disclosed herein relate to liquid-liquid phase change compositions having a reversible phase change enthalpy that occurs over a temperature range. The liquid-liquid phase change compositions can have a cloud point at a particular temperature, which can be defined by the temperature at which the particle count or particle density of a liquid solution changes as a function of temperature. In some liquid-liquid phase change compositions described herein, the cloud point temperature can include a narrow portion or range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can occur over a temperature range that is wider or different than the cloud point temperature. For example, greater than 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90% of the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can be outside of the cloud point temperature. For example, greater than 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90% of the heat absorbed or released in the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can occur outside of the cloud point temperature.

[0041] Some embodiments of the liquid-liquid phase change compositions described herein can exhibit a reversible liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy over the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy, even if only heating and cooling through a portion of the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 6.67 °C to 12.78 °C, and then cooled from 12.78 °C to 6.67 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 8 °C to 10 °C, and then cooled from 10 °C to 8 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 5.5 °C to 7 °C, and then cooled from 7 °C to 5.5 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 13 °C to 15 °C, and then cooled from 15 °C to 13 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 15 °C to 17 °C, and then cooled from 17 °C to 15 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling. For example, if the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is 5 °C to 17 °C, the composition can be heated from 5 °C to 7 °C, and then cooled from 7 °C to 5 °C, and the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the heating can be similar and opposite to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy during the cooling.

[0042] In some compositions, it has been found that the phase inversion enthalpy can be broadened or narrowed by adjusting the concentration of one or more agents. For example, the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy of polypropylene glycol 2000 increases as the concentration in water increases from about 0.01 wt% to about 35 wt%, with the maximum liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy typically occurring in the range of 20-30 wt%. The presence of some organic agents, such as glycol ethers or diethylene glycol hexyl ether, for example, can narrow the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy, or can enable a greater proportion of the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy to occur at lower temperatures, or both. It is noted that in some compositions, glycol polymers at concentrations greater than 35 wt% can result in a greater temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy than glycol polymers at concentrations below 35 wt%.

[0043] The cloud point temperature can include a temperature that is different from the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy temperature or the peak enthalpy temperature of the liquid-liquid phase inversion, or both. In critical cases, a significant temperature difference between the peak enthalpy of the liquid-liquid phase inversion and the cloud point temperature can indicate the presence of a high liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy. In some cases, a composition having a liquid-liquid phase inversion peak enthalpy that is different from the cloud point temperature can be formed by employing a concentration of liquid-liquid phase inversion agent such that the composition has a multiple liquid phase to multiple liquid phase transition. In some cases, a composition having a liquid-liquid phase inversion peak enthalpy that is different from the cloud point temperature can be formed by employing a concentration of liquid-liquid phase inversion agent such that the composition has a multiple liquid phase to multiple liquid phase transition. In some cases, a composition having a liquid-liquid phase inversion peak enthalpy that is different from the cloud point temperature can be formed by employing a concentration of liquid-liquid phase inversion agent such that the composition has a multiple liquid phase state at temperatures below the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy temperature range, or below the cloud point temperature, or a combination thereof. In some cases, it can be desirable to use a phase inversion type modifier to enable a liquid-liquid phase inversion composition to have a single liquid phase at temperatures below the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy temperature range, or below the cloud point temperature, or a combination thereof, while having a greater liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy enabled by a liquid-liquid phase inversion peak enthalpy temperature that is different from the cloud point temperature.

[0044] For example, the cloud point temperature of the solution was 4.7 °C based on the particle count method during heating from 0 °C to 30 °C. Notably, the peak enthalpy of the phase inversion for the same solution was at 12.51 °C, or 7.81 °K different from the cloud point temperature, according to measurements by the RC1 calorimeter during heating from 0 °C to 30 °C. Furthermore, the phase inversion enthalpy was not detectable until at least 5.3 °C, or 0.6 °K different from the cloud point temperature. The average specific heat capacity of the solution from 5.5 °C to 15.5 °C was 7.42 J / g °C, or 177% of the specific heat capacity of water, or 190% of the baseline specific heat capacity (3.9 J / g °C). In this example, greater than 90% of the heat absorbed in the liquid-liquid phase inversion enthalpy occurred at temperatures different from the cloud point temperature during heating from 0 °C to 30 °C.

[0045] Some liquid-liquid phase change compositions can have multiple liquid phases below the cloud point temperature. Having more than one liquid phase below the cloud point temperature can present challenges in certain applications. For example, in thermal storage, a multiple liquid phase liquid below the cloud point temperature can result in challenges in separating or storing liquid phases of the composition having different temperatures or states, particularly if the liquid phases are stored or separated through a density gradient. For example, in heat transfer, the rate of convective heat transfer or the rate of enhancement of convective heat transfer of a composition having multiple liquid phases below the cloud point temperature can be less than the rate of convective heat transfer of a composition having a single liquid phase below the cloud point temperature due to, for example, potentially greater mass transfer or mass movement during the cloud point. Some embodiments can involve converting a composition having multiple liquid phases below the cloud point temperature to a composition having a single liquid phase below the cloud point temperature.

[0046] For example, polypropylene glycol 2000 + water has multiple liquid phases or a multiple liquid phase mixture below its cloud point temperature. For example, polypropylene glycol 1200 + water has multiple liquid phases or a multiple liquid phase mixture below its cloud point temperature. For example, polypropylene glycol 2700 + water has multiple liquid phases or a multiple liquid phase mixture below its cloud point temperature. Introducing certain glycol ethers to the composition causes the above-mentioned compositions to have a single liquid phase solution below the cloud point temperature, and a multiple liquid phase solution above the cloud point temperature. For example, introducing at least a portion of diethylene glycol hexyl ether to a polypropylene glycol 2000 + water composition converts the composition to a composition having a single liquid phase below the cloud point temperature and a multiple liquid phase mixture above the cloud point temperature, and / or wherein the composition exhibits a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 5 kJ / kg, or greater than 7.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 10 kJ / kg, or greater than 12.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 15 kJ / kg, or greater than 17.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 20 kJ / kg.

[0047] Disclosed herein are certain mixtures of three or more components that exhibit a common cloud point. A "combined cloud point" refers to the temperature at which a mixture of three or more different liquid substances begins to phase separate, resulting in two phases and turbidity of the mixture. As used herein, the combined cloud point of three or more different liquid substances is generally different from the cloud point of any combination of two of the three or more different liquid substances. That is, like azeotropes, the mixture of three or more substances behaves differently with respect to cloud point than would be predicted from the respective binary mixtures of its individual components. For example, two or more non-water reagents can be combined with water into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single cloud point temperature ("combined cloud point") rather than either of the two cloud point temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. For example, two or more non-solvent reagents can be combined with a solvent into a composition, and the resulting solution can have a single cloud point temperature ("combined cloud point") rather than either of the two cloud point temperatures based on the potential binary combinations of its individual substances. The two or more non-water or non-solvent reagents can exhibit a cloud point temperature that is different from either of the individual reagents in solution with water or solvent. Some common cloud points are within the temperature range between the cloud point temperatures of the two or more non-water reagents. Some common cloud points are similar to azeotropes in that the common cloud point is higher than the cloud points of the respective binary mixtures of its individual components (possibly similar to a negative azeotrope). Some common cloud points are similar to azeotropes in that the common cloud point is higher than the cloud points of the respective binary mixtures of its individual components (possibly similar to a positive azeotrope).

[0048] It has been demonstrated that glycol polymers including but not limited to polypropylene glycol, or block copolymers of PEG and PPG, or block copolymers of PEG and PG, or PEG, polyethylene glycol ethers, polypropylene glycol ethers, mixed with certain glycol ethers and glycol esters have a "common cloud point." Examples of glycol ethers and glycol esters can include but are not limited to one or more of or combinations of: diethylene glycol ether, or diethylene glycol ethyl ether, or diethylene glycol hexyl ether, or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, or diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, or diethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or diethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol normal butyl ether, or diethylene glycol normal butyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol phenyl ether, or diisobutyl ketone, or dioctyl succin sulfonate, or dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, or dipropylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, or dipropylene glycol normal butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol normal propyl ether, or dipropylene glycol phenyl ether, or Eo / Po block polyether, or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, or ethylene glycol hexyl ether, or ethylene glycol isopropyl ether, or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, or ethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or ethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether acetate, or ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, or ethylene glycol normal butyl ether, or ethylene glycol normal butyl ether acetate, or ethylene glycol phenyl ether, or ethylene glycol propyl ether, or glycol ether coacervate, or Heptaoxyethylene Dodecyl Ether, or mono- and diethylene glycol phenyl ethers, or natural plant oil polyethers, or n-butyl propionate, or n-amyl propionate, or poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), or alpha-phenyl-omega-hydroxy-polyethylene oxide, or propylene glycol diacetate, or propylene glycol methyl ether, or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, or propylene glycol monomethyl ether, or propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, or propylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or propylene glycol mononormal propyl ether, or propylene glycol monopropyl ether, or propylene glycol normal butyl ether, or propylene glycol normal propyl ether, or propylene glycol phenyl ether, or triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or tripropylene glycol methyl ether, or tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or tripropylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, alkyl phenol polyethers, or branched secondary alcohol polyethers.

[0049] It is important to note that the glycol ether must be carefully selected and matched to each glycol polymer in the proper concentration relative to the glycol polymer and water. Combining most glycol ethers with most glycol polymers generally does not produce a composition that has a common cloud point in water.

[0050] It is important to note that the glycol ester must be carefully selected and matched to each glycol polymer in the proper concentration relative to the glycol polymer and water. Combining most glycol esters with most glycol polymers generally does not produce a composition that has a common cloud point in water.

[0051] In some embodiments, it can be desirable to be able to adjust the density of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change composition while enabling the resulting "adjusted" liquid-liquid phase change to retain advantageous properties, such as a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, it can be desirable to adjust the density of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change composition to facilitate the separation of the liquid phases. For example, the separation of liquid phases can be particularly useful in applications including, but not limited to, one or more of or combinations of: thermal storage, or heat transfer, or long distance heat transfer, or temperature independent thermal storage, or thermal storage in a density tank with a density gradient, or extraction, or separation, or a pure liquid phase refrigeration cycle. Increasing the density difference between liquid phases can facilitate separation. Increasing the density difference between liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change liquid can increase the rate of convective heat transfer or enhance heat transfer when the liquid-liquid phase change liquid is used in heat transfer applications where the temperature overlaps the cloud point temperature, for example.

[0052] For example, the density of glycol polymers and glycol ether polymers is generally greater than or about equal to the density of water. For example, the density of polypropylene glycol is generally 1-1.02 g / mL at 20 °C. For example, the density of polyethylene glycol is generally greater than 1.02 g / mL at 20 °C. Polyethylene glycol and other glycol polymers with densities greater than water can be difficult to separate or stratify because of the limited density difference relative to aqueous solutions containing salts, or sugar alcohols, or other relatively high density reagents. Because of the limited density difference of polyethylene glycol relative to water, it can be difficult to separate or stratify. Changing the density of the liquid phases while retaining a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is not possible because most water soluble or organic soluble or both reagents significantly reduce or practically eliminate the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of the composition.

[0053] Some embodiments relate to compositions for changing or adjusting the density of liquid-liquid phase change liquids based on glycol polymers and glycol polymer ethers. In particular, some embodiments relate to compositions that lower the density of the organic liquid phase in a liquid-liquid phase change composition, or increase the density of the organic liquid phase in a liquid-liquid phase change composition, or both, and / or relate to compositions that exhibit a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy (which can include, but is not limited to, greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 5 kJ / kg, or greater than 7.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 10 kJ / kg, or greater than 12.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 15 kJ / kg, or greater than 17.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 20 kJ / kg). Agents that lower the density while causing the composition to exhibit a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can be referred to as density lowering agents. Agents that lower the density while causing the composition to exhibit a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can be referred to as density enhancing agents. For example, some compositions can lower the density of the organic phase comprising a glycol polymer to a lower density than the aqueous liquid phase comprising water, while maintaining the high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, some compositions can increase the density of the organic phase comprising a glycol polymer to a higher density than the aqueous liquid phase comprising water, while maintaining the high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, some compositions can increase the density of the aqueous liquid phase comprising water to a higher density than the organic phase comprising a glycol polymer, while maintaining the high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, some compositions can lower the density of the aqueous liquid phase comprising water to a lower density than the organic phase comprising a glycol polymer, while maintaining the high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. For example, some compositions can include a glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether mixed with a low density organic agent that is soluble in the glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether. For example, some compositions can include a glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether mixed with a glycol ether that is soluble in the glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether. For example, some compositions can include, but are not limited to, compositions that exhibit a combined cloud point as described herein.

[0054] Some embodiments relate to compositions for changing or adjusting the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy or the cloud point temperature or both, and / or while maintaining the composition exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 5 kJ / kg, or greater than 7.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 10 kJ / kg, or greater than 12.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 15 kJ / kg, or greater than 17.5 kJ / kg, or greater than 20 kJ / kg. In some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature or the cloud point temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of reagents in the organic liquid phase. For example, in some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature or the cloud point temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the relative concentration of glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether relative to the concentration of glycol ether. For example, in some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature or the cloud point temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the relative concentration of glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether relative to the concentration of ester or glycol ester. In some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of reagents in the aqueous liquid phase. For example, in some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature or the cloud point temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of glycol polymer in the aqueous liquid phase. For example, the liquid-liquid phase change reagent can comprise polypropylene glycol, and the aqueous phase can comprise polyethylene glycol, where the concentration of polyethylene glycol can affect the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy or the cloud point temperature or both of the polypropylene glycol + water solution. Some glycol polymers or glycol polymer ethers can adjust the liquid-liquid phase change properties of other glycol polymers, and some glycol polymers or glycol polymer ethers remain in different liquid phases during the cloud point to form two or more liquid phases. Some polypropylene glycols are not soluble in some polyethylene glycols and / or some polyethylene glycols or polyethylene glycol polymer ethers can adjust the cloud point temperature or the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of the polypropylene glycol + water composition. For example, in some embodiments, the liquid-liquid phase change temperature or the cloud point temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of sugar, sugar alcohol, glycol, ester, aldehyde, or ether. For example, maltose, mannitol, sucrose, glucose, or fructose exhibit the ability to adjust the cloud point temperature. In some embodiments, the adjustment of the liquid-liquid phase change temperature can be reversible using, for example, a separation method or a membrane-based separation method. In some embodiments, the adjustment of the liquid-liquid phase change temperature can be intended to remain permanent. Similar reagents can be used to adjust the density, or to reduce the viscosity, or other applications described herein.

[0055] In some embodiments, it can be desirable to be able to adjust the viscosity of one or more liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase change composition while enabling the resulting "adjusted" liquid-liquid phase change to retain advantageous properties, such as a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy. Reducing the viscosity of a liquid phase can improve heat transfer performance, improve heat transfer coefficients, minimize cavitation phenomena, prevent pumping challenges, reduce pumping energy consumption, enable more efficient or lower cost or simpler separation, or combinations thereof. It can be desirable for a viscosity-reducing agent to reduce the viscosity of a liquid phase while enabling a liquid-liquid phase change composition to retain a high liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy and while enabling the composition to continue to have a temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy.

[0056] In some embodiments, it can be desirable to simultaneously achieve one or more of the desired properties or features described herein or combinations thereof with certain compositions or types of compositions disclosed herein.

[0057] Low temperature liquid-liquid phase change can include a liquid-liquid phase change that can occur at a relatively low temperature. A relatively low temperature can be defined as a temperature that is near or equal to or below room temperature (e.g.: below or equal to 50°C, below or equal to 40°C, below or equal to 35°C, below or equal to 30°C, or below or equal to 25°C). Example applications in a relatively cold temperature range can include, but are not limited to, one or more or combinations thereof of the following: HVAC, cooling, thermal storage, heat transfer, chiller condenser side heat exchanger, chiller evaporator side heat exchanger, liquid-liquid phase change based chiller, liquid-liquid phase change based air conditioner, liquid-liquid phase change based heat pump, osmotic heat engine, forward osmosis, osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, gas separation. Desirable performance can include, but are not limited to, one or more or combinations thereof of the following: large phase change enthalpy, phase change enthalpy over the application temperature range, large total heat capacity over the application temperature range, low viscosity, or reversible liquid-liquid phase change.

[0058] High temperature liquid-liquid phase change can include a liquid-liquid phase change that can occur at a relatively high temperature. A relatively high temperature can be defined as a temperature that is near or equal to or higher than room temperature (e.g.: higher than or equal to 25°C, or higher than or equal to 30°C, or higher than or equal to 35°C, or higher than or equal to 40°C, or higher than or equal to 45°C, or higher than or equal to 50°C, or higher than or equal to 55°C, or higher than or equal to 60°C, or higher than or equal to 70°C, or higher than or equal to 80°C, or higher than or equal to 90°C, or higher than or equal to 100°C). Example applications in the relatively high temperature range can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: HVAC, heating, local heating, thermal storage, heat transfer, liquid-liquid phase change based heat pump, liquid-liquid phase change based heater, osmotic heat engine, forward osmosis, forward osmosis assisted reverse osmosis, gas separation, heat supply, absorption heat pump heat supply. Desirable properties can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: large phase change enthalpy, phase change enthalpy in the application temperature range, large total heat capacity in the application temperature range, low viscosity, or reversible liquid-liquid phase change.

[0059] Large heat capacity over the range of application temperatures:

[0060] In liquid-liquid phase change solutions for heat transfer, there are two properties that can influence the specific heat capacity - the baseline specific heat capacity and the specific heat capacity increase due to the liquid-liquid phase change. The baseline specific heat capacity includes the specific heat capacity of the solution when it is not undergoing a liquid-liquid phase change. The specific heat capacity increase includes the increase in effective specific heat capacity due to the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy in the specific temperature range in which the liquid-liquid phase change occurs. Maximizing the specific heat capacity or total heat capacity in a specific temperature range can involve maximizing or optimizing the baseline specific heat capacity and the specific heat capacity increase.

[0061] The baseline specific heat capacity is important because the total heat capacity includes the phase change enthalpy and the baseline specific heat capacity. The phase change enthalpy or specific heat capacity increase is important because it is the driving force for the larger heat capacity or large effective specific heat capacity relative to water (or other conventional heat transfer liquid).

[0062] Maximizing the baseline specific heat capacity can involve maximizing the concentration of the reagents that have a large baseline specific heat capacity. In liquids, water typically has the largest baseline specific heat capacity at room temperature and pressure. In applications where water-based liquids can be used, the goal can be to maximize the concentration of water (or other high baseline specific heat capacity liquid) without sacrificing or with minimal sacrifice of the phase change enthalpy or specific heat capacity increase.

[0063] Maximizing the phase change enthalpy can involve the specific reagents used and the concentration of these reagents.

[0064] Properties of reagents and concentration of reagents

[0065] • Utilization of new liquid-liquid phenomena: The present invention introduces new liquid-liquid phenomena that can enable phase transition enthalpies that are orders of magnitude greater than those of prior art liquid-liquid phase transitions.

[0066] • Multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase transitions

[0067] ■In some of the liquid-liquid phase transitions presented herein, the multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase transitions have significantly greater effective specific heat capacities and phase transition enthalpies.

[0068] ■In some of the liquid-liquid phase transitions presented herein, the multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase transitions exhibit significantly greater phase transition enthalpies than the initial liquid-liquid phase transition from single liquid phase to multi-liquid phase in the same composition.

[0069] • Multi-step or multi-part liquid-liquid phase transitions

[0070] ■Some of the liquid-liquid phase transitions presented herein occur in multiple liquid-liquid phase transition steps or parts. Each "step" or "part" occurs within a specific temperature range and can be reversible by increasing or decreasing the temperature within that temperature range. Each "step" or "part" can occur consecutively or sequentially during heating or cooling. Each "step" or "part" can exhibit its own phase transition enthalpy. Each step or part can exhibit a specific concentration of reagents in each liquid phase or a specific ratio of reagents in each liquid phase, or can involve the formation, combination, or disappearance of one or more liquid phases.

[0071] • Liquid-liquid phase transitions over a wider temperature range

[0072] ■Some of the liquid-liquid phase transition compositions in the present invention are optimized to have liquid-liquid phase transitions over a wider temperature range. In some liquid-liquid phase transitions, increasing the overall temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition has been shown to increase the overall enthalpy of the phase transition and increase the temperature range of the specific heat capacity enhancement.

[0073] • Dehydration to primarily non-aqueous or organic phases

[0074] ■One indicator of some high phase transition enthalpy liquid-liquid phase transitions is a low weight percent concentration of water in the majority of the non-aqueous phase resulting from the final or near final liquid-liquid phase transition step. The final or near final liquid-liquid phase transition step can be a part of the liquid-liquid phase transition where the effective specific heat capacity is decreasing, or the effective specific heat capacity is approaching or near the baseline specific heat capacity or effective specific heat capacity.

[0075] • Co-phenomena and phase transition modifiers

[0076] ■Combining certain glycol ethers with liquid-liquid phase change with certain polymers with liquid phase change results in a co-decrease or co-increase in the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or cloud point temperature or both. The glycol ether and polymer that experience the co-decrease or co-increase or both can follow each other between liquid phases and can be referred to as a combined cloud point or a combined liquid-liquid phase change or both. The co-decrease in the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature can be similar to azeotrope in liquid-vapor phase change.

[0077] • Example:

[0078] o PPG 425 + 2-butoxyethanol + water: The combination of PPG 425 and butoxyethanol at certain ratios and concentrations can decrease the overall liquid-liquid phase transition temperature by more than 5°C compared to the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature of the solution of each reagent mixed with water alone.

[0079] o PPG 2000 + diethylene glycol monohexyl ether + water: The combination of PPG 2000 and diethylene glycol monohexyl ether at certain ratios and concentrations can decrease the overall liquid-liquid phase transition temperature by more than 5°C compared to the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature of the solution of each reagent mixed with water alone. The presence of diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can act as a phase change modifier as it can, for example, convert a multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase change to a single-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase change.

[0080] ■Combining certain glycol ethers with liquid-liquid phase change with certain polymers with liquid phase change results in a co-increase in the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. The glycol ether and polymer that experience the co-increase in the phase transition temperature can follow each other between liquid phases. The co-increase in the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature can be similar to azeotrope in liquid-vapor phase change.

[0081] • Example:

[0082] o 2-butoxyethanol + polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether + water. Depending on the concentration and ratio of reagents, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether can follow 2-butoxyethanol in the process of liquid-liquid phase change to multi-liquid phase mixture. Polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether can significantly increase the phase transition temperature of 2-butoxyethanol with a small increase in polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether concentration. Advantageously, the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether is significantly greater than 2-butoxyethanol and water, so the concentration of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether can be adjusted using membrane-based methods or other means, enabling easy adjustment of the phase transition temperature. Polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether can exist in various molecular weights, which can include but are not limited to less than, equal to, or greater than one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 250 g / mole, or 500 g / mole.

[0083] o 2-butoxyethanol + polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether + water. Depending on the concentration and ratio of reagents, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether can “follow” 2-butoxyethanol in the process of liquid-liquid phase change into a multi-liquid phase mixture. Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether can significantly increase the phase change temperature of 2-butoxyethanol with less increase in polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether concentration. Advantageously, the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether is significantly larger than 2-butoxyethanol and water, and thus the concentration of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether can be adjusted using membrane-based methods, enabling easy adjustment of liquid-liquid phase change temperature. Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether can exist in various molecular weights, which can include, but are not limited to, less than, equal to, or greater than one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 350 g / mole, or 550 g / mole.

[0084] ■Narrowing the liquid-liquid phase change temperature range: Combining certain reagents with liquid-liquid phase change reagents can narrow the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change. For example, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can narrow the liquid-liquid phase change temperature range when combined with PPG 2000 in water.

[0085] ■Adjusting multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase change to have a single liquid phase combined solution at one temperature region or at the end of the liquid-liquid phase change: Combining certain reagents with liquid-liquid phase change reagents can enable multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase change to have a temperature range in which a single liquid phase combined solution can form. For example, when 2-butoxyethanol is added to PPG 1000 + water, it can be possible to form a single liquid phase combined solution at a temperature below the phase change enthalpy or close to the low temperature range or beginning portion of the liquid-liquid phase change. For example, when diethylene glycol hexyl ether is added to PPG 1000 + water, or PPG 1200 + water, or PPG 2000 + water, it can be possible to form a single liquid phase combined solution at a temperature below the phase change enthalpy or close to the low temperature range or beginning portion of the liquid-liquid phase change.

[0086] ■Viscosity reduction:

[0087] • The viscosity of the primarily organic or primarily non-aqueous liquid phase can be reduced, for example, by introducing a lower viscosity “following” reagent. For example, increasing the concentration of diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can reduce the viscosity of the organic liquid phase (comprising PPG 1000, or PPG 1200, or PPG 2000, or combinations thereof) above the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of the composition, for example, a composition containing water. For example, increasing the concentration of propylene carbonate can reduce the viscosity of the organic liquid phase comprising PPG 1000, PPG 1200, PPG 2000, or combinations thereof. In addition, increasing the concentration of propylene carbonate can increase the density of the organic liquid phase (comprising PPG 1000, or PPG 1200, or PPG 2000, or combinations thereof) above the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of the composition, for example, a composition containing water.

[0088] ■Expanded liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range: Liquid-liquid phase transitions of a wider or greater temperature range can be advantageous because they can have a greater phase transition enthalpy. Liquid-liquid phase transitions of a wider or greater temperature range can be advantageous because they can enable a wider application temperature range without or with less need for liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustment as the application changes.

[0089] ■Adjusting the overall phase transition temperature or phase transition temperature range to match or nearly match the temperature range required for an application.

[0090] • Minimal liquid-liquid phase transition after separation

[0091] In some applications, it can be desirable to have minimal liquid-liquid phase transition after the component liquid phases are separated.

[0092] For example, if a solution phase transitions into two liquid phase solutions after a LCST liquid-liquid phase transition and at a temperature range above the LCST liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, it can be desirable to separate the two liquid phases into two non-contacting liquid phases. If the liquid phases do not contact each other and are individually cooled below the LCST temperature, it can be desirable for the non-contacting separated liquid phases to not experience or minimally experience a liquid-liquid phase transition or liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy. Exemplary applications of the present invention can include, but are not limited to, pure liquid phase refrigeration cycles, long term thermal storage or localized heating or heat transport or osmotic power generation or osmotic processes or forward osmosis, or absorption refrigeration cycles, or refrigeration cycles.

[0093] Exemplary liquid-liquid phase transition compositions having one or more of the above unique properties or combinations thereof can be described herein. The compositions can exhibit the properties at certain concentrations, compositions, or conditions. Exemplary chemicals can include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following or combinations thereof: PPG 1000, PPG 1200, PPG 2000, PPG 2700, water, polypropylene glycol, PEG-PPG-PEG polymers, PEG-ran-PG polymers, PPG-PEG-PPG polymers, polyglycol dimethyl ether, polyglycol monomethyl ether, 2-butoxyethanol, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, propylene glycol propyl ether, various glycol ethers, propylene carbonate, glycerol, propylene glycol, various glycols, various glycol polymers, various glycol ether polymers, other agents or phase transition modifiers described herein. Below are specific examples of some liquid-liquid phase transition compositions, and their new potential advantageous properties at certain concentrations, compositions, or conditions.

[0094]

[0095] Table 1 (as above)

[0096] Table 1 shows the effective total specific heat capacity of solutions containing PPG 2000 and deionized water at various PPG 2000 wt% concentrations. Table 1 shows the average effective total specific heat capacity at various temperature ranges in the 7-14 °C temperature range. The effective specific heat capacity of the shaded cells in the above table is greater than or equal to 6.35 J / g °C.

[0097]

[0098] Table 2 (as above)

[0099] Summary of Tables 1 and 2: Tables 1 and 2 show the effective specific heat capacity of solutions containing PPG 2000 and deionized water at various PPG 2000 wt% concentrations. The specific heat capacity was measured using a custom-built digital mixing calorimeter. Table 1 shows the average effective total specific heat capacity at various temperature ranges in the 7-14 °C temperature range. Table 2 shows the average effective total specific heat capacity at various temperature ranges in the 10-16 °C temperature range. The effective specific heat capacity of the shaded cells is greater than 6.35 J / g °C. In Table 2, all cells are shaded because the effective specific heat capacity of all data in Table 2 is greater than or equal to 6.35 J / g °C. The effective specific heat capacity of PPG 2000 solutions with concentrations of 17.31-28.85 wt% is generally greater in the 10-16 °C temperature range than in the 7-10 °C temperature range. Solutions with smaller PPG 2000 weight percent concentrations (17.31 wt% and 19.23 wt%) have larger or peak effective specific heat capacities in the 13-16 °C and 12-15 °C temperature ranges, respectively. Solutions with larger PPG 2000 weight percent concentrations (23.08 wt%, 25 wt%, and 26.8 wt%) have larger or peak effective specific heat capacities in the 12-14 °C temperature range. The 25 wt% and 26.8 wt% solutions have effective specific heat capacities greater than 6.35 J / g °C throughout the 7-16 °C temperature range. The solutions with the largest total heat capacity in all temperature ranges are the 25 wt% and 26.8 wt% solutions.

[0100]

[0101]

[0102] Table 3 (as above)

[0103] Table 3 Summary: Table 3 shows the effective specific heat capacity of solutions containing PPG 1000, PPG 1200, and PPG 2000. Each PPG molecular weight (1000, 1200, and 2000) was present in deionized water at a concentration of 25 wt%. The specific heat capacity was measured using a custom-built digital mixing calorimeter. Table 3 shows the average effective total specific heat capacity of these solutions over various temperature ranges in the 12-20 °C temperature range. The effective specific heat capacity of the shaded cells in Table 3 is greater than 5.80 J / g °C. As shown in Table 3, 25 wt% PPG 2000 + water has a phase change enthalpy that is primarily below 16 °C. As shown in Table 3, 25 wt% PPG 1200 + water has a phase change enthalpy that is primarily below 20 °C and a phase change peak enthalpy of about 15-16 °C. As shown in Table 3, 25 wt% PPG 1000 + water has a phase change enthalpy that is primarily above 17 °C and a phase change peak enthalpy of about 18-19 °C. At a 25 wt% concentration, the phase change temperature or phase change enthalpy temperature increases as the molecular weight decreases. The phase change total enthalpy of PPG 2000 is greater than PPG 1200, and the phase change total enthalpy of PPG 1200 is greater than PPG 1000. Advantageously, the temperature range of the phase change enthalpy or the specific heat capacity of the compositions in Tables 1, 2, and 3 is increased to be within the full temperature range of chilled water in most chilled water applications, which can include but is not limited to heat transfer, or as a coolant, or for thermal storage, or combinations thereof.

[0104] Phase transition enthalpy occurring over a wide temperature range

[0105] The literature / prior art generally views liquid-liquid phase changes as having a phase change at a specific temperature, which is true for the few liquid-liquid phase changes and their phase change enthalpy studied in the literature / prior art. However, the new phenomena introduced herein involves liquid-liquid phase changes that occur not only at a specific temperature, but over a wider temperature range, which can include but is not limited to, greater than, or less than, or equal to one or more of the following or combinations thereof: a 1 °K temperature range, or a 2 °K temperature range, or a 3 °K temperature range, or a 4 °K temperature range, or a 5 °K temperature range, or a 6 °K temperature range, or a 7 °K temperature range. Advantageously, liquid-liquid phase changes that occur over a wider temperature range can enable greater phase change enthalpy and / or specific heat capacity increase. Advantageously, liquid-liquid phase changes that occur over a wider temperature range can be applicable to a wider temperature range of applications without the need for phase change temperature adjustment.

[0106] Reversible liquid-liquid phase transition:

[0107] It can be desirable for the liquid-liquid phase transition to be reversible or fully reversible. Further, it can be desirable for the liquid-liquid phase transition to be relatively spontaneously reversible, which can mean that the liquid-liquid phase transition occurs over a particular temperature range upon heating and over the same particular temperature range or near the same particular temperature range upon cooling. Further, it can be desirable for the magnitude or range of the phase transition enthalpy during heating to be the same or nearly the same as the phase transition enthalpy during cooling. Further, it can be desirable for the heat absorbed or released during the liquid-liquid phase transition upon heating to be the same as the heat released or absorbed during the liquid-liquid phase transition upon cooling.

[0108] Further, it can be desirable for the phase transition enthalpy to remain the same or substantially the same over multiple successive heating and cooling cycles. The multiple heating and cooling cycles can include more than 2 cycles, or more than 5 cycles, or more than 10 cycles, or more than 25 cycles, or more than 50 cycles, or more than 100 cycles, or more than 250 cycles, or more than 500 cycles, or more than 1000 cycles, or more than 2500 cycles, or more than 5000 cycles, or more than 10000 cycles, or more than 25000 cycles, or more than 50000 cycles, or more than 100000 cycles, or more than 250000 cycles, or more than 500000 cycles, or more than 1000000 cycles.

[0109] Physical phase transition. Physical phenomenon. Fully reversible, spontaneously reversible over a phase transition temperature range. Can include multiple successive liquid-liquid phase transitions. Can include multiple successive liquid-liquid phase transitions. Mixing can be required. Phase transition enthalpy can desirably be fully reversible.

[0110] High temperature composition (1st of 2)

[0111] High temperature phase transition can be considered to be “high temperature” based on the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase transition occurring in a solution comprising a polymer and fresh water. A temperature range for a high temperature phase transition can be described herein. The temperature range for a high temperature phase transition can include temperatures higher than 0°C, or 5°C, or 10°C, or 15°C, or 20°C, or 25°C, and can overlap with the definition of a low temperature phase transition depending on the context or application.

[0112] Examples of “high temperature” liquid-liquid phase transition component reagents can include, but are not limited to, PEG-Ran-PG, PPG-PEG-PPG, and PEG-PPG-PEG block polymers.

[0113]

[0114]

[0115] Table 4 (as above)

[0116] Block diol polymers can exhibit a wide range of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature ranges in aqueous solutions. The phase transition temperature and properties of the block diol polymers can be individually adjusted or tuned based on the relative amount of PEG or PG or PPG in the polymer, or the molecular weight of the polymer, or the type of functional group or linking functional group in the polymer, or combinations thereof. For example, the polymers shown in Table 4 have various liquid-liquid phase transition temperature ranges from about 5°C to greater than 65°C when present in fresh water solutions at a concentration of 20 wt%, according to experiments using a custom-built mixing calorimeter. According to experiments using a custom-built mixing calorimeter, some block diol polymers have a phase transition enthalpy in aqueous solutions greater than 10 kJ / kg at a concentration of 13-40 wt%. According to experiments using a custom-built mixing calorimeter, the phase transition enthalpy and specific heat capacity increase can increase with increasing polymer molecular weight.

[0117] Block diol polymers are generally viscous. In liquid-liquid phase transitions, the bulk block diol polymer liquid phase generally contains a low concentration of water, which can result in the bulk block diol polymer liquid phase being highly viscous. The high viscosity can be problematic in applications where the bulk block diol polymer liquid phase needs to be pumped, moved, or separated. "Follow-on agents" or "phase transition modifiers" can be used, for example, to include but not limited to, reduce the organic liquid phase viscosity, tune the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, or improve other liquid-liquid phase transition properties, including those described herein. As introduced herein, the presence of certain esters and / or glycol ethers as "follow-on agents" or "phase transition modifiers" have been found to reduce the organic liquid phase viscosity, or improve the liquid-liquid phase separation performance, or increase the phase transition enthalpy, or serve as a method to tune the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, or provide other beneficial properties, or combinations thereof.

[0118] High temperature composition (2nd of 2)

[0119] Polyethylene glycol ethers and / or polypropylene glycol ethers can be used as liquid-liquid phase change agents that can be soluble in fresh water and / or in high temperature liquid-liquid phase changes at high temperatures. For example, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether of various molecular weights and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether of various molecular weights can exhibit high liquid-liquid phase change temperatures and large phase change enthalpies. For example, in solutions mixed with fresh water only, the organic of the present invention can have an ultra-high liquid-liquid phase change temperature range, where the liquid-liquid phase change temperature range is greater than or equal to one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, or combinations thereof. The mixing enthalpy or liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of the glycol polymer ether can be large. For example, based on adiabatic temperature change and calorimetry measurements, the phase change enthalpy of the polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether and / or polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether can be greater than or equal to one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 5 kJ / kg total solution, or 10 kJ / kg total solution, or 15 kJ / kg total solution, or 20 kJ / kg total solution, or 25 kJ / kg total solution, or 30 kJ / kg total solution, or 35 kJ / kg total solution, or 40 kJ / kg total solution, or 45 kJ / kg total solution, or 50 kJ / kg total solution, or 55 kJ / kg total solution, or 60 kJ / kg total solution, or 65 kJ / kg total solution, or 70 kJ / kg total solution, or 75 kJ / kg total solution, or 80 kJ / kg total solution, or 85 kJ / kg total solution, or 90 kJ / kg total solution, or 95 kJ / kg total solution, or 100 kJ / kg total solution.

[0120] In some solutions, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether, such as PEGDME 250 or 500, and / or polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether, such as PEGMME 350, can have a liquid-liquid phase change temperature range that is higher than the boiling point of an aqueous solution at standard pressure. It can be desirable to lower the liquid-liquid phase change temperature for various reasons, which can include but are not limited to, ensuring that the liquid-liquid phase change occurs at a temperature that is lower than the boiling point of the liquid composition under substandard pressure conditions, and / or to achieve heat transfer or thermal storage applications at lower temperatures.

[0121] “Following agents” or liquid-liquid phase change modifiers can be added to the compositions of the present invention to achieve, for example, one or more or combinations of the following, including but not limited to: liquid-liquid phase change temperature adjustment, and / or more favorable liquid-liquid phase change properties as described herein, and / or combinations thereof.

[0122] For example, ethers can be used as follow-on reagents and / or liquid-liquid phase transition modifiers. For example, the liquid-liquid phase transition properties of ether glycol polymers such as polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether and polypropylene glycol monomethyl ether can be significantly altered by the presence of 2-butoxyethanol. 2-Butoxyethanol can alter the properties of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME) and / or polypropylene glycol monomethyl ether (PEGMME) in a manner including, but not limited to, one or more of the following ways or combinations thereof:

[0123] • Depending on the relative concentrations of the constituent reagents and water, at least a portion of the PEGDME and / or PEGMME can "follow" the 2-butoxyethanol during the liquid-liquid phase transition into a multiple liquid phase mixture, and can form a predominantly organic liquid phase and a predominantly aqueous liquid phase.

[0124] • The ratio of PEGDME and / or PEGMME to 2-butoxyethanol in an aqueous solution can have a significant effect on the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of the solution. The greater the relative concentration of 2-butoxyethanol to PEGDME and / or PEGMME, the lower the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature of the solution. The liquid-liquid phase transition temperature can be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of 2-butoxyethanol relative to PEGDME and / or PEGMME.

[0125] • The ratio of PEGDME and / or PEGMME to 2-butoxyethanol in an aqueous solution can have a significant effect on the concentration of a desired salt or "salting out reagent" to "salt out" at least a portion of the organic liquid phase or to adjust the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. The higher the relative concentration of 2-butoxyethanol, the lower the concentration of "salting out" reagent or phase transition temperature adjustment reagent required to form a multiple liquid phase mixture or to "salt out" the organic material into an organic liquid phase or to lower the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature.

[0126] • The ratio of PEGDME and / or PEGMME to 2-butoxyethanol in an aqueous solution can have a significant effect on the concentration of water in the predominantly organic liquid phase resulting from the liquid-liquid phase transition or "salting out" or combination thereof. The higher the relative concentration of 2-butoxyethanol to PEGDME and / or PEGMME, the lower the concentration of water in the predominantly organic liquid phase typically resulting from the liquid-liquid phase transition or "salting out" or combination thereof.

[0127] • 2-Butoxyethanol can lower the density of the organic liquid phase, and / or can lower the viscosity of the organic liquid phase, and / or combinations thereof.

[0128] • Similarly, PEGDME and / or PEGMME can have a significant impact on the liquid-liquid phase behavior of 2-butoxyethanol. For example, 30 wt% 2-butoxyethanol can have a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range in the temperature range of ~45 °C when in a solution of 70 wt% fresh water. In a solution containing 30 wt% 2-butoxyethanol, 5 wt% PEGDME 500, and 65 wt% fresh water, the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature is in the temperature range of ~73 °C.

[0129] Alternatively or additionally, the liquid-liquid phase behavior of water and polyol ether polymers, such as PEGDME and PEGMME, can be significantly impacted by a “salting out” agent or phase transition temperature adjusting agent. For example, a “salting out” agent or phase transition temperature adjusting agent can include, but is not limited to, salts and / or organic agents that have appreciable solubility in water and minimal solubility or limited solubility or insolubility in the liquid-liquid phase transition organic agent. For example, due to the strong solubility of polyol ether polymers in water, a “salting out” or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustment can require highly soluble agents, or agents with significant ionic strength, or high salts in the Hofmeister series, or combinations thereof. For example, in some compositions, ammonium salts, potassium salts, sodium salts, fluoride salts, sulfate salts, carbonate salts, sulfite salts, phosphate salts, or combinations thereof have been demonstrated to require lower concentrations or osmotic pressures relative to other agents to achieve phase transition temperature adjustment or “salting out.” For example, in some compositions, dextrin has been demonstrated to be an effective “salting out” agent or phase transition temperature adjusting agent. For example, dextrin, or sucrose, or mannitol, or maltose, or fructose, and / or various sugar derivatives, or maltodextrin, or sugar analogs, or sugar substitutes, or sugar alcohols, or polyols have also been demonstrated to be effective phase transition temperature adjusting or “salting out” agents in some compositions.

[0130] In determining the required “salting out” agent or phase transition temperature adjusting agent, the concentration of organics in the primarily organic liquid phase can be another important factor. For example, to use sodium chloride in phase transition temperature adjustment and / or “salting out,” a significantly higher concentration or osmotic pressure can be required than some other salts. However, sodium chloride can have some desirable properties when the liquid-liquid phase transition does occur, which can include, but is not limited to, higher concentrations of organics in the primarily organic liquid phase and / or higher concentrations of water in the primarily aqueous liquid phase.

[0131] Liquid-liquid separation enhancing agents

[0132] SUMMARY: The present embodiments can involve enhancing liquid-liquid separation of constituent liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase transition. The present embodiments can involve compositions or properties or combinations thereof to enhance the rate and / or completeness and / or isolation of liquid-liquid separation. The rate of liquid-liquid phase separation can involve the time required for a multi-liquid phase mixture to separate into its constituent liquid phases as separate liquid layers or separate stratified liquid layers. The completeness of liquid-liquid separation can involve the concentration of different liquid phases present in a liquid phase after liquid-liquid separation. The isolation of liquid-liquid separation can involve the comparison of the concentration of a desired reagent in a liquid layer to the concentration of an undesired reagent in each liquid layer.

[0133] Enhancing liquid-liquid separation can involve enhancing a property associated with liquid-liquid separation. Properties associated with liquid-liquid separation can include, but are not limited to, density, viscosity, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, or combinations thereof.

[0134] Any enhancement of liquid-liquid separation properties can be desired to minimally reduce the phase transition enthalpy. Alternatively or additionally, any enhancement of liquid-liquid separation properties can be desired to improve the phase transition enthalpy or properties of the phase transition enthalpy.

[0135] Higher density of primarily organic or non-aqueous layer or liquid phase - In some embodiments, it can be desired that a primarily organic or non-aqueous liquid phase have a greater density than a primarily aqueous or primarily solvent liquid phase. An agent that enhances the density of a primarily organic liquid phase can include an agent that has a greater density than water or a primarily aqueous liquid phase, and can be referred to as an organic phase density enhancing agent. It can be desired that the organic phase density enhancing agent have a greater affinity or solubility in one or more organic agents of the primarily organic liquid phase than in a primarily aqueous liquid phase. It can be desired that the organic phase density enhancing agent comprise a trailing agent.

[0136] Lower density of primarily organic or non-aqueous layer or liquid phase - In some embodiments, it can be desired that a primarily organic or non-aqueous liquid phase have a lower density than a primarily aqueous or primarily solvent liquid phase. An agent that reduces the density of a primarily organic liquid phase can include an agent that has a lower density than water or a primarily aqueous liquid phase, and can be referred to as an organic phase density reducing agent. It can be desired that the organic phase density reducing agent have a greater affinity or solubility in one or more organic agents of the primarily organic liquid phase than in a primarily aqueous liquid phase. It can be desired that the organic phase density reducing agent comprise a trailing agent.

[0137] Higher density primarily aqueous layer or liquid phase - in some embodiments, it can be desirable for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to have a greater density than the primarily organic or non-aqueous liquid phase. Agents that enhance the density of the primarily aqueous liquid phase can include agents that have a greater density than the primarily organic liquid phase, and can be referred to as density enhancing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase. It can be desirable for the density enhancing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to have a greater affinity or solubility in the primarily aqueous liquid phase than in one or more of the organic agents in the primarily organic liquid phase. It can be desirable for the density enhancing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to comprise a trailing agent.

[0138] Lower density primarily aqueous layer or liquid phase - in some embodiments, it can be desirable for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to have a lesser density than the primarily organic or non-aqueous liquid phase. Agents that decrease the density of the primarily aqueous liquid phase can include agents that have a lesser density than the primarily organic liquid phase, and can be referred to as density decreasing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase. It can be desirable for the density decreasing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to have a greater affinity or solubility in the primarily aqueous liquid phase than in one or more of the organic agents in the primarily organic liquid phase. It can be desirable for the density decreasing agents for the primarily aqueous liquid phase to comprise a trailing agent.

[0139] Glycol ethers (examples shown below):

[0140] Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether - Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can be used as an organic liquid phase density decreasing agent and / or a trailing agent. For example, high phase change enthalpy organic liquid phase agents that can be used with diethylene glycol monohexyl ether as an organic liquid phase density decreasing agent and / or a trailing agent can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: PPG, PPG 1000, PPG 1200, PPG 2000, PPG 3000, PPG-PEG-PPG, PEG-PPG-PEG, a glycol polymer or a polyol, or a combination thereof. Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can also function to decrease viscosity and increase hydrophobicity. In addition, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can convert a liquid-liquid phase change composition that always exists in a multi-liquid phase state into a solution that can have a single liquid phase composition solution state below the liquid-liquid phase change temperature range. In addition, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can convert an organic agent that can not have a liquid-liquid phase change temperature into an agent that has a liquid-liquid phase change temperature. The organic agent that can not have a liquid-liquid phase change can not have a liquid-liquid phase change due to, including but not limited to, low solubility in water and / or low affinity for water, or strong solubility in water and / or strong affinity for water.

[0141] 2-butoxyethanol - 2-butoxyethanol can be used as an organic liquid phase density reducing agent and / or a follow-on agent. For example, high enthalpy of phase transition organic liquid phase agents that can be used as an organic liquid phase density reducing agent and / or a follow-on agent with 2-butoxyethanol can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of: PPG, PEG, PEGDME, PEGMME, glycol ether, PPG-PEG-PPG, PEG-PPG-PEG, glycol polymer or polyol, or combinations thereof. 2-butoxyethanol can also function to reduce viscosity and increase hydrophobicity. In addition, 2-butoxyethanol can convert liquid-liquid phase change compositions that always exist in a multiple liquid phase state into a solution that can have a single liquid phase combined solution state below the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In addition, 2-butoxyethanol can convert organic agents that can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range into agents that have a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. The organic agents that can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition due to, including but not limited to, low solubility in water and / or low affinity for water, or strong solubility in water and / or strong affinity for water.

[0142] propylene glycol n-propyl ether - propylene glycol n-propyl ether can be used as an organic liquid phase density reducing agent and / or a follow-on agent. For example, high enthalpy of phase transition organic liquid phase agents that can be used as an organic liquid phase density reducing agent and / or a follow-on agent with propylene glycol n-propyl ether can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of: PPG, PEG, PEGDME, PEGMME, glycol ether, PPG-PEG-PPG, PEG-PPG-PEG, glycol polymer or polyol, or combinations thereof. Propylene glycol n-propyl ether can also function to reduce viscosity and increase hydrophobicity. In addition, propylene glycol n-propyl ether can convert liquid-liquid phase change compositions that always exist in a multiple liquid phase state into a solution that can have a single liquid phase combined solution state below the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. In addition, propylene glycol n-propyl ether can convert organic agents that can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range into agents that have a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature. The organic agents that can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition can not have a liquid-liquid phase transition due to, including but not limited to, low solubility in water and / or low affinity for water, or strong solubility in water and / or strong affinity for water.

[0143] esters (examples shown below):

[0144] Propylene carbonate - Propylene carbonate can include, but is not limited to, an organic liquid phase density enhancing agent, or a viscosity reducing agent, or a phase transition temperature adjusting agent, or a follow-on agent, or a combination thereof. Properties of propylene carbonate in a liquid-liquid phase change composition can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of: following the organic liquid phase in some liquid-liquid phase changes ("follow-on agent"), or reducing the viscosity of the organic liquid phase, or increasing the density relative to water, or adjusting properties while having minimal impact on the phase change enthalpy at low concentrations, or reducing the phase transition temperature range, or increasing the effective specific heat capacity at narrow temperatures. Propylene carbonate can be used as an organic liquid phase density reducing agent and / or a follow-on agent can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of: PPG, PPG 1000, PPG 1200, PPG 2000, PPG 3000, PPG-PEG-PPG, PEG-PPG-PEG, a glycol polymer or a polyol, or a combination thereof.

[0145] Glycerol - Glycerol can include an agent that can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of: following water in some liquid-liquid phase change solutions, or increasing the density of the water liquid phase, or adjusting the liquid-liquid phase change temperature, or reducing the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or increasing the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or reducing the freezing point, or increasing the boiling point. For example, glycerol can "salting out" or adjust the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of PPG in an aqueous solution.

[0146] Polyethylene glycol - Some polyethylene glycols, such as PEG with a molecular weight less than 1000 grams per mole, can include an agent that can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of: following water in some liquid-liquid phase change solutions, or increasing the density of the water liquid phase, or adjusting the liquid-liquid phase change temperature, or reducing the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or increasing the solubility of the organic liquid phase. For example, PEG in an aqueous solution can "salting out" or reduce the phase change temperature of PPG in an aqueous solution.

[0147] Propylene glycol or ethylene glycol - Propylene glycol or ethylene glycol can include an agent that can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of: following water in some liquid-liquid phase change solutions, or increasing the density of the water liquid phase, or adjusting the liquid-liquid phase change temperature, or reducing the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or increasing the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or reducing the freezing point, or increasing the boiling point. For example, propylene glycol or ethylene glycol can increase the solubility or liquid-liquid phase change temperature of PEG when in an aqueous solution.

[0148] Polyols, sugars, sugar alcohols, sugar substitutes, or derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof can include an agent that can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: follow water in some liquid-liquid phase change solutions, or increase the density of the aqueous liquid phase, or adjust the liquid-liquid phase change temperature, or decrease the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or increase the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or decrease the freezing point, or increase the boiling point. For example, dextrin or maltodextrin or both “salting out” or decreasing the phase change temperature of PPG, or glycol ethers, or PEG, or derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof in aqueous solution.

[0149] Salts - Some salts can be used as an agent that can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: follow water in some liquid-liquid phase change solutions, or increase the density of the aqueous liquid phase, or adjust the liquid-liquid phase change temperature, or decrease the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or increase the solubility of the organic liquid phase, or decrease the freezing point, or increase the boiling point.

[0150] Phase change modifiers - Phase change modifiers are agents that can adjust or change one or more properties or qualities of a liquid-liquid phase change solution. Examples can include, but are not limited to, “follow agents”. Follow agents can include, but are not limited to, agents that follow the primarily organic liquid phase in a liquid-liquid phase change, or agents that follow the primarily aqueous or water containing liquid phase in a liquid-liquid phase change.

[0151] Note: Specific glycol ethers can be compatible with specific liquid-liquid phase change agents. For example, diethylene glycol monohexyl ether can exhibit “follow agent” phenomena with PPG 2000, while 2-butoxyethanol can not be soluble in PPG 2000 or can have a greater affinity for water than PPG 2000. For example, 2-butoxyethanol exhibits “follow agent” phenomena with PEGDME or PEGMME, while PPG 2000 can be relatively insoluble in PEGDME or PEGMMME, while PPG 425 can be soluble in PEGDME or PEGMME.

[0152] Example properties of follow agents using follow agent specific examples

[0153] Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether - Example properties as a liquid-liquid phase change modifier can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:

[0154] • Shifts the liquid-liquid phase change of PPG 2000 and water from a multiple liquid phase to multiple liquid phase to a multiple liquid phase to single liquid phase liquid-liquid phase change.

[0155] • Decreases the density of the organic layer making liquid-liquid separation from the water based layer simpler or faster

[0156] • Increases the specific heat capacity over a narrow temperature range (for example: a temperature range of less than 7°K)

[0157] • Narrowing the temperature range of the phase change enthalpy

[0158] • The total enthalpy of the phase change can be reduced when the weight percent concentration of DEH is increased relative to PPG 2000.

[0159] • Compatible with PPG 2000

[0160] • Lowering the co-phase change temperature when combined with PPG 2000 in water

[0161] • Lowering the viscosity of the organic layer

[0162] • Can lower or increase or co-inhibit or combinations thereof the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of a liquid-liquid phase change reagent

[0163] 2-butoxyethanol -

[0164] • Modifying the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of certain components. For example, certain reagents can be given a liquid-liquid phase change range and / or some reagents can have their liquid-liquid phase change temperature range lowered. For example, 2-butoxyethanol can lower the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of PEGDME or PEGMME or both. For example, 2-butoxyethanol can give certain reagents a liquid-liquid phase change even though the certain reagents can not have a liquid-liquid phase change without the 2-butoxyethanol. The certain reagents can include but are not limited to some ethers or glycol ethers.

[0165] • Lowering the viscosity

[0166] • Lowering the density

[0167] • Enabling a liquid-liquid phase change to have a single liquid phase combined solution state at certain temperature conditions

[0168] • Can lower or increase or co-inhibit or combinations thereof the liquid-liquid phase change temperature of a liquid-liquid phase change reagent. For example, 2-butoxyethanol and PPG 425

[0169] Stabilizers and inhibitors

[0170] Reagents:

[0171] • Compatibility: It can be important that reagents are chemically compatible to prevent adverse reagent or degradation.

[0172] • Stabilizers, degradation inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors: Can include but are not limited to stabilizers or degradation inhibitors or corrosion inhibitors known in the art or the same methods known in the art. Reagents can include but are not limited to oxygen scavengers, radical inhibitors, radical absorbers, pH buffers, antioxidants, chelating agents, ultraviolet stabilizers, basic reagents, acidic reagents, radical control agents, biocides or combinations thereof.

[0173] o Stabilizer reagents can include, but are not limited to, one or more of or a combination of: butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), phosphites, esters, sulfites, nitrites, bisulfites, metabisulfites, silicates, siloxanes, reserve alkalinity, organosiloxanes, organophosphonates, ascorbic acid, tocopherols, preservatives, polymeric stabilizers, propyl gallate (PG, E310), tertiary butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA, E320), N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, N,N'-di-2-butyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, active antioxidant, active radical inhibitor, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, iron (II) salts, copper (I) salts, iron (II, III) salts, biocides, pH buffers, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, alkaline oxygen scavengers, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide.

[0174] o In some organic solutions, it can be desirable to have a basic pH and an oxygen scavenger or radical inhibitor. For example, for compositions using glycols or glycol ethers, the inhibitors currently used for glycols or glycol ethers or similar classes of reagents can be used.

[0175] o It can be desirable for certain stabilizer chemicals to follow reagents, where some stabilizer chemicals can follow a primarily organic liquid phase and / or where some stabilizer chemicals can follow a primarily aqueous or water-containing liquid phase.

[0176] o Some embodiments can include actively removing "spent" or used stabilizers and / or actively adding fresh or effective stabilizers. Some embodiments can include actively regenerating spent stabilizers into fresh or effective stabilizers.

[0177] • Impact on phase change properties: The presence of chemical stabilizers can have detrimental or beneficial impacts on various liquid-liquid phase change properties. It can be desirable to optimize the use of chemical stabilizers to maximize potential beneficial impacts while minimizing potential negative impacts and effectively achieving the goal of chemical stabilization.

[0178] Treatment materials: It can be desirable for treatment materials to be compatible with liquid-liquid phase change compositions used in or contacted by the treatment materials. For example, in embodiments using ammonium salts or acidic salts or basic salts or combinations thereof, it can be desirable for materials treating the composition to be compatible with the composition. It can also be desirable to utilize corrosion inhibitors or other reagents or preventative measures or process limitations to improve or ensure compatibility with treatment materials.

[0179] Two liquid phases to two liquid phases - different liquid states and different liquid ratios, but still two or more liquid phases

[0180] A multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase transition can involve, for example, changes including but not limited to one or more or combinations of: the relative concentration or ratio of reagents in each liquid phase, the total mass ratio of each liquid phase, the total volume ratio of each liquid phase, the number of liquid phases, the chirality of one or more reagents in one or more liquid phases, or the orientation of one or more reagents in one or more liquid phases.

[0181] Some liquid-liquid phase changes can involve a phase change from a mixture of multiple liquid phases to another mixture of multiple liquid phases. Some liquid-liquid phase changes can involve a mixture comprising X number of liquid phases phase changing into a mixture with the same number of liquid phases. Although the number of liquid phases can not change, the composition of each constituent liquid phase and the relative weight % reagent concentration or mass or volume of each liquid phase can change. The phase change can also exhibit a significant endotherm or exotherm and can be reversible.

[0182] For example:

[0183] • Example liquid-liquid phase change composition:

[0184] o At 5°C - comprising liquid phase A and liquid phase B

[0185] ■ Liquid phase A:

[0186] • Total mass: 5 g

[0187] • Organic mass percentage: 90%

[0188] • Water mass percentage: 10%

[0189] ■ Liquid phase B:

[0190] • Total mass: 95 g

[0191] • Organic mass percentage: 21.58%

[0192] • Water mass percentage: 78.42%

[0193] o At 15°C - comprising liquid phase Y and liquid phase Z

[0194] ■ Liquid phase Y:

[0195] • Total mass: 23 g

[0196] • Organic mass percentage: 95.65%

[0197] • Water mass percentage: 4.35%

[0198] ■ Liquid phase Z:

[0199] • Total mass: 77 g

[0200] • Organic mass percentage: 1.3%

[0201] • Water mass percentage: 98.7%

[0202] Intermediate liquid phase

[0203] The liquid-liquid mixture comprising liquid phase A and liquid phase B transitions into liquid phase Y and liquid phase Z with a certain phase transition enthalpy.

[0204] There can be intermediate steps, each with a different phase transition enthalpy. For example: A and B can transition into C and D, and C and D can transition into E and F, and E and F can transition into G and H, etc. The phase transition can continue through intermediate phase transitions until the final phase transition state. Alternatively or additionally, the process can be designed to only reach a temperature at which a partial phase transition or an intermediate phase transition occurs, which can include a phase transition of the liquid between a partial phase transition state and a full phase transition state or between a partial phase transition state and another partial phase transition state. Each intermediate phase transition can occur within a specific or subset temperature range, for example within the overall phase transition temperature range of the composition. Each intermediate phase transition can be reversible. Each intermediate phase transition can have its own phase transition enthalpy. Example compositions:

[0205] PPG 2000 + water: reversible temperature-driven liquid-liquid phase transition with high energy density (>30 kJ per kg solution) that includes a liquid-liquid phase transition from two liquid phases A and B to two liquid phases C and D.

[0206] PPG 2000 + diethylene glycol hexyl ether + water: diethylene glycol hexyl ether, present at sufficient concentration or ratio relative to PPG 2000, converts a reversible liquid-liquid phase transition composition that phase transitions from multiple liquid phases to multiple liquid phases into a reversible liquid-liquid phase transition composition that phase transitions from two liquid phases to a single liquid phase. Advantageously, the composition can continue to have a significant phase transition enthalpy of PPG 2000 + water despite the presence of diethylene glycol hexyl ether. Advantageously, diethylene glycol hexyl ether can also reduce viscosity. Advantageously, the effect of diethylene glycol hexyl ether on the phase transition enthalpy can be minimal depending on the concentration of diethylene glycol hexyl ether and the ratio of reagents. Advantageously, diethylene glycol hexyl ether can enhance liquid-liquid separation by, for example, increasing the density difference between liquid phases at the multiple liquid phase state. Other glycol ethers can also be reagents that convert a reversible liquid-liquid phase transition composition that phase transitions from multiple liquid phases to multiple liquid phases into a reversible liquid-liquid phase transition composition that phase transitions from two liquid phases to a single liquid phase. Other glycol ethers can also help reduce viscosity while minimally affecting the phase transition enthalpy or while simultaneously enhancing the phase transition enthalpy.

[0207] wherein the phase change enthalpy of the liquid-liquid phase change is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, 5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or 25 kJ / kg, or 30 kJ / kg, or 35 kJ / kg

[0208] wherein the effective specific heat capacity of the composition is greater than 5.5 kJ / kg°C over a temperature range of at least 1 °C of the chiller

[0209] A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0210] Component A, Component B, and water;

[0211] wherein Component "a" has a liquid-liquid phase change at "X" °C when the concentration of Component "a" in water is "Y" weight percent (wt%) and the concentration of water is "Z" wt%;

[0212] wherein Component "b" has a liquid-liquid phase change at "G" or "X" °C when the concentration of Component "b" in water is "Y" weight percent (wt%) and the concentration of water is "Z" wt%;

[0213] wherein a solution comprising "a" and "b" (the concentration of "a+b" is "Y" wt%) and "z" wt% water has a liquid-liquid phase change temperature below X °C, G °C, or both.

[0214] A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0215] Component A, Component B, and water;

[0216] wherein Component "a" has a liquid-liquid phase change at "X" °C when the concentration of Component "a" in water is "Y" weight percent (wt%) and the concentration of water is "Z" wt%;

[0217] wherein Component "b" has a liquid-liquid phase change at "G" or "X" °C when the concentration of Component "b" in water is "Y" weight percent (wt%) and the concentration of water is "Z" wt%;

[0218] wherein a solution comprising "a" and "b" (the concentration of "a+b" is "Y" wt%) and "z" wt% water has a liquid-liquid phase change temperature greater than X °C, G °C, or both.

[0219] Example experimental results and heat flow calorimetry procedure

[0220] Calorimetric testing, including phase change enthalpy, effective specific heat capacity, and reversibility of liquid-liquid phase change, can be performed using a Mettler Toledo RC1.

[0221] In this example, Composition #1 is 25 wt% polypropylene glycol 2000 (P2000, available from Sigma-Aldrich, Mn of 1513, refractive index of n20 / D 1.451, viscosity of 450 MPa.s (20°C), density of 1.00 g / mL at 20°C, and CAS number of 25322-69-4) and 75 wt% deionized water. In this example, Composition #2 is 4.9 wt% diethylene glycol monohexyl ether (available from Sigma Aldrich, 95% content, refractive index of n20 / D 1.4381 (lit.), bp of 260°C (lit), mp of -40°C (lit), and density of 0.935 g / ml (lit) at 25°C), 20.1 wt% polypropylene glycol 2000 (P2000, available from Sigma-Aldrich, Mn of 1513, refractive index of n20 / D 1.451, viscosity of 450 MPa.s (20°C), density of 1.00 g / mL at 20°C, and CAS number of 25322-69-4), and 75 wt% deionized water. In Composition #2, the density of the organic liquid phase above the cloud point temperature can be about 0.987 to 0.995 grams per liter at 20°C.

[0222] The phase change enthalpy of Composition #1 and Composition #2 is fully reversible and repeatable. Composition #1 and Composition #2 show consistent phase change enthalpy and specific heat capacity in all heating + cooling cycles, without degradation, and with a standard deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise of the RC1 instrument). The heat absorbed in the phase change heating enthalpy is the same as the heat released in the phase change cooling enthalpy, with a deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise of the RC1 instrument).

[0223] The phase change enthalpy of Composition #1 is 33.62 kJ / kg (from 1°C to 25°C), and the phase change enthalpy of Composition #2 is 21.20 kJ / kg (from 1°C to 25°C). The adiabatic temperature rise of Composition #1 is 9.3°C, and the adiabatic temperature rise of Composition #2 is 5.7°C

[0224] The peak specific heat capacity of Composition #1 is 7.715 J / g°C or 184% of the specific heat capacity of water. The peak specific heat capacity of Composition #2 is 7.109 J / g°C or 169% of the specific heat capacity of water.

[0225] Table 5

[0226]

[0227] RC1 Test Procedure:

[0228] 1. Pour the sample into the RC1 and closed RC1 vessel. Measure the mass of the sample container before and after pouring the sample into the RC1 and record the mass of the sample in the RC1.

[0229] 2. Heat the sample to 30 °C.

[0230] 3. Perform a baseline specific heat capacity measurement from 30 °C to 25 °C. 30 °C to 25 °C is outside the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy and provides the specific heat capacity of the sample without the phase change enthalpy.

[0231] 4. Cool the sample from 25 °C to 1 °C at a rate of 0.5 °C / minute while measuring heat flux and heat flow.

[0232] 5. Hold the sample temperature at 1 °C for 10 minutes.

[0233] 6. Heat the sample from 1 °C to 25 °C at a rate of 0.5 °C / minute while measuring heat flux and heat flow.

[0234] 7. Perform a baseline specific heat capacity measurement from 25 °C to 30 °C. 25 °C to 30 °C is outside the temperature range of the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy and provides the specific heat capacity of the sample without the phase change enthalpy.

[0235] 8. Hold the sample temperature at 30 °C for 10 minutes.

[0236] 9. Repeat steps 3-8 for 12 consecutive cooling and heating cycles.

[0237] RC1 Test Parameters:

[0238] Table 6

[0239]

[0240] Table 7

[0241]

[0242] The phase change enthalpy and specific heat capacity of Composition #1 and Composition #2 were measured in RC1 following the “RC1 Test Procedure” described above and for 12 consecutive cooling + heating cycles. The phase change enthalpy of Composition #1 and Composition #2 was fully reversible and repeatable. Composition #1 and Composition #2 showed consistent phase change enthalpy and specific heat capacity throughout all heating + cooling cycles, with no degradation, and a standard deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument). The heat absorbed during the phase change heating enthalpy was the same as the heat released during the phase change cooling enthalpy, with a standard deviation of less than 0.8% (within the expected noise range of the RC1 instrument).

[0243] There was no mass loss during the experiment. Composition #1 and Composition #2 remained in the liquid phase throughout the test (e.g., no solid or gas phase was produced). The mass of the Composition #1 and Composition #2 samples remained constant (no gain or loss) throughout the test.

[0244] The phase change enthalpy of Composition #1 is 33.62 kJ / kg (from 1 °C to 25 °C) and the phase change enthalpy of Composition #2 is 21.20 kJ / kg (from 1 °C to 25 °C). The adiabatic temperature rise of Composition #1 is 9.3 °C and the adiabatic temperature rise of Composition #2 is 5.7 °C.

[0245] Table 8

[0246]

[0247] Table 9

[0248]

[0249]

[0250] Table 10

[0251]

[0252] Table 11

[0253]

[0254] Exemplary Embodiments

[0255] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0256] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,800

[0257] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0258] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 200 at a temperature less than or equal to the cloud point temperature

[0259] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0260] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,800

[0261] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0262] o wherein the particle count per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature that is less than or equal to the cloud point temperature

[0263] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0264] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800 or combinations thereof

[0265] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0266] wherein the particle count per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature that is within + / - 1°K, or + / - 1.5°K, or + / - 2°K, or + / - 2.5°K, or + / - 3°K, or + / - 3.5°K, or + / - 4°K, or + / - 4.5°K, or + / - 5°K, or + / - 5.5°K, or + / - 6°K, or + / - 6.5°K, or + / - 7°K, or + / - 7.5°K, or + / - 8°K, or + / - 8.5°K, or + / - 9°K, or + / - 9.5°K, or + / - 10°K of the cloud point temperature

[0267] • A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0268] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800 or combinations thereof

[0269] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0270] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature

[0271] • a glycol composition comprising:

[0272] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800 or combinations thereof

[0273] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0274] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature

[0275] • a polyalkylene oxide composition comprising:

[0276] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 60% by total weight of the composition of at least one polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800, or a combination thereof

[0277] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0278] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or a combination thereof, at a temperature within + / - 1°K, or + / - 1.5°K, or + / - 2°K, or + / - 2.5°K, or + / - 3°K, or + / - 3.5°K, or + / - 4°K, or + / - 4.5°K, or + / - 5°K, or + / - 5.5°K, or + / - 6°K, or + / - 6.5°K, or + / - 7°K, or + / - 7.5°K, or + / - 8°K, or + / - 8.5°K, or + / - 9°K, or + / - 9.5°K, or + / - 10°K of the cloud point temperature.

[0279] • A polyalkylene oxide composition comprising:

[0280] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 60% by total weight of the composition of at least one polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800, or a combination thereof

[0281] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0282] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or combinations thereof at a temperature within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature

[0283] o wherein the cloud point temperature is less than or equal to 0 °C, or 2.5 °C, or 5 °C, or 7.5 °C, or 10 °C, or 12.5 °C, or 15 °C, or 17.5 °C, or 20 °C, or 22.5 °C, or 25 °C, or 27.5 °C, or 30 °C, or 35 °C, or 40 °C, or 45 °C, or 50 °C, or 55 °C, or 60 °C, or 65 °C, or 70 °C, or 75 °C, or 80 °C, or 85 °C, or 90 °C, or 95 °C, or 100 °C, or 105 °C, or 110 °C, or 150 °C, or 200 °C

[0284] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or combinations thereof

[0285] • A polyalkylene oxide composition comprising:

[0286] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800, or combinations thereof

[0287] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0288] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature

[0289] o wherein the cloud point temperature is less than or equal to 0 °C, or 2.5 °C, or 5 °C, or 7.5 °C, or 10 °C, or 12.5 °C, or 15 °C, or 17.5 °C, or 20 °C, or 22.5 °C, or 25 °C, or 27.5 °C, or 30 °C, or 35 °C, or 40 °C, or 45 °C, or 50 °C

[0290] • A polyalkylene oxide composition comprising:

[0291] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800 or combinations thereof

[0292] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0293] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 30% (by total weight of the composition) of an ether

[0294] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500 or combinations thereof at a temperature within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature

[0295] o wherein the cloud point temperature is less than or equal to 0 °C, or 2.5 °C, or 5 °C, or 7.5 °C, or 10 °C, or 12.5 °C, or 15 °C, or 17.5 °C, or 20 °C, or 22.5 °C, or 25 °C, or 27.5 °C, or 30 °C, or 35 °C, or 40 °C, or 45 °C, or 50 °C

[0296] • A polyalkylene oxide composition comprising:

[0297] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polyalkylene oxide having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000, or 1100, or 1200, or 1300, or 1400, or 1500, or 1600, or 1700, or 1800 or combinations thereof

[0298] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0299] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 30% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0300] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or combinations thereof, within + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K of the cloud point temperature.

[0301] o wherein the cloud point temperature is less than or equal to 0 °C, or 2.5 °C, or 5 °C, or 7.5 °C, or 10 °C, or 12.5 °C, or 15 °C, or 17.5 °C, or 20 °C, or 22.5 °C, or 25 °C, or 27.5 °C, or 30 °C, or 35 °C, or 40 °C, or 45 °C, or 50 °C

[0302] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0303] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 10,000

[0304] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0305] o wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol formed above the cloud point temperature due to a liquid-liquid phase transition has a density less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL

[0306] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or combinations thereof

[0307] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0308] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0309] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0310] o wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising the organic liquid phase formed upon temperatures above the cloud point temperature due to the liquid-liquid phase change into two liquid phases has a density less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL

[0311] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0312] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0313] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0314] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0315] o wherein the density of the organic liquid phase formed upon temperatures above the cloud point temperature due to the liquid-liquid phase change into two liquid phases has a density greater than 0.999 g / mol

[0316] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0317] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0318] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0319] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0320] ■ at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a primarily organic liquid phase, or a primarily polypropylene glycol liquid phase, or a combination thereof

[0321] ■ at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a primarily water liquid phase

[0322] ■ wherein the density of the primarily organic liquid phase is less than the density of the primarily water liquid phase

[0323] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0324] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0325] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0326] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0327] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a liquid phase that is predominantly organic, or a liquid phase that is predominantly polypropylene glycol, or a combination thereof

[0328] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a liquid phase that is predominantly water

[0329] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase that is predominantly organic is greater than the density of the liquid phase that is predominantly water

[0330] • A method for liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0331] o phase transitioning a composition comprising polypropylene glycol and water into two liquid phases

[0332] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises predominantly water

[0333] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0334] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol is less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.90 g / mL

[0335] ■wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0336] • A method for liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0337] o phase transitioning a composition comprising polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0338] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises water

[0339] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises polyalkylene oxide

[0340] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising polyalkylene oxide is less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.90 g / mL

[0341] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0342] o phase inverting a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0343] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises predominantly water

[0344] ■wherein at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a predominantly organic liquid phase, or a predominantly polyalkylene oxide liquid phase, or a combination thereof

[0345] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a predominantly organic liquid phase or a predominantly polyalkylene oxide liquid phase or a combination thereof is less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.90 g / mL

[0346] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0347] o phase inverting a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0348] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises predominantly water

[0349] ■wherein at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises a predominantly organic liquid phase, or a predominantly glycol polymer liquid phase, or a combination thereof

[0350] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a predominantly organic liquid phase or a predominantly glycol polymer liquid phase or a combination thereof is less than 0.999 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.90 g / mL

[0351] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0352] o phase inverting a composition comprising a polypropylene glycol and water into two liquid phases

[0353] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises predominantly water

[0354] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polypropylene glycol

[0355] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a polypropylene glycol is less than the density of water

[0356] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0357] o phase inverting a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0358] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0359] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0360] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer is less than the density of water

[0361] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0362] o heating a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water above the cloud point temperature to form two liquid phases

[0363] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0364] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0365] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer is less than the density of water

[0366] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0367] o phase inverting a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0368] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0369] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0370] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer is greater than the density of water

[0371] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0372] o phase inverting a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0373] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0374] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0375] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer is less than the density of a pure or individual glycol polymer

[0376] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0377] o phase inverting a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0378] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0379] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0380] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer is greater than the density of the pure or individual glycol polymer

[0381] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0382] o phase inverting a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0383] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0384] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide

[0385] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a polyalkylene oxide is less than the density of the pure or individual polyalkylene oxide

[0386] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase change of a liquid comprising:

[0387] o phase inverting a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0388] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0389] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide

[0390] ■wherein the density of the liquid phase comprising a polyalkylene oxide is greater than the density of the pure or individual polyalkylene oxide

[0391] ■wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0392] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0393] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0394] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0395] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0396] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0397] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises water

[0398] ■the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol has a viscosity of less than 100 cP at 20°C

[0399] ■wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0400] • a polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0401] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 5,000

[0402] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0403] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0404] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0405] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises water

[0406] ■the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol has a viscosity of less than 50 cP at 20°C

[0407] • a polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0408] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,000 and less than or equal to 5,000

[0409] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0410] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0411] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0412] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises water

[0413] ■the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol has a viscosity at 20°C of less than 100 cP

[0414] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0415] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 60% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to 5,000

[0416] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0417] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0418] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0419] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises water

[0420] ■the liquid phase comprising polypropylene glycol has a viscosity at 20°C (in cP) of less than one or more or a combination thereof of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP

[0421] • A polypropylene glycol composition comprising:

[0422] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to 5,000

[0423] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0424] o wherein the composition comprises at least two liquid phases when the temperature is above the cloud point temperature, and wherein:

[0425] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises polypropylene glycol

[0426] ■at least one of the at least two liquid phases comprises water

[0427] • A method for liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0428] o phase transition of a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0429] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0430] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide

[0431] ■wherein the liquid phase comprising a polyalkylene oxide has a viscosity of less than 60 cP at 20 °C

[0432] • A method for liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0433] o phase transition of a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0434] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0435] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide

[0436] ■wherein the liquid phase comprising a polyalkylene oxide has a viscosity (in cP) of less than one or more or a combination of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP at 20 °C

[0437] • A method for liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0438] o phase transition of a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0439] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises primarily water

[0440] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide

[0441] ■wherein the liquid phase comprising a polyalkylene oxide has a viscosity (in cP) of less than one or more or a combination of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP at 20 °C

[0442] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0443] o phase transitioning a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0444] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises water

[0445] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer

[0446] ■wherein the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a viscosity (in cP) at 20°C of less than one or more or a combination of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP, or 600 cP, or 700 cP, or 800 cP, or 900 cP, or 1000 cP

[0447] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0448] o phase transitioning a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water into two liquid phases

[0449] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises water

[0450] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 1000

[0451] ■wherein the liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 1000 has a viscosity (in cP) at 20°C of less than one or more or a combination of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP, or 600 cP, or 700 cP, or 800 cP, or 900 cP, or 1000 cP

[0452] • A method for a liquid-liquid phase transition of a liquid comprising:

[0453] o phase transitioning a composition comprising a polyalkylene oxide and water into two liquid phases

[0454] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises water

[0455] ■wherein at least one of the two liquid phases comprises a polyalkylene oxide having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 400

[0456] ■wherein a liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 400 has a viscosity (in cP) at 20°C of less than one or more or a combination of: 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP, or 600 cP, or 700 cP, or 800 cP, or 900 cP, or 1000 cP

[0457] • a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0458] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one agent

[0459] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0460] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg or a combination thereof

[0461] • a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0462] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a polyalkylene oxide

[0463] o about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0464] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg or a combination thereof

[0465] • a liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0466] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 70% by total weight of the composition of a glycol polymer

[0467] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0468] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0469] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0470] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 70% by total weight of the composition of a glycol polymer

[0471] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0472] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0473] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0474] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 70% by total weight of the composition of a glycol polymer

[0475] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0476] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0477] o wherein at least a portion of the phase change enthalpy temperature range is different from the cloud point temperature

[0478] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0479] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 70% by total weight of the composition of an agent

[0480] o from about 1% by total weight of the composition to about 99% by total weight of the composition of water

[0481] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0482] o wherein at least a portion of the phase change enthalpy temperature range is different from the cloud point temperature

[0483] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0484] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0485] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0486] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0487] o wherein at least a portion of the heat absorbed or released by the phase change enthalpy occurs at a temperature different from the cloud point temperature

[0488] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0489] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0490] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0491] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0492] o wherein at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the heat absorbed or released by the phase change enthalpy occurs at a temperature different from the cloud point temperature

[0493] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0494] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0495] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0496] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0497] o wherein at least 50% of the heat absorbed or released by the phase transition enthalpy occurs at a temperature different than the cloud point temperature

[0498] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0499] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0500] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0501] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0502] o wherein the peak enthalpy of the liquid-liquid phase transition occurs at a temperature different than the cloud point temperature

[0503] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0504] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0505] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0506] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0507] o wherein the temperature of the peak enthalpy of the liquid-liquid phase transition is greater than 0.5°K different than the cloud point temperature

[0508] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0509] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of an agent

[0510] o from about 1% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0511] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or combinations thereof

[0512] o wherein the temperature of the peak liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy differs from the cloud point temperature by greater than 0.5 °K, or 1 °K, or 1.5 °K, or 2 °K, or 2.5 °K, or 3 °K, or 3.5 °K, or 4 °K, or 4.5 °K, or 5 °K, or 5.5 °K, or 6 °K, or 6.5 °K, or 7 °K, or 7.5 °K, or 8 °K, or 8.5 °K, or 9 °K, or 9.5 °K, or 10 °K, or combinations thereof

[0513] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0514] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a polypropylene glycol

[0515] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0516] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0517] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or combinations thereof

[0518] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0519] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a polypropylene glycol

[0520] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0521] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0522] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or 550, or 600, or combinations thereof at a temperature that is less than 0.25°K, or 0.5°K, or 0.75°K, or 1°K, or 1.5°K, or 2°K, or 2.5°K, or 3°K, or 3.5°K, or 4°K, or 4.5°K, or 5°K, or 5.5°K, or 6°K, or 6.5°K, or 7°K, or 7.5°K, or 9.5°K, or 10°K of the cloud point temperature

[0523] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or combinations thereof

[0524] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0525] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol polymer

[0526] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0527] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0528] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or 550, or 600, or combinations thereof at a temperature that is less than 0.25°K, or 0.5°K, or 0.75°K, or 1°K, or 1.5°K, or 2°K, or 2.5°K, or 3°K, or 3.5°K, or 4°K, or 4.5°K, or 5°K, or 5.5°K, or 6°K, or 6.5°K, or 7°K, or 7.5°K, or 9.5°K, or 10°K of the cloud point temperature

[0529] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0530] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0531] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0532] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0533] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0534] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is increased by greater than 10%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% at the cloud point temperature

[0535] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0536] • A liquid-liquid phase transition composition comprising:

[0537] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol polymer

[0538] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0539] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0540] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter is increased by greater than 10%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99% at the cloud point temperature

[0541] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0542] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0543] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol polymer

[0544] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether

[0545] o from about 0.5% (by total weight of the composition) to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water

[0546] o wherein the viscosity of the organic liquid phase is less than 10 cP, or 20 cP, or 30 cP, or 40 cP, or 50 cP, or 60 cP, or 70 cP, or 80 cP, or 90 cP, or 100 cP, or 110 cP, or 120 cP, or 130 cP, or 140 cP, or 150 cP, or 160 cP, or 170 cP, or 180 cP, or 190 cP, or 200 cP, or 300 cP, or 400 cP, or 500 cP

[0547] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or 5 kJ / kg, or 7.5 kJ / kg, or 10 kJ / kg, or 12.5 kJ / kg, or 15 kJ / kg, or 17.5 kJ / kg, or 20 kJ / kg, or a combination thereof

[0548] • A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0549] o from about 1% to about 70% (by total weight of the composition) of a liquid-liquid phase change agent;

[0550] o from about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0551] o wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of the composition is greater than 5 kJ / kg of the composition; and

[0552] o wherein the temperature of the peak liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy of the composition is greater than 0.5°K from the cloud point temperature, the cloud point measured by the laser particle counting method, the peak liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0553] • A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0554] o from about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,200 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0555] o from about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0556] o about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of a glycol ether;

[0557] o wherein the number of particles per milliliter of the composition is less than 200 as measured by laser particle counting at a temperature of less than 5°C

[0558] • 1. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0559] o about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,200 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0560] o about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0561] o wherein (1) the solution comprises a single liquid phase solution at a temperature of less than 5°C as determined by laser particle counting; and

[0562] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0563] • A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0564] o about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 2,000 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0565] o about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0566] o wherein (1) the number of particles per milliliter of the composition is less than 200 as measured by laser particle counting at a temperature of less than 5°C as determined by laser particle counting; and

[0567] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0568] • 1. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0569] o about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 2,000 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0570] o about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0571] o wherein (1) the composition comprises a single liquid phase composition solution at temperatures below 5°C, which can be defined as determined by the number of particles per milliliter of the composition, wherein the number of particles per milliliter of the composition (which is measured by laser particle counting at temperatures below 5°C) is less than 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 110, or 120, or 130, or 140, or 150, or 160, or 170, or 180, or 190, or 200, or 250, or 300, or 350, or 400, or 450, or 500, or 550, or 600 or combinations thereof; and

[0572] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0573] • A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0574] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0575] o phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0576] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0577] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer; and

[0578] o wherein (1) the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a density greater than the liquid phase comprising primarily water, according to the “Mettler Toledo Excellence Densitometer”; and

[0579] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy of greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0580] • A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0581] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0582] o phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0583] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0584] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer; and

[0585] o wherein (1) the second liquid phase comprising glycol polymer has a density less than the density of a liquid comprising greater than or equal to 95 wt%, or 96 wt%, or 97 wt%, or 98 wt%, or 99 wt% glycol polymer at the same temperature; and

[0586] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0587] • A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0588] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0589] o phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0590] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0591] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises glycol polymer; and

[0592] o wherein (1) the second liquid phase comprising glycol polymer has a density less than the density of a liquid comprising greater than or equal to 95 wt%, or 96 wt%, or 97 wt%, or 98 wt%, or 99 wt% glycol polymer at 20°C; and

[0593] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0594] • A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0595] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0596] o phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0597] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0598] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises glycol polymer; and

[0599] o wherein (1) the second liquid phase comprising glycol polymer has a density greater than the density of a liquid comprising greater than or equal to 95 wt%, or 96 wt%, or 97 wt%, or 98 wt%, or 99 wt% glycol polymer at the same temperature; and

[0600] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0601] • A liquid-liquid phase transition method comprising:

[0602] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0603] o phase transitioning the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0604] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0605] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises glycol polymer; and

[0606] o wherein (1) the density of the second liquid phase comprising glycol polymer at 20°C is greater than the density of a liquid comprising greater than or equal to 95 wt%, or 96 wt%, or 97 wt%, or 98 wt%, or 99 wt%, or 100% glycol polymer; and

[0607] o (2) a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a Mettler Toledo RC1 calorimeter.

[0608] • A composition wherein:

[0609] o (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; and

[0610] o (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent

[0611] o and / or a composition wherein “(1)” and “(2)” are different temperatures

[0612] • A composition wherein the organic agent and the glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point

[0613] • A composition wherein:

[0614] o (1) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent

[0615] o (2) the composition has a combined cloud point

[0616] ○(3) Where the temperature difference between “(1)” and “(2)” is greater than + / -0.1°K, or + / -0.2°K, or + / -0.3°K, + / -0.4°K, + / -0.5°K, + / -0.6°K, + / -0.7°K, + / -0.8°K, + / -0.9°K, + / -1°K, or + / -1.5°K, or + / -2°K, or + / - 2.5°K, or + / -3°K, or + / -3.5°K, or + / -4°K, or + / -4.5°K, or + / -5°K, or + / -5.5°K, or + / -6°K, or + / -6.5°K, or + / -7°K, or + / -7.5°K, or + / -8°K, or + / -8.5°K, or + / -9°K, or + / -9.5°K, or + / -10°K

[0617] ● A composition wherein:

[0618] ○(1) In the absence of organic reagents, organic reagents have a cloud point temperature in water.

[0619] ○(2) The composition has a combined cloud point

[0620] ○(3) Where the temperature difference between “(1)” and “(2)” is greater than + / -0.1°K, or + / -0.2°K, or + / -0.3°K, + / -0.4°K, + / -0.5°K, + / -0.6°K, + / -0.7°K, + / -0.8°K, + / -0.9°K, + / -1°K, or + / -1.5°K, or + / -2°K, or + / - 2.5°K, or + / -3°K, or + / -3.5°K, or + / -4°K, or + / -4.5°K, or + / -5°K, or + / -5.5°K, or + / -6°K, or + / -6.5°K, or + / -7°K, or + / -7.5°K, or + / -8°K, or + / -8.5°K, or + / -9°K, or + / -9.5°K, or + / -10°K

[0621] ● A composition wherein:

[0622] ○(1) In the absence of diol polymers, organic reagents have a cloud point temperature in water; and

[0623] (2) In the absence of organic reagents, the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water.

[0624] ○(3) The composition has a combined cloud point

[0625] ○(4) The temperature of “(3)” is different from that of “(1)” or “(2)”, or both.

[0626] • wherein the organic reagent is not soluble in water in the absence of the diol polymer, or has a solubility of less than 10 g / L at a temperature

[0627] Exemplary embodiments:

[0628] A cooling method comprising:

[0629] A refrigeration cycle and a liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0630] wherein the refrigeration cycle cools the liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0631] wherein the cooling comprises cooling the liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid from a "return temperature" to a "supply temperature"

[0632] wherein the "supply temperature" is lower than the "return temperature"

[0633] wherein there is a temperature difference between the "supply temperature" and the "return temperature"

[0634] wherein the heat transferred per kg of heat transfer liquid in cooling the liquid-liquid phase change liquid from the "return temperature" to the "supply temperature" is at least 1.3 times that if the heat transfer liquid is water

[0635] A cooling method comprising:

[0636] A refrigeration cycle and a liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0637] wherein the refrigeration cycle cools the liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0638] wherein the cooling comprises cooling the liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid from a "return temperature" to a "supply temperature"

[0639] wherein the "supply temperature" is lower than the "return temperature"

[0640] wherein there is a temperature difference between the "supply temperature" and the "return temperature"

[0641] wherein the heat transferred per kg of heat transfer liquid in cooling the liquid-liquid phase change liquid from the "return temperature" to the "supply temperature" is at least 30% greater than if the heat transfer liquid is water

[0642] A heating method comprising:

[0643] A refrigeration cycle and a liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0644] wherein the refrigeration cycle heats the liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0645] wherein said heating comprises heating said liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid from a "return temperature" to a "supply temperature"

[0646] wherein said "supply temperature" is greater than said "return temperature"

[0647] wherein there is a temperature difference between said "supply temperature" and said "return temperature"

[0648] wherein the heat transferred per kg of heat transfer liquid heated from said "return temperature" to said "supply temperature" is at least 1.3 times that if said heat transfer liquid is water

[0649] A method of heating comprising:

[0650] A refrigeration cycle and a liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0651] wherein said refrigeration cycle heats said liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid

[0652] wherein said heating comprises heating said liquid-liquid phase change heat transfer liquid from a "return temperature" to a "supply temperature"

[0653] wherein said "supply temperature" is greater than said "return temperature"

[0654] wherein there is a temperature difference between said "supply temperature" and said "return temperature"

[0655] wherein the heat transferred per kg of heat transfer liquid heated from said "return temperature" to said "supply temperature" is at least 30% greater than if said heat transfer liquid is water

[0656] Exemplary embodiments:

[0657] A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0658] two or more reagent solutions

[0659] wherein said solutions have a peak enthalpy of phase change at a temperature other than an initial cloud point temperature

[0660] An initial cloud point temperature can include a temperature at which a solution has an increase in the number of particles as the temperature is changed.

[0661] A liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0662] two or more reagent solutions

[0663] wherein said solutions have a peak enthalpy of phase change at a temperature other than a cloud point temperature

[0664] A liquid-liquid phase change solution comprising:

[0665] Two or more reagent solutions

[0666] wherein at least one reagent comprises water

[0667] and further comprising one or more other reagents

[0668] wherein the solution has a peak enthalpy of phase transition at a temperature other than the initial cloud point temperature

[0669] A liquid-liquid phase transition solution comprising:

[0670] Two or more reagent solutions

[0671] wherein the solution has a peak enthalpy of phase transition at a temperature other than the initial cloud point temperature

[0672] wherein the solution can comprise a multiple liquid phase solution at a temperature below the peak enthalpy of phase transition and a multiple liquid phase solution at a temperature above the peak enthalpy of phase transition

[0673] A liquid-liquid phase transition solution comprising:

[0674] Two or more liquid phases

[0675] wherein the two or more liquid phases liquid-liquid phase transition into two or more different liquid phases

[0676] wherein the phase transition has a phase transition enthalpy

[0677] A liquid-liquid phase transition solution comprising:

[0678] Two or more liquid phases

[0679] wherein the two or more liquid phases liquid-liquid phase transition into two or more different liquid phases

[0680] wherein the phase transition has a phase transition enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg of solution

[0681] A liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0682] A liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0683] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition absorbs or releases heat or exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0684] wherein at least 90% of the absorbed or released heat or phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0685] A liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0686] A liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0687] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0688] wherein at least 90% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution is phase transitioned from one multi-liquid phase solution to another multi-liquid phase solution

[0689] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0690] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0691] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0692] wherein at least 90% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution is phase transitioned from one multi-liquid phase solution to another multi-liquid phase solution

[0693] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0694] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0695] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0696] wherein at least 80% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution is phase transitioned from one multi-liquid phase solution to another multi-liquid phase solution

[0697] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0698] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0699] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0700] wherein at least 70% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution is phase transitioned from one multi-liquid phase solution to another multi-liquid phase solution

[0701] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0702] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0703] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0704] wherein at least 60% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution is phase transitioned from one multi-liquid phase solution to another multi-liquid phase solution

[0705] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0706] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0707] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0708] wherein at least 50% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0709] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0710] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0711] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0712] wherein at least 40% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0713] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0714] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0715] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0716] wherein at least 30% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0717] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0718] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0719] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0720] wherein at least 20% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0721] a liquid-liquid phase transition comprising:

[0722] a liquid-liquid phase transition solution exhibiting a liquid-liquid phase transition over a temperature range,

[0723] wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition exhibits a phase transition enthalpy,

[0724] wherein at least 10% of the phase transition enthalpy occurs when the liquid-liquid phase transition solution phase transitions from a multiple liquid phase solution to another multiple liquid phase solution

[0725] a liquid-liquid phase transition wherein:

[0726] a liquid phase transitions from a solution containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0727] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 4.5 J / g°C over a temperature range of 10°K

[0728] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0729] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0730] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 5 J / g°C over a temperature range of 10°K

[0731] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0732] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0733] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 5 J / g°C over a temperature range of 8°K

[0734] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0735] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0736] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 5.5 J / g°C over a temperature range of 10°K

[0737] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0738] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0739] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 5.8 J / g°C over a temperature range of 10°K

[0740] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0741] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0742] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 6 J / g°C over a temperature range of 10°K

[0743] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0744] the liquid transforms from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0745] wherein said phase transition has an effective specific heat capacity greater than 6 J / g°C over a temperature range of 5°K

[0746] liquid-liquid phase transition, wherein:

[0747] liquid from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0748] wherein the phase change has an effective heat capacity liquid-liquid phase change greater than 5 J / g°C over a temperature range of 5°K, wherein:

[0749] liquid from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0750] wherein the phase change has an effective heat capacity greater than J / g°C over a temperature range of °K

[0751] Exemplary embodiment 1 :

[0752] liquid-liquid phase change composition comprising:

[0753] glycol ether solvent; and

[0754] propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, PEG-PPG-PEG, PEG-PEG-PPG, PPG-PEG-PEG, PPG-PPG-PEG, PPG-PEG-PPG, PPG-PPG-PEG, a polymer having PEG and PPG blocks, a polymer having PEG and at least one ether group, a polymer having PPG and at least one ether group, or a combination thereof; and

[0755] water

[0756] wherein the phase change enthalpy is greater than 30% more than the heat capacity of water over a temperature range of at least 3°K

[0757] Exemplary embodiment 2:

[0758] liquid-liquid phase change, wherein:

[0759] liquid from a solution phase containing one or more liquid phases to a solution containing one or more different liquid phases

[0760] wherein the phase change has a phase change enthalpy occurring over a temperature range greater than 2°K

[0761] wherein the phase change occurs over a temperature range of at least 8-10°C, 9-11°C

[0762] • 1. A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0763] o forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0764] o phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases;

[0765] o wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0766] o wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer; and

[0767] o wherein (1) the density of the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer is less than the density of the liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water according to ASTM D1122; and

[0768] o (2) the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy measured by mixing calorimetry is greater than 5 kJ / kg.

[0769] • 2. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polypropylene glycol.

[0770] • 3. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.

[0771] • 4. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer.

[0772] • 5. The method of example embodiment 4, wherein the block copolymer is selected from PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or any combination thereof.

[0773] • 6. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer has an average molecular number greater than or equal to 1,000 and less than or equal to 3,000.

[0774] • 7. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the second phase comprising the glycol polymer further comprises a glycol ether.

[0775] • 8. The method of example embodiment 7, wherein the glycol ether is selected from an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a C1-C6 alkyl.

[0776] • 9. The method of example embodiment 7, wherein the cloud point comprises a combined cloud point.

[0777] • 10. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0778] o about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 3,000;

[0779] • about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) water;

[0780] • wherein the composition comprises a cloud point temperature above which a liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer forms due to a liquid-liquid phase transition, and wherein (1) the density of the formed liquid phase is less than 1 g / mL; and

[0781] • (2) the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by the heat of mixing. 11. The composition of example embodiment 10, further comprising about 0.25% to about 30% (by total weight of the composition) of an organic agent having a density less than 1 g / mL at 10 °C.

[0782] • 12. The composition of example embodiment 11, wherein (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; and (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent.

[0783] • 13. The composition of example embodiment 12, wherein (1) and (2) are different temperatures.

[0784] • 14. The composition of example embodiment 11, wherein the organic agent and glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point.

[0785] • 15. The composition of example embodiment 11, wherein (1) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; (2) the composition has a combined cloud point; and (3) wherein the temperature of “(1)” differs from the temperature of “(2)” by more than + / - 0.3 °K.

[0786] • 16. The composition of example embodiment 11, wherein: (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; (3) the composition has a combined cloud point; and (4) wherein the temperature of “(3)” differs from the temperature of “(1)” or “(2)” or both.

[0787] • 17. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0788] • about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 2,000 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0789] • about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) water;

[0790] • wherein (1) the composition comprises a single liquid phase composition solution at temperatures below 5°C, defined as the number of particles per milliliter of the composition, wherein the number of particles per milliliter of the composition is less than 150 as measured by laser particle counting at temperatures below 5°C; and

[0791] • (2) a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a mixing calorimeter.

[0792] • 18. The composition of example embodiment 17, further comprising about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt% of a glycol ether.

[0793] • 19. A liquid-liquid phase change method, comprising:

[0794] • forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000 and water; and

[0795] • phase changing the composition into at least two liquid phases;

[0796] • wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0797] • wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000;

[0798] • wherein the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer has a dynamic viscosity at 25°C of less than 100 cP, wherein the viscosity is measured with a viscometer on the second liquid phase as a non-contacting separate phase; and

[0799] • wherein a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg of the composition as measured by a mixing calorimeter.

[0800] • 20. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density reducing agent.

[0801] • 21. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density enhancing agent.

[0802] • 22. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a viscosity reducing agent.

[0803] • 23. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a glycol ether.

[0804] • 24. The method of example embodiment 23, wherein the glycol ether and glycol polymer have a combined cloud point.

[0805] • 25. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 50 wt% of the second liquid phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0806] • 26. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 80 wt% of the second liquid phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0807] • 27. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase comprises less than 20 wt% of an aqueous phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0808] • 28. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the cloud point temperature of the composition is greater than 25 °C.

[0809] • 29. The method of example embodiment 19, wherein the cloud point temperature of the composition is less than 25 °C.

[0810] • 1. A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising:

[0811] • forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0812] • phase changing the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases, wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a calorimeter;

[0813] • wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt.% water; and

[0814] • wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer; and wherein:

[0815] • (1) the density of the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer is less than the density of the liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water, according to ASTM D1122; or

[0816] • (2) the viscosity of the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer is less than 100 cP at 25 °C, wherein the viscosity is measured with a viscometer on the second liquid phase as a non-contacting separate phase; or

[0817] • (3) both (1) and (2).

[0818] •

[0819] • 2. The method of example embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer has a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,000 and less than or equal to 3,000.

[0820] •

[0821] • 3. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polypropylene glycol.

[0822] • 4. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.

[0823] • 5. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from the group consisting of: PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or any combination thereof.

[0824] • 6. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer further comprises a glycol ether selected from the group consisting of: an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a Ci-C6alkyl.

[0825] • 7. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the phase transition temperature comprises a combined cloud point.

[0826] • 8. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density reducing agent, a density enhancing agent, a viscosity reducing agent, or any combination thereof.

[0827] • 9. The method of either Example Embodiment 1 or Example Embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 80 wt.% of the second liquid phase, based on the total weight of the second phase, and wherein the second liquid phase comprises less than 20 wt.% of an aqueous phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0828] • 10. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0829] o about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 3,000;

[0830] o about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) of water;

[0831] o wherein the composition comprises a cloud point temperature above which a liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer forms due to a liquid-liquid phase transition, and wherein (1) the density of the formed liquid phase is less than 1 gram / mL; and

[0832] • (2) the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a calorimeter.

[0833] • 11. The composition of example embodiment 10, wherein the glycol polymer has a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,000.

[0834] • 12. The composition of example embodiment 10 or example embodiment 11, further comprising from about 0.25% to about 30% (based on total composition weight) of an organic agent having a density less than 1 g / mL at 10 °C, and wherein (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; and wherein (1) and (2) temperatures differ by more than + / - 0.3°K.

[0835] • 13. The composition of example embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the organic agent and glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point.

[0836] • 14. The composition of example embodiment 10 or example embodiment 11, further comprising from about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt% of a glycol ether selected from an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a C1-C6 alkyl.

[0837] • 15. The composition of example embodiment 10 or example embodiment 11, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG or any combination thereof.

[0838] NOTE

[0839] • Note: The phase transition enthalpy can be driven by the hydration or dehydration enthalpy at one or more or a combination of the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature ranges. One potential useful indicator or characteristic of a large phase transition enthalpy reagent can include, but is not limited to, a low water concentration in a non-aqueous reagent or organic that can separate or phase separate after or during a liquid-liquid phase transition. For example, a low water concentration in a liquid phase that is predominantly a non-aqueous reagent can include, but is not limited to, one or more or a combination of: or less than 70 wt% H2O, or less than 65 wt% H2O, less than 60 wt% H2O, or less than 55 wt% H2O, or less than 50 wt% H2O, or less than 45 wt% H2O, or less than 40 wt% H2O, or less than 35 wt% H2O, or less than 30 wt% H2O, or less than 25 wt% H2O, or less than 20 wt% H2O, or less than 15 wt% H2O, or less than 10 wt% H2O, or less than 5 wt% H2O.

[0840] • Note: A "different multi-liquid" phase solution can include a multi-liquid phase solution in which the liquid phases include different ratios of reagents from another liquid-liquid phase transition solution. The overall composition of the entire multi-liquid phase solution being compared can be the same when considering the amount of reagent in all liquid phases. However, in each constituent liquid phase, the concentration or distribution or ratio or hydration degree or morphology or combination thereof of the reagents can be different.

[0841] • Note: The effective specific heat capacity of the liquid-liquid phase change solution described herein can be greater than, less than, or equal to, including but not limited to one or more or a combination of: 3.5 J / g°C, 3.6 J / g°C, 3.7 J / g°C, 3.8 J / g°C, 3.9 J / g°C, 4.0 J / g°C, 4.1 J / g°C, 4.2 J / g°C, 4.3 J / g°C, 4.4 J / g°C, 4.5 J / g°C, 4.6 J / g°C, 4.7 J / g°C, 4.8 J / g°C, 4.9 J / g°C, 5.0 J / g°C, 5.1 J / g°C, 5.2 J / g°C, 5.3 J / g°C, 5.4 J / g°C, 5.5 J / g°C, 5.6 J / g°C, 5.7 J / g°C, 5.8 J / g°C, 5.9 J / g°C, 6.0 J / g°C, 6.1 J / g°C, 6.2 J / g°C, 6.3 J / g°C, 6.4 J / g°C, 6.5 J / g°C, 6.6 J / g°C, 6.7 J / g°C, 6.8 J / g°C, 6.9 J / g°C, 7.0 J / g°C, 7.1 J / g°C, 7.2 J / g°C, 7.3 J / g°C, 7.4 J / g°C, 7.5 J / g°C, 7.6 J / g°C, 7.7 J / g°C, 7.8 J / g°C, 7.9 J / g°C, 8.0 J / g°C, 8.1 J / g°C, 8.2 J / g°C, 8.3 J / g°C, 8.4 J / g°C, 8.5 J / g°C, 8.6 J / g°C, 8.7 J / g°C, 8.8 J / g°C, 8.9 J / g°C, 9.0 J / g°C, 9.1 J / g°C, 9.2 J / g°C, 9.3 J / g°C, 9.4 J / g°C, 9.5 J / g°C, 9.6 J / g°C, 9.7 J / g°C, 9.8 J / g°C, 9.9 J / g°C, 10 J / g°C, 10.5 J / g°C, 11 J / g°C, 11.5 J / g°C, 12 J / g°C, 12.5 J / g°C, 13 J / g°C, 13.5 J / g°C, 14 J / g°C, 14.5 J / g°C, 15 J / g°C, 16 J / g°C, 17 J / g°C, 18 J / g°C, 19 J / g°C, 20 J / g°C, 25 J / g°C, 30 J / g°C, 35 J / g°C, 40 J / g°C, 45 J / g°C, 50 J / g°C, 55 J / g°C, 60 J / g°C, 65 J / g°C, 70 J / g°C, 75 J / g°C, 80 J / g°C, 85 J / g°C, 90 J / g°C, 95 J / g°C, 100 J / g°C, 150 J / g°C, 200 J / g°C

[0842] • Note: The effective specific heat capacity of a liquid-liquid phase change solution over a temperature range or temperature differential greater than or less than or equal to one or more or a combination of including but not limited to: 0.5°K, 1°K, 1.5°K, 2°K, 3°K, 3.5°K, 4°K, 4.5°K, 5°K, 5.5°K, 6°K, 6.5°K, 7°K, 7.5°K, 8°K, 8.5°K, 9°K, 9.5°K, 10°K, 10.5°K, 11°K, 11.5°K, 12°K, 13°K, 14°K, 15°K, 16°K, 17°K, 18°K, 19°K, 20°K, 25°K, 30°K, 35°K, 40°K, 45°K, 50°K

[0843] • Note: The effective specific heat capacity of a liquid-liquid phase change solution over a temperature range or temperature differential greater than or less than or equal to one or more or a combination of including but not limited to: 0.5°K, 1°K, 1.5°K, 2°K, 3°K, 3.5°K, 4°K, 4.5°K, 5°K, 5.5°K, 6°K, 6.5°K, 7°K, 7.5°K, 8°K, 8.5°K, 9°K, 9.5°K, 10°K, 10.5°K, 11°K, 11.5°K, 12°K, 13°K, 14°K, 15°K, 16°K, 17°K, 18°K, 19°K, 20°K, 25°K, 30°K, 35°K, 40°K, 45°K, 50°K

[0844] • Note: The effective specific heat capacity of a liquid-liquid phase change solution over a temperature range or temperature differential can be greater than or equal to a specific heat capacity of 3.5 J / g°C, 3.6 J / g°C, 3.7 J / g°C, 3.8 J / g°C, or 3.9 J / g°C, or 4.0 J / g°C, or 4.1 J / g°C, or 4.2 J / g°C, or 4.3 J / g°C, or 4.4 J / g°C, or 4.5 J / g°C, or 4.6 J / g°C, or 4.7 J / g°C, or 4.8 J / g°C, or 4.9 J / g°C, or 5.0 J / g°C, or 5.1 J / g°C, or 5.2 J / g°C, or 5.3 J / g°C, or 5.4 J / g°C, or 5.5 J / g°C, or 5.6 J / g°C, or 5.7 J / g°C, or 5.8 J / g°C, or 5.9 J / g°C, or 6.0 J / g°C, or 6.1 J / g°C, or 6.2 J / g°C, or 6.3 J / g°C, or 6.4 J / g°C, or 6.5 J / g°C, or 6.6 J / g°C, or 6.7 J / g°C, or 6.8 J / g°C, or 6.9 J / g°C, or 7.0 J / g°C, or 7.1 J / g°C, or 7.2 J / g°C, or 7.3 J / g°C, or 7.4 J / g°C, or 7.5 J / g°C, or 7.6 J / g°C, or 7.7 J / g°C, or 7.8 J / g°C, or 7.9 J / g°C, or 8.0 J / g°C over a temperature range or temperature differential greater than or less than or equal to one or more or a combination of including but not limited to: 0.5°K, or 1°K, or 1.5°K, or 2°K, or 3°K, or 3.5°K, or 4°K, or 4.5°K, or 5°K, or 5.5°K, or 6°K, or 6.5°K, or 7°K, or 7.5°K, or 8°K, or 8.5°K, or 9°K, or 9.5°K, or 10°K, or 10.5°K, or 11°K, or 11.5°K 12°K, or 13°K, or 14°K, or 15°K, or 16°K, or 17°K, or 18°K, or 19°K, or 20°K, or 25°K, or 30°K, or 35°K, or 40°K, or 45°K, or 50°K

[0845] • Note: The liquid-liquid phase change facilitator reagent or the salting out reagent can include but is not limited to a salt, or an inorganic, or an organic, or other reagent that can improve one or more or a combination of properties that enable or facilitate a liquid-liquid phase change. The properties can include but are not limited to a liquid-liquid phase change temperature range, a liquid-liquid phase change temperature, a composition of a constituent liquid phase, a water concentration in a liquid phase that is predominantly non-aqueous, a concentration of residual non-aqueous reagent in a liquid phase that is predominantly aqueous, a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy, a toxicity, a volatility, a flammability, a cost, a corrosion inhibitor, a degradation inhibitor, an anti-fouling agent, an anti-soiling agent, an anti-biofouling agent, an oxygen scavenger, a pH buffer, a density, a hydrophobicity, a hydrophilicity, a surface tension, a self-attraction, a repulsion, a coagulation, a viscosity, or a combination thereof.

[0846] • Note: Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitator reagents can include, but are not limited to, salts, or inorganics, or organics, or other reagents that can improve one or more or a combination of properties that enable or facilitate liquid-liquid phase separation. The properties can include, but are not limited to, density, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, repulsion, cohesiveness, viscosity, or combinations thereof.

[0847] • Note: Favorable properties of liquid-liquid phase transition can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following: liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, composition of the constituent liquid phases, concentration of water in the liquid phase that is predominantly non-aqueous, concentration of residual non-aqueous reagents in the liquid phase that is predominantly aqueous, liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy, toxicity, volatility, flammability, cost, corrosion inhibitor, degradation inhibitor, anti-fouling agent, anti-fouling agent, anti-biofouling agent, oxygen scavenger, pH buffer, density, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, repulsion, cohesiveness, viscosity, density, density difference between liquid phases, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, repulsion, cohesiveness, viscosity, or combinations thereof.

[0848] • Note: Liquid-liquid phase transition facilitator reagents or liquid-liquid phase transition separation facilitator reagents or salting out reagents or phase transition temperature adjustment reagents can include, but are not limited to, salts, or inorganics, or organics, or other reagents that can improve one or more or a combination of properties that enable or facilitate liquid-liquid phase transition. The properties can include, but are not limited to, liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, composition of the constituent liquid phases, concentration of water in the liquid phase that is predominantly non-aqueous, concentration of residual non-aqueous reagents in the liquid phase that is predominantly aqueous, liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy, toxicity, volatility, flammability, cost, corrosion inhibitor, degradation inhibitor, anti-fouling agent, anti-fouling agent, anti-biofouling agent, oxygen scavenger, pH buffer, density, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, repulsion, cohesiveness, viscosity, or combinations thereof.

[0849] • Note: Liquid-liquid phase separation facilitator reagents or liquid-liquid phase transition facilitator reagents or salting out reagents or phase transition temperature adjustment reagents can include, but are not limited to, salts, or inorganics, or organics, or other reagents that can improve one or more or a combination of properties that enable or facilitate liquid-liquid phase transition. The properties can include, but are not limited to, density, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, surface tension, self-attraction, repulsion, cohesiveness, viscosity, or combinations thereof.

[0850] • Note: Glucose, maltodextrin, water soluble sugars, and many water soluble sugar substitutes have been found to be effective substitutes for salts or supplements to salts for liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustment or “salting out”.

[0851] • Note: LCST: can include liquid compositions that undergo an exothermic phase transition when transitioning from two liquid phases to a single liquid phase and an endothermic phase transition when transitioning from a single liquid phase to two liquid phases.

[0852] • Note: UCST: can include liquid compositions that undergo an exothermic phase transition when transitioning from a single liquid phase to two liquid phases and an endothermic phase transition when transitioning from two liquid phases to a single liquid phase.

[0853] • Note: "Salting-out" reagent: can include a salt or an organic or a combination thereof. Can also be described as a phase transition temperature adjustment reagent.

[0854] o Example desirable properties of salts can include, but are not limited to, one or more or a combination of the following:

[0855] ■Ability to lower phase transition temperature or to salt out organic compositions with minimal salt concentration or osmotic pressure.

[0856] ■Insolubility or slight solubility or only partial solubility or a combination thereof in the organic liquid phase

[0857] ■Ratio of phase transition temperature adjustment to salt concentration or osmotic pressure of the salt in solution

[0858] ■Enthalpy of phase transition of the composition when the liquid-liquid phase transition is driven by "salting-out" or phase transition temperature adjustment

[0859] ■Concentration of residual organic reagent in the aqueous liquid phase after "salting-out" and / or liquid-liquid phase transition

[0860] ■Chemical compatibility with other reagents and / or materials and / or equipment in the process

[0861] o Example desirable properties of organics used for liquid-liquid phase transition adjustment, in addition to or in lieu of salts, can include, but are not limited to:

[0862] ■Ability to lower phase transition temperature or to salt out organic compositions with minimal "salting-out" reagent or phase transition temperature adjustment reagent concentration or osmotic pressure.

[0863] ■Insolubility or slight solubility or only partial solubility or a combination thereof in the primarily organic liquid phase

[0864] ■Ratio of phase transition temperature adjustment to "salting-out" reagent or phase transition temperature adjustment reagent concentration or "salting-out" reagent osmotic pressure or phase transition temperature adjustment reagent concentration in solution

[0865] ■Enthalpy of phase transition of the composition when the liquid-liquid phase transition is driven by "salting-out" or adjustment of phase transition temperature through use of the "salting-out" reagent or phase transition temperature adjustment reagent

[0866] ■Concentration of residual organic reagent in the aqueous liquid phase after "salting-out" and / or liquid-liquid phase transition

[0867] ■Chemical compatibility with other reagents and / or materials and / or equipment in the process

[0868] • Note: If sugars or other biologically digestible reagents are used, it can be important to introduce biocides to prevent biological contamination or biodegradation. For example, biocides can include, but are not limited to, biocides known in the art of liquid phase applications. For example, biocides can include, but are not limited to, one or more of or a combination of: chlorine or bromine or enzymes or chlorates, or bleaches, or ammonia, or hydrogen sulfide, or carbon dioxide or oxygen scavengers, or salts, or acids, or bases, or combinations thereof.

[0869] • Note: Organic reagents can include, but are not limited to, one or more of or a combination of:

[0870] o Glycol ethers

[0871] o Glycol ether polymers can include, but are not limited to, one or more of or a combination of:

[0872] ■Polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether

[0873] ■Polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether

[0874] o Glycol polymers

[0875] ■Polypropylene glycol

[0876] ■Polyethylene glycol

[0877] ■Polymers that incorporate PEG and PPG

[0878] • PEG-PPG-PEG

[0879] • PPG-PEG-PPG

[0880] • “Rand” polymers

[0881] o Polyol polymers

[0882] o Ionic liquids

[0883] o Reagents that have a liquid-liquid phase transition in water

[0884] o Reagents that have a liquid-liquid phase transition in a solvent

[0885] o ethers, glycol ethers, esters, alcohols, aldehydes, 2-butoxyethanol, propylene glycol propyl ether, dipropylene glycol butyl ether, tripropylene glycol butyl ether, dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, propylene glycol diacetate, propyl ethylene glycol phenyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, propylene glycol n-propyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, ethylene glycol, diacetate, ethylene glycol n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol n-butyl ether, triethylene glycol mono n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol mono methyl ether, ethylene glycol phenyl ether, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethylene glycol hexyl ether

[0886] • Note: Organic reagents can include, but are not limited to, one or more of or a combination of: polyglycols, or polyethers, or poly(alkylene oxides), or propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or polymers, or glycols, or ionic liquids, or polyethylene glycol ethers, or polypropylene glycol ethers, or glycol ethers, or polyols, or ethers, or propylene carbonate, or ethylene carbonate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-methoxyethanol, CH3OCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (2-ethoxyethanol, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (2-propoxyethanol, CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether (2-isopropoxyethanol, (CH3)2CHOCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether (2-phenoxyethanol, C6H5OCH2CH2OH), or ethylene glycol monobenzyl ether (2-benzyloxyethanol, C6H5CH2OCH2CH2OH), propylene glycol methyl ether (1-methoxy-2-propanol, CH3OCH2CH(OH)CH3), or diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, methyl carbitol, CH3OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethanol, carbitol solubilizer, or CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol, butyl carbitol, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2OH), or dipropylene glycol methyl ether C12-15 pareth-12, or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (dimethoxyethane, CH3OCH2CH2OCH3), or ethylene glycol diethyl ether (diethoxyethane, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH3), or ethylene glycol dibutyl ether (dibutoxyethane, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3), or ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate (2-methoxyethyl acetate, CH3OCH2CH2OCOCH3), or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (2-ethoxyethyl acetate, CH3CH2OCH2CH2OCOCH3), or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (2-butoxyethyl acetate, CH3CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCOCH3), or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (1-methoxy-2-propyl acetate), or ethylene glycol diacetate (Ethylene glycol polymer-bound), or polymeric-bound polyethylene glycol di(3-methylsulfinyl)propionate, or polypropylene glycol, or tolyl-2,4-diisocyanate terminated poly(propylene glycol), or dimethyl ether CH3-0-CH3, or diethyl ether CH3CH2-0-CH2CH3, or tetrahydrofuran 0(CH2)4or dioxane 0(C2H4)20, or fluorocarbon, or halocarbon, or diethylene glycol hexyl ether, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, propylene glycol propyl ether, diethylene glycol hexyl ether, or 2-butoxyethanol, or propylene glycol propyl ether, or diethylene glycol diethyl ether, or diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or dipropylene glycol butyl ether, or tripropylene glycol butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol n-propyl ether, or propylene glycol butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, alkylene glycol alkyl ether, dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, alkylene glycol dialkyl ether, 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate, or ethyl 3-ethoxypropionate, or alkyl phenyl polyether, or branched secondary alcohol polyether, or diethylene glycol ether, or diethylene glycol ethyl ether, or diethylene glycol hexyl ether, or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or diethylene glycol monohexyl ether, or diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, or diethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or diethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol normal butyl ether, or diethylene glycol normal butyl ether acetate, or diethylene glycol phenyl ether, or diisobutyl ketone, or dioctyl succinonitrile, or dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether, or dipropylene glycol methyl ether acetate, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, or dipropylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, or dipropylene glycol normal butyl ether, or dipropylene glycol normal propyl ether, or dipropylene glycol phenyl ether, or Eo / Po block polyether, or ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, or ethylene glycol hexyl ether, or ethylene glycol isopropyl ether, or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, or ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, or ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, or ethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or ethylene glycol mononormal butyl ether acetate, or ethylene glycol monopropyl ether, or ethylene glycol normal butyl ether, or ethylene glycol normal butyl ether acetate, or ethylene glycol phenyl ether, or ethylene glycol propyl ether, or glycol ether polycondensate, or heptoxyethylene dodecyl ether, or mono- and diethylene glycol phenyl ether, or natural vegetable oil polyether, or n-butyl propionate, or n-amyl propionate, or poly(oxy-l,2-ethanediyl), or alpha-phenyl-omega-hydroxy-polyoxirane, or propylene glycol diacetate, or propylene glycol methyl ether, or propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, or propylene glycol monomethyl ether, or propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, or propylene glycol mononormal butyl ether, or propylene glycol mononormal propyl ether, or propylene glycol monopropyl ether, or propylene glycol normal butyl ether, or propylene glycol normal propyl ether, or propylene glycol phenyl ether, or triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, or tripropylene glycol methyl ether, or tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether, or tripropylene glycol mononormal butyl ether,

[0887] • Note: alkyl can include Ci-6, or Ci-C7, or Ci-C8, or Ci-C9, or Ci-C10, or Ci-Cs, Ci-C4, or Ci-Cn

[0888] • Note: The number of particles per mL of composition below the cloud point temperature can be less than or greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of: 0, or 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000

[0889] • Note: The number of particles per mL of single liquid phase composition in turbulent flow can be less than or equal to one or more or a combination of: 0, or 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000

[0890] • Note: the number of particles per mL of the multi-liquid phase composition in turbulent flow can be greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of: 0, or 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000

[0891] • Note: The number of particles per mL of composition above the cloud point temperature can be less than or greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000

[0892] • Note: The weight average molecular weight of the one or more polymers can be less than or greater than or equal to, including but not limited to one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000, or 3025, or 3050, or 3075, or 3100, or 3125, or 3150, or 3175, or 3200, or 3225, or 3250, or 3275, or 3300, or 3325, or 3350, or 3375, or 3400, or 3425, or 3450, or 3475, or 3500, or 3525, or 3550, or 3575, or 3600, or 3625, or 3650, or 3675, or 3700, or 3725, or 3750, or 3775, or 3800, or 3825, or 3850, or 3875, or 3900, or 3925, or 3950, or 3975, or 4000, or 4025, or 4050, or 4075, or 4100, or 4125, or 4150, or 4175,or 4200, or 4225, or 4250, or 4275, or 4300, or 4325, or 4350, or 4375, or 4400, or 4425, or 4450, or 4475, or 4500, or 4525, or 4550, or 4575, or 4600, or 4625, or 4650, or 4675, or 4700, or 4725, or 4750, or 4775, or 4800, or 4825, or 4850, or 4875, or 4900, or 4925, or 4950, or 4975, or 5000, or 5025, or 5050, or 5075, or 5100, or 5125, or 5150, or 5175, or 5200, or 5225, or 5250, or 5275, or 5300, or 5325, or 5350, or 5375, or 5400, or 5425, or 5450, or 5475, or 5500, or 5525, or 5550, or 5575, or 5600, or 5625, or 5650, or 5675, or 5700, or 5725, or 5750, or 5775, or 5800, or 5825, or 5850, or 5875, or 5900, or 5925, or 5950, or 5975, or 6000, or 6025, or 6050, or 6075, or 6100, or 6125, or 6150, or 6175, or 6200, or 6225, or 6250, or 6275, or 6300, or 6325, or 6350, or 6375, or 6400, or 6425, or 6450, or 6475, or 6500, or 6525, or 6550, or 6575, or 6600, or 6625, or 6650, or 6675, or 6700, or 6725, or 6750, or 6775, or 6800, or 6825, or 6850, or 6875, or 6900, or 6925, or 6950, or 6975, or 7000, or 7025, or 7050, or 7075, or 7100, or 7125, or 7150, or 7175, or 7200, or 7225, or 7250, or 7275, or 7300, or 7325, or 7350, or 7375, or 7400, or 7425, or 7450, or 7475, or 7500, or 7525, or 7550, or 7575, or 7600, or 7625, or 7650, or 7675, or 7700, or 7725, or 7750, or 7775, or 7800, or 7825, or 7850, or 7875, or 7900, or 7925, or 7950, or 7975, or 8000, or 8025, or 8050, or 8075, or 8100, or 8125, or 8150, or 8175, or 8200, or 8225, or 8250, or 8275, or 8300, or 8325,or 8350, or 8375, or 8400, or 8425, or 8450, or 8475, or 8500, or 8525, or 8550, or 8575, or 8600, or 8625, or 8650, or 8675, or 8700, or 8725, or 8750, or 8775, or 8800, or 8825, or 8850, or 8875, or 8900, or 8925, or 8950, or 8975, or 9000, or 9025, or 9050, or 9075, or 9100, or 9125, or 9150, or 9175, or 9200, or 9225, or 9250, or 9275, or 9300, or 9325, or 9350, or 9375, or 9400, or 9425, or 9450, or 9475, or 9500, or 9525, or 9550, or 9575, or 9600, or 9625, or 9650, or 9675, or 9700, or 9725, or 9750, or 9775, or 9800, or 9825, or 9850, or 9875, or 9900, or 9925, or 9950, or 9975, or 10000, or 15000, or 20000, or 25000, or 30000, or 35000, or 40000, or 45000, or 50000, or 55000, or 60000, or 65000, or 70000, or 75000, or 80000, or 85000, or 90000, or 95000, or 100000,

[0893] • Note: The average molecular weight of the one or more agents can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to, including but not limited to one or more of the following or combinations thereof: 10, or 15, or 20, or 25, or 30, or 35, or 40, or 45, or 50, or 55, or 60, or 65, or 70, or 75, or 80, or 85, or 90, or 95, or 100, or 125, or 150, or 175, or 200, or 225, or 250, or 275, or 300, or 325, or 350, or 375, or 400, or 425, or 450, or 475, or 500, or 525, or 550, or 575, or 600, or 625, or 650, or 675, or 700, or 725, or 750, or 775, or 800, or 825, or 850, or 875, or 900, or 925, or 950, or 975, or 1000, or 1025, or 1050, or 1075, or 1100, or 1125, or 1150, or 1175, or 1200, or 1225, or 1250, or 1275, or 1300, or 1325, or 1350, or 1375, or 1400, or 1425, or 1450, or 1475, or 1500, or 1525, or 1550, or 1575, or 1600, or 1625, or 1650, or 1675, or 1700, or 1725, or 1750, or 1775, or 1800, or 1825, or 1850, or 1875, or 1900, or 1925, or 1950, or 1975, or 2000, or 2025, or 2050, or 2075, or 2100, or 2125, or 2150, or 2175, or 2200, or 2225, or 2250, or 2275, or 2300, or 2325, or 2350, or 2375, or 2400, or 2425, or 2450, or 2475, or 2500, or 2525, or 2550, or 2575, or 2600, or 2625, or 2650, or 2675, or 2700, or 2725, or 2750, or 2775, or 2800, or 2825, or 2850, or 2875, or 2900, or 2925, or 2950, or 2975, or 3000, or 3025, or 3050, or 3075, or 3100, or 3125, or 3150, or 3175, or 3200, or 3225, or 3250, or 3275, or 3300, or 3325, or 3350, or 3375, or 3400, or 3425, or 3450, or 3475, or 3500, or 3525, or 3550, or 3575, or 3600, or 3625, or 3650, or 3675, or 3700, or 3725, or 3750, or 3775, or 3800, or 3825, or 3850, or 3875,or 3900, or 3925, or 3950, or 3975, or 4000, or 4025, or 4050, or 4075, or 4100, or 4125, or 4150, or 4175, or 4200, or 4225, or 4250, or 4275, or 4300, or 4325, or 4350, or 4375, or 4400, or 4425, or 4450, or 4475, or 4500, or 4525, or 4550, or 4575, or 4600, or 4625, or 4650, or 4675, or 4700, or 4725, or 4750, or 4775, or 4800, or 4825, or 4850, or 4875, or 4900, or 4925, or 4950, or 4975, or 5000, or 5025, or 5050, or 5075, or 5100, or 5125, or 5150, or 5175, or 5200, or 5225, or 5250, or 5275, or 5300, or 5325, or 5350, or 5375, or 5400, or 5425, or 5450, or 5475, or 5500, or 5525, or 5550, or 5575, or 5600, or 5625, or 5650, or 5675, or 5700, or 5725, or 5750, or 5775, or 5800, or 5825, or 5850, or 5875, or 5900, or 5925, or 5950, or 5975, or 6000, or 6025, or 6050, or 6075, or 6100, or 6125, or 6150, or 6175, or 6200, or 6225, or 6250, or 6275, or 6300, or 6325, or 6350, or 6375, or 6400, or 6425, or 6450, or 6475, or 6500, or 6525, or 6550, or 6575, or 6600, or 6625, or 6650, or 6675, or 6700, or 6725, or 6750, or 6775, or 6800, or 6825, or 6850, or 6875, or 6900, or 6925, or 6950, or 6975, or 7000, or 7025, or 7050, or 7075, or 7100, or 7125, or 7150, or 7175, or 7200, or 7225, or 7250, or 7275, or 7300, or 7325, or 7350, or 7375, or 7400, or 7425, or 7450, or 7475, or 7500, or 7525, or 7550, or 7575, or 7600, or 7625, or 7650, or 7675, or 7700, or 7725, or 7750, or 7775, or 7800, or 7825, or 7850, or 7875, or 7900, or 7925, or 7950, or 7975, or 8000, or 8025,or 8050, or 8075, or 8100, or 8125, or 8150, or 8175, or 8200, or 8225, or 8250, or 8275, or 8300, or 8325, or 8350, or 8375, or 8400, or 8425, or 8450, or 8475, or 8500, or 8525, or 8550, or 8575, or 8600, or 8625, or 8650, or 8675, or 8700, or 8725, or 8750, or 8775, or 8800, or 8825, or 8850, or 8875, or 8900, or 8925, or 8950, or 8975, or 9000, or 9025, or 9050, or 9075, or 9100, or 9125, or 9150, or 9175, or 9200, or 9225, or 9250, or 9275, or 9300, or 9325, or 9350, or 9375, or 9400, or 9425, or 9450, or 9475, or 9500, or 9525, or 9550, or 9575, or 9600, or 9625, or 9650, or 9675, or 9700, or 9725, or 9750, or 9775, or 9800, or 9825, or 9850, or 9875, or 9900, or 9925, or 9950, or 9975, or 10000, or 15000, or 20000, or 25000, or 30000, or 35000, or 40000, or 45000, or 50000, or 55000, or 60000, or 65000, or 70000, or 75000, or 80000, or 85000, or 90000, or 95000, or 100000,

[0894] • Note: The organic liquid phase can include an ionic liquid

[0895] • Note: The one or more reagents can include an ionic liquid

[0896] • Note: the weight percent concentration of one or more or a combination of the reagents can include, but is not limited to, less than, or equal to, or greater than one or a combination of: 0%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%, or 11.5%, or 12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or 15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or 19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or 22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or 26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or 29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or 33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or 36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or 40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or 43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or 47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or 50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or 54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or 57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or 61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or 64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or 68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or 71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or 75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or 78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.

[0897] • Note: the weight percent solubility of one or more or a combination of the reagents can include, but is not limited to, less than, or equal to, or greater than one or a combination of: 0%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%, or 11.5%, or 12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or 15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or 19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or 22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or 26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or 29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or 33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or 36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or 40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or 43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or 47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or 50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or 54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or 57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or 61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or 64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or 68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or 71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or 75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or 78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.

[0898] • The weight percent concentration of water can include, but is not limited to, less than, or equal to, or greater than one or a combination of: 0%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 10.5%, or 11%, or 11.5%, or 12%, or 12.5%, or 13%, or 13.5%, or 14%, or 14.5%, or 15%, or 15.5%, or 16%, or 16.5%, or 17%, or 17.5%, or 18%, or 18.5%, or 19%, or 19.5%, or 20%, or 20.5%, or 21%, or 21.5%, or 22%, or 22.5%, or 23%, or 23.5%, or 24%, or 24.5%, or 25%, or 25.5%, or 26%, or 26.5%, or 27%, or 27.5%, or 28%, or 28.5%, or 29%, or 29.5%, or 30%, or 30.5%, or 31%, or 31.5%, or 32%, or 32.5%, or 33%, or 33.5%, or 34%, or 34.5%, or 35%, or 35.5%, or 36%, or 36.5%, or 37%, or 37.5%, or 38%, or 38.5%, or 39%, or 39.5%, or 40%, or 40.5%, or 41%, or 41.5%, or 42%, or 42.5%, or 43%, or 43.5%, or 44%, or 44.5%, or 45%, or 45.5%, or 46%, or 46.5%, or 47%, or 47.5%, or 48%, or 48.5%, or 49%, or 49.5%, or 50%, or 50.5%, or 51%, or 51.5%, or 52%, or 52.5%, or 53%, or 53.5%, or 54%, or 54.5%, or 55%, or 55.5%, or 56%, or 56.5%, or 57%, or 57.5%, or 58%, or 58.5%, or 59%, or 59.5%, or 60%, or 60.5%, or 61%, or 61.5%, or 62%, or 62.5%, or 63%, or 63.5%, or 64%, or 64.5%, or 65%, or 65.5%, or 66%, or 66.5%, or 67%, or 67.5%, or 68%, or 68.5%, or 69%, or 69.5%, or 70%, or 70.5%, or 71%, or 71.5%, or 72%, or 72.5%, or 73%, or 73.5%, or 74%, or 74.5%, or 75%, or 75.5%, or 76%, or 76.5%, or 77%, or 77.5%, or 78%, or 78.5%, or 79%, or 79.5%, or 80%, or 80.5%, or 81%, or 81.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.5%, or 82%, or 82.5%, or 83%, or 83.5%, or 84%, or 84.5%, or 85%, or 85.5%, or 86%, or 86.5%, or 87%, or 87.5%, or 88%, or 88.5%, or 89%, or 89.5%, or 90%, or 90.5%, or 91%, or 91.5%, or 92%, or 92.5%, or 93%, or 93.5%, or 94%, or 94.5%, or 95%, or 95.5%, or 96%, or 96.5%, or 97%, or 97.5%, or 98%, or 98.5%, or 99%, or 99.5%, or 100%.

[0899] • Note: the cloud point temperature can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to one or a combination of the following: -100°C, or -90°C, or -80°C, or -70°C, or -60°C, or -50°C, or -45°C, or -40°C, or -35°C, or -30°C, or -25°C, or -20°C, or -19°C, or -18°C, or -17°C, or -16°C, or -15°C, or -15°C, or -14°C, or -13°C, or -12°C, or -11°C, or -10°C, or -9°C, or -8°C, or -7°C, or -6°C, or -5°C, or -4°C, or -3°C, or -2°C, or -1°C, or 0°C, or 1°C, or 2°C, or 3°C, or 4°C, or 5°C, or 6°C, or 7°C, or 8°C, or 9°C, or 10°C, or 11°C, or 12°C, or 13°C, or 14°C, or 15°C, or 16°C, or 17°C, or 18°C, or 19°C, or 20°C, or 21°C, or 22°C, or 23°C, or 24°C, or 25°C, or 26°C, or 27°C, or 28°C, or 29°C, or 30°C, or 31°C, or 32°C, or 33°C, or 34°C, or 35°C, or 36°C, or 37°C, or 38°C, or 39°C, or 40°C, or 41°C, or 42°C, or 43°C, or 44°C, or 45°C, or 46°C, or 47°C, or 48°C, or 49°C, or 50°C, or 51°C, or 52°C, or 53°C, or 54°C, or 55°C, or 56°C, or 57°C, or 58°C, or 59°C, or 60°C, or 61°C, or 62°C, or 63°C, or 64°C, or 65°C, or 66°C, or 67°C, or 68°C, or 69°C, or 70°C, or 71°C, or 72°C, or 73°C, or 74°C, or 75°C, or 76°C, or 77°C, or 78°C, or 79°C, or 80°C, or 81°C, or 82°C, or 83°C, or 84°C, or 85°C, or 86°C, or 87°C, or 88, or 89°C, or 90°C, or 91°C, or 92°C, or 93°C, or 94°C, or 95°C, or 96°C, or 97°C, or 98°C, or 99°C, or 100°C, or 110°C, or 120°C, or 130°C, or 140°C, or 150°C, or 160°C, or 170°C, or 180°C, or 190°C, or 200°C, or 210°C, or 220°C, or 230°C, or 240°C, or 250°C, or 260°C, or 270°C, or 280°C, or 290°C, or 300°C, or 310°C, or 320°C, or 330°C, or 340°C, or 350°C, or 360°C, or 370°C, or 380°C, or 390°C, or 400°C, or 410°C, or 420°C, or 430°C, or 440°C, or 450°C, or 460°C, or 470°C, or 480°C, or 490°C, or 500°C, or 550°C, or 600°C, or 700°C, or 800°C, or 900°C, or 1000°C

[0900] • Note: Temperature range of liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy, or peak enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition,or combinations thereof can be less than or equal to or greater than one or more of or combinations of the following: -100°C, or -90°C, or -80°C, or -70°C, or -60°C, or -50°C, or -45°C, or -40°C, or -35°C, or -30°C, or -25°C, or -20°C, or -19°C, or -18°C, or -17°C, or -16°C, or -15°C, or -15°C, or -14°C, or -13°C, or -12°C, or -11°C, or -10°C, or -9°C, or -8°C, or -7°C, or -6°C, or -5°C, or -4°C, or -3°C, or -2°C, or -1°C, or 0°C, or 1°C, or 2°C, or 3°C, or 4°C, or 5°C, or 6°C, or 7°C, or 8°C, or 9°C, or 10°C, or 11°C, or 12°C, or 13°C, or 14°C, or 15°C, or 16°C, or 17°C, or 18°C, or 19°C, or 20°C, or 21°C, or 22°C, or 23°C, or 24°C, or 25°C, or 26°C, or 27°C, or 28°C, or 29°C, or 30°C, or 31°C, or 32°C, or 33°C, or 34°C, or 35°C, or 36°C, or 37°C, or 38°C, or 39°C, or 40°C, or 41°C, or 42°C, or 43°C, or 44°C, or 45°C, or 46°C, or 47°C, or 48°C, or 49°C, or 50°C, or 51°C, or 52°C, or 53°C, or 54°C, or 55°C, or 56°C, or 57°C, or 58°C, or 59°C, or 60°C, or 61°C, or 62°C, or 63°C, or 64°C, or 65°C, or 66°C, or 67°C, or 68°C, or 69°C, or 70°C, or 71°C, or 72°C, or 73°C, or 74°C, or 75°C, or 76°C, or 77°C, or 78°C, or 79°C, or 80°C, or 81°C, or 82°C, or 83°C, or 84°C, or 85°C, or 86°C, or 87°C, or 88, or 89°C, or 90°C, or 91°C, or 92°C, or 93°C, or 94°C, or 95°C, or 96°C, or 97°C, or 98°C, or 99°C, or 100°C, or 110°C, or 120°C, or 130°C, or 140°C, or 150°C, or 160°C, or 170°C, or 180°C, or 190°C, or 200°C, or 210°C, or 220°C, or 230°C, or 240°C, or 250°C, or 260°C, or 270°C, or 280°C, or 290°C, or 300°C, or 310°C, or 320°C, or 330°C, or 340°C, or 350°C, or 360°C, or 370°C, or 380°C, or 390°C, or 400°C, or 410°C, or 420°C, or 430°C, or 440°C, or 450°C, or 460°C, or 470°C, or 480°C, or 490°C, or 500°C, or 550°C, or 600°C, or 700°C, or 800°C, or 900°C, or 1000°C,

[0901] • Note: the viscosity of the liquid phase can be less than or greater than or equal to, including but not limited to one or more of or a combination of: 0.1 cP, or 0.5 cP, or 1 cP, or 1.5 cP, or 2 cP, or 2.5 cP, or 3 cP, or 3.5 cP, or 4 cP, or 4.5 cP, or 5 cP, or 5.5 cP, or 6 cP, or 6.5 cP, or 7 cP, or 7.5 cP, or 8 cP, or 8.5 cP, or 9 cP, or 9.5 cP, or 10 cP, or 11 cP, or 12 cP, or 13 cP, or 14 cP, or 15 cP, or 16 cP, or 17 cP, or 18 cP, or 19 cP, or 20 cP, or 21 cP, or 22 cP, or 23 cP, or 24 cP, or 25 cP, or 26 cP, or 27 cP, or 28 cP, or 29 cP, or 30 cP, or 31 cP, or 32 cP, or 33 cP, or 34 cP, or 35 cP, or 36 cP, or 37 cP, or 38 cP, or 39 cP, or 40 cP, or 41 cP, or 42 cP, or 43 cP, or 44 cP, or 45 cP, or 46 cP, or 47 cP, or 48 cP, or 49 cP, or 50 cP, or 55 cP, or 60 cP, or 65 cP, or 70 cP, or 75 cP, or 80 cP, or 85 cP, or 90 cP, or 95 cP, or 100 cP, or 105 cP, or 110 cP, or 115 cP, or 120 cP, or 125 cP, or 130 cP, or 135 cP, or 140 cP, or 145 cP, or 150 cP, or 155 cP, or 160 cP, or 165 cP, or 170 cP, or 175 cP, or 180 cP, or 185 cP, or 190 cP, or 195 cP, or 200 cP, or 205 cP, or 210 cP, or 215 cP, or 220 cP, or 225 cP, or 230 cP, or 235 cP, or 240 cP, or 245 cP, or 250 cP, or 255 cP, or 260 cP, or 265 cP, or 270 cP, or 275 cP, or 280 cP, or 285 cP, or 290 cP, or 295 cP, or 300 cP, or 305 cP, or 310 cP, or 315 cP, or 320 cP, or 325 cP, or 330 cP, or 335 cP, or 340 cP, or 345 cP, or 350 cP, or 355 cP, or 360 cP, or 365 cP, or 370 cP, or 375 cP, or 380 cP, or 385 cP, or 390 cP, or 395 cP, or 400 cP, or 405 cP, or 410 cP, or 415 cP, or 420 cP, or 425 cP, or 430 cP, or 435 cP, or 440 cP, or 445 cP, or 450 cP, or 455 cP, or 460 cP, or 465 cP, or 470 cP, or 475 cP, or 480 cP,or 800 cP, or 850 cP, or 900 cP, or 950 cP, or 1,000 cP, or 1,250 cP, or 1,500 cP, or 1,750 cP, or 2,000 cP, or 2,250 cP, or 2,500 cP, or 2,750 cP, or 3,000 cP, or 3,250 cP, or 3,500 cP, or 3,750 cP, or 4,000 cP, or 4,250 cP, or 4,500 cP, or 4,750 cP, or 5,000 cP, or 5,250 cP, or 5,500 cP, or 5,750 cP, or 6,000 cP, or 6,250 cP, or 6,500 cP, or 6,750 cP, or 7,000 cP, or 7,250 cP, or 7,500 cP, or 7,750 cP, or 8000 cP, or 8,250 cP, or 8,500 cP, or 8,750 cP, or 9,000 cP, or 9,250 cP, or 9,500 cP, or 9,750 cP or 10,000 cP,

[0902] • Note: average molecular weight can be in units of grams / mole or relative molecular mass or molar mass

[0903] • Note: the density of the liquid phase can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to one or a combination of the following: 0.5 g / mL, or 0.51 g / mL, or 0.52 g / mL, or 0.53 g / mL, or 0.54 g / mL, or 0.55 g / mL, or 0.56 g / mL, or 0.57 g / mL, or 0.58 g / mL, or 0.59 g / mL, or 0.6 g / mL, or 0.61 g / mL, or 0.62 g / mL, or 0.63 g / mL, or 0.64 g / mL, or 0.65 g / mL, or 0.66 g / mL, or 0.67 g / mL, or 0.68 g / mL, or 0.69 g / mL, or 0.70 g / mL, or 0.71 g / mL, or 0.72 g / mL, or 0.73 g / mL, or 0.74 g / mL, or 0.75 g / mL, or 0.76 g / mL, or 0.77 g / mL, or 0.78 g / mL, or 0.79 g / mL, or 0.8 g / mL, or 0.805 g / mL, or 0.81 g / mL, or 0.815 g / mL, or 0.82 g / mL, or 0.825 g / mL, or 0.83 g / mL, or 0.835 g / mL, or 0.84 g / mL, or 0.845 g / mL, or 0.85 g / mL, or 0.855 g / mL, or 0.86 g / mL, or 0.865 g / mL, or 0.87 g / mL, or 0.875 g / mL, or 0.88 g / mL, or 0.885 g / mL, or 0.89 g / mL, or 0.895 g / mL, or 0.9 g / mL, or 0.905 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.915 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.925 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.935 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.945 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.955 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.965 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.975 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.985 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.995 g / mL, or 1 g / mL, or 1.005 g / mL, or 1.01 g / mL, or 1.015 g / mL, or 1.02 g / mL, or 1.025 g / mL, or 1.03 g / mL, or 1.035 g / mL, or 1.04 g / mL, or 1.045 g / mL, or 1.05 g / mL, or 1.055 g / mL, or 1.06 g / mL, or 1.065 g / mL, or 1.07 g / mL, or 1.075 g / mL, or 1.08 g / mL, or 1.085 g / mL, or 1.09 g / mL, or 1.095 g / mL, or 1.1 g / mL, or 1.11 g / mL, or 1.12 g / mL, or 1.13 g / mL, or 1.14 g / mL, or 1.15 g / mL, or 1.16 g / mL, or 1.17 g / mL, or 1.18 g / mL, or 1.19 g / mL, or 1.2 g / mL, or 1.21 g / mL, or 1.22 g / mL, or 1.23 g / mL, or 1.24 g / mL, or 1.25 g / mL, or 1.26 g / mL, or 1.27 g / mL, or 1.28 g / mL, or 1.29 g / mL, or 1.3 g / mL, or 1.31 g / mL, or 1.32 g / mL, or 1.33 g / mL, or 1.34 g / mL, or 1.35 g / mL, or 1.36 g / mL, or 1.37 g / mL, or 1.38 g / mL, or 1.39 g / mL, or 1.4 g / mL, or 1.41 g / mL, or 1.42 g / mL, or 1.43 g / mL, or 1.44 g / mL, or 1.45 g / mL, or 1.46 g / mL, or 1.47 g / mL, or 1.48 g / mL, or 1.49 g / mL, or 1.5 g / mL.

[0904] • Note: the density of the organic liquid phase can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to one or more or a combination of: 0.5 g / mL, or 0.51 g / mL, or 0.52 g / mL, or 0.53 g / mL, or 0.54 g / mL, or 0.55 g / mL, or 0.56 g / mL, or 0.57 g / mL, or 0.58 g / mL, or 0.59 g / mL, or 0.6 g / mL, or 0.61 g / mL, or 0.62 g / mL, or 0.63 g / mL, 0.64 g / mL, or 0.65 g / mL, or 0.66 g / mL, or 0.67 g / mL, or 0.68 g / mL, or 0.69 g / mL, or 0.70 g / mL, or 0.71 g / mL, or 0.72 g / mL, or 0.73 g / mL, or 0.74 g / mL, or 0.75 g / mL, or 0.76 g / mL, or 0.77 g / mL, or 0.78 g / mL, or 0.79 g / mL, or 0.8 g / mL, or 0.805 g / mL, or 0.81 g / mL, or 0.815 g / mL, or 0.82 g / mL, or 0.825 g / mL, or 0.83 g / mL, or 0.835 g / mL, or 0.84 g / mL, or 0.845 g / mL, or 0.85 g / mL, or 0.855 g / mL, or 0.86 g / mL, or 0.865 g / mL, or 0.87 g / mL, or 0.875 g / mL, or 0.88 g / mL, or 0.885 g / mL, or 0.89 g / mL, or 0.895 g / mL, or 0.9 g / mL, or 0.905 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.915 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.925 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.935 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.945 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.955 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.965 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.975 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.985 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.995 g / mL, or 1 g / mL, or 1.005 g / mL, or 1.01 g / mL, or 1.015 g / mL, or 1.02 g / mL, or 1.025 g / mL, or 1.03 g / mL, or 1.035 g / mL, or 1.04 g / mL, or 1.045 g / mL, or 1.05 g / mL, or 1.055 g / mL, or 1.06 g / mL, or 1.065 g / mL, or 1.07 g / mL, or 1.075 g / mL, or 1.08 g / mL, or 1.085 g / mL, or 1.09 g / mL, or 1.095 g / mL, or 1.1 g / mL, or 1.11 g / mL, or 1.12 g / mL, or 1.13 g / mL, or 1.14 g / mL, or 1.15 g / mL, or 1.16 g / mL, or 1.17 g / mL, or 1.18 g / mL, or 1.19 g / mL, or 1.2 g / mL, or 1.21 g / mL, or 1.22 g / mL, or 1.23 g / mL, or 1.24 g / mL, or 1.25 g / mL, or 1.26 g / mL, or 1.27 g / mL, or 1.28 g / mL, or 1.29 g / mL, or 1.3 g / mL, or 1.31 g / mL, or 1.32 g / mL, or 1.33 g / mL, or 1.34 g / mL, or 1.35 g / mL, or 1.36 g / mL, or 1.37 g / mL, or 1.38 g / mL, or 1.39 g / mL, or 1.4 g / mL, or 1.41 g / mL, or 1.42 g / mL, or 1.43 g / mL, or 1.44 g / mL, or 1.45 g / mL, or 1.46 g / mL, or 1.47 g / mL, or 1.48 g / mL, or 1.49 g / mL, or 1.5 g / mL.

[0905] • Note: the density of the aqueous liquid phase can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to one or a combination of the following: 0.5 g / mL, or 0.51 g / mL, or 0.52 g / mL, or 0.53 g / mL, or 0.54 g / mL, or 0.55 g / mL, or 0.56 g / mL, or 0.57 g / mL, or 0.58 g / mL, or 0.59 g / mL, or 0.6 g / mL, or 0.61 g / mL, or 0.62 g / mL, or 0.63 g / mL, or 0.64 g / mL, or 0.65 g / mL, or 0.66 g / mL, or 0.67 g / mL, or 0.68 g / mL, or 0.69 g / mL, or 0.70 g / mL, or 0.71 g / mL, or 0.72 g / mL, or 0.73 g / mL, or 0.74 g / mL, or 0.75 g / mL, or 0.76 g / mL, or 0.77 g / mL, or 0.78 g / mL, or 0.79 g / mL, or 0.8 g / mL, or 0.805 g / mL, or 0.81 g / mL, or 0.815 g / mL, or 0.82 g / mL, or 0.825 g / mL, or 0.83 g / mL, or 0.835 g / mL, or 0.84 g / mL, or 0.845 g / mL, or 0.85 g / mL, or 0.855 g / mL, or 0.86 g / mL, or 0.865 g / mL, or 0.87 g / mL, or 0.875 g / mL, or 0.88 g / mL, or 0.885 g / mL, or 0.89 g / mL, or 0.895 g / mL, or 0.9 g / mL, or 0.905 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.915 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.925 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.935 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.945 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.955 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.965 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.975 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.985 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.995 g / mL, or 1 g / mL, or 1.005 g / mL, or 1.01 g / mL, or 1.015 g / mL, or 1.02 g / mL, or 1.025 g / mL, or 1.03 g / mL, or 1.035 g / mL, or 1.04 g / mL, or 1.045 g / mL, or 1.05 g / mL, or 1.055 g / mL, or 1.06 g / mL, or 1.065 g / mL, or 1.07 g / mL, or 1.075 g / mL, or 1.08 g / mL, or 1.085 g / mL, or 1.09 g / mL, or 1.095 g / mL, or 1.1 g / mL, or 1.11 g / mL, or 1.12 g / mL, or 1.13 g / mL, or 1.14 g / mL, or 1.15 g / mL, or 1.16 g / mL, or 1.17 g / mL, or 1.18 g / mL, or 1.19 g / mL, or 1.2 g / mL, or 1.21 g / mL, or 1.22 g / mL, or 1.23 g / mL, or 1.24 g / mL, or 1.25 g / mL, or 1.26 g / mL, or 1.27 g / mL, or 1.28 g / mL, or 1.29 g / mL, or 1.3 g / mL, or 1.31 g / mL, or 1.32 g / mL, or 1.33 g / mL, or 1.34 g / mL, or 1.35 g / mL, or 1.36 g / mL, or 1.37 g / mL, or 1.38 g / mL, or 1.39 g / mL, or 1.4 g / mL, or 1.41 g / mL, or 1.42 g / mL, or 1.43 g / mL, or 1.44 g / mL, or 1.45 g / mL, or 1.46 g / mL, or 1.47 g / mL, or 1.48 g / mL, or 1.49 g / mL, or 1.5 g / mL.

[0906] • Note: The density of the combined solution liquid phase can be less than or equal to or greater than or equal to one or a combination of the following: 0.5 g / mL, or 0.51 g / mL, or 0.52 g / mL, or 0.53 g / mL, or 0.54 g / mL, or 0.55 g / mL, or 0.56 g / mL, or 0.57 g / mL, or 0.58 g / mL, or 0.59 g / mL, or 0.6 g / mL, or 0.61 g / mL, or 0.62 g / mL, or 0.63 g / mL, or 0.64 g / mL, or 0.65 g / mL, or 0.66 g / mL, or 0.67 g / mL, or 0.68 g / mL, or 0.69 g / mL, or 0.70 g / mL, or 0.71 g / mL, or 0.72 g / mL, or 0.73 g / mL, or 0.74 g / mL, or 0.75 g / mL, or 0.76 g / mL, or 0.77 g / mL, or 0.78 g / mL, or 0.79 g / mL, or 0.8 g / mL, or 0.805 g / mL, or 0.81 g / mL, or 0.815 g / mL, or 0.82 g / mL, or 0.825 g / mL, or 0.83 g / mL, or 0.835 g / mL, or 0.84 g / mL, or 0.845 g / mL, or 0.85 g / mL, or 0.855 g / mL, or 0.86 g / mL, or 0.865 g / mL, or 0.87 g / mL, or 0.875 g / mL, or 0.88 g / mL, or 0.885 g / mL, or 0.89 g / mL, or 0.895 g / mL, or 0.9 g / mL, or 0.905 g / mL, or 0.91 g / mL, or 0.915 g / mL, or 0.92 g / mL, or 0.925 g / mL, or 0.93 g / mL, or 0.935 g / mL, or 0.94 g / mL, or 0.945 g / mL, or 0.95 g / mL, or 0.955 g / mL, or 0.96 g / mL, or 0.965 g / mL, or 0.97 g / mL, or 0.975 g / mL, or 0.98 g / mL, or 0.985 g / mL, or 0.99 g / mL, or 0.995 g / mL, or 1 g / mL, or 1.005 g / mL, or 1.01 g / mL, or 1.015 g / mL, or 1.02 g / mL, or 1.025 g / mL, or 1.03 g / mL, or 1.035 g / mL, or 1.04 g / mL, or 1.045 g / mL, or 1.05 g / mL, or 1.055 g / mL, or 1.06 g / mL, or 1.065 g / mL, or 1.07 g / mL, or 1.075 g / mL, or 1.08 g / mL, or 1.085 g / mL, or 1.09 g / mL, or 1.095 g / mL, or 1.1 g / mL, or 1.11 g / mL, or 1.12 g / mL, or 1.13 g / mL, or 1.14 g / mL, or 1.15 g / mL, or 1.16 g / mL, or 1.17 g / mL, or 1.18 g / mL, or 1.19 g / mL, or 1.2 g / mL, or 1.21 g / mL, or 1.22 g / mL, or 1.23 g / mL, or 1.24 g / mL, or 1.25 g / mL, or 1.26 g / mL, or 1.27 g / mL, or 1.28 g / mL, or 1.29 g / mL, or 1.3 g / mL, or 1.31 g / mL, or 1.32 g / mL, or 1.33 g / mL, or 1.34 g / mL, or 1.35 g / mL, or 1.36 g / mL, or 1.37 g / mL, or 1.38 g / mL, or 1.39 g / mL, or 1.4 g / mL, or 1.41 g / mL, or 1.42 g / mL, or 1.43 g / mL, or 1.44 g / mL, or 1.45 g / mL, or 1.46 g / mL, or 1.47 g / mL, or 1.48 g / mL, or 1.49 g / mL, or 1.5 g / mL.

[0907] • Note: The temperature range for the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy can occur at a temperature range that is greater than or less than or equal to one or a combination of the following: 0 °K, or 0.25 °K, or 0.5 °K, or 0.75 °K, or 1 °K, or 1.25 °K, or 1.5 °K, or 1.75 °K, or 2 °K, or 2.25 °K, or 2.5 °K, or 2.75 °K, or 3 °K, or 3.25 °K, or 3.5 °K, or 3.75 °K, or 4 °K, or 4.25 °K, or 4.5 °K, or 4.75 °K, or 5 °K, or 5.25 °K, or 5.5 °K, or 5.75 °K, or 6 °K, or 6.25 °K, or 6.5 °K, or 6.75 °K, or 7 °K, or 7.25 °K, or 7.5 °K, or 7.75 °K, or 8 °K, or 8.25 °K, or 8.5 °K, or 8.75 °K, or 9 °K, or 9.25 °K, or 9.5 °K, or 9.75 °K, or 10 °K, or 10.25 °K, or 10.5 °K, or 10.75 °K, or 11 °K, or 11.25 °K, or 11.5 °K, or 11.75 °K, or 12 °K, or 12.25 °K, or 12.5 °K, or 12.75 °K, or 13 °K, or 13.25 °K, or 13.5 °K, or 13.75 °K, or 14 °K, or 14.25 °K, or 14.5 °K, or 14.75 °K, or 15 °K, or 15.25 °K, or 15.5 °K, or 15.75 °K, or 16 °K, or 16.25 °K, or 16.5 °K, or 16.75 °K, or 17 °K, or 17.25 °K, or 17.5 °K, or 17.75 °K, or 18 °K, or 18.25 °K, or 18.5 °K, or 18.75 °K, or 19 °K, or 19.25 °K, or 19.5 °K, or 19.75 °K, or 20 °K, or 20.5 °K, or 21 °K, or 21.5 °K, or 22 °K, or 22.5 °K, or 23 °K, or 23.5 °K, or 24 °K, or 24.5 °K, or 25 °K, or 25.5 °K, or 26 °K, or 26.5 °K, or 27 °K, or 27.5 °K, or 28 °K, or 28.5 °K, or 29 °K, or 29.5°K, or 30°K, or 32°K, or 34°K, or 36°K, or 38°K, or 40°K, or 42°K, or 44°K, or 46°K, or 48°K, or 50°K, or 52°K, or 54°K, or 56°K, or 58°K, or 60°K, or 62°K, or 64°K, or 66°K, or 68°K, or 70°K, or 72°K, or 74°K, or 76°K, or 78°K, or 80°K, or 82°K, or 84°K, or 86°K, or 88°K, or 90°K, or 92°K, or 94°K, or 96°K, or 98°K, or 100°K.

[0908] • Note: Some polypropylene glycols have a density approximately the same as water. For example, polypropylene glycol P2000 has a density of 1.00 g / mL at 20°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 425 has a density of 1.004 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 725 has a density of 1.007 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 725 has a density of 1.01 g / mL at 20°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 2000 has a density of 1.005 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 4000 has a density of 1.004 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 2700 has a density of 1.004 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 1000 has a density of 1.005 g / mL at 25°C. For example, polypropylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 1200 has a density of 1.005 g / mL at 25°C.

[0909] • Note: "Molecular weight" and / or "number of molecules" can be used interchangeably

[0910] • Note: Some compositions can have the ability to have a liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy over a wide temperature range that can be different from other liquid-liquid phase changes and solid-liquid phase changes that can have a phase change enthalpy over a narrow temperature range or at a specific phase change temperature.

[0911] • Note: The combination or matching of a specific glycol ether with a specific glycol polymer can result in one or more or a combination of the following: a reduction in the number of particles below the cloud point temperature, or an increase in the degree of change in the number of particles at the cloud point, a reduction in viscosity, a reduction in density, having a phase change enthalpy greater than 2.5 kJ / kg, or a narrowing of the temperature range of the phase change enthalpy, or a reduction in the phase change enthalpy temperature or temperature range of the phase change enthalpy, or a reduction in the cloud point temperature, or acting like an azeotrope (where the glycol ether remains in the same liquid phase as the glycol polymer), or an increase in the phase change temperature

[0912] • Note: At or above the cloud point temperature of the composition, at least 10%, or 20%, or 30%, or 40%, or 50%, or 60%, or 70%, or 80%, or 90%, or 95%, or 99%, or a combination thereof of the organic reagent, or glycol polymer, or liquid-liquid phase transition reagent in the composition or method or both can be in the formed liquid phase or organic liquid phase.

[0913] • Note: The viscosity measurement of the second liquid phase can be performed after separating the liquid phase into non-contacting separated liquid phases and cooling them to less than or equal to 25°C or other relevant temperature for viscosity measurement

[0914] • Note: The viscosity measurement, where the viscosity of the second liquid phase is measured at less than or equal to 25°C or other relevant temperature for viscosity measurement, before at least 98 wt% of the first liquid phase is separated from the second liquid phase.

[0915] • Note: In some embodiments, the combined cloud point can be when two or more non- water reagents are combined with water in the composition and the resulting solution has the same cloud point temperature. When two or more non-solvent reagents are combined with a solvent in the composition and the resulting solution has the same cloud point temperature. It is important to note that two or more reagents can each have a different cloud point temperature than the other reagents when in an aqueous solution in the absence or less presence of the other reagents. It is important to note that two or more reagents can each have a different cloud point temperature than the other reagents when in a solvent-containing solution in the absence or less presence of the other reagents. It is important to note that one or more of the two or more reagents can not have a cloud point if at least one or more other reagents are not present. It is important to note that one or more of the two or more reagents can have a different cloud point if at least one or more other reagents are not present.

[0916] • Note: Methods for cloud point measurement, or measuring cloud point temperature, or determining the presence of a second liquid phase, or determining the presence of more than one liquid phase, or combinations thereof can include, for example, methods described in A. Eliassi et al. in Determination of Cloud Points of Poly(propylene glycol) Aqueous Mixtures Using Particle Counting Method (incorporated herein by reference), or methods described in Zheng et al. Thermoresponsive polymers with lower critical solution temperature: from fundamental aspects and measuring techniques to recommended turbidimetry conditions (incorporated herein by reference).

[0917] • Note: Methods for cloud point measurement, or measuring cloud point temperature, or determining the presence of a second liquid phase, or determining the presence of more than one liquid phase, or combinations thereof can require the use of laser particle counting methods in a turbulent or mixed environment. Alternatively or additionally, light scattering methods can determine the presence of a second phase or second liquid phase. Turbidity or turbidity measurements can be used to determine the presence or formation of a second liquid phase, or both. Turbidity measurements using a consistent visible light source and photodetector can be used to determine the onset of cloud point. Turbidity measurements comparing light scattering or light transmittance of a sample liquid-liquid phase change liquid to a known single liquid phase liquid (e.g., water or mineral oil) can be used to determine the presence of more than one liquid phase. The presence of a second liquid phase can be determined visually. For example, if there is a liquid-liquid interface, droplets, or cloudiness in the composition, it is generally indicative of the presence of two or more liquid phases in the sample.

[0918] • Note: Measuring viscosity can involve the use of a Brookfield AMETEK digital rotational viscometer. If there is more than one liquid phase, viscosity measurements can be made on each liquid phase in the composition. For example, a liquid-liquid phase change composition can be separated for viscosity measurement by: (1) heating 220 mL of the composition to a temperature that is 15°K above the cloud point temperature using a 250 mL jacketed separatory funnel; (2) allowing the composition to stand at a temperature that is 15°K above the cloud point temperature for 3 hours to allow the liquid phases to separate into two or more layers of liquid; (3) using the separatory funnel to isolate a sample of one liquid phase such that the isolated liquid phase sample is at least 99.9 wt% of a single liquid phase or less than 0.1 wt% of other liquid phases; (4) adjusting the temperature of the isolated liquid phase sample to 5°C; (5) adding 10 mL of the 5°C isolated liquid phase sample to a Brookfield AMETEK low range viscosity digital rotational viscometer with a Brookfield temperature control unit and a suitable spindle for estimating the viscosity range; (6) measuring the viscosity of the isolated liquid phase using the Brookfield AMETEK low range viscosity digital rotational viscometer while heating the sample from 5°C to 30°C at a rate equal to 1°K per 10 minutes.

[0919] • Note: Generally, when two or more liquid-liquid phase change reagents are combined with water, and where the two or more reagents each have a cloud point or liquid-liquid phase change in a solution containing water if isolated or independent of the other reagents, the resulting solution generally contains two cloud points, each representing the cloud point of one of the two or more reagents. Generally, when two or more liquid-liquid phase change reagents are combined with water, and where the two or more reagents each have a cloud point or liquid-liquid phase change in a solution containing water if isolated or independent of the other reagents, the resulting solution can contain one cloud point, which represents the cloud point of one of the two liquid-liquid phase change reagents. One notable exception is a mixture of liquid-liquid phase change reagents with a common cloud point.

[0920] • Note: In some embodiments, designing a composition with a combined cloud point can include using a glycol polymer or glycol polymer ether or both with a first cloud point temperature and a glycol ether with a second cloud point temperature, where the first cloud point temperature is as close as possible to the second cloud point temperature. In some cases, the cloud point temperature of a binary mixture of the polymer and water can differ greatly from the binary mixture of the glycol ether and water, e.g., by more than + / - 1 °K, or + / - 1.5 °K, or + / - 2 °K, or + / - 2.5 °K, or + / - 3 °K, or + / - 3.5 °K, or + / - 4 °K, or + / - 4.5 °K, or + / - 5 °K, or + / - 5.5 °K, or + / - 6 °K, or + / - 6.5 °K, or + / - 7 °K, or + / - 7.5 °K, or + / - 8 °K, or + / - 8.5 °K, or + / - 9 °K, or + / - 9.5 °K, or + / - 10 °K. Typically, the cloud point temperature of the combined cloud point will differ from the cloud point temperature of each reagent in a binary mixture with water.

[0921] • Note: Some compositions can have more than one cloud point temperature.

[0922] • Note: Some compositions can include an LCST liquid-liquid phase transition, or a UCST liquid-liquid phase transition, or both.

[0923] • Note: Reducing the density of an aqueous liquid phase or a liquid phase containing more than 50 wt% water can be performed by using a highly water soluble low density reagent, including but not limited to, alcohols, methanol, ethanol, acetone, organic solvents, highly soluble ethers, aldehydes, ketones, esters, low density inorganics, ammonia or amines, or combinations thereof.

[0924] Embodiments

[0925] Group 1

[0926] 1. A liquid-liquid phase transition method comprising:

[0927] forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0928] phase transitioning the composition at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases, wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy measured by heat is greater than 5 kJ / kg;

[0929] wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt.% water; and

[0930] wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer, and wherein:

[0931] (1) the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a density less than the density of a liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water according to ASTM D1122; or

[0932] (2) the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a viscosity less than 100 cP at 25°C, wherein the viscosity is measured with a viscometer on the second liquid phase as a non-contacting separate phase; or

[0933] (3) both (1) and (2).

[0934] 2. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer has an average molecular number greater than or equal to 1000 and less than or equal to 3,000.

[0935] 3. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polypropylene glycol.

[0936] 4. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.

[0937] 5. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from: PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG or any combination thereof.

[0938] 6. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer further comprises a glycol ether selected from: an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a Ci-C6alkyl.

[0939] 7. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the phase transition temperature comprises a combined cloud point.

[0940] 8. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density reducing agent, a density enhancing agent, a viscosity reducing agent, or any combination thereof.

[0941] 9. The method according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 80 wt.% of the second liquid phase based on the total weight of the second phase, and wherein the second liquid phase comprises less than 20 wt.% of an aqueous phase based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0942] 10. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0943] from about 1% to about 80% (based on total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight of less than or equal to 3,000;

[0944] from about 1% to about 99% (based on total weight of the composition) of water;

[0945] wherein the composition comprises a cloud point temperature above which a liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer forms due to a liquid-liquid phase transition, and wherein (1) the density of the formed liquid phase is less than 1 g / mL; and

[0946] (2) the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg, as measured by a calorimeter.

[0947] 11. The composition of embodiment 10, wherein the glycol polymer has a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1,000.

[0948] 12. The composition of embodiment 10 or embodiment 11, further comprising from about 0.25% to about 30% (based on total weight of the composition) of an organic agent having a density less than 1 g / mL at 10 °C, and wherein (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; and wherein (1) and (2) temperatures differ by more than + / - 0.3 °K.

[0949] 13. The composition of embodiment 10 or 11, wherein the organic agent and glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point.

[0950] 14. The composition of embodiment 10 or embodiment 11, further comprising from about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt% of a glycol ether selected from an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a C1-C6 alkyl.

[0951] 15. The composition of embodiment 10 or embodiment 11, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG or any combination thereof.

[0952] Group 2

[0953] 1. A liquid-liquid phase transition method comprising:

[0954] forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water;

[0955] phase transition of the composition to form at least two liquid phases at or above the cloud point temperature of the composition;

[0956] wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0957] wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer; and

[0958] (1) the density of the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer is less than the density of the liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water according to ASTM D1122; and

[0959] (2) the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a calorimeter.

[0960] 2. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polypropylene glycol.

[0961] 3. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.

[0962] 4. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer.

[0963] 5. The method according to embodiment 4, wherein the block copolymer is selected from PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or PEG-PPG-PEG or any combination thereof.

[0964] 6. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the glycol polymer has an average molecular number greater than or equal to 1,000 and less than or equal to 3,000.

[0965] 7. The method according to embodiment 1, wherein the second phase comprising the glycol polymer further comprises a glycol ether.

[0966] 8. The method according to embodiment 7, wherein the glycol ether is selected from an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a C1-C6 alkyl.

[0967] 9. The method according to embodiment 7, wherein the cloud point comprises a combination cloud point.

[0968] 10. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0969] from about 1% to about 80% (based on the total weight of the composition) of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 3,000.

[0970] from about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) water;

[0971] wherein the composition comprises a cloud point temperature above which a liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer forms due to a liquid-liquid phase transition, and wherein (1) the density of the formed liquid phase is less than 1 g / mL; and

[0972] (2) the liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy is greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a calorimeter.

[0973] 11. The composition of embodiment 10, further comprising from about 0.25% to about 30% (by total weight of the composition) of an organic agent having a density less than 1 g / mL at 10°C.

[0974] 12. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; and (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent.

[0975] 13. The composition of embodiment 12, wherein (1) and (2) are different temperatures.

[0976] 14. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein the organic agent and glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point.

[0977] 15. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein (1) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; (2) the composition has a combined cloud point; and (3) wherein the temperature of “(1)” differs from the temperature of “(2)” by more than + / - 0.3°K.

[0978] 16. The composition of embodiment 11, wherein: (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; (3) the composition has a combined cloud point; and (4) wherein the temperature of “(3)” differs from the temperature of “(1)” or “(2)” or both.

[0979] 17. A glycol polymer composition comprising:

[0980] from about 1% to about 80% (by total weight of the composition) of at least one polypropylene glycol having a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 2,000 and less than or equal to 3,000;

[0981] from about 1% to about 99% (by total weight of the composition) water;

[0982] wherein (1) the composition comprises a single liquid phase composition solution at temperatures below 5°C, which can be defined as the number of particles per milliliter of the composition, wherein the number of particles per milliliter of the composition is less than 150 as measured by laser particle counting at temperatures below 5°C; and

[0983] (2) a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy greater than 5 kJ / kg as measured by a calorimeter.

[0984] 18. The composition of embodiment 17, further comprising about 0.5 wt% to about 50 wt% of a glycol ether.

[0985] 19. A liquid-liquid phase transition method, comprising:

[0986] forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 1000 and water; and

[0987] phase transitioning the composition into at least two liquid phases;

[0988] wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water;

[0989] wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer having an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 1000;

[0990] wherein the second liquid phase comprising the glycol polymer has a viscosity of less than 100 cP at 25°C, wherein the viscosity is measured with a viscometer on the second liquid phase as a non-contacting separate phase; and

[0991] wherein a liquid-liquid phase transition enthalpy as measured by a mixing calorimeter is greater than 5 kJ / kg of the composition.

[0992] 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density reducing agent.

[0993] 21. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density enhancing agent.

[0994] 22. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a viscosity reducing agent.

[0995] 23. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a glycol ether.

[0996] 24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the glycol ether and the glycol polymer have a combined cloud point.

[0997] 25. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 50 wt% of the second liquid phase based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0998] 26. The method according to embodiment 19, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 80 wt% of the second liquid phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[0999] 27. The method according to embodiment 19, wherein the second liquid phase comprises less than 20 wt% of an aqueous phase, based on the total weight of the second phase.

[1000] 28. The method according to embodiment 19, wherein the cloud point temperature of the composition is greater than 25 °C.

[1001] 29. The method according to embodiment 19, wherein the cloud point temperature of the composition is less than 25 °C.

Claims

1. A liquid-liquid phase change method comprising: forming a composition comprising a glycol polymer and water; phase changing the composition by heating the composition to or above the cloud point temperature of the composition to form at least two liquid phases, wherein the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy measured by a mixing calorimeter is greater than 5 kJ / kg; wherein a first liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises greater than 50 wt% water; and wherein a second liquid phase of the at least two liquid phases comprises a glycol polymer, and wherein: (1) the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a density less than the density of the liquid phase comprising greater than 50 wt% water when non- contact separated from the other liquid phase and at a temperature of 10 °C according to ASTM D1122; or (2) wherein the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer has a viscosity at 25 °C of less than 100 cP, wherein the viscosity is measured with a viscometer on the second liquid phase as a non-contact separated phase; or (3) both (1) and (2).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the glycol polymer has an average number of molecules greater than or equal to 1000 and less than or equal to 3000.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polypropylene glycol.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.

5. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from: PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or any combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer further comprises a glycol ether selected from: an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a Ci-C6alkyl.

7. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the phase change temperature comprises a combined cloud point.

8. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the second liquid phase further comprises a density reducing agent, a density enhancing agent, a viscosity reducing agent, or any combination thereof.

9. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the glycol polymer comprises at least 70 wt.% of the second liquid phase based on the total weight of the second phase, and wherein the second liquid phase comprises less than 30 wt.% of an aqueous phase based on the total weight of the second phase.

10. A glycol polymer composition comprising: from 1% to 80% of at least one glycol polymer having a number average molecular weight less than or equal to 3,000 based on the total weight of the composition; from 1% to 99% of water based on the total weight of the composition; wherein the composition comprises a cloud point temperature above which a liquid phase comprising a glycol polymer forms due to a liquid-liquid phase change, and wherein (1) the formed liquid phase has a density less than 1 gram / mL when non-contact separated from other liquid phases and at a temperature of 10 °C according to ASTM D1122; and (2) the liquid-liquid phase change enthalpy measured by a mixing calorimeter is greater than 5 kJ / kg.

11. The composition of claim 10, wherein the glycol polymer has a number average molecular weight greater than or equal to 1000.

12. The composition of claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising 0.25% to 30% of an organic agent based on the total weight of the composition, the organic agent having a density less than 1 g / mL at 10°C, and wherein (1) the organic agent has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the glycol polymer; (2) the glycol polymer has a cloud point temperature in water in the absence of the organic agent; and wherein (1) and (2) temperatures differ by more than + / - 0.3°K.

13. The composition of claim 12, wherein the organic agent and glycol polymer exhibit a combined cloud point.

14. The composition of claim 10 or claim 11, further comprising 0.5 wt% to 50 wt% of a glycol ether selected from an alkylene glycol alkyl ether, a dialkylene glycol alkyl ether, a trialkylene glycol alkyl ether, an alkylene glycol dialkyl, or any combination thereof, wherein alkyl is a C1-C6 alkyl.

15. The composition of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the glycol polymer comprises a block copolymer selected from PEG-Ran-PG, or PPG-PEG-PPG, or PEG-PPG-PEG, or any combination thereof.

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