Peak Reduction Tone (PRT) Selection

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to the selection and use of peak-reducing tones (PRTs), including: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; and mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence. Using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones. Transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

Description

[0001] Cross - Reference to Related Applications

[0002] This patent application claims the benefit and priority of non - provisional patent application No. 17 / 332,856, filed on May 27, 2021, and provisional patent application No. 63 / 031,437, filed on May 28, 2020, with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The entire contents of these applications are incorporated herein by reference as if fully set forth below and for all applicable purposes. Technical Field

[0003] The techniques discussed below generally relate to wireless communication systems, and in particular to avoiding non - linearities in power amplifiers by selecting peak - reducing tones (PRTs).

[0004] Introduction

[0005] Power amplifiers, including commercial power amplifiers, exhibit non - linear behavior if operated at an input power level equal to or greater than their 1 dB compression point level. This non - linearity causes in - band and out - of - band distortion of the input signal, as well as a degraded error vector magnitude (EVM) at the receiver. EVM is a measure of modulation accuracy, or how well the power amplifier conveys information, represented by the different phases and amplitudes of a radio frequency (RF) signal. To avoid non - linearities, a power amplifier can be operated at an average input power level that is several dB lower than the saturation point of the power amplifier. In an example where the input signal has a peak - to - average power ratio (PAPR) of x dB to avoid non - linearities due to the peaks of the input signal, operating at the average input power level can involve an input back - off (IBO) of x dB.

[0006] It is known that orthogonal frequency - division multiplexing (OFDM) signals suffer from significant PAPR, which grows rapidly with the number of resource blocks. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) can allow higher data rates than Long - Term Evolution (LTE). Higher data rates can lead to an increased OFDM resource block size, thus increasing the PAPR. Existing PAPR reduction techniques are data - dependent and computationally expensive, making them undesirable for real - time implementation. As a result, clipping and filtering (CF) are common ways used in the industry to reduce PAPR. However, CF can cause in - band distortion and may not converge to the desired solution.

[0007] Brief Overview of Some Examples

[0008] The following presents an overview of one or more aspects of the present disclosure to provide a basic understanding of these aspects. This overview is not an exhaustive survey of all contemplated features of the present disclosure, and is neither intended to identify key or critical elements of all aspects of the present disclosure, nor to delineate the scope of any or all aspects of the present disclosure. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects of the present disclosure in a form as a prelude to the more detailed description that follows.

[0009] In one example, a wireless communication method is disclosed. The method includes: obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set including a plurality of tones (e.g., an allocated / assigned resource set); mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0010] In another example, a wireless communication device is disclosed. The wireless communication device includes a wireless transceiver, a memory, and a processor coupled to the wireless transceiver and the memory. In one example, the processor and the memory can be configured to: obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set including a plurality of tones; map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0011] According to one aspect, a wireless communication device may include: means for obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set including a plurality of tones; means for mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; means for mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; means for using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and means for transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0012] In yet another example, an article for use by a wireless communication device in a wireless communication network is disclosed. In this example, the article may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device. The instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device may include instructions for: obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set including a plurality of tones; mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0013] These and other aspects will be more fully understood after reading the following detailed description. After reading the following description of specific exemplary aspects in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, other aspects, features, and examples will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Although the features may be discussed below with respect to certain examples and drawings, all examples may include one or more of the advantageous features discussed herein. In other words, although one or more examples may be discussed as having certain advantageous features, one or more such features may also be used in accordance with the various examples discussed herein. Similarly, although the examples may be discussed below as examples of devices, systems, or methods, it should be understood that such examples may be implemented in a variety of devices, systems, and methods. Brief Description of the Drawings

[0015] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a wireless communication system in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 2 is a schematic illustration of an example of a radio access network (RAN) in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0017] Figure 3 is an expanded view of an example subframe of an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) resource grid in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 4A is a diagram illustrating an example AM-to-AM conversion curve of a solid-state power amplifier in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 4B 、 4C and 4D are representations of graphs in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure Figure 4A of.

[0020] Figure 5Is a plot of data tones and peak reduction tones in the frequency domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 6 Is a plot of data tones and peak reduction tones in the time domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 7A 、 7B And 7C are diagrams illustrating exemplary time domain representations of various inverse fast Fourier transforms (IFFTs) of corresponding reserved tone sets according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 8 Depicts an imperfect kernel and a perfect kernel according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 9 Is a diagram of an exemplary representation of an RF signal including 31 tones (subcarriers) in the frequency domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure, where 25 tones are data tones and 6 tones are peak reduction tones (PRTs).

[0025] Figure 10A Is an illustration for according to some aspects of the present disclosure for Figure 9 The cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the per-symbol peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the RF signal of the 31 tones illustrated in.

[0026] Figure 10B Is an illustration for according to some aspects of the present disclosure for the same Figure 9 The CCDF of the per-tone PAPR of the RF signal of the 31 tones illustrated in.

[0027] Figure 11 Is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of a wireless communication device employing a processing system according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] Figure 12 Is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process at a wireless communication device for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] Figure 13 Is a flowchart illustrating another exemplary process at a wireless communication device for wireless communication according to some aspects of the present disclosure.

[0030] Detailed description

[0031] The following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein can be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details to provide a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0032] Although aspects and examples are described herein by way of illustration of some examples, those skilled in the art will understand that additional implementations and use cases can be generated in many different arrangements and scenarios. The innovations described herein can be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects and / or uses can be generated via integrated chip examples and other non-module component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / shopping devices, medical devices, AI-enabled devices, etc.). Although some examples may or may not be specific to particular use cases or applications, a wide applicability of the described innovations can occur. The scope of implementations can range from chip-level or module components to non-module, non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more aspects of the described innovations. In some practical environments, devices incorporating the described aspects and features may also necessarily include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described examples. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes several components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.). The innovations described herein are intended to be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, end-user devices, etc. of various sizes, shapes, and constitutions.

[0033] According to aspects described herein, peak reduction tone (PRT) techniques can be used to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a transmitted signal. To reduce computational complexity, for example, the position of the PRT sequence can be determined and fixed before the time of implementing the PRT technique. If fixed in advance, the receiver will know which tones among the multiple received tones transmitted from the transmitter are PRTs and which tones are data. Then, the receiver can decode only the data tones. By fixing the PRT sequence in advance, resources can be saved because the transmitter may not need to notify the receiver of the position of the PRT used by the transmitter.

[0034] Additionally, when the positions of the PRTs in the PRT sequence are pre-fixed, the transmitter can perform non-computationally complex optimizations on the phase and amplitude of the frequency modulations in the PRT sequence to minimize the PAPR of the transmitted signal. Further, pre-fixing the PRT sequence and pre-configuring the transmitter and receiver to know the specific PRT sequence for a given resource set can reduce the overall computational complexity of using the PRT technique to reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signal. For ease of reference, a resource set (whether assigned or granted) will be referred to interchangeably throughout as a resource set or a granted resource set.

[0035] The electromagnetic spectrum is typically subdivided into various categories, frequency bands, channels, etc. based on frequency / wavelength. In 5G NR, two initial operating frequency bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, in various documents and articles, FR1 is typically (interchangeably) referred to as the "sub-6 GHz" band. Similar naming issues sometimes arise with respect to FR2, although different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) identified by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as the "millimeter wave" band, FR2 is typically (interchangeably) referred to as the "millimeter wave" band in various documents and articles.

[0036] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are typically referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR research has identified the operating frequency bands for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designations FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). The frequency bands falling within FR3 can inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics and thus can effectively extend the features of FR1 and / or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Additionally, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation above 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating frequency bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4-a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0037] Taking the above aspects into account, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if used in this document, terms such as "sub-6 GHz" can be broadly interpreted to represent frequencies that can be less than 6 GHz, can be within FR1, or can include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless otherwise specifically stated, it should be understood that if used in this document, terms such as "millimeter wave" can be broadly interpreted to represent frequencies that can include mid-band frequencies, can be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or can be within the EHF band.

[0038] While aspects and examples are described herein by way of illustration of some examples, those skilled in the art will appreciate that additional implementations and use cases can arise in many different arrangements and scenarios. The innovations described herein can be implemented across many different platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects and / or uses can be generated via integrated chip examples and other non-module component-based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / shopping devices, medical devices, AI-enabled devices, etc.). While some examples may or may not be specific to particular use cases or applications, a broad applicability of the described innovations can occur. The scope of implementations can range from chip-level or module components to non-module, non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregated, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more aspects of the described innovations. In some practical environments, devices incorporating the described aspects and features may also necessarily include additional components and features for implementing and practicing the claimed and described examples. For example, the transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes several components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antennas, RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processors, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.). The innovations described herein are intended to be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, end-user devices, etc., of various sizes, shapes, and configurations.

[0039] The various concepts presented throughout this disclosure can be implemented across a wide variety of telecommunications systems, network architectures, and communication standards. Now referring to Figure 1 , by way of illustrative example and not limitation, various aspects of the present disclosure are illustrated with reference to wireless communication system 100. Wireless communication system 100 includes three interacting domains: core network 102, radio access network (RAN) 104, and user equipment (UE) 106. By means of wireless communication system 100, UE 106 can be enabled to perform data communication with an external data network 110, such as but not limited to the Internet.

[0040] RAN 104 can implement any suitable one or more wireless communication technologies to provide radio access to UE 106. As an example, RAN 104 can operate according to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) specification, commonly referred to as 5G. As another example, RAN 104 can operate in a hybrid of 5G NR and the evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (eUTRAN) standard, commonly referred to as Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP refers to this hybrid RAN as the next-generation RAN, or NG-RAN. Of course, many other examples can be utilized within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0041] As illustrated, RAN 104 includes a plurality of base stations 108. Broadly speaking, a base station is a network element in a radio access network that is responsible for radio transmission and reception to or from UEs in one or more cells. In different technologies, standards, or contexts, a base station may be differently referred to by those skilled in the art as a base transceiver station (BTS), radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, basic service set (BSS), extended service set (ESS), access point (AP), Node B (NB), evolved Node B (eNB), next-generation Node B (gNB), transmission reception point (TRP), or some other suitable term. In some examples, a base station may include two or more co-located or non-co-located TRPs. Each TRP may communicate on the same or different carrier frequencies within the same or different frequency bands. In an example where RAN 104 operates according to both LTE and 5G NR standards, one of these base stations may be an LTE base station, while another base station may be a 5G NR base station.

[0042] RAN 104 is further illustrated as supporting wireless communication for a plurality of mobile devices. A mobile device may be referred to as a user equipment (UE) in the 3GPP standards, but may also be referred to by those skilled in the art as a mobile station (MS), subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, radio unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal (AT), mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, terminal, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable term. A UE may be a device (e.g., a mobile device) that provides a user with access to network services.

[0043] Within this disclosure, a “mobile” device does not necessarily need to have the ability to move and may be stationary. The term mobile device or mobile equipment encompasses a wide variety of devices and technologies. A UE may include several hardware structure components sized, shaped, and arranged to facilitate communication; such components may include antennas, antenna arrays, RF chains, amplifiers, one or more processors, etc., that are electrically coupled to each other. For example, some non-limiting examples of mobile devices include mobile equipment, cellular (cell) phones, smartphones, session initiation protocol (SIP) phones, laptop devices, personal computers (PCs), notebooks, netbooks, smartbooks, tablet devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and a wide variety of embedded systems, such as those corresponding to the “Internet of Things” (IoT).

[0044] Additionally, the mobile device can be an automobile or other transportation vehicle, a remote sensor or actuator, a robot or robotic device, a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, an object tracking device, a drone, a multi-axis aircraft, a quadcopter, a remote control device, a consumer and / or wearable device (such as glasses), a wearable camera, a virtual reality device, a smart watch, a health or fitness tracker, a digital audio player (e.g., an MP3 player), a camera, a game console, etc. Additionally, the mobile device can be a digital home or smart home device, such as a home audio, video, and / or multimedia device, an appliance, a vending machine, a smart lighting device, a home security system, a smart meter, etc. Additionally, the mobile device can be a smart energy device, a security device, a solar panel or solar array, a municipal infrastructure device (e.g., a smart grid) that controls electricity, lighting, water, etc., an industrial automation and enterprise device, a logistics controller, and / or an agricultural equipment, etc. Further still, the mobile device can provide connected healthcare or telemedicine support, such as remote healthcare. The telehealth device can include a telehealth monitoring device and a telehealth supervision device, and their communication can be given preferential treatment or prioritized access over other types of information, for example, in the form of prioritized access for critical service data transmission and / or associated QoS for critical service data transmission.

[0045] The wireless communication between the RAN 104 and the UE 106 can be described as utilizing an air interface. Transmissions on the air interface from a base station (e.g., base station 108) to one or more UEs (e.g., similar to UE 106) can be referred to as downlink (DL) transmissions. According to certain aspects of the present disclosure, the term downlink can refer to a point-to-multipoint transmission originating at a base station (e.g., base station 108). Another way to describe this scenario can be to use the term broadcast channel multiplexing. Transmissions from a UE (e.g., UE 106) to a base station (e.g., base station 108) can be referred to as uplink (UL) transmissions. According to further aspects of the present disclosure, the term uplink can refer to a point-to-point transmission originating at a UE (e.g., UE 106).

[0046] In some examples, access to the air interface can be scheduled, where a scheduling entity (e.g., base station 108) allocates resources for communication among some or all of the devices and equipment within its service area or cell. Within the present disclosure, as further discussed below, the scheduling entity can be responsible for scheduling, assigning, reconfiguring, and releasing resources for one or more scheduled entities (e.g., UE 106). That is, for scheduled communication, multiple UEs 106 (which can be the scheduled entities) can utilize the resources allocated by the scheduling entity 108.

[0047] Base station 108 is not the only entity that can serve as a scheduling entity. That is, in some examples, a UE can serve as a scheduling entity to schedule resources for one or more scheduled entities (e.g., one or more other UEs). For example, a UE can communicate directly with other UEs in a peer-to-peer or device-to-device manner and / or in a relay configuration.

[0048] As Figure 1 illustrated, the scheduling entity 108 can broadcast downlink traffic 112 to one or more scheduled entities (e.g., one or more UEs 106). Broadly speaking, the scheduling entity 108 is a node or device responsible for scheduling traffic in a wireless communication network, including downlink traffic 112 and in some examples also including uplink traffic 116 from one or more scheduled entities (e.g., one or more UEs 106) to the scheduling entity 108. On the other hand, a scheduled entity (e.g., UE 106) is a node or device that receives downlink control information 114 (including but not limited to scheduling information (e.g., grants), synchronization or timing information), or other control information from another entity in the wireless communication network, such as the scheduling entity 108.

[0049] Additionally, uplink and / or downlink control information and / or traffic information can be transmitted on waveforms that can be divided in time into frames, subframes, time slots, and / or symbols. As used herein, a symbol can refer to a time unit in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform that carries one resource element (RE) per subcarrier. A time slot can carry 7 or 14 OFDM symbols. A subframe can refer to a duration of 1 ms. Multiple subframes or time slots can be grouped together to form a single frame or radio frame. Within the present disclosure, a frame can refer to a predetermined duration for wireless transmission (e.g., 10 ms), where each frame includes, for example, 10 subframes each of 1 ms. Of course, these definitions are not required, and any suitable scheme can be utilized to organize the waveform, and the various time divisions of the waveform can have any suitable duration.

[0050] Generally, the base station 108 can include a backhaul interface for communicating with the backhaul portion 120 of the wireless communication system 100. The backhaul portion 120 can provide a link between the base station 108 and the core network 102. Additionally, in some examples, the backhaul network can provide an interconnect between the respective base stations 108. Any suitable transport network can be used to employ various types of backhaul interfaces, such as direct physical connections, virtual networks, and the like.

[0051] The core network 102 can be part of the wireless communication system 100 and can be independent of the radio access technology used in the RAN 104. In some examples, the core network 102 can be configured according to the 5G standard (e.g., 5GC). In other examples, the core network 102 can be configured according to the 4G evolved packet core (EPC), or any other suitable standard or configuration.

[0052] Now referring to Figure 2 , by way of illustrative example and not limitation, a schematic illustration of a radio access network (RAN) 200 in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure is provided. In some examples, the RAN 200 can be the same as the RAN 104 described above and illustrated in Figure 1 .

[0053] The geographical area covered by the RAN 200 can be divided into several cellular areas (cells), which can be uniquely identified by user equipment (UE) based on an identifier broadcast over the geographical area from an access point or base station. Figure 2 Cells 202, 204, 206, and 208 are illustrated, each of which can include one or more sectors (not shown). A sector is a sub-region of a cell. All sectors within a cell are served by the same base station. The radio link within a sector can be identified by a single logical identifier belonging to that sector. In a cell divided into sectors, multiple sectors within the cell can be formed by an antenna group, where each antenna is responsible for communicating with UEs in a portion of the cell.

[0054] Various base station arrangements can be utilized. For example, in Figure 2 , two base stations (base station 210 and base station 212) are shown in cells 202 and 204. A third base station (base station 214) is shown controlling a remote radio head (RRH) 216 in cell 206. That is, a base station can have an integrated antenna, or can be connected to an antenna or RRH 216 by a feeder cable. In the illustrated example, cells 202, 204, and 206 can be referred to as macro cells because base stations 210, 212, and 214 support cells with large sizes. Additionally, base station 218 is shown in cell 208, and cell 208 can overlap with one or more macro cells. In this example, cell 208 can be referred to as a small cell (e.g., a pico cell, a micro cell, a femto cell, a home base station, a home Node B, a home evolved Node B, etc.) because base station 218 supports a cell with a relatively small size. Cell sizing can be done according to system design and component constraints.

[0055] It should be understood that the RAN 200 may include any number of radio base stations and cells. Additionally, relay nodes may be deployed to extend the size or coverage area of a given cell. Base stations 210, 212, 214, 218 provide a wireless access point to the core network for any number of mobile devices. In some examples, base stations 210, 212, 214, and / or 218 may be the same as or similar to the scheduling entity 108 described above and illustrated in Figure 1 the same or similar to the scheduling entity 108 described above and illustrated in

[0056] Figure 2 Further included is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 220, which may be a drone or quadcopter. The UAV 220 may be configured to act as a base station, or more specifically, as a mobile base station. That is, in some examples, a cell may not have to be stationary, and the geographical area of a cell may move according to the location of a mobile base station, such as the UAV 220.

[0057] Within the RAN 200, a cell may include UEs that may communicate with one or more sectors of each cell. Additionally, each of the base stations 210, 212, 214, 218, and 220 may be configured to provide an access point to the core network 102 (see Figure 1 ) for all UEs in the corresponding cell. For example, UEs 222 and 224 may communicate with base station 210; UEs 226 and 228 may communicate with base station 212; UEs 230 and 232 may communicate with base station 214 via RRH 216; UE 234 may communicate with base station 218; and UE 236 may communicate with mobile base station 220. In some examples, UEs 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238, 240, and / or 242 may be the same as or similar to the UE / scheduled entity 106 described above and illustrated in Figure 1 the same or similar to the UE / scheduled entity 106 described above and illustrated in

[0058] In a further aspect of the RAN 200, sidelink signals may be used between UEs without relying on scheduling or control information from a base station. Sidelink communication may be used in, for example, device-to-device (D2D) networks, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) networks, and / or other suitable sidelink networks. For example, two or more UEs (e.g., UEs 238, 240, and 242) may communicate with each other using sidelink signal 237 without relaying the communication through a base station. In some examples, UEs 238, 240, and 242 may each act as a scheduling entity or transmitting sidelink device and / or a scheduled entity or receiving sidelink device to schedule resources and communicate sidelink signal 237 therebetween without relying on scheduling or control information from a base station. In other examples, two or more UEs (e.g., UEs 226 and 228) within the coverage area of a base station (e.g., base station 212) may also communicate sidelink signal 227 on a direct link (sidelink) without communicating the communication through base station 212. In this example, base station 212 may allocate resources to UEs 226 and 228 for sidelink communication.

[0059] To obtain a low block error rate (BLER) on the air interface while still achieving a very high data rate, channel decoding may be used. That is, wireless communication generally may utilize a suitable error-correcting block code. In a typical block code, an information message or sequence is split into code blocks (CBs), and an encoder (e.g., CODEC) at the transmitting device then mathematically adds redundancy to the information message. This redundancy in the encoded information message can improve the reliability of the message, enabling any bit errors that may occur due to noise to be corrected.

[0060] Data decoding may be implemented in a variety of ways. In earlier 5G NR specifications, user data was encoded using quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (LDPC) with two different base graphs: one base graph was used for large code blocks and / or high code rates, and the other base graph was used for other cases. Polar decoding based on nested sequences was used to decode control information and the physical broadcast channel (PBCH). For these channels, puncturing, shortening, and repetition were used for rate matching.

[0061] Aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented using any suitable channel code. Various implementations of base stations and UEs may include suitable hardware and capabilities (e.g., encoders, decoders, and / or CODECs) to wirelessly communicate using one or more of these channel codes.

[0062] In the RAN 200, the ability of a UE to communicate while moving, independent of its location, is referred to as mobility. The various physical channels between the UE and the RAN 200 are generally established, maintained, and released under the control of the Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF). In some scenarios, the AMF may include a Security Context Management Function (SCMF) and a Security Anchor Function (SEAF) that performs authentication. The SCMF may manage the security context for both the control plane and user plane functionality, either wholly or in part.

[0063] In various aspects of the present disclosure, the RAN 200 may utilize DL-based mobility or UL-based mobility to achieve mobility and handover (i.e., the transfer of a UE's connection from one radio channel to another). In a network configured for DL-based mobility, during a call with a scheduling entity, or at any other time, the UE may monitor various parameters of the signals from its serving cell and various parameters of neighboring cells. Depending on the quality of these parameters, the UE may maintain communication with one or more neighboring cells. During this time, if the UE moves from one cell to another, or if the signal quality from a neighboring cell exceeds the signal quality from the serving cell for a given amount of time, the UE may perform a handover or switch from the serving cell to the neighboring (target) cell. For example, the UE 224 may move from the geographical area corresponding to its serving cell 202 to the geographical area corresponding to the neighbor cell 206. When the signal strength or quality from the neighbor cell 206 exceeds the signal strength or quality of its serving cell 202 for a given amount of time, the UE 224 may transmit a report message indicating this condition to its serving base station 210. In response, the UE 224 may receive a handover command, and the UE may undergo a handover to cell 206.

[0064] In a network configured for UL-based mobility, the UL reference signal from each UE may be used by the network to select a serving cell for each UE. In some examples, base stations 210, 212, and 214 / 216 may broadcast unified synchronization signals (e.g., unified primary synchronization signal (PSS), unified secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and unified physical broadcast channel (PBCH)). UEs 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, and 232 may receive the unified synchronization signals, derive carrier frequency and slot timing from these synchronization signals, and transmit uplink pilots or reference signals in response to the derived timing. The uplink pilot signal transmitted by a UE (e.g., UE 224) may be received concurrently by two or more cells (e.g., base stations 210 and 214 / 216) within RAN 200. Each of these cells may measure the strength of the pilot signal, and the radio access network (e.g., one or more of the base stations 210 and 214 / 216 and / or a central node within the core network) may determine a serving cell for the UE 224. As the UE 224 moves within the RAN 200, the RAN 200 may continue to monitor the uplink pilot signal transmitted by the UE 224. When the signal strength or quality of the pilot signal measured by a neighboring cell exceeds the signal strength or quality measured by the serving cell, the RAN 200 may handover the UE 224 from the serving cell to the neighboring cell with or without notifying the UE 224.

[0065] Although the synchronization signal transmitted by base stations 210, 212 and 214 / 216 may be uniform, the synchronization signal may not identify a specific cell, but may identify a zone including multiple cells operating on the same frequency and / or having the same timing. The use of zones in a 5G network or other next generation communication network implements an uplink-based mobility framework and improves the efficiency of both the UE and the network because the number of mobility messages that need to be exchanged between the UE and the network can be reduced.

[0066] In various implementations, the air interface in radio access network 200 may utilize licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or shared spectrum. Licensed spectrum generally provides exclusive use of a portion of the spectrum by a mobile network operator purchasing a license from a government regulatory agency. Unlicensed spectrum provides shared use of a portion of the spectrum without a government-granted license. Although some technical rules generally still need to be followed to access unlicensed spectrum, any operator or device may obtain access. Shared spectrum may fall between licensed and unlicensed spectrum, where technical rules or restrictions may be required to access the spectrum, but the spectrum may still be shared by multiple operators and / or multiple RATs. For example, the license holder of a portion of licensed spectrum may provide licensed shared access (LSA) to share the spectrum with other parties, e.g., with access obtained using conditions determined by a suitable license holder.

[0067] Devices communicating in radio access network 200 may utilize one or more multiplexing techniques and multiple access algorithms to enable simultaneous communication of individual devices. For example, the 5G NR specification utilizes orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) to provide multiple access for UL transmissions from UEs 222 and 224 to base station 210, and multiplexing for DL transmissions from base station 210 to one or more UEs 222 and 224. Additionally, for UL transmissions, the 5G NR specification provides support for discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) with CP (also known as single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)). However, within the scope of the present disclosure, multiplexing and multiple access are not limited to the above schemes, and time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), sparse code multiple access (SCMA), resource spreading multiple access (RSMA), or other suitable multiple access schemes may be utilized to provide. Further, multiplexing for DL transmissions from base station 210 to UEs 222 and 224 may be provided using time division multiplexing (TDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), sparse code multiplexing (SCM), or other suitable multiplexing schemes.

[0068] Devices in the radio access network 200 may also utilize one or more duplexing algorithms. Duplexing refers to a point-to-point communication link where both endpoints can communicate with each other in two directions. Full duplex means that both endpoints can communicate with each other simultaneously. Half duplex means that only one endpoint can send information to the other endpoint at a time. Time-division duplexing (TDD) is typically used to implement half-duplex emulation for wireless links. In TDD, transmissions in different directions on a given channel are separated from each other using time-division multiplexing. That is, in some scenarios, the channel is dedicated to transmission in one direction, and at other times, the channel is dedicated to transmission in the other direction, where the direction can change very quickly, e.g., several times per time slot. In a wireless link, a full-duplex channel generally relies on physical isolation of the transmitter and receiver, as well as appropriate interference cancellation techniques. Full-duplex emulation for wireless links is typically achieved by utilizing frequency-division duplexing (FDD) or space-division duplexing (SDD). In FDD, transmissions in different directions can operate at different carrier frequencies (e.g., within paired spectra). In SDD, transmissions in different directions on a given channel are separated from each other using space-division multiplexing (SDM). In other examples, full-duplex communication can be achieved within unpaired spectra (e.g., within a single-carrier bandwidth), where transmissions in different directions occur in different subbands of the carrier bandwidth. This type of full-duplex communication may be referred to herein as subband full duplex (SBFD), and is also known as flexible duplexing.

[0069] Reference will be made to Figure 3 the OFDM waveform schematically illustrated in

[0070] Now reference is made to Figure 3 , which shows an expanded view of an exemplary subframe 302 according to some aspects of the present disclosure, depicting an OFDM resource grid. However, as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the physical (PHY) transmission structure for any particular application may differ from the examples described herein depending on any number of factors. Here, time is in the horizontal direction in terms of OFDM symbols; and frequency is in the vertical direction in terms of the subcarriers of the carrier.

[0071] The resource grid 304 can be used to schematically represent the time-frequency resources for a given antenna port. That is, in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) implementation where multiple antenna ports are available, there can be a corresponding multiple of resource grids 304 available for communication. The resource grid 304 is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) 306. An RE (which is 1 subcarrier × 1 symbol) is the smallest discrete portion of the time-frequency grid and contains a single complex value representing data from a physical channel or signal. Depending on the transmission and reception schemes utilized in a particular implementation, each RE can represent one or more information bits. In some examples, an RE block may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB) or more simply as a resource block (RB) 308, which contains any suitable number of contiguous subcarriers in the frequency domain. In one example, an RB may include 12 subcarriers, this number being independent of the parameter design used. In some examples, depending on the parameter design, an RB may include any suitable number of contiguous OFDM symbols in the time domain. Within this disclosure, it is assumed that a single RB (such as RB 308) fully corresponds to a single communication direction (transmission or reception for a given device).

[0072] A set of contiguous or non-contiguous resource blocks may be referred to herein as a resource block group (RBG), a subband, or a bandwidth part (BWP). A collection of subbands or BWPs may span the entire bandwidth. Scheduling of a scheduled entity (e.g., a UE) for downlink, uplink, or sidelink transmission generally involves scheduling one or more resource elements 306 within one or more subbands or bandwidth parts (BWPs). Thus, a UE generally utilizes only a subset of the resource grid 304. In some examples, an RB may be the smallest resource unit that can be allocated to a UE. Thus, the more RBs scheduled for a UE and the higher the modulation scheme selected for the air interface, the higher the data rate of that UE. An RB can be scheduled by a scheduling entity (such as a base station (e.g., a gNB, eNB, etc.)) or can be self-scheduled by a UE implementing D2D sidelink communication.

[0073] In this illustration, RB 308 is shown as occupying less than the entire bandwidth of subframe 302, with some subcarriers shown above and below RB 308. In a given implementation, subframe 302 can have a bandwidth corresponding to any number of one or more RBs 308. Additionally, in this illustration, RB 308 is shown as occupying less than the entire duration of subframe 302, but this is merely one possible example.

[0074] Each 1 ms subframe 302 may include one or more adjacent time slots. As an illustrative example, in Figure 3In the example shown, a subframe 302 includes four time slots 310. In some examples, a time slot may be defined in terms of a specified number of OFDM symbols with a given cyclic prefix (CP) length. For example, in the case of a nominal CP, a time slot may include 7 or 14 OFDM symbols. Additional examples may include mini-slots (sometimes referred to as shortened transmission time intervals (TTIs)) having a shorter duration (e.g., one to three OFDM symbols). In some cases, these mini-slots or shortened transmission time intervals (TTIs) may occupy resources scheduled for ongoing time slot transmissions for the same or different UEs to transmit. Any number of resource blocks may be utilized within a subframe or time slot.

[0075] An expanded view of a time slot 310 illustrates the time slot 310 including a control region 312 and a data region 314. Generally, the control region 312 may carry control channels, while the data region 314 may carry data channels. Of course, a time slot may contain all DL, all UL, or at least one DL portion and at least one UL portion. Figure 3 The structures illustrated are merely exemplary in nature and different time slot structures may be utilized and may include one or more for each of the control region and the data region.

[0076] Although not illustrated in Figure 3 each individual RE 306 within the RB 308 may be scheduled to carry one or more physical channels, including control channels, shared channels, data channels, etc. Other RE 306 within the RB 308 may carry pilot or reference signals. These pilot or reference signals are available for a receiving device to perform channel estimation of the corresponding channel, which may enable coherent demodulation / detection of the control and / or data channels within the RB 308.

[0077] In some examples, the time slot 310 may be used for broadcast, multicast, groupcast, or unicast communication. For example, broadcast, multicast, or groupcast communication may refer to a point-to-multipoint transmission from one device (e.g., a base station, UE, or other similar device) to other devices. Here, broadcast communication is delivered to all devices, while multicast or groupcast communication is delivered to multiple target receiving devices. Unicast communication may refer to a point-to-point transmission from one device to a single other device.

[0078] In an example of cellular communication over a cellular carrier via the Uu interface, for a DL transmission, a scheduling entity (e.g., a base station) may allocate one or more resource elements (REs) 306 (e.g., within the control region 312) to carry DL control information including one or more DL control channels (such as the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)) destined for one or more scheduled entities (e.g., UEs). The PDCCH carries downlink control information (DCI), including but not limited to power control commands for DL and UL transmissions (e.g., one or more open-loop power control parameters and / or one or more closed-loop power control parameters), scheduling information, grants, and / or RE assignments. The PDCCH may further carry hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback transmissions, such as an acknowledgement (ACK) or a negative acknowledgement (NACK). HARQ is a technique well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, where for accuracy, the integrity of a packet transmission may be verified at the receiving side using, for example, any suitable integrity check mechanism (such as a checksum or a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)). If the integrity of the transmission is confirmed, an ACK may be transmitted, while if it is not confirmed, a NACK may be transmitted. In response to a NACK, the transmitting device may send a HARQ retransmission, which may enable chase combining, incremental redundancy, etc.

[0079] The base station may further allocate one or more REs 306 (e.g., in the control region 312 or the data region 314) to carry other DL signals, such as demodulation reference signals (DMRS); phase-tracking reference signals (PT-RS); channel state information (CSI) reference signals (CSI-RS); and synchronization signal blocks (SSB). The SSB may be broadcast at regular intervals based on a period (e.g., 5, 10, 20, 30, 80, or 130 ms). The SSB includes a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast control channel (PBCH). The UE may utilize the PSS and SSS to achieve radio frame, subframe, slot, and symbol synchronization in the time domain, identify the center of the channel (system) bandwidth in the frequency domain, and identify the physical cell identity (PCI) of the cell.

[0080] The PBCH in SSB may further include: a master information block (MIB), which includes various system information and parameters for decoding system information blocks (SIBs). The SIB may be, for example, System Information Type 1 (SIB1), which may include various additional system information. The MIB and SIB1 together provide the minimum system information (SI) for initial access. Examples of the system information transmitted in the MIB may include, but are not limited to: subcarrier spacing (e.g., default downlink parameter design), system frame number, configuration of the PDCCH control resource set (CORESET) (e.g., PDCCH CORESET0), cell barring indicator, cell reselection indicator, raster offset, and search space for SIB1. Examples of the remaining minimum system information (RMSI) transmitted in SIB1 may include, but are not limited to, random access search space, paging search space, downlink configuration information, and uplink configuration information. The base station may also transmit other system information (OSI).

[0081] In UL transmission, the scheduled entity (e.g., UE) may utilize one or more REs 306 to carry UL control information (UCI) to the scheduling entity, and the UL control information includes one or more UL control channels, such as the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH). The UCI may include various packet types and categories, including pilots, reference signals, and information configured to enable or assist in decoding uplink data transmission. Examples of uplink reference signals may include sounding reference signals (SRS) and uplink DMRS. In some examples, the UCI may include a scheduling request (SR), i.e., a request for the scheduling entity to schedule an uplink transmission. Here, in response to the SR transmitted on the UCI, the scheduling entity may transmit downlink control information (DCI), which may schedule resources for uplink packet transmission. The UCI may also include HARQ feedback, channel state feedback (CSF) (such as CSI report), or any other suitable UCI.

[0082] In addition to control information, one or more REs 306 (e.g., within data region 314) may also be allocated for data. Such data may be carried on one or more traffic channels, such as for DL transmission, it may be carried on the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH); or for UL transmission, it may be carried on the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH). In some examples, one or more REs 306 within data region 314 may be configured to carry other signals, such as one or more SIBs and DMRS.

[0083] In an example of sidelink communication on a sidelink carrier via a proximity service (ProSe) PC5 interface, the control region 312 of slot 310 may include a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) that includes sidelink control information (SCI) transmitted by an initiating (transmitting) sidelink device (e.g., a Tx V2X device or other Tx UE) to a set of one or more other receiving sidelink devices (e.g., an Rx V2X device or other Rx UE). The data region 314 of slot 310 may include a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) that includes sidelink data traffic transmitted by the initiating (transmitting) sidelink device within reserved resources on the sidelink carrier via the SCI. Other information may be further transmitted on respective resource elements 306 within slot 310. For example, HARQ feedback information may be transmitted from a receiving sidelink device to a transmitting sidelink device in a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) within slot 310. Additionally, one or more reference signals, such as a sidelink SSB, sidelink CSI-RS, sidelink SRS, and / or sidelink positioning reference signal (PRS), may be transmitted within slot 310.

[0084] These physical channels are generally multiplexed and mapped to transport channels for handling by the media access control (MAC) layer. The transport channels carry information blocks, which are referred to as transport blocks (TBs). The transport block size (TBS), which may correspond to the number of information bits, may be a controlled parameter based on the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) and the number of resource blocks in a given transmission.

[0085] Figure 1 、 2 The channels or carriers illustrated in 3 are not necessarily all the channels or carriers available between devices, and one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other channels or carriers, such as other traffic, control, and feedback channels, may be available in addition to those illustrated.

[0086] Compared to previous generations of cellular networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G New Radio (5G NR) provide greater bandwidth in both the uplink and downlink. In a 5G NR network, the increased bandwidth is attributed to both the addition of FR2 and the increase of the available channel bandwidth to 100 MHz in FR1. For illustrative and non-limiting purposes, the previous references to networks and frequency ranges are provided. The aspects described herein may be applicable to other networks and other frequency ranges, and this application is not limited to any particular network configuration or frequency range.

[0087] Additional bandwidth available in 5G NR can be partially utilized by using longer orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols. However, longer OFDM symbols may disadvantageously increase the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of a given OFDM transmitted signal. Clipping and filtering (CF) are common ways used in the industry to reduce PAPR. However, CF may cause in-band distortion and may not converge to the desired solution. In various aspects of the present disclosure, the PAPR increase caused by using longer OFDM symbols can be offset by a PAPR reduction technique, which may be referred to herein as tone reservation. As used herein, a single tone may correspond to a single subcarrier, and the terms tone and subcarrier may be used interchangeably.

[0088] OFDM signals can be transmitted on a resource set. The resource set includes multiple tones. The base station can reserve a resource set for downlink transmission and can convey an assignment of the resource set to the UE in downlink control information (DCI). The base station can grant another resource set to the UE for uplink transmission. The CF and tone reservation techniques exemplified herein can be applicable to both downlink and uplink transmissions. For ease of reference, the resource set used for transmission (whether assigned or granted) will be referred to interchangeably throughout as the resource set, the resource set with multiple tones, or the granted resource set with multiple tones.

[0089] The tone reservation techniques exemplified herein can allow a transmitter to transmit a desired OFDM signal on a first subset of multiple tones in a resource set. The first subset of the multiple tones can be referred to as data tones, regardless of whether the first subset of the multiple tones carries control or traffic. The tone reservation techniques exemplified herein can allow the transmitter to simultaneously transmit peak reduction tones (PRTs) on a second subset of multiple tones in the resource set. For the purpose of PAPR reduction, the second subset of the multiple tones can be reserved. The second subset of the multiple tones is different from the first subset of the multiple tones. The second subset of the multiple tones can be referred to as idle tones or PRTs. The second subset of the multiple tones can be tones that are not used for communication (i.e., they do not carry data by themselves). To minimize the PAPR of the entire signal (i.e., the PAPR of the multiple tones in the resource set, or the PAPR of the combination of the first subset and the second subset of the multiple tones), the amplitude and phase of each PRT can be optimized for a given OFDM symbol.

[0090] The transmitter and receiver can each be configured to know which tones are data tones (i.e., the first subset of the plurality of tones) and which tones are PRTs (i.e., the second subset of the plurality of tones). Given that there may be no overlap between the data tones and the PRTs, the tone reservation technique (using PRTs) described herein may not degrade the error vector magnitude (EVM) at the receiver and may avoid adversely affecting the adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR). EVM is a measure of modulation accuracy, or how well the power amplifier transmits information. ACLR is the ratio of the filtered average power centered at the assigned channel frequency to the filtered average power centered at the adjacent channel frequency. At least because the receiver (knowing which tones are PRTs) can ignore the PRTs and only decode the data tones, degradation of the EVM and adverse effects on the ACLR can be avoided.

[0091] Figure 4A is a diagram illustrating an example amplitude modulation (AM) to AM conversion curve for a solid state power amplifier (SSPA) model with p = 2 according to some aspects of the present disclosure (where p is a parameter for controlling the AM / AM sharpness in the saturation region). In Figure 4A , the input power in dB is shown on the horizontal axis, and the output power in dB is shown on the vertical axis. The gain of the SSPA can be accounted for by adding the gain to the output power. For example, for an SSPA with a gain of 5 dB, the range from 0 to -15 dB on the vertical axis will be shifted up 5 dB to the range from 5 to -10 dB.

[0092] In Figure 4A the linear region extends from approximately -15 dB to approximately -2 dB, which is the region where there is a one-to-one correspondence between an increase in the input power and an increase in the output power. Between an input of -2 dB and 0 dB, the SSPA begins to enter the saturation region. By an input of approximately 1 dB, the SSPA is fully saturated (corresponding to a normalized output of 0 dB). Further increases in the input power of the signal at the desired frequency do not result in an increase in the output power at the desired frequency. In Figure 4A example, the operating point is identified as the -1 dB point, which is the point where the gain-adjusted output power is 1 dB less than the input power. For example, for an input of -5 dB, the output corresponds to -5 dB (i.e., the output linearly follows the input), while for an input of 0 dB, the output corresponds to -1 dB (i.e., the output is compressed by 1 dB). Using the example of an SSPA with a gain of 5 dB, the foregoing examples indicate that for an input of -5 dBm, the output corresponds to 0 dBm, while for an input of 0 dBm, the output corresponds to -4 dBm (i.e., 1 dB less than the output power if the SSPA were still operating in the linear region).

[0093] Input backoff (IBO) in Figure 4AIn the example depicted, IBO can be used to avoid nonlinearity due to the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the input signal. The IBO is depicted as being approximately -7.5 dB. At an IBO of -7.5 dB, the actual operating point of the SSPA (e.g., the point corresponding to the average input power) is maintained in the linear region, and the output power deviation due to PAPR allows the output power to increase by approximately 6.5 dB (not the full 7.5 dB of the IBO, as the IBO corresponds to the -1 dB output power point).

[0094] Figure 4B 、 4C and 4D are representations of graphs according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In Figure 4A 、 Figure 4B 、 4C and 4D, the input power (P in ) in dB is shown on the horizontal axis, and the output power (P out ) in dB is shown on the vertical axis. The points identified as Figure 4B 、 4C and the saturation points in 4D can correspond to the ideal operating points in Figure 4A , which correspond to the -1 dB points in the example of Figure 4A .

[0095] In the example of Figure 4B , the IBO is much greater than the PAPR. This allows the peak deviation of the SSPA to remain in the linear region. For example, as illustrated, the peak-to-peak amplitude difference of the input signal is equal to the peak-to-peak amplitude difference of the output signal. However, this is an inefficient use of the power amplifier as most of the headroom of the power amplifier is wasted.

[0096] In the example of Figure 4C , the IBO is equal to the PAPR. This allows the peak deviation of the SSPA not to be compressed (or in the example of Figure 4A is only compressed by approximately 1 dB). For example, as illustrated, the peak-to-peak amplitude difference of the input signal is equal to the peak-to-peak amplitude difference of the output signal. Additionally, since the IBO is equal to the PAPR, the headroom of the power amplifier can be used efficiently.

[0097] In the example of Figure 4D , the IBO is much less than the PAPR. In this case, the peak deviation of the input signal is compressed, and the SSPA is driven into saturation during the peak shift. This saturation condition is illustrated in Figure 4D , where the peak of the input signal corresponds to the compressed peak in the output signal.

[0098] Reducing the PAPR of a signal, such as a 5G NR OFDM signal, allows the IBO of the SSPA in the transmit chain of a 5G NR transmitter (e.g., the transmitter of a gNB or a 5G NR UE) to have a value that allows for non-compressed use of the headroom of the SSPA.

[0099] To achieve PAPR reduction in the transmitted OFDM signal, the amplitude and phase of the PRT can be adjusted for each OFDM symbol. Additionally, the position of the PRT (e.g., identified by the subcarrier index number, also referred to as the tone index number or PRT index) can be configured before the transmit and receive use of the tone reservation technique (using the PRT). For example, the position of the PRT can be specified and configured for each transmitter and receiver in the 5G NR system. Additionally, to reduce computational complexity, instead of adjusting the amplitude and phase of each PRT in real time, a common tone index number for the PRT can be employed according to the aspects described herein.

[0100] Figure 5 is a plot of data tones and PRTs in the frequency domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure. As used herein, the term "data" encompasses both traffic (e.g., Figure 1 downlink traffic 112, uplink traffic 116) and control (e.g., Figure 1 downlink control 114, uplink control 118). According to the aspects herein, multiple PRTs in a resource concentration can be fixed by a specification or can be otherwise predetermined such that the transmitter and receiver are aware of which tones in the resource concentration are configured for data and which tones in the resource concentration are configured for the PRT.

[0101] In Figure 5 , frequency is represented along the horizontal axis and amplitude is represented along the vertical axis. In the example of Figure 5 , there are 24 tones, each corresponding to a respective subcarrier index number 502. In the example of Figure 5 , the range of the 24 subcarrier index numbers 502 is from subcarrier index number 0 to subcarrier index number 23. A signal representation or mask in the frequency domain 504 is illustrated, where a binary 1 indicates a subcarrier for the PRT and a binary 0 indicates a subcarrier for data. Each tone corresponds to a frequency component of a resource element (RE) 504. For a signal representation or mask according to 5G NR, one resource block (RB) is one RE wide (e.g., one symbol) multiplied by 12 subcarriers. Accordingly, Figure 5 the series of tones 500 corresponds to two RBs (resource block 1 506 and resource block 2 508).

[0102] Figure 5The examples are provided for illustrative purposes and are non - limiting. The illustrated tone amplitudes and their relative differences are for ease of graphical representation. The phase of each tone is not shown to avoid cluttering the drawings. Different amplitudes and phases, as well as different relative differences between amplitudes and phases, are within the scope of the present disclosure. In Figure 5 In the example shown in Figure 5 , a wireless communication device (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity) may utilize two contiguous RBs, which include 24 contiguous tones for transmission; however, the use of two non - contiguous RBs, or a combination of various interleaved resource elements including non - contiguous or partially contiguous tones for transmission is within the scope of the present disclosure. Additionally, the application of the tone reservation technique (using PRT) described herein is not limited to the 24 - tone range from sub - carrier index 0 to sub - carrier index 23. As is known to those skilled in the art, for a 100 MHz bandwidth, there are 3264 available tones. The aspects described herein may be configured as a subset of the 3264 available tones or even all 3264 available tones.

[0103] In the examples described herein, the term "transmitter" may refer to a scheduling entity (e.g., a base station, gNB) that transmits a downlink to a receiving scheduled entity (e.g., a UE), or may refer to a scheduled entity (e.g., a UE) that transmits an uplink to a receiving scheduling entity (e.g., a gNB). Depending on the context, the term "transmitter" may refer to the transmitter circuitry of a given device (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity) or to the given device itself. Similarly, depending on the context, the term "receiver" may refer to the receiver circuitry of a given device (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity) or to the device itself.

[0104] According to some aspects, a sequence of tones in a given resource set (e.g., a granted resource set having multiple tones) can be pre-assigned as a PRT sequence. In some examples, the tones of the PRT sequence may not be used for data. However, according to some aspects, a transmitter can notify a receiver that the transmitter is using or not using tone reservation techniques such as those described herein (using PRT). The transmitter can notify the receiver whether it is using or not using tone reservation techniques (using PRT) based on, for example, a single bit transmitted in user plane data or control plane signaling. If the transmitter is not using tone reservation techniques (e.g., indicated by a single bit representing "false"), then the given pre-assigned tone sequence is not used as a PRT and can instead be used for data. In other words, if the transmitter is not using tone reservation techniques (e.g., indicated by a single bit representing "false"), then all tones in the given resource set can be used for data and all tones can be decoded. If the transmitter is using tone reservation techniques (e.g., indicated by a single bit representing "true"), then only a first subset of the multiple tones of the resource set can be used for data and are intended to be decoded, while a second subset of the multiple tones of the resource set (different from the first subset of the multiple tones) can be used for PRT and can be ignored by the receiver (e.g., may not be decoded).

[0105] The transmitter can decide to use tone reservation techniques (using PRT) based on, for example, the availability of resources. For example, if the transmitter has a large amount of data waiting to be transmitted in a buffer, the transmitter can determine not to use tone reservation techniques and instead use all available resources to transmit the buffered data. The transmitter can decide to use or not use tone reservation techniques based on other aspects or considerations such as quality of service (QoS) or latency associated with the data waiting to be transmitted in the transmitter's buffer. Other factors that the transmitter can use as a basis for deciding to use or not use tone reservation techniques are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0106] A subset of the multiple tones in a resource set (e.g., the second subset) can be pre-assigned as a PRT. For example, the pre-assignment can be fixed by a specification and configured on a scheduling entity (e.g., a base station, gNB) and a scheduled entity (e.g., a UE). In some examples, both the scheduling entity and the scheduled entity can be pre-configured with a tone identifier (ID) (e.g., subcarrier index number 502) of each tone reserved as a PRT in any given set of tones. In other examples, if the scheduling entity and the scheduled entity are not aware of the pre-assignment of the PRT or are not pre-configured with the location of the PRT, the scheduling entity can, for example, signal to the scheduled entity to make it aware of the selection.

[0107] In Figure 5In an example, short lines (represented by subcarrier indices 0, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, and 21) are selected as the PRT (e.g., the second subset). Long lines (represented by subcarrier indices 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, and 23) represent data tones (e.g., the first subset of the plurality of tones). Together, the 24 subcarriers can correspond to an OFDM signal including 24 tones.

[0108] To convert Figure 5 from the frequency domain to the time domain, the UE can perform an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the Figure 5 OFDM signal.

[0109] In addition, when the positions of given reserved tones are known (e.g., when the indices of the PRT are known), a signal-to-clipping noise ratio - tone reservation (SCR-TR) technique can be used to optimize the amplitude and phase of the PRT (e.g., the second subset of the plurality of tones).

[0110] According to aspects described herein, a resource set can be expressed as a set of tones {1,…,N} (in the Figure 5 example of {0,…,23}). Let Φ be the subset of {1,...,N} corresponding to the PRT positions (in the Figure 5 example, Φ = {0, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21}). The subset Φ can be referred to herein as the second subset. The remaining tone subset {1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, and 23} can be used for data tones and can be referred to herein as the first subset. The first tone subset can be identified as {1,...,N}\Φ, where the "\\" in the formula A\B is called the relative complement, and the formula in the form of A\B indicates "objects that belong to A and do not belong to B". Thus, in the Figure 5 example, {1,...,N}\Φ = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23}.

[0111] According to SCR-TR, a frequency-domain kernel P i can be constructed, where:

[0112]

[0113] where i is the index of the tone (e.g., i = subcarrier index), and [N] represents {1,...,N}. Thus, the formula in the form of i ∈ Φ indicates "i is an element of Φ", while the formula in the form of i ∈ [N]\Φ represents "i is not an element of Φ".

[0114] Next, obtain the time-domain representation p of the frequency-domain kernel P by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform on P, where:

[0115] p = ifft(P) (2)

[0116] Next, let X be the frequency-domain data represented by the long vertical lines in the Figure 5 explanation (i.e., the subcarriers corresponding to the first subset of the plurality of tones). It can be observed that X i = 0 if i ∈ Φ. In other words, if i is an element of Φ (i.e., if i is an element of the set of subcarrier index numbers assigned to the second subset of the plurality of tones), then the value of the i-th value of X (X i ) is equal to 0. According to the SCR-TR, the frequency-domain kernel X i can be constructed, where:

[0117]

[0118] Next, obtain the time-domain representation x of the frequency-domain kernel X by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform on X, where:

[0119] x = ifft(X) (4)

[0120] Two observations can be made regarding the SCR-TR algorithm for tone reservation. First, if the number of tones reserved is large enough and the positions are selected appropriately, the time-domain kernel p looks like a delta function with negligible side lobes. For example, the time-domain kernel p can be represented by a single prominent main lobe peak and side lobes with amplitudes much smaller than that of the main lobe. Figure 6 The waveform p 606 of (i.e., the waveform represented by the dashed line) illustrates these characteristics. Second, circularly shifting p in the time domain does not affect the positions of the reserved tones in the frequency domain, but rather disrupts their phases. The index corresponding to the value 0 in Equation 1 (which corresponds to the data tone) may not be changed by the process of shifting p in the time domain. Therefore, in the frequency domain, the desired signal X is not changed by the PRT technique described herein.

[0121] Therefore, the SCR-TR algorithm for tone reservation may include the following four steps:

[0122] 1. Find the position of the maximum peak of x. Let j ∈ {1,..., N} be the index, where N is an integer.

[0123] 2. Circularly shift p so that the peaks are aligned. For example, p j = circshift(p, j), where circshift(p,j) is to circularly shift p to the right by j units. The value of j can be incremented to produce circular shifts of the original waveform p. For example, in Figure 6In , if the currently used index j is 3, then p 606 will be the original waveform shifted 3 units to the right.

[0124] 3. Subtract the scaled and shifted p from x to obtain where μ is the target peak, <x(j)> is the phase of x(j), The scaling term is and the scaling term can be changed for each peak, and e i＜x(j) represents the j phase shift of p and can be changed for each peak p j change the phase shift.

[0125] 4. Iterate a number of times to reduce a number of peaks.

[0126] Figure 6 is a plot 600 of the data tone 602 and PRT 606 in the time domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure. For example, the plot 600 can be used to explain steps 1 and 2 of the SCR-TR algorithm for tone reservation described above. In Figure 6 , time is represented along the horizontal axis and amplitude is represented along the vertical axis. The multi-peak waveform corresponds to x 602 (shown as a solid line), which is the time domain representation of the frequency data (i.e., the first subset of the plurality of tones). The maximum peak 604 of x 602 appears in the middle of the diagram. The maximum peak 604 can be referred to as the target peak. The individual peak waveform corresponds to p 606 (shown as a dashed line), which is the time domain representation of the peak-reduced tone (PRT) (i.e., the second subset of the plurality of tones). In Figure 6 explanation, p 606 has been circularly shifted (e.g., shifted from left to right or from right to left) and scaled in amplitude so that the maximum peak 604 of x 602 (e.g., the target peak of x) and the peak of p 606 are aligned. This circular shift can be graphically represented by the double-headed arrow 608. In the next step (step 3), the scaled and shifted p is subtracted from x to obtain a new x, called x 新 , and steps 1 to 3 are repeated to reduce the peaks of x 新 . In this way, the PAPR of x can be reduced.

[0127] Figure 7A 、 7B and 7C are diagrams illustrating example time domain representations of the respective reserved tone sets according to some aspects of the present disclosure. In Figure 7A 、 7B and 7C, time is represented on the horizontal axis and amplitude is represented on the vertical axis. In Figure 7A , a single relatively wide lobe 702 is generated from the IFFT of the contiguous tone set in the frequency domain. For the purposes of the SCR-TR algorithm described above, in line withFigure 6 compared to the time-domain kernel p, Figure 7A a single relatively wide lobe 702 may be inferior. In Figure 7B , a uniform comb 704 in the time domain is generated. Compared to Figure 6 the time-domain kernel p, the width of the main lobe (in the center of the image) is narrow; however, the side lobes (i.e., the high peak signals on both sides of the center lobe) have amplitudes that are substantially similar to that of the main lobe. The multiple equally spaced lobes may render the waveform unsuitable for step 3 of the SCR-TR algorithm. In Figure 7C , on either side of a single narrow main lobe 706 in the time domain are smaller side lobes 708. The waveform of Figure 7C can be generated by performing an IFFT on a set of random subcarriers in the frequency domain. Figure 7C can represent Figure 7A a reasonable compromise between the wide main lobe of Figure 7B and the narrow lobe comb in

[0128] A perfect kernel may be desired to implement the PRT techniques described herein. For example, for sequence A 0 , …, A n-1 (where A i ∈ {0, 1}), the modulo autocorrelation can be defined as:

[0129]

[0130] If B j = constant (for j ≠ 0), then the modulo autocorrelation can be considered perfect.

[0131] A sequence A 0 , …, A n-1 with perfect autocorrelation generates a perfect kernel a in the frequency domain, where a = ifft(A). For the perfect kernel:

[0132]

[0133] Figure 8 depicts an imperfect kernel 802 and a perfect kernel 804 in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. For the perfect kernel 804, in Figure 8 the time domain, for the main lobe (j = 0), b = c + d*(n - 1) 806 and otherwise (j ≠ 0), b = c - d. Accordingly, b is referred to as the perfect kernel.

[0134] To find which sequences produce perfect autocorrelation, consider the sequence A 0 , …, A n-1 , where A i ∈ {0, 1}. Let denote the non-zero indices of a. Name Meaning S is a subset of the set {0, …, n - 1}. The autocorrelation can alternatively be given as:

[0135]

[0136] or

[0137]

[0138] where 1 p corresponds to the indicator function defined on the logical statement p: its value is 1 when p is a true statement and its value is 0 when p is a false statement.

[0139] For a given sequence A with the corresponding set S 0 , …, A n-1 , if each j ∈ {1, …, n - 1} can be written exactly λ ways as the difference of elements of S (where λ is independent of j), then the autocorrelation B is perfect.

[0140] Such a set S can be referred to herein as a “difference set” with repetition λ. According to some aspects, the square of the number of peak-reduced tones can be approximately equal to the total number of tones multiplied by λ, as expressed by the following mathematics:

[0141]

[0142] A perfect ruler is an integer set constructed such that the pairwise differences of the elements in S modulo n form a closed integer interval. A perfect ruler corresponds to a difference set with λ = 1 (each difference is repeated only once).

[0143] As an example, using S as the PRT index produces a perfect kernel. For example, consider:

[0144]

[0145] The difference set of S (e.g., the pairwise differences between 0 and 1, 1 and 5, and 5 and 0) is given by:

[0146] {1 - 0, 5 - 0, 0 - 1, 0 - 5, 1 - 5, 5 - 1} mod 7 (12)

[0147] which is equal to {1, 5, 6, 2, 3, 4} (13)

[0148] A determination of whether set S is a difference set can be made based on the set given in Equation 13. For example, the set given in Equation 13 can be sorted to determine if the set forms contiguous intervals. Here, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} forms contiguous intervals (all members of the interval are covered). Additionally, each element repeats exactly once. Thus, the set S of Equation 13 is a difference set.

[0149] For the PRT, for the example set S = {0, 1, 5}, the frequency domain representation can be given by A, where:

[0150] A = [1 1 0 0 0 1 0] (14)

[0151] The values of matrix A are achieved by identifying that the 0th value out of 9 values in A is taken as 1, the 1st value out of the 9 values is taken as 1, and the 5th value out of the 9 values is taken as 1; this corresponds to the set S = {0, 1, 5}. Next, the autocorrelation of A is determined:

[0152]

[0153] It can be observed that when there are contiguous intervals (as in Equation 13), there will be perfect autocorrelation, as shown in Equation 15. The autocorrelation of A is perfect because at index 0, the autocorrelation has one value, and outside index 0, the autocorrelation has a constant second value, 3 and 1 respectively. As shown in the following Equation 16, when the inverse fast Fourier transform is performed on the perfect autocorrelation, the inverse fast Fourier transform is also perfect. Additionally, the square root of the inverse fast Fourier transform can be taken to generate a kernel in the time domain, and it is also perfect, as shown in Equation 17.

[0154]

[0155] The above description considers perfect rulers. In other examples, a Golomb ruler can be used instead of a perfect ruler. In mathematics, a Golomb ruler is a set of marks at integer positions along a virtual ruler such that no two pairs of marks are the same distance apart. The number of marks on the ruler corresponds to the order, and the maximum distance between two marks corresponds to the length of the ruler. In other words, a Golomb ruler is a set of integers such that the pairwise differences of the elements of S modulo n are distinct.

[0156] A Golomb ruler that can measure all distances up to its length can be called a perfect Golomb ruler. There is no perfect Golomb ruler with five or more marks. A Golomb ruler can be called an optimal Golomb ruler if there is no shorter Golomb ruler of the same order. For a given n, the optimal (maximum density) Golomb ruler maximizes |S|. For a particular choice of n, the optimal Golomb ruler can produce a sequence with perfect autocorrelation, which in turn produces a perfect kernel.

[0157] Generating an optimal Golomb ruler is considered to be non-deterministic polynomial time (NP) hard. In computational complexity theory, NP-hard is a defining property of a class of problems that are informally at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP. However, there are some efficient constructions for near-optimal Golomb rulers, such as the Ruzsa construction:

[0158] S = q*(1:q - 1)+(q - 1)*g 1：q-1 mod q(q - 1), (18)

[0159] where q is a prime number, and g is a primitive root of

[0160] Given the Ruzsa construction of Equation 18, the absolute value of the integer set S can be given as:

[0161] |s| = q - 1 and n = q(q - 1) (19)

[0162] As used herein, the term Golomb ruler refers to an optimal Golomb ruler as defined herein. As shown in Table I below, there are currently 27 known optimal Golomb rulers.

[0163]

[0164] Table I - Known Optimal Golomb Rulers

[0165] Figure 9 is a diagram showing an exemplary representation of an RF signal 900 including 31 tones (subcarriers) in the frequency domain according to some aspects of the present disclosure, where 25 tones are data tones (e.g., a first subset of the plurality of tones) and 6 tones are peak reduction tones (PRTs) (e.g., a second subset of the plurality of tones). The subcarrier index numbers 902 are identified as running from an index value of 0 to an index value of 30. A signal representation or mask in the frequency domain 904 is illustrated, where a binary 1 indicates a subcarrier for a PRT and a binary 0 indicates a subcarrier for data. Figure 9 The RF signal ofFigure 10A and the CCDF of the per-tone PAPR (as explained in Figure 10B ).

[0166] Figure 10A illustrates the cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the per-symbol peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) for an RF signal of 31 tones as explained in Figure 9 . Figure 10B illustrates the CCDF of the per-tone PAPR for the same RF signal of 31 tones as explained in Figure 9 . Figure 10A and 10B The CCDF curves of Figure 9 show the probability that the instantaneous signal power will be higher than the average signal power by a certain amount in dB. As described in connection with Figure 10A and 10B , the RF signal includes 31 tones (sub-carriers), where 25 tones are data tones and 6 tones are peak reduction tones (PRTs). In Figure 10A and 10B , a measurement of the ratio of the instantaneous signal power to the average signal power in dB is provided on the horizontal axis, while the CCDF of the per-symbol PAPR and the CCDF of the per-tone PAPR are provided on the vertical axis.

[0167] Turning to Figure 10A , if the PRT 1002 technique is not used to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in dB is the highest. If the optimal Golomb ruler 1004 is used to implement the PRT technique to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF is the lowest. And if the random PRT 1006 is used to implement the PRT technique to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF is somewhere between the no-PRT 1002 case and the optimal Golomb ruler 1004 case.

[0168] Turning to Figure 10B , if the PRT 1008 technique is not used to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in dB is the highest. If the optimal Golomb ruler 1010 is used to implement the PRT technique to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF is the lowest. And if the random PRT 1012 is used to implement the PRT technique to reduce the PAPR, the CCDF is somewhere between the no-PRT 1008 case and the optimal Golomb ruler 1010 case.

[0169] As explained above and illustrated in Table I, the highest order of a known optimal Golomb ruler is 27 (i.e., x = 27). As used herein, the order value corresponds to the number of peak reduction tones (PRTs). The optimal Golomb ruler of a given order x is applicable to reducing the PAPR of a signal with approximately x 2 tones, and thus the optimal Golomb ruler of order 27 will support up to 27 2 tones; i.e., 27 * 27 = 729 tones, or (given 12 tones per RB). Here, 729 tones refer to the total number of tones of the RF signal (e.g., data tones plus PRTs). A transmitter can utilize more than 60 RBs. For example, for a channel with a 100 MHz bandwidth, a transmitter can utilize up to 273 RBs (corresponding to 3276 tones).

[0170] If a transmitter utilizes 60 or fewer RBs, the following process can be used to construct the PRT sequence used by the transmitter.

[0171] 1. Let x represent the square root of the number of tones in the source set utilized by the transmitter, rounded up to the nearest positive integer (e.g., the transmitter uses approximately x 2 tones, where there are 12 tones per RB).

[0172] 2. Select the Golomb ruler of order x from Table I above. The markings on the Golomb ruler represent peak reduction tone indices.

[0173] 3. Construct the PRT sequence r as a sequence of zeros and ones with a quantity equal to the number of tones utilized by the transmitter. The value of this sequence is equal to 1 at the selected peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise. It should be understood that using binary 1 at the selected peak tone indices and 0 otherwise is merely exemplary. Using binary 0 at the selected peak tone indices and 1 in other cases is within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0174] The PRT sequence r constructed in the above examples and the following examples can be interpreted in the frequency domain. The PRT sequence r can be similar to the frequency domain kernel P (of Equation 1). It is zero at the data tones and 1 at the peak reduction tones.

[0175] If a transmitter utilizes 60 RBs to 120 RBs, the following process can be used:

[0176] 1. Obtain the set of markings of the Golomb ruler corresponding to half of the number of RBs utilized. Obtaining the set of markings of the Golomb ruler for half of the number of utilized RBs reduces the number of resource blocks to at most 60 RBs, which is within the calculation limit of 729 tones or 60 RBs identified above.

[0177] 2. Let the initial PRT sequence (in the time domain) corresponding to the Golomb ruler be r.

[0178] 3. Interleave r with a copy of itself uniformly to construct (or obtain) a PRT sequence corresponding to the total number of utilized RBs.

[0179] This can be equivalently expressed as:

[0180]

[0181] where i is the index number of the frequency tone (e.g., i = sub - carrier index number), and the notation mod(i,2) means “i mod 2”.

[0182] Half of 60 to 120 RBs respectively corresponds to 30 to 60 RBs. Each RB has 12 frequency tones, which respectively corresponds to 360 to 720 frequency tones. The square root of 360 to 720 frequency tones rounded up to the nearest positive integer respectively corresponds to 19 to 27 frequency tones, which respectively corresponds to Golomb rulers of order 19 to 27. Providing examples using Golomb rulers with these large orders would be intractable. To provide an example that is easier to understand, assume the total number of RBs is 1.5 RBs. Half of 1.5 RBs corresponds to 0.75 RBs, which corresponds to 9 frequency tones (i.e., x 2 = 9). The Golomb ruler order is given by the square root of the total number of frequency tones (i.e., ). According to Table I, the Golomb ruler corresponding to order 3 in the frequency domain is {0,1,3}. Given the label of the Golomb ruler as {0,1,3}, the initial PRT sequence of length 9 (corresponding to 9 frequency tones) in the time domain can be expressed as r = [11 0 1 0 0 0 0 0]. Note that the labels with binary value 1 correspond to “index” 0, 1, and 3. In this PRT sequence, the indices 0, 1, and 3 are set to binary value 1, while the remaining indices (2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) corresponding to data are set to 0. That is, the 0th frequency tone of these nine frequency tones is set to 1, the 1st frequency tone of these nine frequency tones is set to 1, and the 3rd frequency tone of these nine frequency tones is set to 1 (corresponding to the Golomb ruler of {0,1,3}), while the remaining frequency tones of this set are set to 0. The total number of RBs (i.e., 2 * 0.75 RB = 1.5 RB) corresponds to 18 frequency tones in the time domain (i.e., 2 * 0.75 RB = 1.5 RB = 18 frequency tones).

[0183] To obtain the entire PRT sequence for 18 frequency tones, the transmitter can with a copy of itself Interleaved uniformly, which results in: where italics are only used to highlight the interleaving of r with its own copy. The same PRT sequence can be constructed using Equation 20. In this example, as the index across the total number of tones, i is 18 (corresponding to the subcarrier index number i from 0 - 17). For i = 0, 0 mod 2 = 0, so the PRTseq (PRT sequence) for the 0th element will be r(0 / 2) = r(0) = 1. For i = 1, 1 mod 2 = 1, so the PRTseq for the 1st element will be For i = 2, 2 mod 2 = 0, so the PRTseq for the 2nd element will be r(2 / 2) = r(1) = 1. For i = 3, 3 mod 2 = 1, so the PRTseq for the 3rd element will be For i = 4, 4 mod 2 = 0, so the PRTseq for the 4th element will be r(4 / 2) = r(2) = 0. For i = 5, 5 mod 2 = 1, so the PRTseq for the 5th element will be For i = 6, 6 mod 2 = 0, so the PRTseq for the 6th element will be r(6 / 2) = r(3) = 1. For i = 7, 7 mod 2 = 1, so the PRTseq for the 7th element will be For i = 8, 8 mod 2 = 0, so the PRTseq for the 8th element will be r(8 / 2) = r(4) = 0. For i = 9, 9 mod 2 = 1, so the PRTseq for the 9th element will be And so on. The sequence can continue to be constructed in this way.

[0184] If the transmitter utilizes 120 RBs to 180 RBs, the following procedure can be used:

[0185] 1. Obtain the set of marks of the Golomb ruler corresponding to one - third of the number of RBs utilized. Obtaining the set of marks of the Golomb ruler for one - third of the number of RBs utilized reduces the number of resource blocks to at most 60 RBs, which is within the calculation limit of 729 tones or 60 RBs identified above.

[0186] 2. Let the initial PRT sequence corresponding to this Golomb ruler be r.

[0187] 3. Interleave r with two copies of itself uniformly to construct (or obtain) the PRT sequence corresponding to the number of RBs utilized.

[0188] This can be equivalently expressed as:

[0189]

[0190] If the transmitter utilizes 180 to 240 resource blocks (RBs), the following procedure can be used:

[0191] 1. Obtain a set of marks of the Golomb ruler corresponding to one quarter of the number of utilized RBs. Obtaining a set of marks of the Golomb ruler for one quarter of the number of utilized RBs reduces the number of resource blocks to at most 60 RBs, which is within the calculation limit of 729 frequency tones or 60 RBs identified above.

[0192] 2. Let the initial pseudo-random transform (PRT) sequence corresponding to the ruler be r.

[0193] 3. Interleave r with three copies of itself evenly to construct (or obtain) a PRT sequence corresponding to the number of utilized RBs.

[0194] This can be equivalently expressed as:

[0195]

[0196] If the transmitter utilizes 240 to 300 resource blocks (RBs), the following procedure can be used:

[0197] 1. Obtain a set of marks of the Golomb ruler corresponding to one fifth of the number of utilized RBs. Obtaining a set of marks of the Golomb ruler for one fifth of the number of utilized RBs reduces the number of resource blocks to at most 60 RBs, which is within the calculation limit of 729 frequency tones or 60 RBs identified above.

[0198] 2. Let the initial pseudo-random transform (PRT) sequence corresponding to the ruler be r.

[0199] 3. Interleave r with four copies of itself evenly to construct (or obtain) a PRT sequence corresponding to the number of utilized RBs.

[0200] This can be equivalently expressed as:

[0201]

[0202] The PAPR can be reduced by using the PRT techniques described herein without the transmitter optimizing the position of the PRT. Position optimization may not be required because, according to aspects described herein, for a given set of resources, the position of the PRT (e.g., the PRT sequence) is known a priori to both the transmitter and the receiver. According to some aspects, the position of the PRT in any given set of resources can be predetermined and fixed in a specification that covers, for example, the use of uplink and downlink resources for scheduled entities and scheduling entities. Additionally, the PRT techniques described herein can avoid implementing a new channel for notifying the receiver of the position (e.g., the PRT sequence) of the tone selected to be used as the PRT because, for any given set of resources, both the transmitter and the receiver know a priori the PRT sequence that identifies the tone used as the PRT.

[0203] Figure 11 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation of a wireless communication device 1100 employing a processing system 1102 in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication device 1100 may be, for example, a scheduling entity, which may be exemplified as a base station, eNB, gNB, network access node, such as Figure 1 and / or any one or more of those illustrated in FIG. 2. Alternatively, the wireless communication device 1100 may be, for example, a scheduled entity, which may be exemplified as a UE or a shift communication device, such as Figure 1 and / or any one or more of those illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0204] In accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements can be implemented using a processing system 1102 that includes one or more processors, such as processor 1104. Examples of processor 1104 include a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a digital signal processor (DSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a state machine, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functions described throughout the present disclosure. In various examples, the wireless communication device 1100 can be configured to perform any one or more of the functions described herein. That is, the processor 1104 utilized in the wireless communication device 1100 can be used to implement, for example, any one or more of the methods or processes described and illustrated in FIGS. 10, 11, and / or 12.

[0205] In some instances, processor 1104 may be implemented via a baseband or modem chip, while in other implementations, processor 1104 may include several devices that are different and distinct from the baseband or modem chip (e.g., devices that may work together in such scenarios to achieve the examples discussed herein). And as mentioned above, various hardware arrangements and components outside of the baseband modem processor may be used in the implementation, including RF chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, interleavers, adders / summers, etc.

[0206] In this example, processing system 1102 may be implemented with a bus architecture generally represented by bus 1106. Depending on the specific application and overall design constraints of processing system 1102, bus 1106 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges. Bus 1106 communicatively couples various circuits including one or more processors (generally represented by processor 1104), memory 1108, and computer-readable medium (generally represented by computer-readable medium 1110). Bus 1106 may also link various other circuits, such as a timing source, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art and will not be described further herein.

[0207] Bus interface 1112 provides an interface between bus 1106 and transceiver 1114. Transceiver 1114 may be a wireless transceiver. Transceiver 1114 may provide means for communicating with various other devices via a transmission medium (e.g., an air interface). Transceiver 1114 may be further coupled to one or more antennas / antenna arrays (hereinafter referred to as antenna 1116). In some examples, transceiver 1114 and antenna 1116 may be configured to transmit and receive using directional beamforming (e.g., using a single beam or beam pair link (BPL) on each of the uplink and downlink transmissions). Bus interface 1112 further provides an interface between bus 1106 and user interface 1118 (e.g., keyboard, display, touch screen, speaker, microphone, control features, etc.). Of course, such user interface 1118 is optional and may be omitted in some examples. Additionally, bus interface 1112 further provides an interface between bus 1106 of wireless communication device 1100 and power supply 1120.

[0208] Processor 1104 is responsible for managing bus 1106 and general processing, including the execution of software stored on computer-readable medium 1110. The software, when executed by processor 1104, causes processing system 1102 to perform the various functions described below for any particular apparatus. Computer-readable medium 1110 and memory 1108 may also be used to store data manipulated by processor 1104 when executing the software.

[0209] Software should be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., regardless of whether they are referred to in software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or other terms. The software may reside on a computer-readable medium 1110. When executed by the processor 1104, the software causes the processing system 1102 to perform the various processes and functions described herein for any particular device.

[0210] The computer-readable medium 1110 may be a non-transitory computer-readable medium and may be referred to as a computer-readable storage medium or a non-transitory computer-readable medium. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store computer-executable code (processor-executable code). The computer-executable code may include code for causing a computer (e.g., a processor) to implement one or more of the functions described herein. As an example, the non-transitory computer-readable medium includes magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disks, floppy disks, magnetic tape), optical disks (e.g., compact disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD)), smart cards, flash memory devices (e.g., cards, sticks, or key drives), random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), registers, removable disks, and any other suitable medium for storing software and / or instructions that can be accessed and read by a computer. The computer-readable medium 1110 may reside within the processing system 1102, outside the processing system 1102, or be distributed across multiple entities including the processing system 1102. The computer-readable medium 1110 may be implemented in a computer program product or article of manufacture. As an example, the computer program product or article of manufacture may include the computer-readable medium in a packaging material. In some examples, the computer-readable medium 1110 may be part of the memory 1108. Those skilled in the art will recognize how best to implement the described functionality presented throughout this disclosure depending on the particular application and the overall design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0211] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the processor 1104 may include communication and processing circuitry 1141 configured for various functions, including communicating with, for example, a scheduled entity (such as a wireless communication device, UE), a network core (such as a 5G core network), other scheduled entities, or any other entity (such as, by way of example, a local infrastructure or an entity communicating with the wireless communication device 1100 via the Internet (such as a network provider)). In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include one or more hardware components that provide the physical structure for performing processes related to wireless communication (such as signal reception and / or signal transmission) and signal processing (such as processing received signals and / or processing signals for transmission). For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include one or more transmit / receive chains.

[0212] In some implementations where communication involves receiving information, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may obtain information from components of the wireless communication device 1100 (such as from the transceiver 1114 that receives information via radio frequency signaling or some other type of signaling adapted to the applicable communication medium), process (such as decode) the information, and output the processed information. For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may output the information to another component of the processor 1104, output the information to the memory 1108, or output the information to the bus interface 1112. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may receive one or more of signals, messages, other information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may receive information via one or more channels. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include the functionality of means for receiving. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include the functionality of means for processing, including means for demodulating, means for decoding, and the like.

[0213] In some implementations where communication involves sending (e.g., transmitting) information, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may obtain information (e.g., from another component among the processor 1104, the memory 1108, or the bus interface 1112), process the information (e.g., modulate, encode, etc.), and output the processed information. For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may output the information to the transceiver 1114 (e.g., which transmits the information via radio frequency signaling or some other type of signaling suitable for the applicable communication medium). In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may send one or more of signals, messages, other information, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may send information via one or more channels. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include the functionality of means for sending (e.g., means for transmitting). In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may include the functionality of means for generating, including means for modulating, means for encoding, etc. In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may be configured to receive and process uplink traffic and uplink control messages (e.g., similar to Figure 1 the uplink traffic 116 and uplink control 118) and process and transmit downlink traffic and downlink control messages (e.g., similar to downlink traffic 112 and downlink control 114) via the antenna 1116 and the transceiver 1114.

[0214] In some examples, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 may further be configured to obtain downlink control information (DCI) and uplink cancellation indication (ULCI) messages, which may be used to allocate resources for defining an uplink channel to one or a group of scheduled entities and cancel at least a portion of the resources allocated for the defined uplink channel. The communication and processing circuitry 1141 may further be configured to execute communication and processing software 1151 stored on the computer-readable medium 1110 to implement one or more of the functions described herein.

[0215] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the processor 1104 may include peak reduction tone (PRT) circuitry 1142 configured for various functions, including, for example, obtaining (e.g., via control signaling or otherwise receiving) a resource set including a plurality of tones. According to some aspects, the resource set may include at least one of the following: a set of non-contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non-contiguous subcarriers. The PRT circuitry 1142 may further be configured to, for example, obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence. The predetermined PRT sequence may correspond to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones. As used herein, the phrases “granted resource set” and “resource set” may be used interchangeably herein, regardless of whether the resources are granted or assigned. According to some aspects, the wireless communication device may be preconfigured with a predetermined PRT sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones.

[0216] In some examples, the PRT circuitry 1142 may obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by at least one of the following: obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from the memory 1108 of the wireless communication device 1100, obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a table (e.g., the PRT sequence table 1122) that may be stored in the memory 1108 of the wireless communication device 1100, or constructing the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions 1124 that may be stored in the memory 1108 of the wireless communication device 1100. Examples of PRT-related functions may include, but are not limited to, any one or more of equations 1 to 23 expressed herein.

[0217] In some examples, the PRT circuitry 1142 may obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by: determining a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the resource set to 60 RBs (e.g., granted or assigned resources as used interchangeably herein), rounding up to the nearest positive integer; obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler that corresponds to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the resource set; constructing an initial sequence r that is equal to the PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and interleaving r with D−1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence. For example, if the ratio of the number of RBs in the resource set to 60 RBs is equal to 1.1, rounding up the value 1.1 to the nearest positive integer will be equal to 2. In some examples, the Golomb ruler of order x and the corresponding marks of the Golomb ruler of order x may be stored in a table, such as the Golomb ruler table 1126. An example of an optimal Golomb ruler table is shown herein as Table I.

[0218] According to some aspects, the PRT circuit system 1142 may be constructed (e.g., obtained) a predetermined PRT sequence (e.g., PRTseq(i), where i = {1, …, N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the resource set (also referred to herein as the granted resource set)) based on the following operations:

[0219] For D = 1:

[0220] Determine the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the resource set, rounded up to the nearest positive integer;

[0221] Select a Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent peak reduction tone indices; and

[0222] Construct PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise;

[0223] For D = 2:

[0224]

[0225] For D = 3:

[0226]

[0227] For D = 4:

[0228] And

[0229] For D = 5:

[0230]

[0231] In some examples, the PRT circuit system 1142 may include one or more hardware components that provide a physical structure for performing processes related to obtaining a granted resource set including multiple tones and obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to the granted resource set. The PRT circuit system 1142 may further be configured to execute the peak reduction tone software 1152 stored on the computer-readable medium 1110 to implement one or more functions described herein.

[0232] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the processor 1104 may include mapping circuitry 1143 configured for various functions, including, for example, mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of frequency tones (also referred to as the granted resource set in the resource set) outside a predetermined PRT sequence, and mapping a set of PRTs to a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones within the predetermined PRT sequence. According to some aspects, only the first subset of the plurality of frequency tones is intended to be decoded. In some examples, the mapping circuitry 1143 may include one or more hardware components providing a physical structure that performs processes related to mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of frequency tones outside a predetermined PRT sequence, and mapping a set of PRTs to a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones within the predetermined PRT sequence. The mapping circuitry 1143 may be further configured to execute mapping software 1153 stored on a computer-readable medium 1110 to implement one or more functions described herein.

[0233] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the processor 1104 may include cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 configured for various functions, including, for example, using a time-domain representation of a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of a first subset of the plurality of frequency tones. According to some aspects, using a time-domain representation of a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of a first subset of the plurality of frequency tones may include: shifting the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of frequency tones and scaling its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of frequency tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of frequency tones, subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of frequency tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of frequency tones to obtain a time-domain representation of the plurality of frequency tones, and repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of frequency tones are less than a predefined threshold. In some examples, the cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 may include one or more hardware components providing a physical structure that performs processes related to using a time-domain representation of a second subset of the plurality of frequency tones to perform cancellation of at least one peak of a time-domain representation of a first subset of the plurality of frequency tones. The cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 may be further configured to execute peak cancellation software 1154 stored on a computer-readable medium 1110 to implement one or more functions described herein.

[0234] In some aspects of the present disclosure, the processor 1104 may include waveform transmission circuitry 1145 configured for various functions, including, for example, transmitting a transmission waveform including a first subset of the plurality of tones and a second subset of the plurality of tones (e.g., the plurality of tones). In some examples, the waveform transmission circuitry 1145 may include one or more hardware components that provide a physical structure for performing processes associated with performing the transmission of a transmission waveform including a first subset of the plurality of tones and a second subset of the plurality of tones. The waveform transmission circuitry 1145 may further be configured to execute waveform transmission software 1155 stored on a computer-readable medium 1110 to implement one or more of the functions described herein.

[0235] Figure 12 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process 1200 (e.g., a method of wireless communication) at a wireless communication device (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity) in a wireless communication network in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication device may obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence, which may correspond to an (allocated) resource set including one or more resource blocks, each resource block including a plurality of tones (e.g., 12 tones or subcarriers). In one example, the predetermined PRT sequence may correspond to a mark on a Golomb ruler, the order of the Golomb ruler being a function of the total number of tones in the resource set. The wireless communication device may map a data set (e.g., control and / or traffic) to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence, and may map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence. The wireless communication device may use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones, and may transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones (e.g., the plurality of tones). Implementation of the process may reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signal. As described below, some or all of the illustrated features may be omitted in a particular implementation within the scope of the present disclosure, and some of the illustrated features may not be necessary for all implementations. In some examples, process 1200 may be performed by Figure 11 the illustrated wireless communication device 1100 (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity). In some examples, process 1200 may be performed by any suitable apparatus or device for performing the functions or algorithms described herein.

[0236] At block 1202, a wireless communication device may obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set that includes a plurality of tones (also referred to herein as an authorized resource set). In some examples, the resource set may include at least one of the following: a set of non-contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non-contiguous subcarriers (the terms "tone" and "subcarrier" may be used interchangeably herein, and the terms "resource" and "authorized resource" may be used interchangeably herein). These resources may be OFDM resources, as Figure 3 to 1 illustrated in the example of 0. In some examples, the predetermined PRT sequence may be a Golomb ruler, and the order of the Golomb ruler is a function of the total number of tones in the resource set. Table I above provides a table of exemplary known optimal Golomb rulers of orders 1-27. For example, the PRT circuitry 1142 described above in connection with Figure 11 illustrated and described may provide means for obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a resource set that includes the plurality of tones.

[0237] In some examples, the predetermined PRT sequence may be obtained by at least one of the following: obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a memory of the wireless communication device, obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or constructing the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

[0238] In some examples, the predetermined PRT sequence may be obtained by the following operations: determining a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the resource set to 60 RBs (also referred to herein as the authorized resource set), rounding up to the nearest positive integer; obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler that corresponds to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the resource set; constructing an initial sequence r that is equal to the PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and interleaving r with D-1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence.

[0239] In other examples, the predetermined PRT sequence may be obtained by the following operations: determining a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the resource set to 60 RBs (also referred to herein as the authorized resource set), rounding up to the nearest positive integer; obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler that corresponds to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the resource set; constructing an initial sequence r based on the set of marks of the Golomb ruler; and constructing the predetermined PRT sequence (PRTseq(i)), where i = {1,..., N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the resource set, based on the following operations:

[0240] For D = 1:

[0241] Determine the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the resource set, and round up to the nearest positive integer;

[0242] Select a Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent the peak reduction tone indices; and

[0243] Construct PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise;

[0244] For D = 2:

[0245]

[0246] For D = 3:

[0247]

[0248] For D = 4:

[0249] And

[0250] For D = 5:

[0251]

[0252] At block 1204, the wireless communication device may map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones that is outside the predetermined PRT sequence. At block 1206, the wireless communication device may map a set of PRTs to a second subset of the plurality of tones that is within the predetermined PRT sequence. Examples of the mapping of the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the predetermined PRT sequence may be illustrated in Figure 5 And 9 And their associated text. For example, the mapping circuitry 1143 shown and described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones that is outside the predetermined PRT sequence and means for mapping a set of PRTs to a second subset of the plurality of tones that is within the predetermined PRT sequence.

[0253] At block 1208, the wireless communication device may use the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones. According to some aspects, using the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones may further include: shifting the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align the target peak of the first time-domain representation of the plurality of tones with the peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones, and repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold. In conjunction with Figure 6 and its associated text describe examples of cancellation. Cancellation and the benefits of peak shifting in the form of the CCDF of the PAPR per resource block and per tone are illustrated respectively in Figure 10A and 10B and described in their associated text. For example, the cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 described and illustrated above in conjunction with Figure 11 may provide means for using the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones. The cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 may also provide: means for shifting the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align the target peak of the first plurality of tones' time-domain representation with the peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, means for subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones, and means for repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold. The transformation between the frequency-domain representation of a tone and the time-domain representation of a tone may be accomplished by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, the fast Fourier transform may be used to transform from the time domain to the frequency domain.

[0254] At block 1210, the wireless communication device may transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones (e.g., the plurality of tones). For example, waveform transmission circuitry 1145 (in cooperation with transceiver 1114 and antenna / antenna array 1114, as described and illustrated above in conjunction with Figure 11 may provide means for transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0255] Figure 13is a flowchart depicting another exemplary process 1300 (e.g., method) at a wireless communication device (e.g., a scheduling entity or a scheduled entity) for wireless communication in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure. In accordance with some aspects, a resource set (also referred to herein as a granted resource set) may be represented as a number (e.g., quantity) of resource blocks (RBs). At block 1302, the wireless communication device may determine a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of RBs in the resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer. For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for determining a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of RBs in the resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer.

[0256] At block 1304, the wireless communication device may obtain a set of marks of a Golomb ruler (e.g., an optimal Golomb ruler) corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the resource set. In one example, 1 / D may represent the number of RBs (e.g., quantity), and the order may be a function of the number of tones in that quantity of RBs (e.g., order = square root of the number of tones). For example, the PRT circuitry 1142 described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the resource set.

[0257] At block 1306, the wireless communication device may construct (e.g., obtain) an initial sequence r that is equal to a PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler. For example, the PRT circuitry 1142 described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for constructing an initial sequence r that is equal to a PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler.

[0258] At block 1310, the wireless communication device may interleave r with D - 1 copies of r to construct a predetermined PRT sequence. For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141 described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for interleaving r with D - 1 copies of r to construct a predetermined PRT sequence.

[0259] According to yet other aspects, prior to transmitting a transmission waveform that includes a first subset of the plurality of tones and a second subset of the plurality of tones (e.g., the plurality of tones), a wireless communication device may further: shift the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scale its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first plurality of tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, subtract the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones, and repeat the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold. For example, the communication and processing circuitry 1141, PRT circuitry 1142, and / or cancellation and peak shifting circuitry 1144 shown and described above in connection with Figure 11 may provide means for shifting, means for subtracting, and / or means for repeating. Yet further, waveform transmission circuitry 1145 may provide means for transmitting the transmission waveform, as described herein.

[0260] Of course, in the above example, the circuitry included in processor 1104 is provided merely as an example, and other means for performing the described functions may be included within various aspects of the present disclosure, including but not limited to instructions stored in computer-readable medium 1110, or in Figure 1 、 2 and / or any other suitable apparatus or device described in and utilizing, for example, the processes and / or algorithms described herein with respect to Figure 4A to 1 0, 12, and / or 13.

[0261] A summary of the present disclosure is provided below:

[0262] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communication in a wireless communication network, the method comprising, at a wireless communication device: obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to an authorized resource set including a plurality of tones; mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0263] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

[0264] Aspect 3: The method of aspect 1 or 2, wherein the wireless communication device is preconfigured with a predetermined PRT sequence corresponding to the authorized resource set.

[0265] Aspect 4: The method as in any one of Aspects 1 to 3, wherein the granted resource set includes at least one of the following: a set of non - contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non - contiguous sub - carriers.

[0266] Aspect 5: The method as in any one of Aspects 1 to 4, further comprising: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence by obtaining a Golomb ruler, the order of the Golomb ruler being a function of the total number of tones in the granted resource set.

[0267] Aspect 6: The method as in any one of Aspects 1 to 4, further comprising: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence by at least one of the following: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from the memory of the wireless communication device, obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or constructing a predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT - related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

[0268] Aspect 7: The method as in any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein using the time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further comprises: shifting the phase of the time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align the target peak of the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with the peak of the shifted and scaled time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones; subtracting the shifted and scaled time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time - domain representation of the plurality of tones, and repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time - domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

[0269] Aspect 8: The method as in any one of Aspects 1 to 4 and 7, further comprising: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence by: determining a number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler that corresponds to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; constructing an initial sequence r, which is equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and interleaving r with D - 1 copies of r to construct a predetermined PRT sequence.

[0270] Aspect 9: The method according to any one of aspects 1 to 4 and 7, further comprising: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence by: determining a number D corresponding to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; obtaining a set of marks of a Golomb ruler, the index of the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; constructing an initial sequence r based on the set of marks of the Golomb ruler; and constructing a predetermined PRT sequence (PRTseq(i)), where i = {1,..., N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set: for D = 1:

[0271] determining the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set, rounded up to the nearest positive integer, selecting a Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent peak reduction tone indices; and

[0272] constructing PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise;

[0273] for D = 2:

[0274]

[0275] for D = 3:

[0276]

[0277] for D = 4:

[0278] and

[0279] for D = 5:

[0280]

[0281] Aspect 10: A wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, comprising: a wireless transceiver; a memory, and a processor coupled to the wireless transceiver and the memory, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to: obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0282] Aspect 11: The wireless communication device as in aspect 10, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

[0283] Aspect 12: The wireless communication device as in aspect 10 or 11, wherein the wireless communication device is preconfigured with a predetermined PRT sequence associated with the granted resource set.

[0284] Aspect 13: The wireless communication device as in any one of aspects 10 to 12, wherein the granted resource set includes at least one of the following: a set of non - contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non - contiguous sub - carriers.

[0285] Aspect 14: The wireless communication device as in any one of aspects 10 to 13, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by obtaining a Golomb ruler, the order of the Golomb ruler being a function of the total number of tones in the granted resource set.

[0286] Aspect 15: The wireless communication device as in any one of aspects 10 to 13, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to at least one of the following: obtain the predetermined PRT sequence from the memory of the wireless communication device, obtain the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or construct the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT - related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

[0287] Aspect 16: The wireless communication device as in aspects 10 to 15, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to use the time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones by further configuring to perform the following operations: shift the phase of the time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scale its amplitude to align the target peak of the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with the peak of the shifted and scaled time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, subtract the shifted and scaled time - domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time - domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time - domain representation of the plurality of tones, and repeat the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time - domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

[0288] Aspect 17: A wireless communication device as in any one of Aspects 10 to 13 and 16, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to obtain a predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to perform the following operations: Determine a number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtain a set of marks of a Golomb ruler, the index of the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Construct an initial sequence r, which is equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and Interleave r with D - 1 copies of r to construct a predetermined PRT sequence.

[0289] Aspect 18: A wireless communication device as in any one of Aspects 10 to 13 and 16, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to obtain a predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to perform the following operations: Determine a number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtain a set of marks of a Golomb ruler, the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Construct an initial sequence r based on the set of marks of the Golomb ruler; and Construct a predetermined PRT sequence (PRTseq(i)), where i = {1,..., N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set, based on the following operations:

[0290] For D = 1:

[0291] Determine the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set, rounded up to the nearest positive integer, select a Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent peak reduction tone indices; and Construct PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise;

[0292] For D = 2:

[0293]

[0294] For D = 3:

[0295]

[0296] For D = 4:

[0297] And

[0298] For D = 5:

[0299]

[0300] Aspect 19: A wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, comprising: means for obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence, the predetermined PRT sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; means for mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; means for mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; means for using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and means for transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0301] Aspect 20: The wireless communication device of aspect 19, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

[0302] Aspect 21: The wireless communication device of aspect 19 or 20, wherein the means for obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence further comprises at least one of the following: means for obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from a memory of the wireless communication device, means for obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in a memory of the wireless communication device, or means for constructing a predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in a memory of the wireless communication device.

[0303] Aspect 22: The wireless communication device of any one of aspects 19 to 21, wherein the means for using a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of a time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further comprises: means for shifting a phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, means for subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain a time-domain representation of the plurality of tones, and means for repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

[0304] Aspect 23: An article for use by a wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, the article comprising: a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that can be executed by one or more processors of the wireless communication device to: obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to an allocated resource set including a plurality of tones; map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; and transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones.

[0305] Aspect 24: The article of aspect 23, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

[0306] Aspect 25: The article of aspect 23 or 24, wherein the instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device further comprise instructions for: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence by at least one of: obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from a memory of the wireless communication device, obtaining a predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in a memory of the wireless communication device, or constructing a predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in a memory of the wireless communication device.

[0307] Aspect 26: The article of any one of aspects 23 to 25, wherein the instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device to use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further comprise instructions for: shifting a phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones, subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain a time-domain representation of the plurality of tones, and repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

[0308] Certain aspects of a wireless communication network have been presented with reference to exemplary implementations. As will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art, the various aspects described throughout this disclosure may be extended to other telecommunication systems, network architectures, and communication standards.

[0309] As an example, various aspects can be implemented within other systems defined by 3GPP, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Packet System (EPS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and / or Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). Various aspects can also be extended to systems defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), such as CDMA 2000 and / or Evolution-Data Optimized (EV-DO). Other examples can be implemented within systems employing IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Ultra Wide Band (UWB), Bluetooth, and / or other suitable systems. The actual telecommunications standards, network architectures, and / or communication standards employed will depend on the specific application and the overall design constraints imposed on the system.

[0310] In this disclosure, the term "exemplary" is used to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration". Any implementation or aspect described herein as "exemplary" need not be construed as superior to or better than other aspects of the disclosure. Similarly, the term "aspect" does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage, or mode of operation. The term "coupled" is used herein to refer to a direct or indirect coupling between two objects. For example, if object A physically contacts object B, and object B contacts object C, then objects A and C may still be considered to be coupled to each other—even if they are not in direct physical contact with each other. For instance, a first object can be coupled to a second object even if the first object never directly physically contacts the second object. The terms "circuit" and "circuitry" are used broadly and are intended to include both hardware implementations of electronic devices and conductors and software implementations of information and instructions, which, when connected and configured, enable the performance of the functions described in this disclosure without limitation as to the type of electronic circuit, and which, when executed by a processor, enable the performance of the various functions described in this disclosure.

[0311] Figure 1 to 13 One or more of the components, steps, features, and / or functions illustrated therein can be rearranged and / or combined into a single component, step, feature, or function, or implemented in several components, steps, or functions. Additional elements, components, steps, and / or functions can also be added without departing from the novel features disclosed herein. Figure 1 to 13 The apparatus, devices, and / or components illustrated therein can be configured to perform one or more of the methods, features, or steps described herein. The novel algorithms described herein can also be efficiently implemented in software and / or embedded in hardware.

[0312] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the disclosed methods is an illustration of exemplary processes. Based on design preferences, it will be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in these methods can be rearranged. The appended method claims present the elements of the various steps in a sample order and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented, unless specifically recited herein.

[0313] The foregoing description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein the recitation of a singular element is not intended to mean "one and only one" - unless specifically so stated - but rather "one or more." The term "some / a" refers to one or more unless specifically stated otherwise. A phrase reciting "at least one" of a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including a single member. As an example, "at least one of a, b, or c" is intended to cover: a; b; c; a and b; a and c; b and c; and a, b, and c. Structure A and / or B is intended to cover: A; B; and A and B. As used herein, the word "obtain" can mean, for example, acquire, calculate, construct, derive, determine, receive, and / or retrieve. The foregoing list is exemplary and not restrictive. Elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure are expressly incorporated herein by reference for all structural and functional equivalents known to those of ordinary skill in the art currently or hereafter, and are intended to be covered by the claims. Furthermore, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public, whether or not such disclosure is expressly recited in the claims.

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication in a wireless communication network, the method comprising, at a wireless communication device: Obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to an authorized resource set comprising a plurality of tones; Mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; Mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; Using a time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel at least one peak of the time domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; Transmitting a transmission waveform comprising the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones; And Obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by obtaining a Golomb ruler, the order of the Golomb ruler being a function of the total number of tones in the authorized resource set.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wireless communication device is pre-configured with the predetermined PRT sequence corresponding to the authorized resource set.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the authorized resource set comprises at least one of the following: a set of non-contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non-contiguous subcarriers.

5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by at least one of the following: Obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a memory of the wireless communication device, Obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or Constructing the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein using the time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to cancel the at least one peak of the time domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further Comprises: Shifting the phase of the time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align a target peak of the time domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones; Subtracting the shifted and scaled time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain a time domain representation of the plurality of tones; And Repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by the following operations: Determining a number D corresponding to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the authorized resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtaining a set of marks of the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D multiplied by the number of RBs in the authorized resource set; Construct an initial sequence r, which is equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and Interleave r with D - 1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence.

8. The method according to claim 1, further comprising obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by: Determine the number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtain the set of marks of the Golomb ruler, where the index of the Golomb ruler corresponds to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Construct the sequence r based on the set of marks of the Golomb ruler; and Construct the predetermined PRT sequence (PRTseq(i)), where i = {1,…,N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set, based on the following operations: For D = 1: Determine the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Select the Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent the peak reduction tone indices; and Construct the PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise; For D = 2: For D = 3: For D = 4: and For D = 5:

9. A wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, comprising: A wireless transceiver; A memory; and A processor coupled to the wireless transceiver and the memory, where the processor and the memory are configured to: Obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; Map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; Map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; Use the time domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; Transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones; and Obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by obtaining a Golomb ruler, where the order of the Golomb ruler is a function of the total number of tones in the granted resource set.

10. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, where only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

11. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, where the wireless communication device is pre - configured with the predetermined PRT sequence associated with the granted resource set.

12. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, where the granted resource set includes at least one of the following: a set of non - contiguous resource blocks, or a set of non - contiguous subcarriers.

13. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, wherein the processor and the memory are further configured to obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to perform at least one of the following: Obtain the predetermined PRT sequence from the memory of the wireless communication device, Obtain the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or Construct the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

14. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to use the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of subcarriers to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of subcarriers by being further configured to perform the following operations: Shift the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of subcarriers and scale its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of subcarriers with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of subcarriers; Subtract the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of subcarriers from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of subcarriers to obtain a time-domain representation of the plurality of subcarriers; And Repeat the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of subcarriers are less than a predefined threshold.

15. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to perform the following operations: Determine a number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtain a set of marks of the Golomb ruler, the index of the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Construct an initial sequence r, which is equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and Interleave r with D-1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence.

16. The wireless communication device according to claim 9, wherein the processor and the memory are configured to obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by being further configured to perform the following operations: Determine a number D, which corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtain a set of marks of the Golomb ruler, the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Construct a sequence r based on the set of marks of the Golomb ruler; and Construct the predetermined PRT sequence (PRTseq(i)) based on the following operations, where i = {1,..., N} and N is an integer corresponding to the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource set: For D = 1: Determine the square root x of the total number of subcarriers in the granted resource concentration, and round up to the nearest positive integer; Select the Golomb ruler of order x, where the marks on the Golomb ruler represent peak reduction tone indices; and Construct PRTseq(i) as a sequence of 0s and 1s with a length equal to the total number of subcarriers, where PRTseq(i) is equal to 1 at the peak reduction tone indices and 0 otherwise; For D = 2: For D = 3: For D = 4: and For D = 5:

17. A wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, comprising: means for obtaining a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; means for mapping a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; means for mapping a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; means for using the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; means for transmitting a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones; and means for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by means for obtaining a Golomb ruler, where the order of the Golomb ruler is a function of the total number of tones in the granted resource set.

18. The wireless communication device according to claim 17, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

19. The wireless communication device according to claim 17, wherein the means for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence further comprises at least one of the following: means for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from the memory of the wireless communication device, means for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or means for constructing the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

20. The wireless communication device according to claim 17, wherein the means for using the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further comprises: means for shifting the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align the target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with the peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones; means for subtracting the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones; and means for repeating the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

21. The wireless communication device according to claim 17, wherein the means for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence comprises: means for determining a number D, the number D corresponding to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; means for obtaining a set of marks of the Golomb ruler, the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; means for constructing an initial sequence r, the initial sequence r being equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and means for interleaving r with D-1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence.

22. An article of manufacture for use in a wireless communication device in a wireless communication network, the article of manufacture comprises: a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions that can be executed by one or more processors of the wireless communication device to: obtain a predetermined peak reduction tone (PRT) sequence corresponding to a granted resource set including a plurality of tones; map a data set to a first subset of the plurality of tones outside the predetermined PRT sequence; map a PRT set to a second subset of the plurality of tones within the predetermined PRT sequence; use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones; transmit a transmission waveform including the first subset of the plurality of tones and the second subset of the plurality of tones; and obtain the predetermined PRT sequence by means for obtaining a Golomb ruler, the order of the Golomb ruler being a function of the total number of tones in the granted resource set.

23. The article of manufacture according to claim 22, wherein only the first subset of the plurality of tones is intended to be decoded.

24. The article of manufacture according to claim 22, wherein the instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device further comprise instructions for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence by at least one of: obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from the memory of the wireless communication device, obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence from a table stored in the memory of the wireless communication device, or constructing the predetermined PRT sequence from a plurality of PRT-related functions stored in the memory of the wireless communication device.

25. The article of manufacture according to claim 22, wherein the instructions executable by one or more processors of the wireless communication device to use a time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones to eliminate at least one peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones further comprise instructions for: shifting the phase of the time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones and scaling its amplitude to align a target peak of the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones with a peak of the shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones; Subtract a shifted and scaled time-domain representation of the second subset of the plurality of tones from the time-domain representation of the first subset of the plurality of tones to obtain a time-domain representation of the plurality of tones; And Repeat the shifting, scaling, and subtracting until all peaks of the time-domain representation of the plurality of tones are less than a predefined threshold.

26. The article of claim 22, wherein the instructions for obtaining the predetermined PRT sequence include instructions for: Determining a number D that corresponds to the ratio of the number of resource blocks (RBs) in the granted resource set to 60 RBs, rounded up to the nearest positive integer; Obtaining a set of marks of the Golomb ruler corresponding to 1 / D times the number of RBs in the granted resource set; Constructing an initial sequence r that is equal to the initial PRT sequence corresponding to the Golomb ruler; and Interleaving r with D-1 copies of r to construct the predetermined PRT sequence.

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