A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device and process method

Abstract

The present invention relates to the technical field of laser cladding auxiliary equipment, and in particular to a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device and process method. It includes a laser cladding system, an alternating magnetic field auxiliary system and a control system; the laser cladding system drives the cladding head to achieve multi-degree-of-freedom movement through a six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm to complete the cladding of the workpiece surface; the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system includes a three-arm parallel mechanism, a distance adjustment system, an alternating magnetic field generator and a cladding platform, the workpiece is placed on the cladding platform, and the cladding platform can be raised and lowered; the alternating magnetic field generator is fixedly connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism, the distance adjustment system adjusts the distance of the three-arm parallel mechanism, and the three arms of the three-arm parallel mechanism drive the alternating magnetic field generator to swing in multiple dimensions to achieve multi-dimensional magnetic stirring; the control system is electrically connected to the laser cladding system and the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system. The present invention realizes multi-dimensional efficient contactless stirring of the molten pool, thereby effectively improving the quality of the cladding layer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of laser cladding auxiliary equipment, and in particular to a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device and process method. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of the manufacturing industry, key mechanical parts are often subjected to extremely harsh service conditions, and higher and higher requirements are placed on their service performance. The failure of mechanical parts under extreme conditions often starts from the local surface. In order to improve the service performance of mechanical parts under harsh conditions, it is necessary to strengthen their surface. Laser cladding is an emerging green surface modification technology. The cladding material is added to the surface of the substrate by synchronous powder feeding or pre-set powder feeding. After laser irradiation, the cladding material and the substrate are melted at the same time to form a molten pool. The molten pool solidifies instantly to form a cladding layer with a low dilution rate and metallurgical bonding with the substrate, which significantly improves the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the surface of mechanical parts.

[0003] During cladding, the substrate and powder heat up rapidly, and there is a large temperature gradient between the center and edge of the molten pool. If the molten pool cools and solidifies instantly, the internal shrinkage of the cladding layer will be uneven, residual stress will be generated, and crack defects will be formed. Due to the rapid cooling rate, pores are easily generated during the solidification of the molten pool. It is difficult to discharge the gas in the molten pool by relying solely on the flow of the molten pool itself. The pores retained in the cladding layer after cooling and solidification will seriously affect the quality of the cladding layer. Cracks, pores, inclusions and component segregation in the cladding layer will lead to a decrease in the comprehensive mechanical properties of the cladding layer, seriously affecting the strengthening effect of parts. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have found that the introduction of an auxiliary magnetic field in laser additive manufacturing can promote the fluidity of the molten pool, effectively refine grains, discharge pores, reduce inclusions, reduce the probability of organizational segregation, and effectively improve the quality of the cladding layer.

[0004] However, existing laser cladding magnetic field auxiliary devices are all based on the electromagnetic field formed by constant current, and the magnetic force direction is fixed. Although it can have a certain electromagnetic effect on the molten pool, it cannot realize the flexible spatial movement of the magnetic pole, has poor adjustability, and cannot achieve multi-dimensional stirring effect. Especially for steel metallurgical descaling rollers, they are subjected to high-pressure water erosion for a long time in service, dynamic impact and strong wear in the descaling process, high temperature and high-pressure water erosion, and often suffer from wear and corrosion failure, which affects the continuous production of steel rolling. The surface of the descaling roller needs to be strengthened and repaired.

[0005] Cladding WC powder is an effective method, but the multi-interface action mechanism in the process of cladding WC powder is extremely complex, and it is easy to form defects such as slag inclusions, pores, cracks, etc., with a high scrap rate. By applying the multi-dimensional stirring effect of the alternating magnetic field, the welding structure can be effectively refined, bubbles can be discharged, the probability of microscopic defects can be reduced, and the cladding quality can be improved.

[0006] At present, there is no equipment that uses electromagnetic field multi-dimensional stirring to assist laser cladding, and this field is still blank. CN107675162A discloses "an electric and magnetic composite field laser cladding auxiliary device and method", which integrates the clamping component and the electric field generating component, but the magnetic field is generated by a permanent magnet, and the direction and intensity of the magnetic field cannot be changed. It can only provide a unidirectional magnetic force auxiliary effect, and cannot achieve multi-dimensional magnetic field assisted stirring. CN 110904449 A discloses "a rotating magnetic field assisted laser cladding device with permanent magnet magnetization", which realizes the coaxial assembly of the rotating magnetic field and the cladding head, but its device is complex and requires a large load-bearing mechanical arm to support it, and its economy is poor. The magnetic field auxiliary system fixed on the laser head is composed of a permanent magnet, the direction of the magnetic field line is fixed, and the direction of the Lorentz force generated on the molten pool is solidified. Although the direction of the Lorentz force is changed circumferentially by rotation, it has a certain influence on the molten pool, but the stirring effect is limited. In addition, the permanent magnet set depends on mechanical rotation, the speed of changing the direction of the magnetic force is relatively slow, and the inertia of the mechanical structure during rotation is large, and the direction of action is single, and it is impossible to achieve efficient multi-dimensional stirring effect. At the same time, installing a magnetic field auxiliary system on the laser cladding head will affect the powder feeding effect of the cladding head due to motor vibration, reduce cladding, and have poor operability in practice. Summary of the invention

[0007] In order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention provides a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device and process method, which realizes multi-dimensional efficient contactless stirring of the molten pool, thereby effectively improving the quality of the cladding layer.

[0008] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0009] A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device and process method, comprising a laser cladding system, an alternating magnetic field auxiliary system and a control system; the laser cladding system drives a cladding head to achieve multi-degree-of-freedom movement through a six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm to complete cladding on the surface of a workpiece; the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system comprises a three-arm parallel mechanism, a pitch adjustment system, an alternating magnetic field generator and a cladding platform, the workpiece is placed on the cladding platform, and the cladding platform can be raised and lowered; the alternating magnetic field generator is fixedly connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism, the pitch adjustment system adjusts the spacing of the three-arm parallel mechanism, and the three arms of the three-arm parallel mechanism drive the alternating magnetic field generator to swing in multiple dimensions to achieve multi-dimensional magnetic stirring; information transmission between the laser cladding system and the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system is achieved through the control system.

[0010] Furthermore, the laser cladding system includes a robotic arm, a laser head assembly, a laser, a powder feeder, an optical fiber, a cladding head, an argon tank and a delivery pipe; the laser head assembly and the cladding head are fixedly connected to the front end of the robotic arm, the powder feeder feeds the cladding material powder into the front end of the cladding head, the argon gas is transported from the argon tank to the front end of the cladding head through the delivery pipe, and the light beam generated by the laser is transported to the front end of the cladding head via the optical fiber.

[0011] Furthermore, the robotic arm includes a fixed base, an upper arm and a lower arm, the upper arm and the fixed base form a revolving pair through a bearing, the lower arm and the upper arm form a revolving pair through a bearing, and the laser head assembly and the cladding head are hinged at the front end of the lower arm.

[0012] Furthermore, the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system includes a three-arm parallel mechanism, a pitch adjustment system, an alternating magnetic field generator, a cladding platform and a hydraulic lifting mechanism; the pitch adjustment system adopts a screw transmission system, the three-arm parallel mechanism is installed on a horizontal moving slide, the screw transmission system is connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism, and drives the three-arm parallel mechanism to move along the horizontal moving slide, and the alternating magnetic field generator is installed on the three-arm parallel mechanism; the cladding platform is connected to the hydraulic lifting mechanism, and the hydraulic lifting mechanism drives the cladding platform to rise and fall.

[0013] Furthermore, the three-arm parallel mechanism includes a first drive motor, a second drive motor, a motor seat, a base, an active J-shaped arm, a driven U-shaped arm, an active U-shaped arm, an alternating magnetic field generator and an alternating magnetic field generator frame; the alternating magnetic field generator is fixedly connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame, the motor seat is installed on the base, and the drive motor is fixedly connected to the motor seat; the first drive motor is connected to the active J-shaped arm, the active J-shaped arm is connected to the driven U-shaped arm, the driven U-shaped arm is connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame, the alternating magnetic field generator frame is connected to the active U-shaped arm, and the active U-shaped arm is connected to the second drive motor.

[0014] Furthermore, the alternating magnetic field generator is composed of an iron core and a winding coil, and is installed in the center of the three-arm parallel mechanism, with two groups in total; after the alternating current is turned on, a constantly changing alternating magnetic field is formed in the middle of the two iron cores, and non-contact magnetic stirring of the molten pool is achieved during laser cladding.

[0015] Furthermore, the hydraulic lifting mechanism is a double-cylinder parallel hydraulic cylinder, and the cladding platform is fixedly connected to the top of the hydraulic cylinder; the hydraulic cylinder is connected to the PLC controller of the control system for control.

[0016] Furthermore, the screw transmission system includes a screw transmission motor, a screw and a nut. The two alternating magnetic field generators are respectively installed on two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms. The two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms are respectively fixed on two nuts. The nuts are screwed with the screw threads. The screw transmission motor drives the screw to rotate, thereby adjusting the distance between the two alternating magnetic field generators.

[0017] Furthermore, the screw drive motor is connected to a PLC controller of the control system for control.

[0018] A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring-assisted laser cladding process realizes multi-degree-of-freedom movement of the laser cladding head through a six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm to complete the cladding work on the workpiece surface.

[0019] A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field is applied during cladding, and the alternating magnetic field generator is swung at multiple angles through a three-arm parallel mechanism to achieve multi-dimensional magnetic stirring of the molten pool fluid, thereby refining the cladding structure grains and expelling bubbles from the molten pool.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] 1. The alternating magnetic field of the present invention is assisted by a pitch adjustment system and a hydraulic lifting mechanism. The pitch adjustment system adopts a lead screw transmission system. The three-arm parallel mechanism is installed on a horizontal moving slideway. The lead screw transmission system is connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism and drives the three-arm parallel mechanism to move along the horizontal moving slideway. The alternating magnetic field generator is installed on the three-arm parallel mechanism. The cladding platform is connected to the hydraulic lifting mechanism, and the hydraulic lifting mechanism drives the cladding platform to rise and fall. The lead screw transmission motor is connected to the PLC controller of the control system for control, and the hydraulic cylinder is connected to the PLC controller of the control system for control.

[0022] The control system can be used to change the distance between the alternating magnetic field generator and the workpiece in real time, change the height between the laser cladding head and the workpiece during the cladding process, and make dynamic adjustments during the cladding of workpieces with irregular surfaces.

[0023] 2. The present invention uses a mechanical arm to drive the cladding head for cladding. The mechanical arm can achieve six-degree-of-freedom movement and provide multi-angle cladding.

[0024] 3. The present invention combines a three-arm parallel mechanism with an alternating electromagnet, and the magnetic field can be stirred in multiple dimensions during cladding, thereby better refining the microstructure grains, changing the morphology of the cladding layer, and enhancing the friction and wear performance of the cladding layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the laser cladding system of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system of the present invention from another angle;

[0029] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the initial position of the three-arm parallel mechanism of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the three-arm parallel mechanism of the present invention during cladding;

[0031] Figure 7It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the moving arm of the three-arm parallel mechanism of the present invention.

[0032] In the figure: 1-control cabinet, 2-small arm, 3-laser head assembly, 4-front end of cladding head, 5-cladding platform, 6-alternating magnetic field generator, 7-wire lever transmission system, 8-bottom plate, 9-screw drive motor, 10-big arm, 11-fixed base, 12-hydraulic lifting mechanism, 13-cladding part, 14-motor seat, 15-active J-arm, 16-driven U-arm, 17-alternating magnetic field generator fixing frame, 18-second drive motor, 19-active U-arm, 20-base, 21-bearing, 22-horizontal moving slide, 23-first drive motor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The specific embodiments of the present invention are further described below, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention:

[0034] like Figure 1 As shown, a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device includes a laser cladding system, an alternating magnetic field auxiliary system and a control system.

[0035] like Figure 2 As shown, the laser cladding system includes a robot arm, a laser head assembly 3, a laser, a powder feeder, an optical fiber, a cladding head, an argon tank and a delivery pipe. The robot arm includes a fixed base 11, a large arm 10 and a small arm 2. The fixed base 11 can rotate around its own axis. The large arm 10 is hinged on the fixed base 11, and the small arm 2 is hinged on the large arm 10. The laser head assembly 3 and the cladding head are fixed to the front end of the small arm 2. The robot arm has six degrees of freedom and can drive the laser head assembly 3 to achieve multi-dimensional motion in space. In conjunction with the cladding system, it can produce a complete three-dimensional cladding space.

[0036] The cladding system consists of a laser head assembly 3, a cladding head front end 4 and a powder feeding device. The powder feeder feeds the cladding material powder into the cladding head front end 4, and argon gas is transported from the argon tank to the cladding head front end 4 through a delivery pipe. The light beam generated by the laser is transported to the cladding head front end 4 through an optical fiber. After laser irradiation, the cladding powder material and the surface layer of the mechanical parts are melted at the same time to form a tiny molten pool. The molten pool cools rapidly to form a cladding layer with a low dilution rate and metallurgical bonding with the substrate, thereby improving the surface hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the workpiece. The argon gas delivered in real time acts as a protective gas to prevent oxidation of the cladding material and effectively suppress the occurrence of molten pool splashing.

[0037] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 As shown, the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system includes a three-arm parallel mechanism, a screw transmission system 7, an alternating magnetic field generator 6, a cladding platform 5, a hydraulic lifting mechanism 12 and a base plate 8.

[0038] The screw drive system includes a screw drive motor 9, a screw and a nut. The screw drive motor 9 is fixedly connected to the base plate 8. The nut is installed on the base plate 8 through a bearing 21. A horizontal moving slideway 22 is provided on the upper surface of the base plate 8. Two alternating magnetic field generators 6 are respectively installed on two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms. The two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms are respectively fixed on two nuts. The nuts are screwed with the screw threads. The screw drive motor 9 drives the screw to rotate, drives the three-arm parallel mechanism to move along the horizontal moving slideway 22, and then adjusts the distance between the two alternating magnetic field generators 6.

[0039] The hydraulic lifting mechanism 12 is a double-cylinder hydraulic cylinder connected in parallel, and the cladding platform 5 is fixedly connected to the top end 5 of the hydraulic cylinder. The hydraulic cylinder is extended and retracted to drive the cladding platform 5 to rise and fall.

[0040] like Figure 5 , Figure 6 , Figure 7 As shown, the three-arm parallel mechanism includes a first drive motor 23, a second drive motor 18, a motor seat 14, a base 20, an active J-shaped arm 15, a driven U-shaped arm 16, an active U-shaped arm 19, an alternating magnetic field generator 6 and an alternating magnetic field generator frame 17. The alternating magnetic field generator 6 is fixedly connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17, the motor seat 14 is mounted on the base 20, and the drive motor is mounted on the motor seat 14. The first drive motor 23 is connected to the active J-shaped arm 15, the active J-shaped arm 15 is connected to the driven U-shaped arm 16, the driven U-shaped arm 16 is connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17, the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17 is connected to the active U-shaped arm 19, and the active U-shaped arm 19 is connected to the second drive motor 18.

[0041] The rotation of the active J-arm 15 drives the driven U-arm 16 to achieve the pitching movement of the driven U-arm 16. The driven U-arm 16 is connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17 to drive it to achieve horizontal rotation. The active U-arm 19 is directly connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17 to enable it to achieve vertical transmission. The kinematic pairs of the three arms are combined to achieve multi-dimensional rotation within a 120° cone range. In order to enable the alternating magnetic field generator frame 17 to bear the electromagnetic auxiliary mechanism with greater gravity, a lightweight design is carried out to improve its bearing capacity, reduce friction between components, and extend the service life.

[0042] The control system includes a PLC controller and a control cabinet 1, and the PLC controller is installed in the control cabinet 1. The PLC controller is connected to the mechanical arm for control and controls the mechanical arm; the PLC controller is electrically connected to the hydraulic cylinder and controls the hydraulic cylinder; the PLC controller is electrically connected to the first drive motor 23 and the second drive motor 18 and controls the first drive motor 23 and the second drive motor 18; the PLC controller is connected to the screw drive motor 9 for control and controls the screw drive motor 9.

[0043] A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding process method, in which a cladding head is driven by a mechanical arm to perform cladding. The mechanical arm can achieve six degrees of freedom movement and provide multi-angle cladding.

[0044] During cladding, a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring effect is applied to the molten pool, and the alternating magnetic field core is driven by a three-arm parallel mechanism to achieve multi-dimensional swing, so as to achieve multi-dimensional stirring of the molten metal fluid in the molten pool; during cladding, the distance between the two alternating electromagnets can be changed in real time, the magnetic induction intensity can be changed, and the appropriate magnetic induction intensity can be selected for laser cladding; the Marangoni convection in the molten pool is affected, the heat transfer and mass transfer in the cladding process are improved, and the performance and quality of the cladding layer are improved. The grains in the cladding layer are refined, cracks are greatly reduced, impurities in the molten pool are facilitated to float and bubbles are discharged, the surface roughness of the cladding layer is reduced, the quality of the cladding layer is improved, and the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance of the surface of the parts are enhanced.

[0045] The above is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any technician familiar with the technical field is within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention. In particular, all kinds of magnetic stirring equipment in the preparation process of WC strengthening layer of steel metallurgical descaling roller products are within the protection scope of the present invention. Equivalent replacement or change according to the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention should be covered within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device, characterized in that: It includes a laser cladding system, an alternating magnetic field auxiliary system and a control system; the laser cladding system drives the cladding head to realize multi-degree-of-freedom movement through a six-degree-of-freedom mechanical arm to complete the cladding of the workpiece surface; the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system includes a three-arm parallel mechanism, a distance adjustment system, an alternating magnetic field generator and a cladding platform, the workpiece is placed on the cladding platform, and the cladding platform can be raised and lowered; the alternating magnetic field generator is fixedly connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism, the distance adjustment system adjusts the distance of the three-arm parallel mechanism, and the three arms of the three-arm parallel mechanism drive the alternating magnetic field generator to swing in multiple dimensions to realize multi-dimensional magnetic stirring; the control system realizes information transmission between the laser cladding system and the alternating magnetic field auxiliary system; The laser cladding system comprises a mechanical arm, a laser head assembly, a laser, a powder feeder, an optical fiber, a cladding head, an argon tank and a delivery pipe; the laser head assembly and the cladding head are fixedly connected to the front end of the mechanical arm, the powder feeder delivers the cladding material powder into the front end of the cladding head, the argon gas is delivered from the argon tank to the front end of the cladding head through the delivery pipe, and the light beam generated by the laser is delivered to the front end of the cladding head through the optical fiber; The mechanical arm comprises a fixed base, a large arm and a small arm, the large arm and the fixed base form a revolving pair through a bearing, the small arm and the large arm form a revolving pair through a bearing, and the laser head assembly and the cladding head are hinged at the front end of the small arm; The alternating magnetic field auxiliary system includes a three-arm parallel mechanism, a pitch adjustment system, an alternating magnetic field generator, a cladding platform and a hydraulic lifting mechanism; the pitch adjustment system adopts a screw transmission system, the three-arm parallel mechanism is installed on a horizontal moving slideway, the screw transmission system is connected to the three-arm parallel mechanism, and drives the three-arm parallel mechanism to move along the horizontal moving slideway, and the alternating magnetic field generator is installed on the three-arm parallel mechanism; the cladding platform is connected to the hydraulic lifting mechanism, and the hydraulic lifting mechanism drives the cladding platform to rise and fall; The three-arm parallel mechanism comprises a first drive motor, a second drive motor, a motor seat, a base, an active J-shaped arm, a driven U-shaped arm, an active U-shaped arm, an alternating magnetic field generator and an alternating magnetic field generator frame; the alternating magnetic field generator is fixedly connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame, the motor seat is installed on the base, and the drive motor is fixedly connected to the motor seat; the first drive motor is connected to the active J-shaped arm, the active J-shaped arm is connected to the driven U-shaped arm, the driven U-shaped arm is connected to the alternating magnetic field generator frame, the alternating magnetic field generator frame is connected to the active U-shaped arm, and the active U-shaped arm is connected to the second drive motor.

2. According to claim 1, a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device is characterized by: The alternating magnetic field generator consists of an iron core and a winding coil, and is installed in the center of the three-arm parallel mechanism, with two groups in total. After the alternating current is turned on, a constantly changing alternating magnetic field is formed in the middle of the two iron cores, and non-contact magnetic stirring of the molten pool is achieved during laser cladding.

3. According to claim 1, a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device is characterized by: The hydraulic lifting mechanism is a double-cylinder parallel hydraulic cylinder, and the cladding platform is fixedly connected to the top of the hydraulic cylinder; the hydraulic cylinder is electrically connected to the PLC controller of the control system.

4. According to claim 1, a multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device is characterized by: The screw transmission system includes a screw transmission motor, a screw and a nut. Two alternating magnetic field generators are respectively installed on two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms. The two sets of three-arm parallel mechanisms are respectively fixed on two nuts. The nuts are screwed with the screw threads. The screw transmission motor drives the screw to rotate, thereby adjusting the distance between the two alternating magnetic field generators.

5. The multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The screw drive motor and the PLC controller of the control system are interconnected for control.

6. A process method based on the multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field stirring assisted laser cladding intelligent device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The six-degree-of-freedom robotic arm enables the laser cladding head to move in multiple degrees of freedom to complete the cladding work on the workpiece surface. A multi-dimensional alternating magnetic field is applied during cladding, and the alternating magnetic field generator is controlled at multiple angles through a three-arm parallel mechanism to achieve multi-dimensional magnetic stirring of the molten pool fluid, thereby refining the cladding structure grains, expelling impurities and bubbles in the molten pool, improving the quality of the cladding layer, and enhancing the wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and oxidation resistance of the component surface.

Images