A device and method for testing thermal remediation of contaminated soil

Abstract

The present application relates to a kind of contaminated soil thermal remediation test device, including base and fixedly installed mounting frame on base, the top of the mounting frame is equipped with thermal remediation component, the end of the thermal remediation component close to base is equipped with heat dissipation component, the thermal remediation component is equipped with detection component, the thermal remediation component includes welding in the top of mounting frame outer furnace body, the bottom wall of the outer furnace body is welded with vertical support pipe column that passes through the bottom wall of outer furnace body, the top of the support pipe column is fixedly installed with inner furnace body, the end of the support pipe column close to inner furnace body is equipped with high-temperature-resistant valve, the top of the inner furnace body is equipped with material pipe that extends to the top of outer furnace body.The contaminated soil thermal remediation test device and method, at least 10KG of soil can be experimented in one time, greatly improve the representativeness of contaminated soil, improve the precision of experiment, in addition, equipment integration, greatly simplify the operation steps, so that experiment is more convenient, fast.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of contaminated soil remediation technology, in particular to a contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device and method. BACKGROUND

[0002] The thermal remediation technology is to make the pollutants in the soil volatilize and separate from the soil by heating, and has good remediation effect on the soil contaminated by organic matter and heavy metal mercury, and is more likely to meet the requirements of short remediation period, fast elimination of heavy pollution sources and the like, and is the preferred technology for soil remediation of coking, pesticide and chemical heavy pollution sites.

[0003] The remediation effect of various thermal remediation technologies basically depends on the heat treatment temperature and treatment time, and different thermal remediation technologies need to carry out laboratory tests to accurately determine the two core parameters when disposing of different contaminated soils, so as to scientifically guide the engineering implementation of the thermal remediation technology, otherwise the phenomenon of over-repairing with high cost or substandard repair may occur.

[0004] The patent No. 201210340236.0 discloses a soil thermal desorption rotary furnace testing system and testing method, wherein the testing system comprises a carrier gas device, a rotary thermal desorption testing device and a tail gas treatment device, the carrier gas device comprises a nitrogen cylinder, a washing gas cylinder and an activated carbon adsorber. The design parameters such as air pressure, heating speed, furnace tube rotating speed, heating temperature and residence time of the thermal remediation technology can be obtained, which provides scientific guidance and technical support for actual application.

[0005] However, the following problems exist: (1) the amount of soil used for one test is 50g, and the representativeness of the contaminated soil is limited; (2) the equipment is long and the operation is troublesome. SUMMARY

[0006] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present application provides a contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device and method, which has the advantages of large experimental amount and simple operation.

[0007] In order to achieve the above-mentioned experimental quantity, simple operation, the present application provides the following technical solutions: a contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device, including base and fixedly installed on the base mounting bracket, the mounting bracket top is equipped with thermal remediation assembly, the thermal remediation assembly is close to the one end of base and is equipped with heat dissipation assembly, the thermal remediation assembly is equipped with detection assembly, the thermal remediation assembly includes the outer furnace body welded on the top of mounting bracket, the outer furnace body bottom wall is welded with the support pipe column vertically through the outer furnace body bottom wall, the support pipe column top is fixedly installed with inner furnace body, the support pipe column is close to the one end of inner furnace body and is equipped with high temperature resistant valve, the top of inner furnace body is equipped with the feed pipe extending to the top of outer furnace body, the both sides of outer furnace body are fixedly installed with the gas distribution pipe extending to the inside of outer furnace body, the opposite side of two gas distribution pipes is fixedly installed with fire spraying frame, the both sides of fire spraying frame are fixedly installed with vice frame, the side close to inner furnace body of fire spraying frame and vice frame is evenly installed with a plurality of fire spraying nozzles, the heat dissipation assembly includes the cooling box welded on the bottom end of support pipe column, the side of cooling box is equipped with filter screen, the other side of cooling box is equipped with gas distribution disc, the side of gas distribution disc is fixedly installed with the air injection pipe extending to the inside of cooling box, the other side of gas distribution disc is fixedly installed with air conveying pipe, the base is equipped with the air cooler connected with air conveying pipe, the bottom end of cooling box is fixedly installed with discharge pipe.

[0008] Further, the outer furnace body is a regular octahedron, the inner wall of the outer furnace body is provided with a temperature insulation layer and a high-temperature resistant layer, the inner furnace body is a copper sphere, and the top wall and the bottom wall of the inner furnace body are both provided with a pipe opening.

[0009] Further, the fire spraying frame and the vice frame are arc-shaped frames, the central angle of the fire spraying frame is 160°, the central angle of the vice frame is 80°, the welding point of the vice frame and the fire spraying frame is located in the middle of the fire spraying frame, the fire spraying frame and the vice frame are perpendicular to each other, and the other side of the fire spraying frame is welded with a stable frame fixedly connected with the inner wall of the outer furnace body.

[0010] Further, the top end of the feed pipe is fixedly installed with a feed hopper, the surface of the feed pipe and located at the top of the outer furnace body is provided with an initial gate, one side of the feed pipe and located below the initial gate is fixedly installed with an exhaust pipe, and the other end of the exhaust pipe is connected with a condensation and purification device.

[0011] Further, the bottom of the cooling box is conical, the gas distribution disc is a rectangular plate box, the air injection pipe is provided with a plurality of air injection pipes, the plurality of air injection pipes are distributed on one side of the gas distribution disc in a matrix form, and the inside of the cooling box is provided with a buffer frame.

[0012] Further, the buffer frame includes a main shaft located at the center of the cooling box, a plurality of buffer rods welded on the side of the main shaft, the buffer rods are inclined outward and downward from the center, and the other end of the buffer rod is welded with a hanging rod fixedly connected with the inner top wall of the cooling box.

[0013] Further, the detection assembly comprises an organic matter detector fixedly installed outside the outer furnace body, one side of the organic matter detector is fixedly installed with a first detection probe extending into the inside of the feeding hopper, the other side of the organic matter detector is fixedly installed with a second detection probe extending into the inside of the discharging pipe, and an intercepting valve is arranged on the surface of the discharging pipe and below the second detection probe.

[0014] Another technical problem to be solved by the present application is to provide a contaminated soil thermal remediation test method, comprising the following steps:

[0015] 1) determining the target pollutants and content of the contaminated soil, the remediation target value, the boiling point of the pollutants and the soil water content, and other parameters, and determining whether the soil is suitable for thermal remediation;

[0016] 2) placing the soil suitable for thermal remediation into the feeding hopper, detecting the organic waste in the soil before remediation by the first detection probe, then opening the initial gate to allow the soil to enter the inner furnace body through the feeding pipe, and then closing the initial gate;

[0017] 3) igniting the flame nozzle to heat the inner furnace body, and gradually heating the soil, so that the organic waste in the soil is gradually volatilized into a gaseous state and separated from the soil, and the gaseous material gradually rises from the feeding pipe and enters the exhaust pipe;

[0018] 4) after the soil is completely dried, the fire source is turned off, then the high-temperature resistant valve is opened, and the soil continues to fall into the cooling box, and the soil falling speed is slowed down by the buffer frame;

[0019] 5) before opening the high-temperature resistant valve, the cooling fan is started, and the cooling fan divides a stream of cold air into several streams of thin air by the air distribution disc and the air jet pipe, so that the cold air is blown transversely through the cooling box, and the soil is rapidly cooled and cooled when passing through the cooling box;

[0020] 6) then the second detection probe detects the organic matter of the cooled soil, and then the intercepting valve is opened to discharge the soil;

[0021] 7) the exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe enters the condensing equipment, and then a series of treatments such as incineration are carried out, and finally the exhaust gas is discharged after reaching the standard;

[0022] 8) sample detection and data analysis: detecting the pollutants of the soil samples of different test groups before and after thermal treatment, calculating the removal rate of the pollutants, comparing the remediation target value, judging the remediation yield based on the remediation target value, and determining whether the tested thermal treatment temperature and residence time can remediate the contaminated soil to be less than the remediation target value, and if the tail gas detection is involved, determining the composition and content of the tail gas.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the present application provides a contaminated soil thermal remediation test device and method, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0024] The contaminated soil thermal remediation test device and method can experiment on at least 10 kg of soil at one time, greatly improves the representativeness of the contaminated soil, improves the accuracy of the experiment, in addition, the device is integrated, greatly simplifies the operation steps, makes the experiment more convenient and fast, secondly, when the soil is heated, the soil can be rapidly cooled and cooled through the air cooler, the gas distribution disc and the air injection pipe, thereby accelerating the detection speed after soil remediation, and avoiding scalding of the operator, and improving the safety of operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 It is a cross-sectional view of the present application.

[0026] Figure 2 It is a schematic view of the fire spraying frame of the present application.

[0027] Figure 3 It is a top view of the slow resistance frame of the present application.

[0028] In the figure: 1 base, 2 mounting frame, 3 outer furnace body, 4 support pipe column, 5 inner furnace body, 6 high-temperature resistant valve, 7 feeding pipe, 8 feeding hopper, 9 initial gate, 10 exhaust pipe, 11 gas distribution pipe, 12 fire spraying frame, 121 stable frame, 13 auxiliary frame, 14 fire spraying nozzle, 15 cooling box, 16 filter screen, 17 gas distribution disc, 18 air injection pipe, 19 gas conveying pipe, 20 air cooler, 21 slow resistance frame, 211 main shaft, 212 slow resistance rod, 213 boom, 22 discharging pipe, 23 intercepting valve, 24 organic matter detector, 25 first detection probe, 26 second detection probe. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present application, not all. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the scope of protection of the present application.

[0030] Please refer to Figure 1 A contaminated soil thermal remediation test device, comprising a base 1 and a mounting frame 2 fixedly installed on the base 1, the mounting frame 2 being provided with a thermal remediation assembly at the top end, the thermal remediation assembly being provided with a heat dissipation assembly at one end close to the base 1, and the thermal remediation assembly being provided with a detection assembly.

[0031] The hot repair assembly comprises an outer furnace body 3 welded on the top of the mounting frame 2, a support column 4 vertically penetrating the bottom wall of the outer furnace body 3 is welded on the bottom wall of the outer furnace body 3, an inner furnace body 5 is fixedly installed on the top end of the support column 4, a high-temperature-resistant valve 6 is arranged on the side of the support column 4 close to the inner furnace body 5, a feeding pipe 7 extending to the top of the outer furnace body 3 is arranged on the top end of the inner furnace body 5, two gas distribution pipes 11 extending to the inside of the outer furnace body 3 are fixedly installed on the two sides of the outer furnace body 3, a flame spraying frame 12 is fixedly installed on the opposite side of each of the two gas distribution pipes 11, a sub frame 13 is fixedly installed on the two sides of the flame spraying frame 12, and a plurality of flame spraying nozzles 14 are uniformly arranged on the side of the flame spraying frame 12 and the sub frame 13 close to the inner furnace body 5.

[0032] The outer furnace body 3 is a regular octahedron, and a temperature insulation layer and a high-temperature-resistant layer are arranged on the inner wall of the outer furnace body 3 to reduce the temperature of the external environment as much as possible and avoid burns. The inner furnace body 5 is a copper sphere, and copper has good heat conduction, which can accelerate the heating of the soil in the inner furnace body 5.

[0033] Secondly, the top wall and the bottom wall of the inner furnace body 5 are both provided with pipe openings for connecting the feeding pipe 7 and the support column 4.

[0034] Please refer to Figure 2 It should be noted that the flame spraying frame 12 and the sub frame 13 are arc-shaped frames, specifically, the central angle of the flame spraying frame 12 is 160°, the central angle of the sub frame 13 is 80°, the welding point of the sub frame 13 and the flame spraying frame 12 is located in the middle of the flame spraying frame 12, the flame spraying frame 12 and the sub frame 13 are perpendicular to each other, and the other side of the flame spraying frame 12 is welded with a stable frame 121 fixedly connected with the inner wall of the outer furnace body 3.

[0035] In this way, the distance between the flame spraying frame 12 and the sub frame 13 and the inner furnace body 5 is kept consistent, so that the flame spraying nozzles 14 can uniformly heat the inner furnace body 5.

[0036] Please refer to Figure 1 A feeding hopper 8 is fixedly installed on the top end of the feeding pipe 7, and an initial gate 9 is arranged on the surface of the feeding pipe 7 and located at the top of the outer furnace body 3 to intercept the soil, and an exhaust pipe 10 is fixedly installed on one side of the feeding pipe 7 and located below the initial gate 9, and the other end of the exhaust pipe 10 is connected with a condensation and purification device to collect and purify the exhaust gas.

[0037] It is worth mentioning that in order to improve the efficiency of exhaust gas collection, an air suction pump can be additionally arranged between the exhaust pipe 10 and the condensation and purification device.

[0038] Please refer to Figure 1 or Figure 3The heat dissipation assembly comprises a cooling box 15 welded at the bottom end of the support column 4, and a filter screen 16 is arranged on one side of the cooling box 15 for heat dissipation and dust filtration. A gas distribution disc 17 is arranged on the other side of the cooling box 15, and a plurality of jet pipes 18 extending into the cooling box 15 are fixedly installed on one side of the gas distribution disc 17. A gas conveying pipe 19 is fixedly installed on the other side of the gas distribution disc 17, and a cooling fan 20 connected with the gas conveying pipe 19 is arranged on the base 1. An outlet pipe 22 is fixedly installed at the bottom end of the cooling box 15.

[0039] The gas distribution disc 17 is a rectangular plate box, and the jet pipes 18 are arranged in a matrix form on one side of the gas distribution disc 17, so that the soil can be quickly cooled and heat-dissipated.

[0040] Secondly, the bottom of the cooling box 15 is conical, and a buffer rack 21 is arranged in the cooling box 15 for slowing down the falling speed of the soil and dispersing the soil, so that the heat of the soil can be quickly dissipated.

[0041] Please refer to Figure 3 The buffer rack 21 comprises a main shaft 211 located at the center of the cooling box 15, and a plurality of buffer rods 212 are welded on the side of the main shaft 211 and inclined downward from the center to the outside. The other end of each buffer rod 212 is welded with a hanger rod 213 fixedly connected with the top wall of the cooling box 15. The buffer rods 212 are staggered to disperse the soil as much as possible.

[0042] Please refer to Figure 1 The detection assembly comprises an organic matter detector 24 fixedly installed on the outer side of the outer furnace body 3 for analyzing the organic matter. A first detection probe 25 extending into the inside of the feeding hopper 8 is fixedly installed on one side of the organic matter detector 24, and a second detection probe 26 extending into the inside of the outlet pipe 22 is fixedly installed on the other side of the organic matter detector 24. An intercepting valve 23 is arranged on the surface of the outlet pipe 22 below the second detection probe 26. The first detection probe 25 and the second detection probe 26 are respectively used to detect the state of the soil before and after the remediation.

[0043] A contaminated soil thermal remediation test method, comprising the following steps:

[0044] 1. Determine the target pollutants and content of the contaminated soil, the remediation target value, the melting and boiling points of the pollutants, and the soil water content, and determine whether the soil is suitable for thermal treatment technology remediation;

[0045] 2. Put the soil suitable for thermal treatment technology remediation into the feeding hopper 8, and detect the organic waste of the soil before remediation by the first detection probe 25. Then open the initial gate 9 to let the soil enter the inside of the inner furnace body 5 through the feeding pipe 7, and then close the initial gate 9.

[0046] 3, let the torch 14 ignition, to the inner furnace body 5 warming, and gradually let the soil heated, so that the soil gradually volatilized into gas and separated from the soil, gas from the feed pipe 7 gradually rising until into the exhaust pipe 10;

[0047] 4, when the soil is completely dry, turn off the heat source, then open the high temperature valve 6, the soil continues to fall into the cooling box 15, by the buffer 21 as a buffer, slow down the falling speed of the soil;

[0048] 5, before opening the high temperature valve 6, start the cooling fan 20, and then by the gas distribution disc 17 and the air jet pipe 18, a cold wind is divided into several thin winds, which blow through the cooling box 15 horizontally, when the soil passes through the cooling box 15, the soil can be quickly cooled and cooled;

[0049] 6, then the second detection probe 26 detects the organic matter of the cooled soil, and then opens the intercept valve 23 to release the soil;

[0050] 7, the exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe 10 enters the condensing equipment, and then is incinerated and a series of treatments, and finally is discharged after reaching the standard;

[0051] 8, sample detection and data analysis: detect the pollutants of the soil samples of different test groups before and after heat treatment, calculate the removal rate of pollutants, compare the repair target value, judge the repair yield based on the test, and test whether the heat treatment temperature and residence time can repair the contaminated soil to less than the repair target value. If tail gas detection is involved, judge the composition and content of the tail gas.

[0052] In use, the present embodiment can experiment on at least 10 kg of soil at a time, greatly improving the representativeness of the contaminated soil and the accuracy of the experiment. In addition, the equipment is integrated, greatly simplifying the operation steps, making the experiment more convenient and fast. Secondly, when the soil is heated, the cooling fan, gas distribution disc and air jet pipe can quickly cool and cool the soil, thereby speeding up the detection speed of the repaired soil, and also avoiding the scalding of the staff, improving the safety of the operation.

[0053] The electrical components appearing in the text are electrically connected with the main controller and the power supply. The main controller can be a conventional known device such as a computer, and the existing disclosed power connection technology is not described in detail.

[0054] It is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting; it is not intended to exclude myriad other embodiments of the present application that other inventors can develop based on the same general inventive concepts embodied by the described embodiments. That is, although the present application is described in terms of particular embodiments and implementations, it is to be understood that the terminology used is for the purpose of descriptive clarity and that it is intended to be limited only by the words recited in the appended claims. The scope of the present application shall be limited only by the claims.

[0055] While the embodiments of the application have been shown and described herein, it is to be understood that the application is not limited to these embodiments. Rather, numerous modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application as delineated by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A contaminated soil thermal remediation test device, comprising a base (1) and a mounting frame (2) fixedly mounted on the base (1), characterized in that: A thermal repair component is provided at the top of the mounting frame (2), a heat dissipation component is provided at one end of the thermal repair component close to the base (1), and a detection component is provided on the thermal repair component; The thermal repair assembly comprises an outer furnace body (3) welded to the top of the mounting frame (2), a support pipe column (4) vertically penetrating the bottom wall of the outer furnace body (3) is welded to the bottom wall of the outer furnace body (3), an inner furnace body (5) is fixedly mounted on the top of the support pipe column (4), a high temperature resistant valve (6) is provided at one end of the support pipe column (4) close to the inner furnace body (5), a feed pipe (7) extending to the top of the outer furnace body (3) is provided at the top of the inner furnace body (5), gas distribution pipes (11) extending to the inside of the outer furnace body (3) are fixedly mounted on both sides of the outer furnace body (3), flame racks (12) are fixedly mounted on opposite sides of the two gas distribution pipes (11), sub-racks (13) are fixedly mounted on both sides of the flame rack (12), and a plurality of flame nozzles (14) are evenly mounted on the side of the flame rack (12) and the sub-rack (13) close to the inner furnace body (5); The heat dissipation assembly comprises a cooling box (15) welded to the bottom end of the support column (4), a filter screen (16) is provided on one side of the cooling box (15), and a gas distribution plate (17) is provided on the other side of the cooling box (15), a jet pipe (18) extending into the interior of the cooling box (15) is fixedly installed on one side of the gas distribution plate (17), and an air supply pipe (19) is fixedly installed on the other side of the gas distribution plate (17), a cooling fan (20) connected to the air supply pipe (19) is provided on the base (1), and a discharge pipe (22) is fixedly installed at the bottom end of the cooling box (15).

2. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer furnace body (3) is a regular octahedron, the inner wall of the outer furnace body (3) is provided with a heat insulation layer and a high temperature resistant layer, the inner furnace body (5) is a copper sphere, and the top wall and the bottom wall of the inner furnace body (5) are both provided with pipe openings.

3. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The flame spraying frame (12) and the auxiliary frame (13) are arc-shaped frames, the central angle of the flame spraying frame (12) is 160 degrees, the central angle of the auxiliary frame (13) is 80 degrees, the welding point between the auxiliary frame (13) and the flame spraying frame (12) is located in the middle of the flame spraying frame (12), the flame spraying frame (12) and the auxiliary frame (13) are perpendicular to each other, and a stabilizing frame (121) fixedly connected to the inner wall of the outer furnace body (3) is welded on the other side of the flame spraying frame (12).

4. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A feed hopper (8) is fixedly mounted on the top of the feed pipe (7), an initial gate (9) is provided on the surface of the feed pipe (7) and located at the top of the outer furnace body (3), an exhaust pipe (10) is fixedly mounted on one side of the feed pipe (7) and located below the initial gate (9), and the other end of the exhaust pipe (10) is connected to a condensation purification device.

5. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom of the cooling box (15) is conical, the gas distribution plate (17) is a rectangular plate box, a plurality of air injection pipes (18) are provided, and the plurality of air injection pipes (18) are distributed in a matrix form on one side of the gas distribution plate (17), and a resistance frame (21) is provided inside the cooling box (15).

6. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The damping frame (21) includes a main shaft (211), the main shaft (211) is located at the center of the cooling box (15), and a plurality of damping rods (212) are welded on the side of the main shaft (211). The damping rods (212) are inclined outward and downward from the center, and the other end of the damping rod (212) is welded with a suspension rod (213) fixedly connected to the inner top wall of the cooling box (15).

7. The contaminated soil thermal remediation testing device according to claim 4, characterized in that: The detection assembly comprises an organic matter detector (24) fixedly mounted on the outside of the outer furnace body (3); a first detection probe (25) extending into the interior of the feed hopper (8) is fixedly mounted on one side of the organic matter detector (24); a second detection probe (26) extending into the interior of the discharge pipe (22) is fixedly mounted on the other side of the organic matter detector (24); and an interception valve (23) is provided on the surface of the discharge pipe (22) and below the second detection probe (26).

8. A contaminated soil thermal remediation test method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Identify the target pollutants and their content, remediation target values, melting and boiling points of pollutants, and soil moisture content, and other parameters of the contaminated soil to determine whether thermal treatment technology is suitable for remediation; 2) placing soil suitable for thermal treatment into a feed hopper (8), detecting organic waste in the unrepaired soil using a first detection probe (25), then opening an initial gate (9) to allow the soil to pass through a feed pipe (7) into the interior of the inner furnace body (5), and then closing the initial gate (9); 3) Ignite the burner (14) to heat the inner furnace (5), thereby gradually heating the soil, causing the organic waste in the soil to gradually volatilize into gaseous form and separate from the soil. The gaseous matter gradually rises from the feed pipe (7) until it enters the exhaust pipe (10); 4) When the soil is completely dry, turn off the fire source and then open the high temperature resistant valve (6). The soil continues to fall into the cooling box (15). The slow resistance frame (21) acts as a buffer to slow down the falling speed of the soil. 5) Before opening the high temperature resistant valve (6), start the cooling fan (20), and then the air distributor (17) and the air jet pipe (18) divide the cold air into several fine air streams, which are blown horizontally through the cooling box (15). When the soil passes through the cooling box (15), the soil can be quickly cooled and cooled; 6) The cooled soil is then tested for organic matter by a second detection probe (26), and then the interception valve (23) is opened to release the soil; 7) The exhaust gas discharged from the exhaust pipe (10) enters the condensing equipment, and then undergoes a series of treatments such as incineration, and is finally discharged after meeting the standards; 8) Sample Testing and Data Analysis: Test soil samples from different test groups for pollutants before and after heat treatment, calculate pollutant removal rates, compare against remediation target values, and determine whether the heat treatment temperature and residence time tested can remediate the contaminated soil to a value less than the remediation target value based on the remediation yield. If exhaust gas testing is involved, determine the exhaust gas composition and content.

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