Feed containing ensiled pepper stalks and method for preparing and using the same

Abstract

The application discloses silage after pepper straw-containing feed and a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: a straw particle mixture containing silage after pepper straw 45 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn husk 10 parts and premix 9 parts, and the proportion of the silage after pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 20%-80%. The significant effect is that the feed can obviously promote the appetite of beef cattle and improve the production performance, can obviously improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in nutrients, increase rumen microbial protein synthesis and serum albumin content, and will not cause damage to the liver and kidney functions of the body.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of livestock feed, and particularly relates to a feed containing ensiled pepper stalks and a preparation method and application thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Pepper stalks are by-products after the harvest of peppers, and the stems and leaves contain a large amount of nutrients, including crude protein, capsaicin, carotene, vitamin C, etc. The nutritional components are close to those of alfalfa, and the pepper stalks can be used as good feed supplements for livestock and poultry. Moreover, capsaicin can significantly improve the appetite and production performance of livestock and poultry, improve the health status of livestock and poultry, and improve the quality of livestock and poultry products. However, most of the pepper stalks in China have not been effectively utilized at present, and are randomly piled up in the field and naturally decomposed, or are randomly discarded as waste. The allelochemicals produced in the decomposition process of the pepper stalks have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth and development of the next season crops, and are prone to breed diseases and pests, thereby increasing the cost of plant protection. Part of the pepper stalks are directly burned in the field, which not only causes air pollution, but also wastes agricultural resources.

[0003] In recent years, the pepper stalks have been widely applied to ruminants as a feed additive, and have various biological functions such as food attraction, increase of intestinal digestive enzyme activity, enhancement of immunity, and relief of heat stress. The pepper stalks are mainly added to the basic daily ration through ensiling fermentation or processing into granulation. The capsaicin contained in the stalks can not only improve the immunity of the dairy cows, but also improve the milk yield and feed utilization efficiency. The feeding of the capsaicin to beef cattle can improve the feed intake and improve rumen fermentation. However, the existing technology is to directly add the pepper stalks into the total mixed ration of beef cattle, and the feed has a coarse texture, so that the feed intake of the beef cattle is reduced, the digestion and absorption rate is poor, and the production performance of the beef cattle is low. SUMMARY

[0004] In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the present application aims to provide a feed containing ensiled pepper stalks and a preparation method and application thereof, which can significantly promote the appetite and improve the production performance of beef cattle, and can significantly improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the feed nutrients, increase the synthesis of rumen microbial protein and the content of serum albumin.

[0005] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the present application is as follows:

[0006] The feed containing ensiled pepper stalks is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: a stalk granule mixture containing ensiled pepper stalks 45 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn husks 10 parts, and premix 9 parts, and the proportion of the ensiled pepper stalks in the stalk granule mixture is 20%-80%.

[0007] Further, the straw particle mixture is mixed by the after-silage pepper straw and the corn straw.

[0008] The application provides a preparation process of a feed containing after-silage pepper straw, and comprises the following steps:

[0009] Step 1: obtaining the pepper straw, reserving the fresh stem and leaf part on the upper part of the straw, removing the completely lignified part on the lower part of the straw, keeping the stem and leaf clean and free of impurities and soil, and removing the old leaves and the moldy part;

[0010] Step 2: crushing the pepper straw to 2-3 cm to obtain the pepper straw raw material;

[0011] Step 3: mixing and dissolving the compound lactic acid bacteria preparation with water at a ratio of 1:100 to obtain a compound lactic acid bacteria solution;

[0012] Step 4: uniformly spraying the compound lactic acid bacteria solution on the pepper straw raw material at a ratio of 1:200, bagging, sealing, compacting and sealing, and fermenting at room temperature for 60 days;

[0013] Step 5: taking out the fermented product and mixing according to the weight ratio to obtain the feed containing the after-silage pepper straw.

[0014] Further, the compound lactic acid bacteria preparation is made of Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus, and the content of the active lactic acid bacteria is not less than 1x10 10 CFU / g.

[0015] The application further provides an application of the feed containing the after-silage pepper straw to beef cattle feeding.

[0016] The application has the following remarkable effects: the after-silage pepper straw can replace the corn straw in the basic daily ration, can obviously promote the appetite and improve the production performance of the beef cattle, can obviously improve the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, the crude protein and the neutral detergent fiber in the nutrient substances, can increase the synthesis of the rumen microbial protein and the content of serum albumin, and will not cause damage to the liver and kidney functions of the body. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] The specific embodiment and working principle of the application are further described in detail below.

[0018] Example 1:

[0019] A feed containing ensiled pepper straw, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 20%, that is, the ratio of corn straw to the ensiled pepper straw is 1:4, the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: the straw particle mixture containing the ensiled pepper straw 45 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn bran 10 parts, premix 9 parts, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 20%.

[0020] Example 2:

[0021] A feed containing ensiled pepper straw, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 25%, that is, the ratio of corn straw to the ensiled pepper straw is 1:3, the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: corn straw 11.25 parts, pepper straw 33.75 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn bran 10 parts, premix 9 parts.

[0022] Example 3:

[0023] A feed containing ensiled pepper straw, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 50%, that is, the ratio of corn straw to the ensiled pepper straw is 1:1, the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: corn straw 22.5 parts, pepper straw 22.5 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn bran 10 parts, premix 9 parts.

[0024] Example 4:

[0025] A feed containing ensiled pepper straw, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 75%, that is, the ratio of corn straw to the ensiled pepper straw is 3:1, the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: corn straw 33.75 parts, pepper straw 11.25 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn bran 10 parts, premix 9 parts.

[0026] Example 5:

[0027] A feed containing ensiled pepper straw, the proportion of the ensiled pepper straw in the straw particle mixture is 80%, that is, the ratio of corn straw to the ensiled pepper straw is 4:1, the feed is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: corn straw 36 parts, pepper straw 9 parts, corn 28 parts, soybean meal 8 parts, corn bran 10 parts, premix 9 parts.

[0028] In examples 1-5, the premix is composed of the following ingredients according to the formula table for cattle premix: fish meal 8%, rapeseed meal 6%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.5%, salt 1.5%, DL-methionine 0.4%, L-lysine 0.3%, vitamin E 200 mg / kg, and ruminant-specific enzyme 0.2%.

[0029] In order to avoid the influence of different preparation methods on different formula beef cattle feed during the feeding of beef cattle, the preparation methods of the beef cattle feed mixed with the silage after pepper straw in examples 1-5 are consistent, and the steps are as follows:

[0030] Step 1: Obtain pepper straw, and keep the upper fresh stem and leaf part of the straw, remove the lower part of the straw which has been completely lignified, keep the stem and leaf clean and free of impurities and soil, and remove old leaves and moldy parts;

[0031] Step 2: Crush the pepper straw to 2-3 cm to obtain pepper straw raw material;

[0032] Step 3: Dissolve the compound lactic acid bacteria preparation by mixing with water at a ratio of 1:100 to obtain a compound lactic acid bacteria solution, wherein the compound lactic acid bacteria preparation is made of Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus, and the active lactic acid bacteria content is not less than 1×10 10 CFU / g;

[0033] Step 4: Sprinkle the compound lactic acid bacteria solution evenly in the pepper straw raw material at a ratio of 1:200, bag it with a silage bag (150 cm×50 cm), seal it, and ferment it at room temperature for 60 days;

[0034] Whether the fermentation is completed is mainly judged by sensory evaluation. The quality of the silage feed is judged by the smell, color and texture of the silage, which is a direct and fast method commonly used in production practice. The sensory evaluation is mainly from color, acidity, smell, texture and structure, and the evaluation standard is divided into three levels of high, medium and low.

[0035] Sensory evaluation of silage

[0036]

[0037] Step 5: After the fermentation is completed, it is taken out and mixed according to the ratio, and the beef cattle feed mixed with the silage after pepper straw is obtained.

[0038] Next, the beneficial effects of the present application will be further illustrated by specific experimental examples:

[0039] 1. Materials and methods

[0040] 1.1 Test materials

[0041] The test raw material is obtained from the straw after the last harvest of peppers in the pepper base of Zunyi Xinpuzhou New District, and the variety is Chaotianjiao No. 1. The upper fresh stem and leaf part of the straw is kept, the lower part which has been completely lignified is removed, the stem and leaf are kept clean and free of impurities and soil, and the old leaves and moldy parts are removed.

[0042] Pepper straw fermentation additive is a composite lactic acid bacteria preparation made of Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus, which are isolated from local straw feed. The active lactic acid bacteria content is 1 x 10 10 CFU / g.

[0043] 1.2 Production of pepper straw silage feed

[0044] The harvested pepper straw is cut to 2-3 cm, and the composite lactic acid bacteria preparation is dissolved in 5 kg of water at a ratio of 50 g. The mixture is uniformly sprayed into 1 ton of pepper straw raw materials. The silage bag (150 cm x 50 cm) is used for fermentation of the silage feed. The silage bag is convenient to use, the silage feed is not prone to rot, and the fermentation effect is good. After compaction and sealing, it is fermented at room temperature for 60 days. The fermented pepper straw is loose and complete, green in color, and has a strong sour smell.

[0045] As can be seen from Table 1, the quality grade of the pepper straw silage feed after fermentation by additive treatment is excellent, and the sensory evaluation is not much different. The control group has slightly poor sensory quality, slightly clumped, and individual rotten phenomenon, with an overall quality grade evaluation at the medium level.

[0046] The main nutrient components of pepper straw before and after silage fermentation are shown in Table 1.

[0047] Table 1 Nutrient content of pepper straw before and after fermentation

[0048]

[0049] Note: The data in the table are mean ± standard error, and - indicates not detected or not detected. The following table is the same.

[0050] 1.3 Test design and management

[0051] The test was conducted in three beef cattle farms in Xinpuzheng, Bozhou District, and Fenggang County of Zunyi City from October 2022 to February 2023. The beef cattle used were Guizhou yellow cattle.

[0052] Each farm selected 360 adult beef cattle with similar body weight and age. A single-factor random test design was adopted, and each group had 60 yellow cattle. The control group was fed with basic daily ration, and the test groups I, II, III, IV, and V were fed with 20%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 80% of pepper straw silage feed replacing corn straw feed in the basic daily ration, respectively. The cattle were fed twice a day (once in the morning and once in the evening), with free access to water, and the feeding period was 90 days. Before the test, strict standardization of breeding farm disinfection, immunization, and regular deworming were carried out.

[0053] Table 2 Daily ration composition and nutrient level (dry matter basis)

[0054]

[0055]

[0056] Note: The same row of data with different small letters means significant difference (P<0.05), the same means no significant difference (P>0.05). The same below.

[0057] 1.4 Growth performance

[0058] The beef cattle growth habits were observed, and the daily feed intake was recorded. The average daily gain, average daily intake, and feed conversion ratio data were calculated as follows:

[0059] Average daily gain = (final weight - initial weight) / test days;

[0060] Average daily intake = total intake / (test days x number of cattle);

[0061] Feed conversion ratio = average daily intake / average daily gain.

[0062] 1.5 Nutrient apparent digestibility

[0063] The manure collection method was used to analyze the digestibility, and the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and other contents in the feed and fecal samples were determined according to the "Feed Analysis and Feed Quality Detection Technology".

[0064] The nutrient apparent digestibility was calculated by the following formula:

[0065] Nutrient apparent digestibility = 1 - bc / ad,

[0066] Where: a is the nutrient content in the feed (%); b is the nutrient content in the feces (%); c is the acid insoluble ash content in the feed (%); d is the acid insoluble ash content in the feces (%).

[0067] 1.6 Serum index determination

[0068] One day before the end of the test, the test cattle were given 15 ml of blood from the jugular vein on an empty stomach. After coagulation, the supernatant (serum) was extracted after centrifugation at 3000 r / min for 10 min at 4℃, and stored at -20℃. The total cholesterol (TC), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), blood glucose (GLU), urea nitrogen (UN), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), and triglyceride (TG) were measured.

[0069] 1.7 Data processing

[0070] The results were expressed as "mean ± standard deviation". The GLM module of SAS software was used to analyze the variance of the experimental data, and P<0.05 was significantly different, and P<0.01 was extremely significantly different.

[0071] 2 Results and analysis

[0072] 2.1 The effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw to straw pellet mixture on the growth performance of beef cattle

[0073] As shown in Table 3, the initial weight difference between each group was not significant (P>0.05), the final weight, total weight, average daily gain and average daily intake of the test groups III and IV were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), among which the total weight gain, average daily gain and average daily intake of the test group III were the highest, and the feed conversion ratio was the lowest; the final weight, average daily gain, average daily intake and feed conversion ratio of the test groups I, II and V were higher than those of the control group but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).

[0074] Table 3 Effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw on the growth performance of beef cattle

[0075]

[0076] 2.2 The effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw to straw pellet mixture on the apparent digestibility of beef cattle

[0077] As shown in Table 4, the differences in Ca and P between each group were not significant (P>0.05), the DM, CP and NDF of the test groups III and IV were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the DM and CP of the test groups I, II and V were higher than those of the control group but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).

[0078] Table 4 Effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw on the apparent digestibility of beef cattle

[0079]

[0080] 2.3 The effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw to straw pellet mixture on the serum biochemical indicators of beef cattle

[0081] As shown in Table 5, the differences in TP, ALB, GLB, UN, TG and ALT between each group were not significant (P>0.05), the TC and GLU of the test groups III and IV were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the TC and GLU of the test groups I, II and V were higher than those of the control group but the difference was not significant (P>0.05).

[0082] Table 5 Effect of adding different proportions of pepper straw on the serum biochemical indicators of beef cattle

[0083]

[0084] 2.4 The effect of adding 50% of pepper straw to the mixture of straw particles on beef cattle carcass performance

[0085] That is, the test group III and the control group were compared in terms of beef cattle carcass performance:

[0086] Table 6 Comparison table of beef cattle carcass performance

[0087]

[0088] The carcass weight of beef cattle has always been an important indicator of beef cattle production performance. The daily feed intake is also a key factor affecting carcass performance, which is affected by basic concentrate and roughage. As can be seen from Table 6, the beef carcass meat yield and net meat yield of the test group III in this test reached 69.41% and 40.83%, respectively, and the carcass performance was better than that of the control group. This is mainly due to the fact that pepper straw can promote beef cattle to eat and has a good fattening effect.

[0089] 2.5 The effect of adding 50% of pepper straw to the mixture of straw particles on beef quality

[0090] Table 7 Comparison table of beef quality determination

[0091]

[0092] The quality of beef mainly includes the color, tenderness, flavor and juiciness of beef. The tenderness is determined by muscle fibers, hoof tissues and marbling, etc. Better marbling and lower shear force can significantly improve beef quality. In this study, the pH value of the test group III was improved, the drip loss rate, cooking loss rate and shear force were reduced, and the meat color and luster were both grade 3. However, the fat color and luster of the test group were better than those of the control group, indicating that pepper straw can significantly improve the absorption and utilization of various nutrients by beef cattle, promote the energy metabolism of beef muscle, and thus improve the quality of beef cattle. 45min

[0093] 2.6 The effect of adding 50% of pepper straw on beef quality

[0094] Table 8 Comparison table of economic benefits

[0095]

[0096] As can be seen from Table 8, the economic benefits of feed using silage and pepper straw were significantly improved.

[0097] 3 Conclusion

[0098] ​3.1 Growth performance directly reflects the absorption and utilization of nutrients in feed by livestock and poultry animals, which is usually affected by animal breed, body weight, feeding method, etc. Average daily gain reflects the growth and development of livestock and poultry animals, and average daily intake reflects the palatability and acceptance of silage feed by livestock and poultry animals.

[0099] The results of the experiment show that the average daily gain and average daily intake of beef cattle are higher in the experimental groups I-V than in the control group when corn stalks in the basal diet are replaced by pepper stalks in the proportions described in the experimental groups I-V, indicating that silage of pepper stalks has the function of promoting the digestion and absorption of beef cattle. Therefore, a certain amount of silage of pepper stalks can significantly promote the appetite and improve the production performance of beef cattle, and the replacement of corn stalks in the basal diet by 50% in the experimental group III has the best effect.

[0100] 3.2 Apparent digestibility of feed nutrients is used to evaluate the digestion of nutrients in the diet in livestock and poultry, and is an important indicator of the quality of feed

[0101] In this experiment, the digestibility of main nutrients such as dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber in the experimental groups III and IV is significantly different from that in the control group, which may be related to the fact that capsaicin in silage can increase the activity of pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin, and increase the activity of amylase and protease in the mucosa of the jejunum. The addition of capsaicin at a level of 50 and 100 mg / kg does not have a significant effect on digestibility, and a certain level of capsaicin in feed can significantly affect the apparent digestibility of nutrients.

[0102] 3.3 Blood physiological and biochemical indicators are one of the important indicators for evaluating the nutritional status and health of animals

[0103] Among them, total cholesterol and triglycerides are indicators reflecting the lipid metabolism of the body. In this experiment, the total cholesterol in the experimental groups II, III, and IV is higher than that in the experimental groups I, V, and the control group, while the difference in triglycerides among the groups is not significant, indicating that capsaicin in feed has a certain regulatory effect on lipid metabolism. Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activity and urea nitrogen content are important indicators for evaluating the function of liver and kidney in animals. Generally, the content of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and urea nitrogen in the body fluctuates within a small range, but when liver function is diseased or impaired, the content of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase in serum will increase, and urea nitrogen is the end product of protein metabolism, when the renal parenchyma is damaged, the glomerular filtration rate decreases, resulting in an increase in blood urea concentration. In this experiment, there is no significant change in the content of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and urea nitrogen among the groups, indicating that the addition of capsaicin does not cause damage to the liver and kidney function of the body.

[0104] The indexes of serum total protein, albumin, globulin and the like can reflect the absorption, synthesis and decomposition conditions of protein of the body, and can also reflect the immune conditions of the body. In the experiment, the contents of the three proteins in each group had no significant difference, indicating that the addition of capsaicin in the feed had no adverse effect on the protein metabolism and liver function of the body.

[0105] In conclusion, the results of the experiment show that the replacement of corn stalks in the basic diet with the silage of pepper stalks can obviously promote the appetite and improve the production performance of beef cattle, and the replacement at a ratio of 50% is the best, which can significantly improve the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in the nutritional substances, increase the synthesis of rumen microbial protein and the content of serum albumin, and does not cause damage to the liver and kidney functions of the body.

[0106] In addition, the economic benefits of the feed using the silage of pepper stalks are significantly improved, please refer to Table 8:

[0107] The technical solutions provided by the present application are described in detail above. The principles and implementation modes of the present application are described by applying specific examples in this paper, and the above examples are only used to help understand the method of the present application and its core idea. It should be pointed out that for ordinary skilled persons in the technical field, some improvements and modifications can be made to the present application without departing from the principles of the present application, and these improvements and modifications also fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present application.

Claims

1. A feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 20%-80%; The premix is ​​a cattle premix, with the following formula: fish meal 8%, rapeseed meal 6%, calcium dihydrogen phosphate 2.5%, salt 1.5%, DL-methionine 0.4%, L-lysine 0.3%, vitamin E 200mg / kg, and ruminant enzyme 0.2%. The straw pellet mixture is a mixture of enslaved chili straw and corn straw; The silage of chili straw is made by fermenting chili straw and compound lactic acid bacteria; The compound lactic acid bacteria are made from Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus, and the content of active lactic acid bacteria is not less than 1×10⁻⁶. 10 CFU / g.

2. The feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw according to claim 1, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 20%.

3. The feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw according to claim 1, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 25%.

4. The feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw according to claim 1, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 50%.

5. The feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw according to claim 1, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 75%.

6. The feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw according to claim 1, characterized in that: It is composed of the following raw materials in parts by weight: 45 parts of straw pellet mixture containing silage chili straw, 28 parts of corn, 8 parts of soybean meal, 10 parts of corn husk, and 9 parts of premix, wherein the proportion of silage chili straw in the straw pellet mixture is 80%.

7. A process for preparing feed containing silage-ensiled chili straw, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Obtain chili stalks, keeping the tender upper part of the stalks and removing the completely lignified lower part of the stalks. Keep the stems and leaves clean and free of impurities and soil, and remove old leaves and moldy parts. Step 2: Crush the chili stalks to 2-3cm to obtain chili stalk raw material; Step 3: Dissolve the compound lactic acid bacteria in water at a ratio of 1:100 to obtain a compound lactic acid bacteria solution; The compound lactic acid bacteria are made from Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus, and the content of active lactic acid bacteria is not less than 1×10⁻⁶. 10 CFU / g; Step 4: Spray the compound lactic acid bacteria solution evenly onto the chili straw raw material at a ratio of 1:200, bag and seal it, compact and seal it, and place it at room temperature for fermentation for 60 days; Step 5: After fermentation is complete, remove the sample and mix it according to the weight ratio described in claim 1 to obtain the final product.

8. The use of the feed as described in any one of claims 1-6 in the preparation of beef cattle feed.

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