A method for targeted cell-based restoration of a tidal marsh

Abstract

The application of "a unit type tidal wetland restoration method based on a target" belongs to the technical field of wetland ecosystem restoration methods. The unit type tidal wetland restoration method based on a target comprises the following steps: (1) determining a target; (2) constructing an ecological unit on the tidal wetland to be restored through microtopographic modification; (3) applying biochar materials and salt-resistant ecological materials in the ecological unit; and (4) configuring waterfront plants in the ecological unit. The restoration method utilizes natural tidal fluctuation to adjust the water and salt conditions of the ecological unit (salt reduction of more than 80%) and to maintain the target water level (0-2 m) as needed, optimizes the soil microbial community structure (soil bacterial richness is increased by more than 200%), improves the plant germination rate and survival rate in the process of tidal restoration (the germination rate is more than 90%, and the survival rate is increased to more than 62%), and enriches the plant configuration varieties in the riparian zone (≥12).

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the technical field of wetland ecosystem restoration methods, and particularly relates to a "unit type" tidal wetland restoration method based on a target object. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wetlands are the habitats of many rare waterfowl, have strong ecological purification effects, are known as the "paradise of birds" and the "kidney of the earth", supply food (aquatic products, poultry products, grains), energy (hydro energy, peat, firewood), raw materials (reed, wood, medicinal plants), and resting places, and provide many other ecosystem services, and are important foundations for human survival and sustainable development.

[0003] Wetland ecosystems are gradually valued by people due to their important ecosystem service functions, but are also ecologically sensitive areas that are vulnerable. Coupling of natural and human factors leads to continuous evolution of tidal wetland ecosystems. With climate change and increasing human intervention, such as reclamation, overfishing, pollution, and the like, the stability of the structure and function of tidal wetland ecosystems is severely weakened, causing degradation of tidal wetland ecosystems. Scientific methods and technical means are used to restore, effectively treat, and solve the problem of degradation of tidal wetland ecosystems, and to restore and rebuild the original structure and function of damaged tidal wetland ecosystems.

[0004] However, there is no systematic theoretical guidance for the implementation of global tidal wetland restoration projects (whether active restoration or passive natural restoration), and there is a lack of scientific nature, in addition to the complexity of tidal wetland ecosystems, and the restoration and protection of tidal wetlands still have a long way to go.

[0005] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a method for restoring tidal wetlands that can effectively restore ecosystem functions, change soil microbial community structure, and change the diversity and quantity of animals and plants. SUMMARY

[0006] In view of the above needs in the art, the present application provides an ecological unit type wetland restoration method based on a target object, which can provide theoretical and technical support for the restoration of tidal wetlands to some extent.

[0007] The technical scheme of the present application is as follows:

[0008] A "unit type" tidal wetland restoration method based on a target object, characterized in that it comprises:

[0009] (1) determining a target object;

[0010] (2) constructing an ecological unit on the tidal wetland to be restored by microtopographic modification;

[0011] (3) applying biochar material and salt-resistant ecological material in the ecological unit;

[0012] (4) arranging riparian plants in the ecological unit;

[0013] The target object is selected from one or more of the following: tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration, target plant species restoration, and target animal species restoration;

[0014] The tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration is selected from one or more of the following: reducing or increasing soil salinity, changing the flow direction and / or flow speed of water to the tidal wetland, improving soil microbial abundance, changing vegetation diversity and / or coverage, and changing the species and / or quantity of animals;

[0015] The target plant species restoration refers to the target plant species being maintained or restored to a dominant species;

[0016] The target animal species restoration refers to the target animal species being maintained or restored to a dominant species;

[0017] The ecological unit is selected from two or more of the following: a permanent water-covered unit, a seasonal water-covered unit, a deep water unit, a shallow water unit, a permanent light beach unit, an island protrusion unit, a herbaceous dominant unit, a tree dominant unit, a stagnant water zone unit, and a rapid flow zone unit;

[0018] The permanent water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water area accounts for 50%-100% of the ground surface in all seasons;

[0019] The seasonal water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water area accounts for 20%-100% of the ground surface in at least one season;

[0020] The deep water unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water depth is 3-5m on the ground surface in all seasons;

[0021] The shallow water unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water depth is 0.5-1m on the ground surface in all seasons;

[0022] The permanent light beach unit refers to an ecological unit in which the ground surface is not covered by vegetation and maintains muddy soil or sandy soil affected by natural tides in all seasons;

[0023] The island protrusion unit refers to an ecological unit in which the land area with grown plants is exposed to the water surface regardless of water level fluctuation and is greater than 5 square meters;

[0024] The herbaceous dominant unit refers to an ecological unit in which the vegetation coverage is greater than 65% and the dominant species are mainly herbaceous plants;

[0025] The arbor dominant type unit refers to an ecological unit in which the vegetation coverage is greater than 65% and the dominant species are mainly arbor;

[0026] The stagnant water zone unit refers to an ecological unit in which the flow speed of the surface water body is slowed down to ≤0.05 m / s during the ebb tide;

[0027] The rapid flow zone unit refers to an ecological unit in which the flow speed of the surface water body is accelerated to ≥0.25 m / s during the ebb tide;

[0028] The biochar material comprises 60%-80% of Tamarix branch biochar and 40%-20% of Suaeda salsa stem biochar by weight;

[0029] The salt-resistant ecological material comprises the following raw materials by weight: 40-50 parts of nano oyster shell, 10-20 parts of reed biochar, and 30-50 parts of reed crushed fermentation product;

[0030] The microtopography reconstruction comprises: straightening the tidal creek into a water channel or directly excavating the tidal creek or the water channel to form the rapid flow zone unit, and / or building an earth mound or a water guide bridge to form the stagnant water zone unit in the stagnant water zone ecological unit, and / or deepening the base in the pit pond ecological unit to form an island-shaped convex unit with a deep water area having a depth of 0.5-1 m, and / or reducing the steep slope and controlling the terrain height to 0-0.4 m to form a seasonal water-covered type unit and / or a shallow water type unit and / or a permanent mudflat type unit in the shallow water area ecological unit, and / or deepening the base and flattening the terrain to form a deep water type unit and / or a permanent water-covered type unit in the open water surface ecological unit, and / or lowering the ground elevation below the ground elevation limit H0 to increase the soil salinity or increasing the ground elevation above the ground elevation limit H0 to reduce the soil salinity, and / or building a dike and / or a wave dissipation zone along the coast / river / lake;

[0031] The ground elevation limit H0 is equal to the underground water level elevation H 水 and the capillary water rising height H 升 ;

[0032] The riparian plant configuration refers to retaining the target plants and / or artificially transplanting the target plants.

[0033] The target plants are selected from the following native mangrove plants: reed, Scirpus planiculmis, Suaeda salsa, sea lotus, short-leaf sawgrass, water onion, giant reed, common reed, acorus calamus, kandelia candel, avicennia alba, acanthus ilicifolius, halodule pinifolia, sonneratia caseolaris, nypa fruticans, aegiceras corniculatum, bruguiera gymnorrhiza, sonneratia alba, excoecaria agallocha, heritiera littoralis, and so on.

[0034] The classification to which the target animals belong is selected from the following: Charadriiformes, Falconiformes, Glareoliformes, Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Cuculiformes, Pelecaniformes, Phaethontiformes, Podicipediformes, Passeriformes, and Caprimulgiformes.

[0035] Preferably, the target is to build at least 6 ecological units on the tidal wetland when the target is to restore the tidal wetland ecosystem function;

[0036] Preferably, the target is to build permanent water-covered unit, seasonal water-covered unit, shallow water unit, island protrusion unit, herbaceous dominant unit, arbor dominant unit, and stagnant water belt unit on the tidal wetland when the target is to restore the target plant species density;

[0037] Preferably, the target is to build permanent water-covered unit, deep water unit, shallow water unit, permanent bare beach unit, island protrusion unit, herbaceous dominant unit, arbor dominant unit, and rapid flow belt unit on the tidal wetland when the target is to restore the target animal species density.

[0038] The application of the biochar material and the salt-resistant ecological material in the unit refers to adding the biochar material and the salt-resistant ecological material by rotary tillage to a depth of 30-80 cm, preferably 50 cm, of the soil in the unit;

[0039] Preferably, the application amount of the biochar material and the salt-resistant ecological material is 50-200 g / m 2 ;

[0040] Preferably, the nano oyster shell is a nano product obtained by calcining and grinding a natural oyster shell;

[0041] Preferably, the reed biochar is a biochar product obtained by carbonizing reed straw;

[0042] Preferably, the reed crushed fermentation product is a product obtained by fermenting reed straw with a straw composting agent;

[0043] Preferably, the water content of the reed crushed fermentation product is controlled to be 30%-40%.

[0044] Lowering the ground elevation to below the ground elevation threshold H0 while increasing the water surface rate to 50%-100% and reducing the vegetation coverage to 10%-50% to increase the soil salinity,

[0045] Or,

[0046] Increasing the ground elevation to above the ground elevation threshold H0 while reducing the water surface rate to 10%-30% and increasing the vegetation coverage to 80%-90% to reduce the soil salinity.

[0047] Performing micro-topography modification on abandoned fish ponds or bare beaches on the tidal wetland to be restored to build ecological units.

[0048] The micro-terrain modification further comprises: in the rapid flow zone ecological unit, elevating the terrain in the water inflow direction, and forming an inclined terrain with a slope of 10-20 degrees in the water outflow direction to form the rapid flow zone.

[0049] The rapid flow zone has a length of less than 100 m; preferably, the period of the tidal wetland restoration is 1-2 years.

[0050] The micro-terrain modification further comprises: constructing a high-tide creek parallel to the dike on the middle beach on the side close to the high beach of the tidal flat to be restored, constructing a low-tide creek parallel to the dike on the middle beach on the side close to the low beach, and constructing a diversion channel connecting the high-tide creek and the low-tide creek.

[0051] Preferably, the high beach refers to a region of the tidal flat with a terrain of 3-5 m;

[0052] The low beach refers to a region of the tidal flat with a terrain of 0-1 m;

[0053] The middle beach refers to a region of the tidal flat with a terrain of 1-3 m.

[0054] The high-tide creek has a depth of greater than 0.6 m and a width of greater than 1.2 m;

[0055] The low-tide creek has a depth of greater than 1.3 m and a width of greater than 3.5 m;

[0056] The diversion channel has a depth of greater than 0.8 m and a width of greater than 2.2 m.

[0057] In some embodiments of the present application, a preparation method of the salt-resistant ecological material is also provided. The preparation method comprises: preparing nano oyster shells, preparing reed biochar, and preparing reed crushed fermentation products, and the three steps are not in a specific order; and mixing the nano oyster shells, the reed biochar, and the reed crushed fermentation products.

[0058] Preferably, the preparation of the nano oyster shells comprises: treating natural oyster shells, and then calcining and grinding the treated oyster shells into a nano-level product;

[0059] Preferably, the treatment comprises: cleaning, drying, and crushing the natural oyster shells;

[0060] More preferably, the crushing is into fragments of 0.5-1.0 cm;

[0061] Preferably, high-temperature anaerobic calcination is adopted; the calcination temperature is 400-600 ℃; and the calcination time is 4-6 h;

[0062] Preferably, the calcination process is uniform-speed heating, and the heating is at a speed of 10-15 ℃ / min; and the calcination is uniform-speed cooling, and the cooling is at a speed of 10-15 ℃ / min;

[0063] Preferably, the calcination is performed in a tube furnace; the calcination process requires the introduction of a protective gas;

[0064] More preferably, the protective gas is nitrogen or argon;

[0065] Preferably, after calcination, a ball mill is used to grind into nanoscale powder.

[0066] In specific embodiments, the preparation of reed biochar refers to the biochar product after the reed straw is treated and carbonized;

[0067] Preferably, the treatment refers to cleaning, drying, and crushing the reed straw;

[0068] More preferably, the crushing refers to crushing through a 50-80 mesh sieve;

[0069] Preferably, the carbonization temperature is 400-550°C; the carbonization time is 3-5h;

[0070] Preferably, the carbonization process is uniform heating, with a heating rate of 5-10°C / min; after carbonization, uniform cooling is performed at a cooling rate of 15-20°C / min;

[0071] Preferably, the carbonization is performed in a tube furnace; the carbonization process requires the introduction of a protective gas;

[0072] More preferably, the protective gas is nitrogen or argon.

[0073] In some embodiments, the preparation of reed crushed fermentation product includes: using a straw composting agent to ferment the crushed reed straw.

[0074] In other embodiments, the preparation of straw composting agent refers to mixing each single strain of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae after single fermentation of each single strain;

[0075] Preferably, the concentration of the strain after single strain fermentation is 3-4 billion / mL;

[0076] Preferably, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are mixed in the following volume ratio: 5-20:5-20:10-25:10-25:10-25:10-25.

[0077] In more specific embodiments, the fermentation refers to using crushed reed straw as compost substrate and applying straw composting agent mixture for fermentation;

[0078] Preferably, the pulverized reed straw refers to that the dried reed straw is pulverized into particles with a particle size of 0.3-0.5 cm;

[0079] More preferably, the moisture of the compost substrate is adjusted to 70-80%;

[0080] Preferably, the pH of the straw humic agent is 3.5-6;

[0081] Preferably, the weight ratio of the straw humic agent to the compost substrate is 1:18000-12000;

[0082] Preferably, the application of the straw humic agent refers to spraying the straw humic agent onto the surface of the compost substrate;

[0083] Preferably, the fermentation temperature is 35-65℃, and the fermentation time is 15-25 days;

[0084] More preferably, the compost substrate is stirred once after 3-5 days of application of the straw humic agent.

[0085] The application further provides the salt-resistant ecological material, and / or the application of the salt-resistant ecological material prepared according to the preparation method of the salt-resistant ecological material in repairing coastal wetland saline-alkali soil and promoting the growth of plants in saline-alkali soil.

[0086] In a specific application embodiment, the salt-resistant ecological material is contacted or mixed with the soil in the unit of the tidal wetland to be restored. The application amount is 50-200 g / m 2 .

[0087] The application first proposes a unit restoration method based on the natural topography of the beach, the types and coverage of the existing vegetation, the natural tidal ditch and the hydrological conditions, creates the concept of "ecological unit", and proposes a series of wetland unit restoration technologies, such as Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the restoration method includes unit division, microtopography creation in the unit, research and development of multi-dimensional water regulation biomimetic components (one-way vertical water isolation and horizontal water interception), development of salt-resistant ecological materials (composed of nano oyster shells, reed biochar, and pulverized fermentation products of reed), configuration of waterfront plants, etc. Nearly 10 kinds of ecological unit restoration modes are created, such as "permanent / seasonal water covering type", "deep / shallow water type", "permanent light beach type", "island-like protruding type", "herbaceous / arboreal dominant type", etc. Figure 2), blocks the process of capillary water rising in high-salinity soil, realizes the functions of regulating the water-salt conditions of the ecological unit (salinity reduction of more than 80%) and retaining water as needed to maintain the target water level (0-2 m) by using natural tidal fluctuation alone, optimizes the soil microbial community structure (soil bacterial richness increased by more than 200%), improves the plant germination rate and survival rate in the process of beach restoration (germination rate of more than 90%, survival rate increased to more than 62%), enriches the plant configuration varieties in the water zone (≥12 species), breaks through the technical bottleneck of broken beach wetland restoration in highly intensive land use areas, and realizes the targeted habitat restoration of target species. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0088] Figure 1 The specific step flowchart of the beach wetland restoration method provided for one embodiment of the present application is provided.

[0089] Figure 2 The step flowchart and effect diagram of the beach wetland restoration method provided for one embodiment of the present application, which targets the restoration of plant species, are provided.

[0090] Figure 3 The step flowchart and effect diagram of the beach wetland restoration method provided for another embodiment of the present application, which targets the restoration of animal species, are provided.

[0091] Figure 4 The technical roadmap of soil salinity regulation based on microtopography and water surface rate in the experimental example of the present application is provided.

[0092] Figure 5 The water-salt regulation combination habitat diagram of different microtopographies and water surface rates in the experimental example of the present application is provided.

[0093] Figure 6 The technical roadmap of habitat sequence construction based on landscape remodeling in the experimental example of the present application is provided.

[0094] Figure 7 The beach water flow direction "horizontal to vertical" engineering diagram in the experimental example of the present application is provided, in which the blue arrow indicates the water flow direction, and the yellow line indicates the cofferdam or dam or wave dissipation belt.

[0095] Figure 8 The technical roadmap of ecological tidal ditch water-salt regulation and vegetation restoration in the experimental example of the present application is provided.

[0096] Figure 9 The technical roadmap of improving biodiversity by habitat complexification in the experimental example of the present application is provided. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0097] The specific content of the present application will be further described in combination with specific embodiments and experimental examples, but the protection content of the present application is not limited thereto.

[0098] Group 1 embodiments, the target-oriented "unit-based" tidal wetland restoration method of the present application

[0099] The embodiments of the present application provide a target-oriented "unit-based" tidal wetland restoration method. All embodiments of this group have the following common features: the target-oriented "unit-based" tidal wetland restoration method comprises:

[0100] (1) determining a target;

[0101] (2) constructing an ecological unit on the tidal wetland to be restored through micro-topography modification;

[0102] (3) applying biochar material and salt-resistant ecological material in the ecological unit;

[0103] (4) configuring riparian plants in the ecological unit;

[0104] The target is selected from one or more of the following: tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration, target plant species restoration, and target animal species restoration;

[0105] The tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration is selected from one or more of the following: reducing or increasing soil salinity, changing the flow direction and / or flow speed of water on the tidal wetland, increasing soil microbial abundance, changing vegetation diversity and / or coverage, and changing the species and / or number of animals. Changing vegetation diversity and coverage can further improve the ability to conserve water, purify water, regulate climate, sequester carbon, and release oxygen. In some embodiments, changing vegetation diversity refers to changing the species of vegetation.

[0106] The target plant species restoration refers to maintaining or restoring the target plant species to a dominant species;

[0107] The target animal species restoration refers to maintaining or restoring the target animal species to a dominant species;

[0108] The ecological unit is selected from two or more of the following: permanent water-covered unit, seasonal water-covered unit, deep water unit, shallow water unit, permanent light beach unit, island protrusion unit, herbaceous dominant unit, arbor dominant unit, stagnant water zone unit, and rapid flow zone unit.

[0109] The permanent water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water area accounts for 50-100% of the ground surface in all four seasons;

[0110] The seasonal water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water area accounts for 20-100% of the ground surface in at least one season among the four seasons;

[0111] The deep water unit refers to an ecological unit in which the water depth on the ground surface is 3-5m in all four seasons;

[0112] The shallow water type unit refers to an ecological unit with a water depth of 0.5-1m on the ground surface in all seasons;

[0113] The permanent mudflat type unit refers to an ecological unit with no vegetation coverage on the ground surface in all seasons, and with silt soil or sandy soil affected by natural tides;

[0114] The island protrusion type unit refers to an ecological unit with a land area of more than 5 square meters exposed to the water surface regardless of the water level and with plants growing on the land;

[0115] The herbaceous dominant type unit refers to an ecological unit with a vegetation coverage of more than 65%, and with herbaceous plants as the dominant species;

[0116] The arbor dominant type unit refers to an ecological unit with a vegetation coverage of more than 65%, and with arbor as the dominant species;

[0117] The stagnant water zone unit refers to an ecological unit with a water flow speed of less than or equal to 0.05m / s on the ground surface during the ebb tide;

[0118] The rapid flow zone unit refers to an ecological unit with a water flow speed of more than or equal to 0.25m / s on the ground surface during the ebb tide;

[0119] The biochar material comprises 60%-80% of Tamarix branch biochar and 40%-20% of Suaeda salsa stem biochar by weight;

[0120] The salt-resistant ecological material comprises the following raw materials by weight: 40-50 parts of nano oyster shell, 10-20 parts of reed biochar, and 30-50 parts of reed crushed fermentation product;

[0121] The microtopography reconstruction comprises: straightening the tidal ditch into a water channel or directly excavating the tidal ditch or the water channel to form the rapid flow zone unit, and / or building an earth mound or a water guide bridge to form the stagnant water zone unit in the stagnant water zone ecological unit, and / or deepening the base in the pit pond ecological unit to form the island protrusion type unit with a deep water area of 0.5-1m, and / or reducing the steep slope and controlling the terrain height to 0-0.4m to form the seasonal water-covered type unit and / or the shallow water type unit and / or the permanent mudflat type unit in the shallow water area ecological unit, and / or deepening the base and flattening the terrain to form the deep water type unit and / or the permanent water-covered type unit in the open water surface ecological unit, and / or lowering the ground elevation below the ground elevation limit H0 to increase the soil salinity or increasing the ground elevation above the ground elevation limit H0 to reduce the soil salinity, and / or building a dike and / or a wave dissipation zone along the coast / river / lake;

[0122] The ground elevation limit H0 is equal to the underground water level elevation H水 With capillary water rise height H 升 sum;

[0123] The waterfront plant configuration refers to: retaining the target plants and / or artificially transplanting the target plants.

[0124] In specific embodiments, the target plants are selected from: reeds, sea sedges, saltwort, sea lotus seeds, short-leaved bulrush, water onion, reed, kakkala, sea calamus, autumn eggplant, tung tree, mangrove, mouse thorn, halophila, mangrove, acacia, sea lac, water coconut, mangrove, cup-calyx mangrove, silver leaf tree, white mangrove, and other native mangrove plants;

[0125] The target animals belong to the following classifications: Charadriiformes, Accipiformes, Grebes, Anseriformes, Coraciiformes, Cuculiformes, Ciconiiformes, Bonito, Pelecaniformes, Passeriformes, and Nightjars.

[0126] Preferably, when the target is the restoration of the ecosystem function of tidal flat wetlands, at least 6 ecological units are constructed on the tidal flat wetlands;

[0127] Preferably, when the target is the restoration of the density of the target plant species, permanent water-covered units, seasonal water-covered units, shallow water units, island-shaped raised units, herbaceous dominant units, tree dominant units, and water-retaining zone units are constructed on the tidal flat wetland.

[0128] Preferably, when the target is the restoration of the density of the target animal species, permanent water-covered units, deep-water units, shallow-water units, permanent bare beach units, island-shaped protrusion units, herbaceous-dominant units, tree-dominant units, and rapid flow zone units are constructed on the tidal flat wetlands.

[0129] In other embodiments, the application of biochar and salt-resistant ecological materials within the unit refers to adding biochar and salt-resistant ecological materials by rotary tilling the soil within the unit to a depth of 30-80cm, preferably 50cm.

[0130] Preferably, the application amounts of the biochar material and the salt-resistant ecological material are 50-200 g / m³. 2 ;

[0131] Preferably, the nano-oyster shell is a product of natural oyster shells calcined and ground into nanoscale form;

[0132] Preferably, the reed biochar is a biochar product obtained by carbonizing reed straw;

[0133] Preferably, the reed crushing and fermentation product is the product of reed straw fermented with a straw composting agent;

[0134] Preferably, the moisture content of the reed crushing and fermentation product is controlled at 30% to 40%.

[0135] In some embodiments, the ground elevation is reduced to below the ground elevation threshold H0, while the water surface rate is increased to 50%-100%, and the vegetation coverage is reduced to 10%-50%, to increase the soil salinity,

[0136] Or,

[0137] The ground elevation is increased to above the ground elevation threshold H0, while the water surface rate is reduced to 10%-30%, and the vegetation coverage is increased to 80%-90%, to reduce the soil salinity.

[0138] In some embodiments, the abandoned fish pond or bare beach on the tidal wetland to be restored is micro-landformed to construct an ecological unit.

[0139] In specific embodiments, the micro-landforming further comprises: in the rapid flow zone ecological unit, elevating the terrain in the direction of incoming water, and forming an inclined terrain with a slope of 10-20 degrees in the direction of outgoing water to form a rapid flow zone.

[0140] In further embodiments, the length of the rapid flow zone is less than 100m.

[0141] In still further embodiments, the micro-landforming further comprises: constructing a high-tide creek parallel to the dike on the middle beach of the tidal wetland to be restored on the side close to the high beach, constructing a low-tide creek parallel to the dike on the middle beach on the side close to the low beach, and constructing a diversion channel connecting the high-tide creek and the low-tide creek;

[0142] Preferably, the high beach refers to a tidal area with an elevation of 3-5m;

[0143] The low beach refers to a tidal area with an elevation of 0-1m;

[0144] The middle beach refers to a tidal area with an elevation of 1-3m.

[0145] In specific embodiments, the depth of the high-tide creek is greater than 0.6m, and the width is greater than 1.2m;

[0146] The depth of the low-tide creek is greater than 1.3m, and the width is greater than 3.5m;

[0147] The depth of the diversion channel is greater than 0.8m, and the width is greater than 2.2m.

[0148] Group 2 embodiments, plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material for coastal saline soil

[0149] This group of embodiments provides a plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material for coastal saline soil, characterized in that it comprises nano oyster shells, reed biochar, and reed crushed fermentation products.

[0150] In specific embodiments, the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40-50 parts of nano oyster shell, 10-20 parts of reed biochar, and 30-50 parts of reed crushed fermentation product.

[0151] Preferably, the nano oyster shell is a nano product obtained by calcining and grinding natural oyster shell.

[0152] Preferably, the reed biochar is a biochar product obtained by carbonizing reed straw.

[0153] Preferably, the reed crushed fermentation product is a product obtained by fermenting reed straw with a straw composting agent.

[0154] More preferably, the water content of the reed crushed fermentation product is controlled to be 30-40%.

[0155] Preparation method of the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material according to the present application

[0156] The present embodiment provides a preparation method of the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material according to any one of the second group of embodiments, which comprises the following steps: preparing nano oyster shell, preparing reed biochar, and preparing reed crushed fermentation product, in no particular order; and mixing the nano oyster shell, the reed biochar, and the reed crushed fermentation product.

[0157] In some embodiments, the preparation of the nano oyster shell comprises the following steps: treating natural oyster shell, and calcining and grinding the treated oyster shell into a nano product.

[0158] Preferably, the treatment comprises drying and crushing.

[0159] More preferably, the crushing is performed to obtain fragments of 0.5-1.0 cm.

[0160] Preferably, the calcination is performed under high temperature and anaerobic conditions; the calcination temperature is 400-600°C; and the calcination time is 4-6 h.

[0161] Preferably, the calcination process is performed at a constant speed, and the temperature is raised at a speed of 10-15°C / min; and the calcination process is performed at a constant speed, and the temperature is lowered at a speed of 10-15°C / min.

[0162] Preferably, the calcination is performed in a tube furnace; and a protective gas is introduced during the calcination process.

[0163] More preferably, the protective gas is nitrogen or argon.

[0164] Preferably, the calcined product is ground into a nano powder using a ball mill.

[0165] In some embodiments, the reed biochar is prepared by treating reed straw, and carbonizing the treated reed straw.

[0166] Preferably, the treating comprises cleaning, drying, and crushing the reed straw.

[0167] More preferably, the crushing comprises crushing the reed straw to pass through a 50-80 mesh sieve.

[0168] Preferably, the carbonization temperature is 400-550°C, and the carbonization time is 3-5 hours.

[0169] Preferably, the carbonization process comprises uniform heating at a rate of 5-10°C / min, and uniform cooling at a rate of 15-20°C / min.

[0170] Preferably, the carbonization is performed in a tube furnace, and the carbonization process requires the introduction of a protective gas.

[0171] More preferably, the protective gas is nitrogen or argon.

[0172] In some embodiments, the reed crushed fermentation product is prepared by fermenting the crushed reed straw using a straw composting agent.

[0173] The straw composting agent is prepared by separately fermenting each of the following single strains of bacteria: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and then mixing the fermented bacteria.

[0174] Preferably, the concentration of the fermented bacteria is 3-4 billion / mL.

[0175] Preferably, the Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are mixed in the following volume ratios: 5-20:5-20:10-25:10-25:10-25:10-25.

[0176] The fermentation of the crushed reed straw comprises using the crushed reed straw as a compost substrate, spraying the straw composting agent onto the surface of the compost substrate, and mixing and fermenting.

[0177] Preferably, the crushed reed straw is dried reed that is crushed into 0.3-0.5 cm particles.

[0178] More preferably, the moisture content of the compost substrate is adjusted to 70-80%.

[0179] Preferably, the pH of the straw composting agent is 3.5-6.

[0180] Preferably, the weight ratio of the straw composting agent to the compost substrate is 1:18000-12000.

[0181] Preferably, the fermentation temperature is 35-65℃; and the fermentation time is 15-25 days.

[0182] More preferably, the compost substrate is stirred once after spraying the straw composting agent for 3-5 days.

[0183] The application of the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material of the fourth group of embodiments

[0184] The application provides the application of the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material of any one of the second group of embodiments, and / or the application of the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material prepared by the preparation method of any one of the third group of embodiments in repairing coastal wetland saline-alkali soil and promoting the growth of plants in saline-alkali soil.

[0185] In specific embodiments, the coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological material is contacted or mixed with the coastal wetland saline-alkali soil.

[0186] One embodiment of the application provides a target-oriented ecological unit type tidal wetland restoration method Figure 1 , comprising the following steps:

[0187] Step one: background investigation of the tidal wetland to be restored; obtaining the wetland area, wetland microtopography, wetland plant community, hydrological conditions and the like.

[0188] Step two: establishing a target restoration goal; according to the investigation, determining the target restoration goal of the tidal wetland, such as the restoration of the tidal wetland ecosystem function, the restoration of target plant species, and the restoration of target animal species.

[0189] Step three: designing different tidal wetland ecological units; according to the target restoration goal, dividing different restoration units, creating microtopography within the unit, adding salt-resistant ecological materials, and configuring different riparian plants.

[0190] Step four: diverse coupling modes between different ecological units; according to the target restoration goal, coupling Figure 2 different ecological units.

[0191] Step five: post-management, realizing the target species or habitat restoration of the tidal wetland ecosystem.

[0192] The investigation method of step one is: land use pattern and status analysis, environment (water quality, water type, bottom, flow) investigation, and biological (animal and plant) investigation.

[0193] Land use pattern and status analysis, using aerial orthographic image map supplemented by field reconnaissance and camera shooting.

[0194] The environmental investigation is based on the items that can be detected by portable instruments, including: water quality indicators such as temperature, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity, pH value, and turbidity; water area type flow rate and water depth; bottom material particle size; and cross-sectional flow.

[0195] The monitoring point layout should meet the following requirements: a) it should cover the entire monitoring and evaluation area in space, and the monitoring point should be determined based on comprehensive consideration of vegetation distribution, water environment, and substrate type in the region, fully reflecting the spatial heterogeneity of the ecological system in the investigation area; b) it should include all representative plant community types; and c) fixed points and sample plots should be set up for long-term monitoring.

[0196] The monitoring frequency requirements are as follows: a) the overall profile of the wetland ecosystem, soil / sediment properties, vegetation characteristics, and disturbance factors should be investigated at least once a year; b) biological communities and hydrological and water quality elements should be investigated four times a year according to different seasons; c) meteorological and atmospheric environmental indicators should be continuously monitored in real time; d) the investigation time should be as fixed as possible between years, with a deviation of no more than 15 days; hydrological and water quality elements should be investigated on the day of the spring tide, and other elements should be investigated on the day of the neap tide.

[0197] The establishment of the targeted restoration goal in step two is based on the results of step one. If there are national protected animals and plants and endangered animals and plants in the area to be restored, the animals and plants are targeted for restoration. If there are no national protected animals and plants and endangered animals and plants in the area to be restored, it is determined whether there are invasive species and environmental pollution, and the restoration of the tidal flat ecosystem by removing invasive species and eliminating environmental pollution is targeted for restoration. At this time, the establishment of the restoration goal should refer to the native animal and plant conditions in the same region.

[0198] The unit division in step three is based on the unit division, the unit micro-topography is strengthened, and multi-dimensional water diversion biomimetic components are added, salt-tolerant ecological materials are added, and different riparian plants are configured.

[0199] The unit division is divided into terrain ecological unit, water environment ecological unit and biological chain ecological unit according to light beach, water area, vegetation and animals. The construction of terrain ecological unit: if the target is to restore wintering wetland animals and wetland migratory birds, the deep water area is formed by deepening the foundation to construct the wetland pit pond ecological unit, and the depth is 0.5-1m, so as to restore the bottom water body of the beach wetland in the coldest month without freezing, and preferably 0.5m deep flowing water; if the target is to restore beach water birds, the open land near the water is adjusted locally to form the open beach ecological unit suitable for beach water birds by reducing the steep area and the slope is less than 15 degrees. The construction of water environment ecological unit: if the target is to restore reed, the high-salinity area of the beach wetland is introduced into fresh water to construct a low-salt ecological unit to reduce the soil salinity, inhibit the growth of spartina alterniflora and promote the growth of reed, so as to promote the succession of spartina alterniflora community to reed community. The construction of biological chain ecological unit: by putting the local species of filter-feeding wetland animals into the eutrophic water area, the growth of blue-green algae is inhibited, the water environment suitable for the growth of wetland plants including submerged plants is restored, and the suitable habitat for wetland biological community such as beneficial microorganisms, plankton, fish, aquatic insects and birds is provided, so as to restore the benign cycle and self-purification ability of the wetland ecosystem.

[0200] The multi-dimensional water regulation biomimetic component includes two modes of infiltration and water storage, and the core of the component is a switchable spring sheet structure, as shown in Figure 2 The spring sheet specifically includes two application designs, a vertical spring sheet mechanism and a horizontal spring sheet structure.

[0201] The salt-alkali resistant ecological material is characterized in that it comprises 40-50 parts of nano oyster shell, 10-20 parts of reed biochar, and 30-50 parts of reed crushed fermentation product. The nano oyster shell is a product of natural oyster shell calcined and ground to nanometer level, the reed biochar is a biochar product obtained by treating and carbonizing reed straw, and the reed crushed fermentation product is obtained by fermenting crushed reed straw with a straw composting agent (mixing equal proportions of single strains of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, heat-resistant Bacillus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae after single fermentation of each single strain).

[0202] The waterfront plants are selected from native plants, and are determined according to the food habits of the target restoration animals.

[0203] The basis for the multi-coupling between different units in step four is that the wetland ecological units in step three are combined in a modular manner based on the targets of step two, i.e., ecosystem function restoration, target plant species restoration, and target animal species restoration, in combination with the wetland area and the background situation.

[0204] The specific embodiments of the diverse coupling between different units in step four include, but are not limited to: "herbaceous / tree dominant type", "permanent / seasonal water cover type", "deep / shallow water type", "permanent bare beach type", and "island protrusion type".

[0205] The management model for step five is: primarily natural restoration, with regular monitoring. When the ecosystem monitoring target changes by more than 20%, artificial management measures (such as removing invasive species) will be implemented. The layout and frequency of monitoring points will refer to step one.

[0206] The ecological unit-based tidal wetland restoration method proposed in this invention can clarify the branches and logical relationships in wetland ecosystem protection and restoration, which can help to better improve the structure of wetland ecosystems, improve wetland ecosystem processes, and enhance wetland ecosystem services.

[0207] When the target is plant species restoration, it can be done according to Figure 2 The flowchart shown combines steps one through five above and yields the corresponding plant recovery effect.

[0208] Another embodiment of the present invention provides a method for restoring tidal flat wetlands with the target of waterbird species restoration, such as... Figure 3 As shown, steps one through five above were followed for the response. Based on the different habitat requirements of waterbirds such as shorebirds, geese, ducks, and storks for breeding, foraging, and recreation, a tidal flat aquaculture pond was modified by constructing riparian protective forest barriers, applying biomimetic components and ecological materials, and regulating waterbird food sources. A "seasonally covered + permanently bare + herbaceous-dominant" ecological unit model was adopted to construct high-tide breeding and nesting habitats for shorebirds such as the Ringed Plover, Golden-rimmed Plover, and Black-winged Stilt. A "permanently covered + island-like protrusion + herbaceous-dominant" ecological unit model was adopted to construct breeding and nesting habitats for geese and ducks. An on-demand connectivity technology between ecological units based on horizontal biomimetic components was developed, realizing material cycling and energy flow between ecological units. A unit construction technology relying on natural tidal channels and hydrological connectivity with the external environment was developed, enabling food exchange between ecological units and surrounding areas (Figure 3). This technology has increased the number of waterbird species in the restoration area by 86%, the number of shorebird species by 68%, and the number of the globally endangered black-faced spoonbill by 37%, significantly improving the species and number of waterbirds in the habitat restoration area.

[0209] Experimental Example 1: Targeted Restoration of Waterbirds in Dong'ao Wetland, Haifeng, Guangdong

[0210] 1.1 Coastal tidal flat soil improvement (mainly focusing on herbaceous-dominant and bare tidal flat units)

[0211] Through soil improvement, the biodiversity of benthic animals and crabs is improved, and the plants in the tidal wetland grow healthily. By adding wetland plant biochar materials and salt-resistant ecological materials to the soil of the tidal wetland through 50cm deep rotary tillage, the application amount is 50-200g / m 2 , the soil pH and soil biological activity of the tidal wetland are improved.

[0212] 1.1 Soil improvement with coastal wetland plant biochar as material

[0213] A composite biochar for soil improvement and a preparation method thereof, which can not only improve the saline-alkali soil of the coastal wetland, but also adsorb and degrade pollutants in the soil, and increase the content of soil organic matter and microorganisms.

[0214] The composite biochar for soil improvement comprises Tamarix branch biochar and Suaeda salsa stem biochar, and comprises biochar raw materials in the following weight percentages: Tamarix branch biochar 60%-80% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 40%-20%, specifically comprising: Tamarix branch biochar 63% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 37%; Tamarix branch biochar 65% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 35%; Tamarix branch biochar 60% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 40%; Tamarix branch biochar 68% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 32%; Tamarix branch biochar 70% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 30%; Tamarix branch biochar 72% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 28%; Tamarix branch biochar 75% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 25%; Tamarix branch biochar 78% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 22%; or, Tamarix branch biochar 80% and Suaeda salsa stem biochar 20%. The Tamarix branch biochar refers to a biochar product obtained by carbonizing branches of Tamarix, and the Suaeda salsa stem biochar refers to a biochar product obtained by carbonizing stems of Suaeda salsa. The preparation of the composite biochar comprises carbonizing branches of Tamarix to obtain Tamarix branch biochar, carbonizing stems of Suaeda salsa to obtain Suaeda salsa stem biochar, and then mixing the Tamarix branch biochar and the Suaeda salsa stem biochar.

[0215] The branch of tamarisk biochar is prepared by the following steps: cleaning, drying and crushing the branch of tamarisk to obtain powder, and placing the powder in a furnace, uniformly heating to 350-450℃ and keeping for 3-5h, and then uniformly cooling to room temperature; the stem of halophyte suediae biochar is prepared by the following steps: cleaning, drying and crushing the branch of tamarisk to obtain powder, and placing the powder in a furnace, uniformly heating to 300-400℃ and keeping for 2-3h, and then uniformly cooling to room temperature; the crushing refers to passing through a 50-80 mesh sieve; the uniform heating refers to heating at a speed of 5-10℃ / min; the uniform cooling in the preparation step of the branch of tamarisk biochar refers to cooling at a speed of 15-20℃ / min, and the uniform cooling in the preparation step of the stem of halophyte suediae biochar refers to cooling at a speed of 10-15℃ / min; during the preparation of the branch of tamarisk biochar and the stem of halophyte suediae biochar, the powder is placed in the furnace, and a protective gas is introduced, which is nitrogen or argon.

[0216] In addition to the above-mentioned composite carbon, trace elements are added, and the soil conditioner coated with the composite biochar is obtained by mixing and stirring. The trace elements are mainly one or two of zinc sulfate, nano iron, silicon dioxide, manganese sulfate, boric acid and molybdate, and then the mixture is granulated by a disc granulator, and the water content is controlled at 15-20% and the particle size is controlled at 3-6mm during the granulation process. After the granulation is completed, it is dried at 60-80℃ for 3-5h.

[0217] The branch of tamarisk biochar and the stem of halophyte suediae biochar contained in the composite biochar / soil conditioner are matched in a weight ratio of 60%-80%:40%-20%, and the branch of tamarisk biochar is mainly used and the stem of halophyte suediae biochar is supplemented, so that the composite biochar / soil conditioner can play the maximum effect in reducing soil salinity and improving soil organic matter.

[0218] 1.2 Application of soil improvement of plant breeding salt-resistant ecological materials

[0219] Nanometer oyster shell, reed ecological carbon and reed crushed fermentation product. The raw materials for preparing the soil improvement composite biochar include nanometer oyster shell (40%-50%), reed biochar (10%-20%) and reed crushed fermentation product (30%-50%); the nanometer oyster shell for soil improvement refers to a product ground into nanometer level after calcining natural oyster shell at high temperature (400-600℃); the reed crushed fermentation product refers to a product after fermentation by straw composting agent, in which reed straw is dried and crushed into 0.3-0.5cm particles.

[0220] Preparation of straw decomposing agent: the following microorganisms are single fermented (using conventional methods): Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (all present to achieve better results); Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus subtilis, Actinomyces vulgaris, Bacillus calidus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are mixed in the following liquid volume percentage: 5-20%, 5-20%, 10-25%, 10-25%, 10-25%, 10-25% to obtain the original bacterial liquid.

[0221] Preparation of reed straw biochar: according to the preparation method of claim 4, the reed straw is prepared according to the following steps: cleaning, drying and crushing the reed straw to obtain powder and placing it in the furnace, uniformly heating to 400-550℃ and keeping for 3-5h, and then uniformly cooling to room temperature.

[0222] Nanometer oyster shell powder can make the soil have water retention (drought resistance, flood resistance), fertilizer retention (slow release and long-acting) and air permeability (frost resistance, root activation), can improve the physical structure of the soil, promote the reproduction of soil microorganisms, and promote the absorption of soil nutrients by crops, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing yield and improving quality.

[0223] Adjusting the PH value of the soil (two-way adjustment), the PH value of the calcined oyster shell powder is greater than 9, neutralizing the acidic soil. The adsorption of the micro-porous structure can well adsorb harmful hydroxyl ions, sodium ions and chloride ions that cause the PH value of the soil to rise, thereby reducing the PH value and making the soil environment suitable for plant growth.

[0224] Oyster shells contain rich natural porous surfaces, which are ideal carriers for material attachment. Nitrogen fertilizer prepared from oyster shell powder has a slow-release effect, which can prolong the release time of fertilizer nutrients and improve the utilization rate of fertilizer. Moreover, it is very suitable for use as a fertilizer for acidic soil. Long-term use of chemical fertilizers causes soil compaction and acidification. Using alkaline oyster shell powder as a calcium supplement fertilizer can have a good yield-increasing effect.

[0225] A method for mixing coastal saline-alkali soil plant breeding salt-resistant ecological materials, the prepared materials are mixed according to the following weight percentage of raw materials: nanometer oyster shell (40%-50%), reed biochar (10%-20%), and reed crushed fermentation product (30%-50%, with a water content of 30%-40%).

[0226] 2. Ecological unit construction

[0227] The main implementation area is abandoned breeding ponds and bare beaches, coupled with the construction of multiple ecological units to create suitable habitats for organisms and improve biodiversity, with the target being wetland waterfowl.

[0228] 2.1 Construction of tidal wetland ecological units based on microtopography enhancement technology

[0229] (1)Shallow water type, permanent light beach type ecological unit construction of tidal wetland

[0230] Shallow water area can restore hydrophyte and hygrophyte communities (such as Casuarina equisetifolia, Melia azedarach, Vitea monosperma, Pandanus tectorius, Artocarpus integrifolius, Adenia hindsiana, Canavalia maritima, Inula helianthoides) and bird habitats (such as Ardea alba, Ardea intermedia, Egretta eurazalia, etc.), increasing biodiversity. Shallow water area provides water source, bathing and predator-avoiding places for wetland birds, and is the habitat of amphibians, insects and the spawning ground of some fish and shrimps. Shallow beach topography restoration is generally achieved by adjusting the local micro-topography of open land near water, and cutting down steep areas. The restoration of areas with high topography can create open beach suitable for wetland water birds. The water depth of tidal wetland shallow water area is controlled at 0-0.2 m and 0.2-0.4 m according to different topography.

[0231] (2) Deep water type ecological unit construction of tidal wetland

[0232] Deep water area in nature is mainly characterized by concave distribution, and different depths are different for different animals and plants to survive at different times. Through the restoration of deep water area topography in the wetland restoration area, the needs of wetland water birds for habitat and foraging can be met. In order to achieve water temperature stratification in deep water area and meet the needs of wetland animals for wintering and wetland water birds for habitat and foraging, concave topography restoration is mainly used for deep water area topography restoration. The deep water area is formed by deep excavation of the base, with a depth of 0.5-1 m. The bottom water of the wetland restoration area does not freeze in the coldest month, and 0.5 m deep flowing water is preferred.

[0233] (3) Permanent water type ecological unit construction of tidal wetland

[0234] Open water area is an ideal place for wetland birds, especially water birds of the order Anseriformes, to take off. Fish and birds are more distributed in open water area. The restoration of open water area should first determine the horizontal direction and spatial scale size according to the activity range of wetland birds, and then realize it by deep excavation of the base and flattening of the topography in the vertical (longitudinal) direction, and spatial extension in the horizontal direction. The bird habitat construction experiment changed the original tidal wetland dominated by reed community into a wetland bird habitat with open water, shallow beach and vegetation complex structure (open water area accounts for 40%, shallow beach accounts for 30%, and vegetation accounts for 30%).

[0235] (4) Ecological unit construction of tidal wetland stagnant water zone

[0236] The water-retaining zone ecological unit can make the water quickly recede when the water recedes. In the unit, small mounds and water-retaining bridges can be built to make the water stay in the unit for a longer time. The water infiltrates into the soil, and the water recedes slowly. The water-retaining zone ecological unit slows down the water flow in the direction of the water outflow, increases the water residence time, and indirectly increases the water depth to adapt to the water level requirements of some wetland vegetation. The flow speed of the surface water in the water-retaining zone ecological unit is ≤0.05 m / s when the water recedes.

[0237] The water-retaining zone ecological unit can make the water quickly recede when the water recedes. In the unit, small mounds and water-retaining bridges can be built to make the water stay in the unit for a longer time. The water infiltrates into the soil, and the water recedes slowly. The water-retaining zone ecological unit slows down the water flow in the direction of the water outflow, increases the water residence time, and indirectly increases the water depth to adapt to the water level requirements of some wetland vegetation. The flow speed of the surface water in the water-retaining zone ecological unit is ≤0.05 m / s when the water recedes.

[0238] (5) Construction of the rapid flow zone ecological unit of the tidal flat wetland

[0239] The construction of the rapid flow zone ecological unit can make the water rise and recede faster. The original small and winding tidal ditch on the site is straightened into a shallow water channel to accelerate the rapid flow of the tidal water and make the rapid flow zone more obvious. If there is no suitable tidal ditch to be transformed on the site, a ditch needs to be dug.

[0240] The rapid flow zone ecological unit shapes a strip-shaped tidal channel to shorten the hydraulic residence time of the tidal water and accelerate the water flow speed. The flow speed of the surface water in the rapid flow zone ecological unit is ≥0.25 m / s when the water recedes.

[0241] The width of the tidal ditch of the rapid flow zone is 0.5-5 m, preferably 3 m, the depth is 0.5-2 m, preferably 1 m, and the length is less than 100 m.

[0242] The rapid flow zone provides habitat for the wetland organisms, mainly algae, various insect larvae, and fish (including migratory fish). The rapid flow zone is usually shaped like a strip, and the water has a short hydraulic retention time, fast reoxygenation speed, and fast material migration and conversion speed. The topography of the rapid flow zone is created by combining topography elevation and topography flattening. The topography is elevated in the direction of incoming water and forms an inclined topography with the direction of outgoing water, with a slope of 10-20 degrees, and the overall length of the rapid flow zone is less than 100 m, accelerating the flow speed of the water body.

[0243] 2.2 Multi-path cascade coupling of the tidal wetland based on the ecological unit

[0244] (1) Soil salt adjustment based on micro-topography and water surface rate

[0245] The soil salt adjustment is performed as shown in Figure 4

[0246] Background analysis of the target area: soil texture analysis is performed through soil sampling to estimate the capillary water rise height; the capillary water rise height H 升 and the groundwater level elevation H 水 of the target area are measured using special instruments.

[0247] Determination of ground elevation threshold: the ground elevation threshold H0 is determined by the groundwater level elevation and the capillary water rise height, i.e., H0 = H 升 + H 水 .

[0248] Comprehensive measures for soil salinity adjustment: if it is necessary to increase the local soil salinity, the ground elevation should be lowered to below the ground elevation threshold H0, and at the same time, the water surface rate should be appropriately increased and the vegetation coverage should be appropriately reduced to 20%-50%; on the contrary, if it is necessary to reduce the local soil salinity, the ground elevation should be increased to above the ground elevation threshold H0, and at the same time, the water surface rate should be appropriately reduced and the vegetation coverage should be appropriately increased.

[0249] Technical method: the effect of increasing or reducing the salinity of the local beach soil is achieved by forming a certain water surface rate and micro-topography through the construction of low-lying permanent water surface or local highlands at different elevations, as shown in Figure 5

[0250] Habitat one: high position and high vegetation coverage area

[0251] Water enters the soil through precipitation, and then undergoes water infiltration, soil evaporation, and plant transpiration. Due to high vegetation coverage, the amount of water transpired by vegetation is large but the amount of soil water evaporation is small, and the salt aggregation to the soil surface is weak. Usually, the precipitation is greater than the evaporation, and the soil surface salt is low.

[0252] Habitat two: low position and low vegetation coverage area or bare mud beach ​​

[0253] Water enters the soil through precipitation, followed by water infiltration, soil evaporation, plant transpiration, and low or no vegetation coverage, resulting in low or no vegetation water transpiration but high soil water evaporation, strong salt accumulation on the soil surface, and usually less precipitation than evaporation, resulting in high salt content on the soil surface.

[0254] Habitat three: low-lying shallow water area

[0255] Water enters the waterlogged area through precipitation, with zero water infiltration, only constant water surface evaporation, large constant water surface evaporation, and water body salt concentration.

[0256] (2) Habitat sequence construction based on landscape remodeling

[0257] Technical method: As shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7 , by building tide-blocking drainage dams to block the original beach route of the sea tide, building a wave-breaking zone along the seawall to reduce the impact of sea waves on the dam; while the hydrological impact reshapes the original terrain, to speed up the terrain remodeling process and adjust the elevation and direction with high precision, artificial beach terrain construction is needed; during the vegetation restoration process, artificial introduction of transplanted species is needed to promote the construction of vegetation landscape gradient.

[0258] (3) Ecological tidal ditch water and salt regulation and vegetation restoration technology

[0259] As shown in Figure 8 , the vegetation restoration area is delineated, and the tidal ditch parallel to the seawall is constructed on the high beach to intercept freshwater from the high beach; the tidal ditch parallel to the seawall is constructed on the low beach to lower the groundwater level of the low beach, relieve the waterlogged state of the low beach surface and middle layer soil, and enable the soil salt replenishment process by the tide to be fully carried out. The diversion channel connecting the high and low beach is constructed on the middle beach, connecting the two tidal ditches mentioned above, guiding the freshwater intercepted by the high beach to the low beach. The tidal ditch is constructed across the mangrove beach, connecting the middle beach and the ocean, breaking through the silt highland formed by the mangrove restoration, and enhancing the connectivity between the mangrove and the ocean.

[0260] Technical method: In the tidal flat, select the area where vegetation control is needed, divide the area into three zones according to the vegetation type and elevation, and investigate the morphology and distribution of natural tidal ditches in each zone as a reference for the design of ecological tidal ditches; use excavators to dig tidal ditches parallel to the seawall in the middle beach area near the high beach side, with a depth of more than 0.6m and a width of more than 1.2m; dig tidal ditches parallel to the seawall in the middle beach area near the low beach side, with a depth of more than 1.3m and a width of more than 3.5m; the natural tidal water volume encountered by the high beach is small, and more space is not needed, while the natural tidal water volume encountered by the low beach is large, and more space is needed to ensure smooth water flow; the soil excavated from the tidal ditches can be evenly piled up in the middle beach area; use excavators to dig through the guide channel perpendicular to the seawall between the constructed tidal ditches, with a depth of more than 0.8m and a width of more than 2.2m, which serves to facilitate smooth tidal flow; the depth and width of the guide channel can be varied according to the terrain and soil deposition of the area, and can mimic the natural tidal ditches in the area, which can guide the tidal water and not be clogged.

[0261] (4) Technology for improving biodiversity by habitat complexification

[0262] Technical method: As shown in Figure 9 , by investigating the target habitat and constructing the target and the current situation, the micro-topography is reconstructed and constructed, thereby improving the soil factors, restoring the vegetation community and habitat, and improving the biodiversity of the ecological system.

[0263] 3. Restoration effect

[0264] The restoration period of the present experimental example is 1 year. The comparison experiment of each ecological index before and after the restoration of the tidal wetland is as follows:

[0265] 3.1 Change of soil salinity before and after restoration

[0266] The difference in soil salinity before and after restoration in the tidal flat is as follows: three test areas are selected in the tidal flat restoration area, the 0-30cm surface soil is sampled, the soil salinity is measured by a soil salinity tester, and the measurement results are shown in Table 1:

[0267] Table 1

[0268]

[0269]

[0270] 3.2 Change of soil microbial community structure before and after restoration

[0271] The difference in soil microbial community structure before and after restoration (taking soil bacterial richness as an example) was analyzed. Three test areas were selected in the beach restoration area, and the 0-30 cm surface soil was sampled. The soil bacterial Alpha diversity index (Chao1 index) was determined as the bacterial richness index. The specific results are shown in Table 2.

[0272] Table 2

[0273] Chao 1 index Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 898 1042 967 After restoration 3264 3346 3105

[0274] 3.3 Changes in plant germination and seedling survival before and after restoration

[0275] The plant germination experiment and seedling survival statistics before and after restoration (taking Scirpus mariqueter as an example) were conducted. Three test areas were selected in the beach restoration area, with an area of 10 square meters. Scirpus mariqueter seeds were sown at 100 per test area. The seed germination rate (number of germinated seeds / 100) and seedling survival rate (number of surviving seedlings / 100) were calculated. The results of seed germination rate are shown in Table 3.

[0276] Table 3

[0277] Seed germination rate % Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 67％ 59％ 63％ After restoration 92％ 94％ 91％

[0278] The results of seedling survival rate are shown in Table 4.

[0279] Table 4

[0280] Seedling survival rate % Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 41％ 43％ 46％ After restoration 68％ 70％ 62％

[0281] 3.4 Changes in plants in the riparian zone before and after restoration

[0282] The changes in plants in the riparian zone before and after restoration are as follows:

[0283] The dominant species of the original wetland plants were Phragmites australis, Isoetes, Acanthus ilicifolius, Sonneratia caseolaris, Sonneratia alba, Tabebuia, Excoecaria, Trema, Scirpus mariqueter, etc.

[0284] The dominant species of the newly added wetland plants were Scirpus mariqueter, Acorus, Excoecaria, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Sonneratia alba, Arundo donax, Phragmites australis, Chrysopogon zizyphoides, and Juncus. 12 species.

[0285] Table 5

[0286] Dominant plant species Guangdong Haifeng Dong'ao Wetland (unit: species) Before restoration 9 After restoration 21

[0287] 3.5 Changes in wetland birds before and after restoration

[0288] There were 57 species of wetland birds before restoration, as shown in Table 6.

[0289] Table 6

[0290]

[0291]

[0292] After recovery, there were 106 species of wetland birds, as shown in Table 7 below:

[0293] Table 7

[0294]

[0295]

[0296]

[0297] Experimental Example 2: Targeted restoration of vegetation in Yancheng Rare Bird Reserve

[0298] 1. Soil improvement in coastal mudflat (same as Experimental Example 1)

[0299] 2. Ecological unit construction

[0300] In the muddy mudflat area, multiple ecological unit constructions are coupled to improve biodiversity, with the target being wetland vegetation.

[0301] 2.1 Ecological unit construction of mudflat wetland based on micro-topography enhancement technology

[0302] (1) Ecological unit construction of mudflat wetland shallow water type and permanent light beach type

[0303] Shallow water areas can restore hydrophyte and hygrophyte communities (such as reeds, Suaeda salsa, sea lotus, and sea three-pronged rush) and bird habitats (such as red-crowned cranes), increasing biodiversity. Shallow water areas provide water sources, bathing, and predator avoidance for wetland birds, and are habitats for amphibians, insects, and spawning grounds for some fish and shrimp. Shallow beach topography restoration generally involves local micro-topography adjustment of near-water open areas, with steep areas being lowered. Restoring areas with high terrain can create suitable open beaches for water birds. The water depth in the shallow water area of the mudflat wetland is controlled at 0-0.2m and 0.2-0.4m according to different terrain heights.

[0304] (2) Ecological unit construction of mudflat wetland permanent water-covered type (same as Experimental Example 1)

[0305] (3) Ecological unit construction of mudflat wetland water-retaining zone (same as Experimental Example 1)

[0306] 2.2 Multiple pathway cascade coupling of mudflat wetland based on ecological unit construction

[0307] (1) Soil salt adjustment based on micro-topography and water surface rate (same as Experimental Example 1)

[0308] (2) Habitat sequence construction based on landscape remodeling (same as experimental example 1)

[0309] (3) Salt regulation of ecological tidal ditch and vegetation restoration technology (same as experimental example 1)

[0310] As shown in Figure 8 , the vegetation restoration area is demarcated, and the tidal ditch parallel to the seawall is constructed on the high beach to intercept freshwater from the high beach; the tidal ditch parallel to the seawall is constructed on the low beach to lower the groundwater level of the low beach, thereby relieving the waterlogged state of the low beach surface and middle layer soil, and enabling the soil salt replenishment process of the tide to be fully carried out. The flow guide channel connecting the high beach and the low beach is constructed on the middle beach, connecting the two tidal ditches mentioned above, and guiding the freshwater intercepted by the high beach to the low beach. The tidal ditch crossing the reed / suaeda salsa / halodule uninucleata beach, connecting the middle beach and the ocean, is constructed on the low beach, and the mud highland formed by the reed / suaeda salsa / halodule uninucleata is dredged to enhance the connectivity between the reed / suaeda salsa / halodule uninucleata beach and the ocean.

[0311] Technical method: Select the area where vegetation needs to be controlled on the tidal beach, divide the area into three zones according to the vegetation type and elevation, and investigate the morphology and distribution of the natural tidal ditch in each area as a reference for ecological tidal ditch design; use an excavator to dig a tidal ditch parallel to the seawall on the side of the middle beach close to the high beach, with a depth of more than 0.6 m and a width of more than 1.2 m; dig a tidal ditch parallel to the seawall on the side of the middle beach close to the low beach, with a depth of more than 1.3 m and a width of more than 3.5 m; the natural tidal water volume encountered by the high beach is small, so it does not require much space, while the natural tidal water volume encountered by the low beach is large, so it requires more space to ensure smooth water flow; the soil excavated from the tidal ditch can be evenly piled up in the middle beach area; use an excavator to dig a flow guide channel perpendicular to the seawall between the constructed tidal ditches, with a depth of more than 0.8 m and a width of more than 2.2 m, to facilitate smooth tidal water flow; the depth and width of the flow guide channel can be adjusted according to the terrain and soil deposition degree of the area, and can mimic the natural tidal ditch in the area to guide the tidal water without clogging.

[0312] (4) Technology for improving biodiversity through habitat complexification

[0313] Technical method: As shown in Figure 9 , the microtopography is reconstructed and constructed by investigating the target habitat and combining the target with the current situation, thereby improving the soil factors, restoring the vegetation community and habitat, and improving the biodiversity of the ecological system.

[0314] 3. Restoration effect

[0315] The restoration period of this experimental example is 2 years. The comparison of various ecological indicators before and after the restoration of the tidal wetland is as follows:

[0316] 3.1 Changes in soil salinity before and after restoration

[0317] The differences in soil salinity before and after restoration of the tidal flat were determined by sampling 0-30 cm surface soil in three test areas in the tidal flat restoration area, and measuring soil salinity using a soil salinity meter. The results are shown in Table 8 below:

[0318] Table 8

[0319] Salinity value (g / kg) Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 15.33 12.51 10.79 After restoration 3.75 2.84 2.43

[0320] 3.2 Changes in soil microbial community structure before and after restoration

[0321] The differences in soil microbial community structure before and after restoration of the tidal flat were determined by sampling 0-30 cm surface soil in three test areas in the tidal flat restoration area, and measuring soil bacterial Alpha diversity index (Chao1 index) as a bacterial richness determination index. The results are shown in Table 9 below:

[0322] Table 9

[0323] Chao 1 index Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 1134 1420 989 After restoration 2947 3241 3022

[0324] 3.3 Changes in plant germination and seedling survival statistics before and after restoration

[0325] The plant germination experiment and seedling survival statistics before and after restoration of the tidal flat were conducted by selecting three test areas in the tidal flat restoration area, each with an area of 1 square meter, and sowing 100 seeds of Suaeda salsa. The seed germination rate (number of germinated seeds / 100) and seedling survival rate (number of surviving seedlings / 100) were calculated. The results of seed germination rate are shown in Table 10 below:

[0326] Table 10

[0327] Seed germination rate % Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Before restoration 57％ 52％ 58％ After restoration 95％ 90％ 92％

[0328] The results of seedling survival rate are shown in Table 11 below:

[0329] Table 11

[0330]

[0331]

[0332] 3.4 Changes in wetland plants before and after restoration The changes in wetland plant coverage before and after restoration are shown in Table 12 below:

[0333] Table 12

[0334] Coverage % Phragmites australis Suaeda salsa Scirpus mariqueter Before restoration 65％ 40％ 35％ After restoration 90％ 80％ 85％

[0335] The changes in wetland plant density before and after restoration are shown in Table 13 below:

[0336] Table 13

[0337] Stems / m2 Phragmites australis Suaeda salsa Scirpus mariqueter Before restoration 30 48 200 After restoration 80 100 800

[0338] The changes of wetland plant biomass before and after the restoration are as shown in Table 14:

[0339] Table 14

[0340] kg / m2 Phragmites australis Suaeda salsa Scirpus mariqueter Before restoration 2.18 0.73 0.52 After restoration 5.56 1.27 1.56

Claims

1. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration, characterized in that, The method comprises: (1) determining a target; (2) constructing an ecological unit by microtopography modification on a tidal wetland to be restored; (3) applying biochar materials and salt-resistant ecological materials in the ecological unit; (4) arranging waterfront plants in the ecological unit; the target is selected from one or more of the following: tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration, target plant species restoration, and target animal species restoration; the tidal wetland ecosystem function restoration is selected from one or more of the following: reducing or increasing soil salinity, changing the flow direction and / or flow speed of water on the tidal wetland, improving soil microbial abundance, changing vegetation diversity and / or coverage, and changing the species and / or quantity of animals; the target plant species restoration refers to keeping or restoring the target plant species to a dominant species; the target animal species restoration refers to keeping or restoring the target animal species to a dominant species; the ecological unit comprises a permanent water-covered unit, a seasonal water-covered unit, a deep water unit, a shallow water unit, a permanent light beach unit, an island protrusion unit, a herbaceous dominant unit, a tree dominant unit, a stagnant water belt unit, and a rapid flow belt unit; the permanent water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit with a water area ratio of 50%-100% on the ground surface in all seasons; the seasonal water-covered unit refers to an ecological unit with a water area ratio of 20%-100% on the ground surface in at least one season; the deep water unit refers to an ecological unit with a water depth of 3-5 m on the ground surface in all seasons; the shallow water unit refers to an ecological unit with a water depth of 0.5-1 m on the ground surface in all seasons; the permanent light beach unit refers to an ecological unit without vegetation coverage on the ground surface in all seasons, keeping the mucky soil or sandy soil affected by natural tides; the island protrusion unit refers to an ecological unit with a land area of more than 5 square meters exposed to the water surface regardless of water level fluctuation and growing plants; the herbaceous dominant unit refers to an ecological unit with a vegetation coverage of more than 65% and a dominant species mainly being herbaceous plants; the tree dominant unit refers to an ecological unit with a vegetation coverage of more than 65% and a dominant species mainly being trees; the stagnant water belt unit refers to an ecological unit with a water flow speed of less than or equal to 0.05 m / s on the ground surface during ebb tide; the rapid flow belt unit refers to an ecological unit with a water flow speed of more than or equal to 0.25 m / s on the ground surface during ebb tide; the biochar materials comprise 60%-80% of Tamarix branch biochar and 20%-40% of Suaeda salsa stem biochar by weight; the salt-resistant ecological materials comprise the following raw materials by weight: 40-50 parts of nano oyster shell, 10-20 parts of reed biochar, and 30-50 parts of reed crushed fermentation product. The micro-topography modification includes: straightening the tidal creek into a water channel or directly excavating the tidal creek or water channel to form a torrent zone unit in the torrent zone ecological unit, building an earth mound or a water diversion bridge to form a stagnant water zone unit in the stagnant water zone ecological unit, deepening the base in the pit pond ecological unit to form an island protrusion type unit with a deep water area of 0.5-1m in depth, reducing the steep slope and controlling the terrain height to 0-0.4m to form a seasonal water-covered type unit, a shallow water type unit, and a permanent mudflat type unit in the shallow water area ecological unit, deepening the base and flattening the terrain to form a deep water type unit and / or a permanent water-covered type unit in the open water ecological unit, lowering the ground elevation below the ground elevation limit H0 to increase the soil salinity or increasing the ground elevation above the ground elevation limit H0 to reduce the soil salinity, building a dike and / or a wave dissipation zone along the coast / river / lake; The ground elevation threshold H0 is equal to the groundwater level elevation H 水 The sum of the capillary water rise height H 升 ; The water-front plant configuration refers to retaining target plants and / or artificially transplanting target plants.

2. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration according to claim 1, wherein, The target plants are selected from: reed, sea rush, Suaeda salsa, sea lotus, short sawgrass, water onion, giant reed, common reed, acorus calamus, kandelia candel, mangrove, Acanthus ilicifolius, halodule, sonneratia caseolaris, nothaphittum aeruginosum, mangrove, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Avicennia marina, and Aegiceras corniculatum. The target animals belong to the following categories: Charadriiformes, Falconiformes, Glareoliformes, Anseriformes, Ciconiiformes, Coraciiformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes, Podicipediformes, Passeriformes, Caprimulgiformes. When the target is the functional restoration of the tidal wetland ecosystem, at least six ecological units are constructed on the tidal wetland. When the target is the restoration of the density of target plant species, permanent water-covered type units, seasonal water-covered type units, shallow water type units, island protrusion type units, herb-dominant type units, and tree-dominant type units are constructed on the tidal wetland. When the target is the restoration of the density of target animal species, permanent water-covered type units, deep water type units, shallow water type units, permanent mudflat type units, island protrusion type units, herb-dominant type units, tree-dominant type units, and torrent zone units are constructed on the tidal wetland.

3. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration according to claim 1, wherein, The application of biochar materials and salt-resistant ecological materials in the units refers to adding biochar materials and salt-resistant ecological materials to the soil 30-80cm deep in the unit by rotary tillage. and / or, the application amount of the biochar material and the salt-resistant ecological material is 50-200 g / m 2 ; And / or, the nano oyster shell is a product of natural oyster shell calcined and ground to nanoscale; And / or, the reed biochar is a biochar product after the reed straw is carbonized; And / or, the reed crushed fermentation product is a product after the reed straw is fermented by straw composting agent; And / or, the moisture content of the reed crushed fermentation product is controlled at 30%-40%.

4. The "unit type" tidal wetland restoration method based on the target according to claim 1, wherein, the ground elevation is lowered below the ground elevation limit H0 while the water surface rate is increased to 50%-100% and the vegetation coverage is reduced to 10%-50% to increase the soil salinity, or the ground elevation is increased above the ground elevation limit H0 while the water surface rate is reduced to 10%-30% and the vegetation coverage is increased to 80%-90% to reduce the soil salinity. ​ ​ ​ 5. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration according to claim 1, wherein, The micro-terrain modification is further configured to construct an ecological unit on the abandoned fish pond or bare beach to be restored.

6. A "cell-based" tidal marsh restoration method based on targeting objectives according to claim 5, characterized in that, The micro-terrain modification further comprises: in the rapid flow zone ecological unit, elevating the terrain in the water inflow direction, and forming an inclined terrain with a slope of 10-20 degrees in the water outflow direction to form a rapid flow zone.

7. A "cell-based" tidal marsh restoration method based on targeting objectives according to claim 6, characterized in that, The length of the rapid flow zone is less than 100 m; and / or the period of the tidal wetland restoration is 1-2 years.

8. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration according to any one of claims 1, 5, 6, wherein, The micro-terrain modification further comprises: constructing a high beach tidal ditch parallel to the dike on the middle beach of the tidal wetland to be restored near the high beach side, constructing a low beach tidal ditch parallel to the dike on the middle beach near the low beach side, and constructing a diversion channel connecting the high beach tidal ditch and the low beach tidal ditch.

9. A "cell-based" tidal marsh restoration method based on targeting objectives according to claim 8, characterized in that, The high beach refers to a tidal area with a terrain of 3-5 m; The low beach refers to a tidal area with a terrain of 0-1 m; The middle beach refers to a tidal area with a terrain of 1-3 m.

10. A "cell-based" approach for targeted tidal marsh restoration according to claim 1 or 9, wherein, The depth of the high beach tidal ditch is greater than 0.6 m, and the width is greater than 1.2 m; The depth of the low beach tidal ditch is greater than 1.3 m, and the width is greater than 3.5 m; The depth of the diversion channel is greater than 0.8 m, and the width is greater than 2.2 m.

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