In allusion to the characteristics that in a sewage treatment process, the effluent water quality cannot reach the standard, the energy consumption is relatively high and the like, the invention provides a multi-objective real-time optimization control method for the sewage treatment process, by which optimization control over concentrations of dissolved oxygen SO and nitrate nitrogen SNO are achieved in the sewage treatment process. According to the optimization control method, an established energy consumption model and an established effluent water quality model, which are based on radial basis functions, are used as optimized objective functions, the optimized objective functions are treated via a multi-objective particle swarm algorithm to obtain optimized set values of the dissolved oxygen SO and the nitrate nitrogen SNO, and tracking control is performed on the optimized set values of the dissolved oxygen SO and the nitrate nitrogen SNO through a fuzzy neural network. According to the optimization control method, the problem of multi-objective real-time optimization control over the sewage treatment process is solved, the energy consumption is reduced on the basis that the effluent water quality is ensured, and high-efficiency and stable operation of a sewage treatment plant is promoted.