A melting welding process for titanium steel composite plate

Abstract

The present invention relates to a melting welding process of titanium steel composite plates, welding groove processing: according to different uses of titanium steel composite plates, different groove processing forms are matched; welding groove deep processing: copper surfacing treatment is performed on the groove interface of the titanium steel composite plate to be welded using the CMT welding method; two composite plates that have been surfacing treated are spot-fixed welded; and titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer are welded. The present invention forms a crack-free welded joint by designing intermediate welding materials, specific groove types, groove deep processing technology and matching welding technology, thereby solving the technical problem that titanium steel cannot be welded, ensuring the integrity of the welded joint, making it applicable to complex structures, and making large-area application of titanium steel composite plates possible.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of welding material development and matching welding process application, and in particular to a titanium steel composite plate melting welding process. Background Art

[0002] Titanium-steel composite plates have both the good weldability, formability, thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties of carbon steel, and the excellent corrosion resistance of titanium coating. Therefore, they are widely used in petroleum, chemical industry, metallurgy, light industry, salt chemical industry, power station auxiliary equipment, seawater desalination shipbuilding, power and other industries. In the practical application of titanium-steel composite plates, welding connection problems are inevitably involved, and how to form good welding joints and provide effective connection performance has become the basic condition that limits the widespread application of titanium-steel composite plates. When titanium and steel are directly welded, a large amount of brittle phases will be formed, which makes the weld brittle and cracks will occur. At the same time, the weld metal and heat-affected zone of the titanium coating are also easily contaminated by elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, forming interstitial solid solutions or intermetallic compounds, resulting in a sharp drop in the mechanical properties of the joint, that is, plasticity and toughness, causing cracks. Therefore, the current traditional welding of titanium-steel composite plates is an indirect welding method of "patching", that is, the two metals are welded separately and do not melt each other.

[0003] However, the traditional titanium steel composite plate welding manufacturing technology is cumbersome, the welding process is complex, the probability of defects is high, and the welding reliability is low, which hinders further promotion and application. Moreover, the traditional titanium steel composite plate welding is steel-to-steel welding and titanium-to-titanium welding. The gap between steel and titanium is equivalent to artificially creating a crack source, reducing the bearing capacity of the component and increasing the potential risk of failure. This is the fundamental reason why titanium steel composite plates cannot be used in important structures.

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new titanium-steel composite plate welding process to solve the above problems. Summary of the invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a melting welding process for titanium-steel composite plates. By designing intermediate welding materials, specific groove types, groove deep processing processes and matching welding processes, a crack-free welded joint is finally formed, which truly solves the technical problem that titanium steel cannot be welded, ensures the integrity of the welded joint, and has superior fatigue performance and corrosion resistance, so that it can be applied to complex structures, making large-area application of titanium-steel composite plates possible.

[0006] The technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A titanium steel composite plate melting welding process proposed by the present invention comprises the following steps:

[0008] Welding groove processing: According to the different uses of titanium steel composite plates, different groove processing forms are matched;

[0009] Deep processing of welding groove: Use CMT welding method to perform copper surfacing treatment on the groove interface of the titanium steel composite plate to be welded;

[0010] Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment;

[0011] Welding of titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer; There is no fixed order for welding titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer, and the welding order is selected according to different groove forms;

[0012] Furthermore, the groove adopts mechanical processing method to remove the appropriate thickness of carbon steel, the processing at the titanium steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade, and before welding, the oxide in the welding area on the carbon steel side is first removed by angle grinding, and industrial alcohol is used to wipe until the interface reveals the metallic luster.

[0013] Furthermore, the CMT groove interface copper deposition treatment has the following characteristics: welding current is 120-200A, welding speed is 200-400mm / min, swing width is 1-2mm, fusion ratio of the welded joint is controlled to be 0.2-0.5, and the groove interface copper deposition layer height is less than 1mm.

[0014] Furthermore, a large gas flow rate is used for protection during the titanium cladding welding process.

[0015] Furthermore, during the welding of the pure copper intermediate layer, argon is used as the shielding gas, and the CMT welding method is used for welding operations. The gas flow rate is 10-20L / min, the welding current is 160-200A, the welding speed is 200-350mm / min, and the swing width matches the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device is set on the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness is 1-2mm, ensuring that titanium-iron compounds will not be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

[0016] Furthermore, during the welding process of the steel base layer, water is continuously passed through the water cooling device, and the welding materials and process selection can be based on the welding of the parent material; the weld formation should be uniform, dense, and smoothly transitioned to the parent material, and should not have cracks, unfused edges, and undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, and arc pits that exceed the specified defects.

[0017] Furthermore, during the welding process of the titanium cladding, the pure copper intermediate layer and the steel base layer, the surface of the first layer needs to be smoothed by angle grinding after welding, and the inside and outer wall of the groove need to be wiped with industrial alcohol.

[0018] Furthermore, after the titanium cladding, the pure copper intermediate layer and the steel base layer are welded, they are inspected by penetrant testing to ensure that the welded joints pass the corrosion resistance test.

[0019] Furthermore, during the welding process of the titanium cladding, stress relief treatment is performed by means of knocking and vibration, and the welding height of the titanium cladding is 0.4-0.6 mm from the titanium-steel interface.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0021] 1. When welding small-diameter titanium-steel composite plate bends, choose a single-sided V-shaped groove type, and with complete welding steps, you can achieve a full-size fusion welding joint, expanding the welding application field;

[0022] 2. The materials required for the entire welding process are common materials on the market, that is, the steel base layer uses matching steel welding materials based on the parent material, the titanium cladding uses matching titanium welding materials, and pure copper welding materials are used for welding of the intermediate layer and deep processing of the groove, which are both economical and practical;

[0023] 3. Timely stress relief treatment and the use of protective gas ensure the quality of titanium side welding;

[0024] 4. During subsequent welding, the use of a water cooling device avoids the formation of titanium-iron compounds near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature;

[0025] 5. The intermediate welding material, specific groove type, groove deep processing technology and matching welding process are combined to form a crack-free welded joint. Compared with the traditional patch welding method, the welding process of the present invention is much better than the traditional method in carrying dynamic loads, which can significantly improve the life of the joint and effectively improve the service reliability of the titanium-steel composite plate welded parts; the potential of the weld position of the welding joint is higher than that of the parent material, the parent material as the anode decomposition rate is accelerated, and the weld is protected as the cathode, thereby ensuring the corrosion resistance of the titanium layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the process of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the macroscopic metallographic structure of the titanium-steel composite plate welded joint in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 3 Schematic diagram of electrochemical surface scanning of titanium coating-titanium weld in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of electrochemical line scanning of a titanium coating-titanium weld in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of electrochemical line scanning of a carbon steel-intermediate layer-titanium weld in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of welding groove in embodiment 1 of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 7 Schematic diagram of welding groove in the second embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0034] The present invention proposes a titanium steel composite plate melting welding process, such as Figure 1 As shown, the specific steps include:

[0035] Welding groove processing: According to the different uses of titanium-steel composite plates, different groove processing forms are matched: single-sided groove, X-shaped double-sided groove, corner groove, etc.; for example, when welding pipelines, titanium is on the inside, and the amount of removal on the carbon steel side is larger. The groove adopts mechanical processing methods to remove an appropriate amount of carbon steel to make the bonding surface clearer and avoid element diffusion; the processing at the titanium-steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade, and before welding, first use an angle grinder to remove the oxide in the welding area on the carbon steel side, and use industrial alcohol to wipe until the interface reveals the metallic luster.

[0036] Deep processing of welding groove: CMT welding method is used to perform copper cladding treatment on the groove interface; the CMT welding gun is fixed by a special fixture to keep the welding angle and flat welding position of the groove interface consistent; the welding current is 120-200A, the welding speed is 200-400mm / min, the swing width is 1-2mm, the fusion ratio of the weld joint is controlled to be 0.2-0.5, and the layer height of the interface cladding copper layer is less than 1mm to isolate the element diffusion of titanium and carbon steel at high temperature and cause the generation of brittle phase.

[0037] Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment.

[0038] Welding of titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer;

[0039] Among them, a protective drag hood and large gas flow protection are used during the titanium cladding welding process; at the same time, stress relief treatment is carried out by knocking and vibrating, and the welding height of the titanium cladding is 0.4-0.6mm from the titanium-steel interface.

[0040] During the welding of the pure copper intermediate layer, argon is used as the shielding gas, and the CMT welding method is used for welding operations. The gas flow rate is 10-20L / min, the welding current is 160-200A, the welding speed is 200-350mm / min, and the swing width matches the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device is set on the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness is 1-2mm to ensure that titanium-iron compounds will not be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

[0041] During the welding of the steel base layer, water is continuously supplied to the water cooling device, and the welding materials and process selection shall be based on the welding of the parent material; the weld formation shall be uniform, dense, and smoothly transitioned to the parent material, and there shall be no cracks, lack of fusion, or defects such as undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, arc pits, etc. that exceed the specified values.

[0042] Among them, there is no fixed order for welding the titanium cladding, the pure copper intermediate layer and the steel base layer. The welding order can be selected according to the different groove forms. After the first layer is welded, its surface needs to be flattened by angle grinding, and the inside and outer walls of the groove should be wiped with industrial alcohol.

[0043] After welding is completed, it is inspected by penetrant testing to ensure that the welded joint passes the corrosion resistance test.

[0044] The present invention will be further described below by specific embodiments:

[0045] Embodiment 1

[0046] This embodiment is applied to the welding of a large diameter drum structure of a 2+8mmTA2 / Q235 titanium steel composite plate. The specific implementation process is as follows:

[0047] The welding groove adopts the X-shaped double-sided groove type, and the specific dimensions are as follows Figure 6 As shown, a 90° arc transition with a groove depth of 4mm and a groove bottom radius of 3mm is opened on the titanium coating side, and a 90° arc transition with a groove depth of 4.5mm and a blunt edge of 1.5mm thickness in the middle of both sides is also opened on the steel base side. Mechanical processing is used to remove an appropriate amount of carbon steel to make the bonding surface clearer and avoid element diffusion. The processing at the titanium-steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade surface, and before welding, the oxide in the carbon steel side to be welded is first removed by an angle grinder, and industrial alcohol is used to wipe until the interface reveals a metallic luster.

[0048] Deep processing of welding groove: CMT welding method is used to perform copper cladding treatment on the groove interface; the CMT welding gun is fixed by a special fixture to keep the welding angle and flat welding position of the groove interface consistent; the welding current is 160A, the welding speed is 200mm / min, the swing width is 1.5mm, the fusion ratio of the welded joint is controlled to be 0.4, and the interface cladding copper layer height is 0.8mm to isolate the brittle phase caused by the element diffusion of titanium and carbon steel at high temperature.

[0049] Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment.

[0050] First, the pure copper middle layer is welded: argon is used as the protective gas, and the CMT welding method is used for welding operations. The gas flow rate is 15L / min, the welding current is 200A, the welding speed is 350mm / min, and the swing width matches the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device is added to the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness is guaranteed to be 2mm to ensure that titanium-iron compounds will not be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

[0051] The surface of the middle layer was flattened by angle grinding, and the inner and outer walls of the groove were wiped with industrial alcohol for steel side welding. When welding the steel side, the water cooling device was continuously ventilated, the welding material was H08Mn2Si welding wire, the CMT welding method was used for welding, the welding current was 260A, and the welding speed was 250mm / min.

[0052] Finally, the titanium cladding is welded. During the welding process, a protective hood and a large gas flow rate are used for protection. The gas flow rates of the hood and the welding gun are both 16L / min. At the same time, vibration is used to relieve stress. The TIG welding method is used for welding operations. The welding current is 160A and the welding speed is 118mm / min.

[0053] The macroscopic metallographic structure of the welded joint is as follows: Figure 2 As shown, the weld should be formed evenly, densely and smoothly transitioned to the base material, without cracks, lack of fusion, or defects such as undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, arc pits, etc. that exceed the specified limits.

[0054] After welding is completed, it is inspected by penetrant testing to ensure that the welded joint passes the corrosion resistance test.

[0055] After welding, the surface of the titanium layer is light blue, which meets the color requirements, and the color penetration flaw detection is qualified. And the mechanical properties and corrosion performance tests are carried out. The mechanical properties of the joints meet the national standard requirements. Because the welding process of the present invention forms a complete welding joint, the ability to bear dynamic loads is greatly enhanced, so the fatigue test of the titanium steel composite plate welding joint is added, and four different maximum dynamic loads are selected for evaluation. The test results are shown in Table 1. Under different dynamic loads, the fatigue life of the titanium steel composite plate welding joint of the present invention is more than 65 times higher than the fatigue life of the welding joint of the traditional welding method. When the maximum dynamic load is 28kN, the fatigue life of the welding joint obtained by the welding process of the present invention exceeds 1000 times the life of the joint of the traditional welding method. When the maximum dynamic load is 21kN, the fatigue life of the welding joint obtained by the welding process of the present invention exceeds 100 times the life of the joint of the traditional welding method, and the joints are not cracked. Therefore, the welding process of the present invention can significantly improve the life of the joint and effectively improve the service reliability of the titanium steel composite plate welded parts.

[0056] Table 1 Statistics of fatigue test results of titanium steel composite plate welded joints

[0057]

[0058] The welding process of the present invention is used for welding, and the corrosion resistance of the welded joint is tested and analyzed. The corrosion electrochemical test results are as follows: Figure 3-5 As shown, the potential of the titanium weld is higher than that of the titanium coating. The titanium coating acts as an anode, which accelerates the decomposition rate, and the titanium weld is protected as a cathode, thus ensuring the superior corrosion performance of the titanium coating.

[0059] Embodiment 2

[0060] This embodiment is applied to the welding of 2+10mmTA2 / Q345 titanium steel composite plate corner joint structure, and the specific implementation process is as follows:

[0061] The welding groove adopts the angle groove type, and the specific dimensions are as follows: Figure 7 As shown, the horizontal groove angle is 35°, the bottom edge is arc-shaped, the radius is 3mm, and the blunt edge on the steel base side is 0.5mm; the vertical groove angle is 35°, the steel base side is arc-shaped, the radius is 3mm, and the blunt edge on the titanium cladding side is 1mm; the steel bases of the two plates to be composited are aligned at a 90° angle, and a proper amount of carbon steel is removed by mechanical processing to make the bonding surface clearer and avoid element diffusion; the processing at the titanium-steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade, and before welding, the oxides in the carbon steel side to be welded are first removed by an angle grinder, and industrial alcohol is used to wipe the interface until the metallic luster is exposed.

[0062] Deep processing of welding groove: CMT welding method is used to perform copper cladding treatment on the groove interface; the CMT welding gun is fixed by a special fixture to keep the welding angle and flat welding position of the groove interface consistent; the welding current is 200A, the welding speed is 400mm / min, the swing width is 1mm, the fusion ratio of the welded joint is controlled to be 0.2, and the interface cladding copper layer height is 0.9mm to isolate the element diffusion of titanium and carbon steel at high temperature, which causes the brittle phase to be produced.

[0063] Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment.

[0064] First, the steel side is welded. The welding material is H08Mn2Si welding wire. The CMT welding method is used for welding. The welding current is 300A and the welding speed is 300mm / min.

[0065] The steel base surface was flattened by angle grinding, and the inner and outer walls of the groove were wiped with industrial alcohol, and then the pure copper intermediate layer was welded. Argon was used as the protective gas, and the CMT welding method was used for welding. The gas flow rate was 20L / min, the welding current was 180A, the welding speed was 280mm / min, and the swing width matched the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device was added to the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness was guaranteed to be 1.5mm, ensuring that no titanium-iron compounds would be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

[0066] Finally, the titanium cladding is welded. During the welding process, a protective hood and a large gas flow rate are used for protection. The gas flow rates of the hood and the welding gun are both 16L / min. At the same time, vibration is used to relieve stress. The TIG welding method is used for welding operations. The welding current is 190A and the welding speed is 120mm / min.

[0067] The weld should be formed evenly, densely and smoothly transitioned to the parent material. There should be no cracks, lack of fusion, or defects such as undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, arc pits, etc. that exceed the specified limits.

[0068] After welding, the weld joint was inspected by penetrant testing, and the corrosion resistance test was qualified. After welding, the surface of the titanium layer was light blue, which met the color requirements, and the color penetrant testing was qualified.

[0069] The mechanical properties tests of the joints all meet the national standards, the ability to bear dynamic loads has been greatly enhanced, and the corrosion resistance is consistent with that of the parent material.

[0070] Embodiment 3

[0071] This embodiment is applied to the welding of 4+16mmTA2 / X65 titanium steel composite plate tube structure, and the specific implementation process is as follows:

[0072] Welding groove processing: open a common V-shaped groove with a groove angle of 60°, with titanium on the inside, and use mechanical processing methods to remove an appropriate amount of carbon steel to make the bonding surface clearer and avoid element diffusion; the processing at the titanium-steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade, and before welding, first use an angle grinder to remove the oxide in the welding area on the carbon steel side, and use industrial alcohol to wipe until the interface reveals the metallic luster.

[0073] Deep processing of welding groove: CMT welding method is used to perform copper cladding treatment on the groove interface; the CMT welding gun is fixed by a special fixture to keep the welding angle and flat welding position of the groove interface consistent; the welding current is 120A, the welding speed is 300mm / min, the swing width is 2mm, and the interface cladding copper layer height is 0.6mm, which isolates the brittle phase caused by the element diffusion of titanium and carbon steel at high temperature.

[0074] Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment.

[0075] First, the titanium cladding is welded. During the welding process, a protective hood and a large gas flow rate are used for protection. The gas flow rates of the hood and the welding gun are both 18L / min. At the same time, stress relief is performed by knocking. The welding height of the titanium cladding is about 0.5mm from the titanium-steel interface.

[0076] The titanium layer surface was smoothed by angle grinding, and the inner and outer walls of the groove were wiped with industrial alcohol for welding of the pure copper intermediate layer. Argon was used as the protective gas, and the CMT welding method was used for welding. The gas flow rate was 10L / min, the welding current was 160A, the welding speed was 200mm / min, and the swing width matched the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device was added to the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness was guaranteed to be 1mm, ensuring that no titanium-iron compounds would be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

[0077] The surface of the pure copper intermediate layer was flattened by angle grinding, and the inner and outer walls of the groove were wiped with industrial alcohol for steel side welding. When welding the steel side, the water cooling device was continuously ventilated, the welding material was selected based on the base material X65, and the CMT welding method was used for welding, the welding current was 320A, and the welding speed was 300mm / min.

[0078] The weld should be formed evenly, densely and smoothly transitioned to the parent material. There should be no cracks, lack of fusion, or defects such as undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, arc pits, etc. that exceed the specified limits.

[0079] After welding, the weld joint was inspected by penetrant testing, and the corrosion resistance test was qualified. After welding, the surface of the titanium layer was light blue, which met the color requirements, and the color penetrant testing was qualified.

[0080] The mechanical properties tests of the joints all meet the national standards, the ability to bear dynamic loads has been greatly enhanced, and the corrosion resistance is consistent with that of the parent material.

[0081] Matters not described in detail in the present invention are all known technologies.

[0082] The embodiments described above are merely descriptions of preferred implementation modes of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by ordinary technicians in this field should all fall within the protection scope determined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A titanium steel composite plate melting welding process, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Welding groove processing: According to the different uses of titanium steel composite plates, different groove processing forms are matched; Deep processing of welding groove: Use CMT welding method to perform copper surfacing treatment on the groove interface of the titanium steel composite plate to be welded; Perform spot-fix welding on two composite plates that have undergone cladding treatment; Welding of titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer; There is no fixed order for welding titanium cladding, pure copper intermediate layer and steel base layer, and the welding order is selected according to different groove forms; The CMT groove interface copper deposition treatment: welding current is 120-200A, welding speed is 200-400mm / min, swing width is 1-2mm, fusion ratio of welding joint is controlled to be 0.2-0.5, and the height of copper deposition layer at groove interface is less than 1mm; During the welding process of the pure copper intermediate layer, argon is used as the protective gas, and the CMT welding method is used for welding operation. The gas flow rate is 10-20L / min, the welding current is 160-200A, the welding speed is 200-350mm / min, and the swing width matches the groove width. During the welding process, a water cooling device is set on the back to make the copper layer evenly cover the carbon steel surface. The welding thickness is 1-2mm, ensuring that titanium-iron compounds will not be formed near the titanium / steel interface 0-1mm due to short-term high temperature.

2. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: The groove adopts mechanical processing method to remove the appropriate thickness of carbon steel, and the processing at the titanium steel interface needs to be cut on the same blade. Before welding, the oxide in the welding area on the carbon steel side is first removed by angle grinding, and industrial alcohol is used to wipe until the interface reveals the metallic luster.

3. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: A large gas flow rate is used for protection during the titanium cladding welding process.

4. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the welding process of the steel base layer, water is continuously passed through the water cooling device, and the welding materials and process selection can be based on the welding of the parent material; the weld formation should be uniform, dense, and smoothly transitioned to the parent material, and should not have cracks, lack of fusion, and undercuts, pores, slag inclusions, and arc pits that exceed the specified defects.

5. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the welding process of the titanium cladding, the pure copper intermediate layer and the steel base layer, the surface of the first layer needs to be flattened by angle grinding after welding, and the inside and outer wall of the groove need to be wiped with industrial alcohol.

6. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the titanium cladding, the pure copper intermediate layer and the steel base layer are welded, they are inspected by penetrant testing to ensure that the welded joints pass the corrosion resistance test.

7. The titanium steel composite plate melting welding process according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the welding process of the titanium cladding, stress relief treatment is performed by means of knocking and vibration, and the welding height of the titanium cladding is 0.4-0.6 mm from the titanium-steel interface.

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