Preparation method and application of a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating

Abstract

The present invention discloses a preparation method and application of a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and frost-inhibiting coating. The main components of the coating are: super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles, coupling agent D-26, coupling agent KH-560, epoxy resin and its curing agent. A simple blending method is used to prepare the slurry, and a film is plated using a well-promoted immersion and pulling method to prepare a super-hydrophobic coating with high light transmittance and good durability. The synergistic effect of the two coupling agents enables the coating to still maintain good anti-icing and frost-inhibiting performance at low temperatures. The problem that the existing coating fails to take into account strong mechanical properties, light transmittance, anti-icing and frost suppression, and the problem that the mechanical properties, anti-icing performance and frost suppression performance are poor is solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of super-hydrophobic materials, and in particular relates to a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating with a double coupling agent component and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] The freezing and frost formation of droplets on surfaces in low-temperature environments is a common natural phenomenon, widely found in fields such as power transmission, aerospace, and transportation. However, this phenomenon can reduce equipment operating efficiency and, in severe cases, even threaten human life and property. Therefore, research on inhibiting the formation of ice and frost on cold surfaces is crucial. Traditional active de-icing technologies, including liquid anti-icing, electric heating anti-icing, gas heating anti-icing, and mechanical de-icing, suffer from high energy consumption and short-term effectiveness. Research on passive de-icing has emerged. Inspired by the superhydrophobic properties of insect surfaces such as lotus leaves and water striders, micro- and nanostructured superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted widespread attention as more effective in preventing ice than hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. Superhydrophobic surfaces, due to their very low surface energy, are difficult for droplets to adhere to. Furthermore, the micro- and nano-scale roughness reduces the actual contact area between condensed droplets and the superhydrophobic surface, reducing heat transfer efficiency and thus delaying droplet freezing and ice growth. However, the performance of superhydrophobic surfaces in preventing frost is still not ideal. This is because the micro-nano rough structures on the superhydrophobic surface are sometimes more likely to produce condensation droplets, which actually reduces its anti-frost performance. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating with a double coupling agent component and a preparation method thereof, so as to solve the problem that the existing coatings fail to take into account strong mechanical properties, light transmittance, anti-icing and anti-frost properties, and the problem that the mechanical properties, anti-icing properties and anti-frost properties are poor.

[0004] The technical solution of the present invention:

[0005] Superhydrophobic silica nanoparticles are used as the main source of superhydrophobic properties, and epoxy resin is added as an adhesive to provide mechanical properties for the coating. Two coupling agents containing different functional groups, D-26 and KH-560, are selected in the coating to improve the connection strength within the coating and between the coating and the substrate, and provide the coating with low surface energy functional groups. After stirring, the coupling agent is fully reacted. Finally, the epoxy resin curing agent T-31 is added to crosslink and cure the coating after the solvent evaporates.

[0006] A method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating comprises the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Mix tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl alcohol to obtain a dispersion solvent;

[0008] Step 2: adding super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles to the dispersing solvent obtained in step 1 to disperse and obtain a SiO2 suspension;

[0009] Step 3: Mix water and isopropyl alcohol evenly, add glacial acetic acid to adjust the acidity, and stir evenly to obtain a hydrolyzing agent for the coupling agent;

[0010] Step 4: Add coupling agent D-26 to the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3 and stir to obtain a hydrolyzate of D-26;

[0011] Step 5: Add coupling agent KH-560 to the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3 and stir to obtain KH-560 hydrolyzate;

[0012] Step 6: Add the SiO2 suspension obtained in step 2 to the D-26 hydrolyzate obtained in step 4 and the KH-560 hydrolyzate obtained in step 5, then add epoxy resin E51 and isopropyl alcohol and stir, then add epoxy resin curing agent T31 and stir to obtain a super hydrophobic coating;

[0013] Step 7: The coating obtained in step 6 is coated on the substrate by a dipping and pulling method, and a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating is obtained after the solvent is dried.

[0014] In the step 1, the volume ratio of tetrahydrofuran to isopropanol is 1:3 to 3:1.

[0015] The particle size of the SiO2 nanoparticles in step 2 is 5-50 nm, and the specific surface area is 100-200 m 2 / g, the SiO2 mass concentration of SiO2 suspension is 0.1~0.3g / mL.

[0016] In step 3, the hydrolyzing agent includes 2-10 wt % water, 90-98 wt % isopropyl alcohol, and glacial acetic acid is used to adjust the pH to 3-5.

[0017] The mass fraction of D-26 in the hydrolyzed solution of D-26 in step 4 is 1-5 wt%.

[0018] The mass fraction of KH-560 in the hydrolyzed solution of KH-560 in step 5 is 1-5 wt%.

[0019] The volume of isopropyl alcohol in step 6 is 10-30 mL.

[0020] The weight ratio of the coating in step 7 includes: 10 to 30 parts of super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles, 0.5 to 5 parts of D-26, 0.5 to 5 parts of KH-560, and 10 to 35 parts of epoxy resin. The mass ratio of epoxy resin E51 to epoxy resin curing agent T31 is 10:3 to 4.

[0021] The pulling times of the immersion coating method in step 7 is 3 to 50 times, and the material of the substrate includes any one of a glass sheet, an aluminum sheet, a copper sheet, and a carbon steel sheet.

[0022] The hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating prepared by the preparation method of the translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating is used in anti-icing, de-icing, anti-frost and hydrophobic applications. Preferably, the dispersion method in step 2 is ultrasonic dispersion or magnetic stirring dispersion.

[0023] Preferably, in step 1, the dispersion is performed by stirring with an ultrasonic cell disrupter at 200-250W for 10-15 minutes, or by stirring with a magnetic stirrer at 1000-1100 r / min for 15-20 hours.

[0024] Preferably, the mixture is stirred for 2 to 6 hours before solidification in step 6.

[0025] Preferably, the material of the substrate includes any one of a glass sheet, an aluminum sheet, a copper sheet, and a carbon steel sheet.

[0026] Preferably, the epoxy equivalent weight of the epoxy resin is 44 to 51.

[0027] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0028] 1. Multifunctionality: The translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating of the present invention has excellent mechanical properties, anti-icing properties, anti-frost properties, super-hydrophobic properties, high light transmittance, anti-aging properties, and acid and alkali resistance.

[0029] 2. Good durability. In outdoor applications, translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating samples were exposed for two months, and the water contact angle and water rolling angle showed good durability.

[0030] 3. The translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating of the present invention is difficult for hydrophilic pollutants to adhere to, and even if they adhere, they can be easily removed by external force. It can be applied to various fields such as self-cleaning, anti-icing, deicing, anti-frost, and hydrophobicity.

[0031] 4. The translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating of the present invention contains SiO2, coupling agents D-26 and KH-560, epoxy resin, and epoxy resin curing agent, does not contain toxic reagents, and does not cause damage to the environment.

[0032] 5. The present invention utilizes the synergistic effect of two coupling agents to achieve a "1+1>2" effect. The two coupling agents act as a link between the epoxy resin and the nanoparticles, and between the epoxy resin and the substrate. The low surface energy of the coating makes it durable and maintains superhydrophobicity at low temperatures. This synergistic effect of the two coupling agents imparts excellent frost resistance to the coating. The mechanical properties, anti-icing, and frost suppression performance of the coating are superior to those of coatings containing only a single coupling agent. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Figure 1 Figures 1 and 2 are SEM images and water droplet contact angle test images of the coatings in Examples 1, 2, and 3, where (a) and (d) are SEM images of the SiO2@E51@KH-560@D26 coating in Example 1 at different magnifications, (b) and (e) are SEM images of the SiO2@E51@KH-560 coating in Example 2 at different magnifications, and (c) and (f) are SEM images of the SiO2@E51@D26 coating in Example 3 at different magnifications; (a), (b), and (c) are images magnified 10,000 times, and (d), (e), and (f) are images magnified 50,000 times.

[0034] Figure 2 These are experimental diagrams of bare glass (O), the coating in Example 1 (E), the coating in Example 2 (M), and the coating in Example 3 (N) in the anti-icing test.

[0035] Figure 3 These are experimental diagrams of bare glass (O), the coating in Example 1 (E), the coating in Example 2 (M), and the coating in Example 3 (N) in the ice melting test.

[0036] Figure 4 These are experimental diagrams of bare glass (O), the coating in Example 1 (E), the coating in Example 2 (M), and the coating in Example 3 (N) in the frosting and condensation test.

[0037] Figure 5 Graph showing the ice-shedding force test results of the coating in Example 1, the coating in Example 2, and the coating in Example 3 after being detached by external force after freezing different volumes of deionized water.

[0038] Figure 6 Graphs showing the test results of water drop contact angle and rolling angle of the coating in Example 1, the coating in Example 2, and the coating in Example 3 after multiple freezing and thawing cycles.

[0039] Figure 7 The graph shows the water drop contact angle and rolling angle results of the coating in Example 1, the coating in Example 2, and the coating in Example 3 measured in an outdoor environment for two months. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] In order to further understand the content and features of the present invention, examples of the present invention are given below. It should be understood that these examples are only used to illustrate the present invention and are not used to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0041] The experimental methods in the following examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.

[0042] Drugs and reagents:

[0043] Coupling agent D-26 is 1.2-bistrimethoxysilylethane (CAS No. 18406-41-2);

[0044] The coupling agent KH-560 is γ-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 2530-83-8);

[0045] Curing agent T-31 is methyl 3-hydroxy-2-methylbenzoate, a phenalkamine epoxy (PAA) curing agent; (CAS No. 55289-05-9);

[0046] Epoxy resin E-51 is bisphenol A epoxy resin E-51 (CAS No. 61788-97-4);

[0047] Coupling agent D-26, hydrophobic fumed nano-silica, tetrahydrofuran, and isopropyl alcohol were purchased from Maclean Company, bisphenol A epoxy resin E-51 was purchased from Aladdin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., and curing agent T-31 and coupling agent KH-560 were purchased from Shandong Yousuo Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.

[0048] Example 1

[0049] A method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating with a double coupling agent component,

[0050] The method comprises the following steps:

[0051] Step 1: Mix 7.5 mL of isopropanol and 7.5 mL of tetrahydrofuran;

[0052] Step 2: Particle size 5-50nm, specific surface area 100~200m 2 / g super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles 0.2g, add the dispersing solvent obtained in step 1, ultrasonic cell crusher 200~250W, stir for 10~15min to obtain a SiO2 suspension; or magnetic stirring, 1000~1100r / min, stir for 15~20h to obtain a SiO2 suspension;

[0053] Step 3: Mix 5g of deionized water and 95g of isopropyl alcohol, add glacial acetic acid to adjust the pH value to about 5, and stir evenly to obtain a hydrolyzing agent;

[0054] Step 4: Take 29.4 g of the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3, add 0.6 g of D-26 and stir for 2 h to obtain D-26 hydrolyzate;

[0055] Step 5: Take 29.4 g of the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3, add 0.6 g of KH-560 and stir for 2 h to obtain a KH-560 hydrolyzate;

[0056] Step 6: Add 0.5 g of the D-26 hydrolyzate obtained in step 4 and 0.5 g of the KH-560 hydrolyzate obtained in step 5 to the SiO2 suspension obtained in step 2, then add 0.25 g of epoxy resin E51 and 10-30 mL of isopropanol, stir magnetically for 2-6 h, then add 0.075 g of T31 and continue stirring for 2-6 h to obtain a super hydrophobic coating;

[0057] Step 7: Place the glass substrate in a plasma cleaner and clean it for 1 minute. At room temperature, use an immersion coating machine to coat it 5 times. The descending and ascending speeds are both 300µm / s. Each immersion is 5 minutes. The interval between each coating is 5 minutes. Place it in a 120°C oven and dry it for 2 hours to obtain a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating with a double coupling agent component.

[0058] Through the above steps, the water contact angle of the coating prepared on glass reached a maximum of 157.00° ( Figure 1 ), the rolling angle is close to zero, and the average visible light transmittance is 80.02%; the forces required to detach after freezing 100, 200, 300, and 400 μL of deionized water are 0.784, 1.458, 5.022, and 17.173 N, respectively ( Figure 5 ).

[0059] A bare glass (O) and the translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating (E) prepared in this embodiment were placed on a cooling table, and 20 μL of deionized water was dripped on each of them. After the cooling table was started, the freezing process was as follows ( Figure 2 The water droplet on sample O began to freeze at 285 seconds and was completely frozen after 60 seconds. The water droplet on sample E began to freeze at 1608 seconds and was completely frozen after 366 seconds. The water droplet on sample E maintained a perfectly spherical shape throughout, indicating a high water contact angle. This demonstrates that the coating in this example can maintain a low surface energy at low temperatures and accumulate less frost on the surface.

[0060] Tilt the refrigeration table 4°, turn off the power and observe the ice melting process ( Figure 3 ): The ice on the samples began to melt rapidly. The bare glass accumulated a thicker frost layer during the freezing process, resulting in more melted water. These melted water gathered and rolled on the glass in large quantities, eventually staying at the bottom of the glass. Many water droplets also remained on the glass panel. The ice droplets on sample E slid down rapidly due to gravity before they were completely melted. The small water droplets formed by the melting frost layer also rolled down rapidly after merging, and the traces left behind quickly disappeared. In the end, the number of droplets remaining on it was far less than that on the bare glass.

[0061] The refrigeration table was tilted 4° to place the bare glass (O), the coating (E) prepared in this embodiment, the coating (M) in Example 2, and the coating (N) in Example 3 for frosting and condensation test ( Figure 4): On the O sample, the condensed water forms a continuous liquid film on the bare glass. Since it cannot detach, it freezes after heat exchange and continues to grow a frost layer on it; the condensed water on the superhydrophobic surface E exists in the form of droplets, and after coalescence, it spontaneously jumps off and rolls off the surface at a very high frequency. It is observed that the diameter of the condensed water droplets retained on E is much smaller than that of M and N. This is because the E coating has a lower surface energy, which makes the critical size of the condensed water droplet rolling much smaller than the M coating in Example 2 and the N coating in Example 3.

[0062] After 21 cycles of freezing and thawing at the same marked position, the water contact angle of the coating in this embodiment remained above 153°, and the water rolling angle was below 10° ( Figure 6 ), which proves that it has good durability in anti-icing scenarios.

[0063] The sample in this embodiment was exposed to the outdoor environment for two months, and the water contact angle remained above 155°, and the water rolling angle was around 2° ( Figure 7 ), which proves its good durability in outdoor application scenarios.

[0064] Example 2

[0065] The method and steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that in step 6, only the same amount of KH-560 hydrolyzate is added as the coupling agent instead of D-26 hydrolyzate. The rest is the same as in Example 1. The water contact angle of the coating can reach 156.50° ( Figure 1 ), the rolling angle is close to zero; the forces required to detach after freezing 100, 200, 300, and 400 μL of deionized water are 1.641, 3.818, 5.983, and 17.859 N, respectively ( Figure 5 ), the deicing force is greater than that of the sample in Example 1.

[0066] The coating (M) prepared in this example was placed at the same time as the freezing experiment in Example 1, and the freezing process was observed as follows: the water droplets on M began to freeze at 903s, and the water droplets on M were completely frozen after 136s ( Figure 2 ), which proves that the coating in this embodiment can significantly prolong the freezing time of water droplets compared with bare glass, but the spherical shape of the droplet collapses significantly around 66s ( Figure 2 ), that is, the contact angle dropped sharply, proving that it failed to maintain superhydrophobicity at low temperatures. The amount of frost accumulated on the surface of the sample prepared in this embodiment was greater than that in Example 1.

[0067] The coating (M) prepared in this example was placed at the same time as the ice melting experiment in Example 1 to observe the ice melting process ( Figure 3): In this embodiment, the anti-wetting performance of sample M failed to recover due to the temperature rise. The large ice beads on it melted slower than the bare glass. Even after completely melting, they could not separate from the sample due to the high rolling angle. In the end, the remaining droplets were even denser than the bare glass. In practical applications, the ice-water mixture could not be quickly separated and would freeze again, which would have the opposite effect.

[0068] After 21 cycles of freezing and thawing at the same marked position, the water contact angle of the coating in this embodiment decreased to 137°, and the water rolling angle increased to 12° ( Figure 6 ), compared with the sample in Example 1, the durability is poor in the anti-icing scenario.

[0069] The sample in this embodiment was exposed to the outdoor environment for two months, and the water contact angle remained above 154°, and the water rolling angle was around 10° ( Figure 7 ), compared with the sample in Example 1, the durability in outdoor scenes is poor.

[0070] Example 3

[0071] The method and steps are the same as those in Example 1, except that in step 6, only the same amount of D-26 hydrolyzate is added as the coupling agent instead of KH-560 hydrolyzate. The rest is the same as in Example 1. The water contact angle of the coating can reach 156.25° ( Figure 1 ), the rolling angle is close to zero; the forces required to detach after freezing 100, 200, 300, and 400 μL of deionized water are 2.494, 4.613, 6.817, and 18.92 N, respectively ( Figure 5 ), the deicing force is greater than that of the sample in Example 1.

[0072] The coating (N) prepared in this example was placed at the same time as the freezing experiment in Example 1, and the freezing process was observed as follows: the water drop on N began to freeze at 796 seconds, and the water drop on N was completely frozen after 184 seconds ( Figure 2 ), which proves that the coating in this embodiment can significantly prolong the freezing time of water droplets compared with bare glass, but the spherical shape of the droplet collapses significantly around 66s ( Figure 2 ), that is, the contact angle dropped sharply, proving that it failed to maintain superhydrophobicity at low temperatures. The amount of frost accumulated on the surface of the sample prepared in this embodiment was greater than that in Example 1.

[0073] The coating (N) prepared in this example was placed at the same time as the ice melting experiment in Example 1 to observe the ice melting process ( Figure 3 ): The anti-wetting performance of sample N in this embodiment does not seem to be restored due to the temperature rise. The large ice beads on it melt slower than the bare glass. Even after completely melting, they cannot separate from the sample due to the high rolling angle. The remaining droplets are even denser than the bare glass. In practical applications, the ice-water mixture cannot be separated quickly and will freeze again, which has the opposite effect.

[0074] After 21 cycles of freezing and thawing at the same marked position, the water contact angle of the coating in this embodiment decreased to 149°, and the water rolling angle increased to 18° ( Figure 6 ), compared with the sample in Example 1, the durability is poor in the anti-icing scenario.

[0075] The sample in this embodiment was exposed to the outdoor environment for two months, and the water contact angle remained above 150°, and the water rolling angle was around 16° ( Figure 7 ), compared with the sample in Example 1, the durability in outdoor scenes is poor.

[0076] Example 4

[0077] In step 6, 2 g of D-26 hydrolyzate and 2 g of KH-560 hydrolyzate were added, and the remaining steps and methods were the same as in Example 1. The coating showed a water contact angle of 153.4° and a sliding angle significantly greater than 30°. This indicates that increasing the amount of coupling agent decreases the contact angle and dramatically increases the sliding angle.

[0078] Example 5

[0079] In step 6, 5 g of D-26 hydrolyzate and 5 g of KH-560 hydrolyzate were added, and the remaining steps and methods were the same as in Example 1. Testing revealed that the coating had a water contact angle of 153.0° and a sliding angle significantly greater than 30°. This suggests that excessive use of a coupling agent can affect the coating's hydrophobicity, decreasing the contact angle and dramatically increasing the sliding angle.

[0080] Example 6

[0081] In step 6, 1 g of E-51 and 0.3 g of T-31 were added, and the remaining steps and methods were the same as those in Example 1. The water contact angle of the coating was tested to be 150.50°, indicating that the hydrophobicity of the coating decreased with increasing epoxy resin dosage.

[0082] Example 7

[0083] 1.2 g E-51 and 0.36 g T-31 were added in step 6, and the remaining steps and methods were the same as in Example 1. The water contact angle of the coating was tested to be less than 90°, indicating that excessive epoxy resin dosage would cause the coating to lose its hydrophobicity.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: Mix tetrahydrofuran and isopropyl alcohol to obtain a dispersion solvent; Step 2: adding super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles to the dispersing solvent obtained in step 1 to disperse and obtain a SiO2 suspension; Step 3: Mix water and isopropyl alcohol evenly, add glacial acetic acid to adjust the acidity, and stir evenly to obtain a hydrolyzing agent for the coupling agent; Step 4: Add coupling agent D-26 to the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3 and stir to obtain a hydrolyzate of D-26; Step 5: Add coupling agent KH-560 to the hydrolyzing agent obtained in step 3 and stir to obtain KH-560 hydrolyzate; Step 6: Add the D-26 hydrolyzate obtained in step 4 and the KH-560 hydrolyzate obtained in step 5 to the SiO2 suspension obtained in step 2, then add epoxy resin E51 and isopropyl alcohol and stir, then add epoxy resin curing agent T31 and stir to obtain a super hydrophobic coating; Step 7: The coating obtained in step 6 is coated on the substrate by a dipping and pulling method, and a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating is obtained after the solvent is dried; The weight ratio of the coating in step 7 includes: 10 to 30 parts of super-hydrophobic SiO2 nanoparticles, 0.5 to 5 parts of D-26, 0.5 to 5 parts of KH-560, and 10 to 35 parts of epoxy resin. The mass ratio of epoxy resin E51 to epoxy resin curing agent T31 is 10:3 to 4.

2. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: In the step 1, the volume ratio of tetrahydrofuran to isopropanol is 1:3 to 3:

1.

3. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: The particle size of the SiO2 nanoparticles in step 2 is 5-50 nm, and the specific surface area is 100-200 m 2 / g.

4. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: In step 3, the hydrolyzing agent includes 2-10 wt % water, 90-98 wt % isopropyl alcohol, and glacial acetic acid is used to adjust the pH to 3-5.

5. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: The mass fraction of D-26 in the hydrolyzed solution of D-26 in step 4 is 1-5 wt %.

6. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: The mass fraction of KH-560 in the hydrolyzed solution of KH-560 in step 5 is 1-5 wt %.

7. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: The volume of isopropyl alcohol in step 6 is 10-30 mL.

8. The method for preparing a translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to claim 1, wherein: The pulling times of the immersion coating method in step 7 is 3 to 50 times, and the material of the substrate includes any one of a glass sheet, an aluminum sheet, a copper sheet, and a carbon steel sheet.

9. Application of the hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating prepared according to the preparation method of the translucent super-hydrophobic anti-icing and anti-frost coating according to any one of claims 1 to 8 in anti-icing, deicing, frost inhibition and hydrophobicity.

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