Probe system with detachable sensor probe for wireless communication

Abstract

A probe configured to measure a parameter of a liquid, such as water, is described. The probe includes a probe head and a sensor probe that is detachably coupled to the probe head. The probe head and the sensor probe each include a radio frequency (RF) transceiver. The sensor probe measures a parameter of the liquid and transmits data related to the measured parameter to the probe head through the RF transceiver. The probe can optionally include an inductive power coupling between the probe head and the sensor probe, and an interface between the probe head and the sensor probe can be free of conductive connections.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims the earlier filing date benefit of U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 687,999, filed on March 7, 2022. The entire contents of that application are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0003] To assess the quality of water and other liquids, parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and redox potential (ORP) can be measured and monitored. Sensor probes have been developed that can quickly and conveniently measure these and other parameters without the need for laboratory testing.

[0004] In some applications, the sensor probe is detachably connected to an upstream probe head, allowing for easy replacement, repair, or reconfiguration of the sensor probe in the field as needed. The probe head receives measurement information from the sensor probe and can transmit this information to upstream processing equipment, such as computers or mobile devices. The probe head also supplies power to the detachable sensor probe from a power source.

[0005] Probes operating in water or other humid environments may encounter electrical or current connection problems between the detachable probe and probe tip. Specifically, these connection points have been found to be prone to failure when the pins are bent, broken, corroded, or misaligned. The conductive connectors also require mounting holes in the housings of the probe tip and sensor probe, creating potential pathways for liquid to enter and damage the probe and / or probe tip. These problems can reduce the lifespan and reliability of probes used to measure liquid parameters. Summary of the Invention

[0006] Therefore, one object of the present invention is to provide probes with improved reliability and lifespan by reducing or eliminating faults associated with the conductive communication connection between the sensor probe and the probe tip.

[0007] In one aspect, this disclosure provides a probe comprising (i) a probe head having a first low-power radio frequency (RF) transceiver; and (ii) a sensor probe detachably coupled to the probe head and including a second low-power RF transceiver. The sensor probe can measure parameters of a liquid upon contact with the liquid. The first and second low-power RF transceivers can form a communication network through which information related to the measured parameters is transmitted from the second low-power RF transceiver to the first low-power RF transceiver.

[0008] In another aspect, this disclosure provides a probe comprising: (i) a probe head having a first radio frequency (RF) transceiver and a housing having a socket formed on an outer surface of the probe head; and (ii) a sensor probe capable of measuring parameters of a liquid upon contact with the liquid. The sensor probe has a second RF transceiver that transmits information related to the measured parameters to the first RF transceiver. The sensor probe has a proximal portion that adapts within the socket to detachably couple the sensor probe to the probe head, and when the sensor probe is detachably coupled to the probe head, the socket and the proximal portion of the sensor probe form an interface excluding any conductive connections. Attached Figure Description

[0009] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a probe for measuring liquid parameters according to an embodiment;

[0010] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a probe for measuring liquid parameters according to an embodiment;

[0011] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a probe having multiple sensor probes for measuring liquid parameters according to an embodiment;

[0012] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a probe for measuring liquid parameters according to an embodiment;

[0013] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged view of the probe according to an embodiment;

[0014] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged view of the probe according to an embodiment;

[0015] Figure 7 This is a schematic block diagram showing a sensor probe used to measure one or more liquid parameters;

[0016] Figure 8 This is a schematic block diagram of a probe head that can be used with multiple sensor probes; and

[0017] Figure 9 This is a perspective view of a sensor probe being used to measure parameters of water. Detailed Implementation

[0018] This disclosure describes a probe configured to measure one or more parameters of a liquid by immersing the probe in the liquid. The probe includes one or more sensor probes detachably coupled to a probe head, allowing for convenient replacement or repair of the sensor probes in the field as needed. The sensor probes can measure one or more parameters of the liquid, including, for example, pH, conductivity, ORP, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total suspended solids, carbon dioxide concentration, ozone concentration, chlorine concentration, hydrogen concentration, nitrogen concentration, nitrate concentration, ammonium concentration, etc. The probe can be used to measure parameters of any liquid, including, for example, water, hydrocarbon solvents, oil, oil and gas production fluids, etc. The detachable sensor probes can communicate wirelessly with the probe head using short-range and / or low-power radio transmission. This radio frequency communication (described in more detail below) allows information to be transmitted between the sensor probes and the probe head without using a conductive connection and without the need to form holes in the sensor probe housing and / or the probe head housing. Optionally, the probe may include wireless inductive power coupling to deliver power from the probe head to the sensor probes.

[0019] Figure 1 A probe 100 is shown, including a sensor probe 110 detachably coupled to a probe head 120. The probe head 120 includes a socket 140 formed on the outer surface of its housing, and a proximal portion 111 of the sensor probe 110 is fitted within and surrounded by the socket 140 (i.e., the socket extends 360° around the proximal portion 111). The sensor probe 110 can be mechanically secured within the socket 140 by known means such as a corresponding locking structure or other mechanical restraint, magnets, interference fits, etc. The mechanical restraint can be configured such that the sensor probe 110 can be easily removed from the probe head 120, for example by hand, for replacement, repair, or reconfiguration as needed. The probe 100 includes a transmission cable 130 connected to an upstream power source (not shown) to deliver power to the probe head 120. The transmission cable 130 may also include electrical wires or optical fibers that can transmit information from the probe head 120 to an upstream processing / controller or recording device located outside the probe head 120. Similarly, information (such as control signals that can change the operating parameters of probe 100) can be sent from upstream devices to probe 100.

[0020] Sensor probe 110 is configured to contact and sense the properties of a liquid. Sensor probe 110 may include, for example, a pH sensor probe, a dissolved oxygen sensor probe, a conductivity sensor probe, or a redox potential (ORP) probe. Probe 100 may be configured such that sensor probe 110 and probe tip 120 can be immersed in the liquid to measure liquid parameters. (See below for further details.) Figure 4As shown, sensor probe 110 communicates with probe head 120 using short-range and / or low-power radio frequency signals. Therefore, sensor probe 110 can wirelessly transmit measurement information to probe head 120 without conductive coupling at the interface between sensor probe 110 and probe head 120.

[0021] Figure 1 An inductive electrical coupling 150 between sensor probe 110 and probe head 120 is also shown. Figures 1 to 6 The illustrated embodiment demonstrates inductive power coupling. Inductive power coupling is an optional feature of the probe, allowing power to be delivered from the probe head to the sensor probes without the use of wires or conductive connections. Alternatively, wires or conductive connections can be used to deliver power from the probe head to each sensor probe. In other alternatives, the sensor probes can be powered by an internal power source such as a battery, thus the sensor probes may not receive any power from the probe head. For power transmission and wireless communication, Figures 2 to 9 The probe shown may include... Figure 1 The probes in the sample have similar characteristics to the aforementioned alternatives.

[0022] Figure 2 An embodiment of a probe 200 is shown, comprising a sensor probe 210 detachably attached to a probe head 220. In this embodiment, the probe head 220 includes a battery power supply 235 that provides power to operate the sensor probe 210. The probe 200 can wirelessly communicate with an external computing device 280 (e.g., a mobile phone) by sending or receiving information to or from a wireless transceiver 270. This allows information measured by the sensor probe 110 to ultimately be transmitted to the computing device 280. The computing device 280 can then further process, analyze, store, and display this information. Figure 3 An embodiment of a probe 300 with a multi-sensor probe head is shown, which includes three sensor probes 312, 314, and 316, each measuring a different liquid parameter. Similar to the embodiment described above, each sensor probe 312, 314, and 316 is mechanically and detachably confined in a corresponding socket 342, 344, and 346 of the probe head 320.

[0023] Figure 4A probe 400 is shown, including a sensor probe 410 detachably attached to a socket 440 of a probe head 420. The probe includes a transmission cable 430 that can be connected to an upstream power source (not shown) to deliver power to the probe head. The transmission cable 430 may also include electrical wires or optical fibers that can transmit information from the sensor probe 410 and / or the probe head 420 to an upstream device. The probe 400 includes an inductive electrical coupling 450 between the sensor probe 410 and the probe head 420, which allows power to be delivered from the probe head to the sensor probe without the use of wires or conductive connections.

[0024] The sensor probe 410 also communicates wirelessly with the probe head 420 to send information to the probe head 420. More specifically, Figure 4 A first RF transceiver 425 in probe head 420 and a second RF transceiver 415 in sensor probe 410 are shown, which can form a short-range wireless network to transmit measurement data related to the measured liquid parameters from sensor probe 410 to probe head 420. As used herein, the term "transceiver" or "RF transceiver" refers to a device capable of transmitting, receiving, or both transmitting and receiving radio frequency signals. RF transceivers 415, 425 can be low-power radio transceivers that form a data communication channel based on protocols such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (LE), IEEE 802.15.4 (e.g., Zigbee, MiWi, Thread, Wireless HART), Near Field Communication (NFC), etc. Low-power transceivers can advantageously transmit RF signals over short distances between sensor probes and probe heads and can operate at low power levels within the limitations of inductive electrical coupling. In embodiments, the transceivers can also operate over extended periods powered by battery power if desired. The maximum power output of a low-power RF transceiver can be 80 mW or less, 50 mW or less, from 0.05 mW to 10 mW, from 0.1 mW to 5 mW, or from 0.5 mW to 2.5 mW. Typically, the transceiver on the sensor probe side (e.g., 415) is powered, for example, by power received from the probe head via inductive power coupling 450. In some embodiments, for sensor probes with very low power requirements, a passive RF device can be used as a sensor probe-side transceiver to transmit measurement information to the probe head, wherein the passive RF transceiver is powered by radio waves transmitted from the probe head-side transceiver.

[0025] RF transceivers can transmit and / or receive radio transmissions within the ISM band. In embodiments, the transceiver can operate at high frequencies, such as from 1 to 6 GHz, from 2 to 4 GHz, or from 2.2 to 3 GHz. For example, Bluetooth and Bluetooth LE operate in the 2.400 to 2.4835 GHz spectrum range. Typically, high-frequency radio signals are attenuated in liquids such as water, or the liquid severely interferes with the signal, leading to unreliable data communication channels. However, in embodiments, the coupling between the sensor probe and the probe head can be arranged to minimize the presence of liquid between the transceiver, thereby achieving reliable high-frequency transmission.

[0026] Specifically, the socket 440 can be configured to tightly engage with the proximal portion 411 of the sensor probe 410 to suppress the liquid passage between the sensor probe 410 and the probe head 420. Figure 4 As shown, the RF transceiver 415 may also be located in the proximal portion 411 of the sensor probe 410, such that when the sensor probe 410 is attached to the probe head 420, the RF transceiver 415 is at least partially surrounded by the receptacle 440. In an embodiment, the sensor probe-side transceiver (e.g., 415) may be arranged in the proximal portion of the sensor probe, for example, on the side near the probe head, within one-quarter of the length of the sensor probe. Therefore, during use of the probe 400, even if the sensor probe and probe head may be immersed in liquid, the liquid will not interfere with the information transmission from the sensor probe 410 to the probe head 420. Furthermore, any liquid existing between the interfaces of the sensor probe 410 and the probe head 420 will be removed when the sensor probe 410 is connected to the receptacle 440.

[0027] The transmission distance between the RF transceiver on the sensor probe side (e.g., 415) and the RF transceiver on the probe head side (e.g., 425) can be relatively short. For example, when the sensor probe is attached to the probe head, the distance between the RF transceivers can be 0.5 m or less, such as from 0.5 cm to 30 cm, from 1 cm to 10 cm, or from 2 cm to 8 cm. Therefore, the RF transceivers can be short-range transceivers with a maximum range of 20 m or less, 10 m or less, 1 m or less, or 0.5 m or less.

[0028] RF transceivers 415 and 425 can establish a data communication network that enables measurement data collected by the sensor probes to be transmitted to the probe head 420. In embodiments, for example, the probe head 420 can also send control signals to the sensor probe 410 to change the operation of the sensor probe 410, instructing the sensor probe 410 to perform a measurement, or sending a firmware update to the sensor probe 410. RF transceiver 415 can form a point-to-point network with transceiver 425. In embodiments where the probe head has multiple sensor probes, for example in… Figure 3 In this configuration, the probe head may include multiple probe head-side transceivers, each forming a point-to-point network together with its corresponding transceiver on the sensor probe. Alternatively, as follows: Figure 8 As shown, the probe head may also include a single RF transceiver that forms a star topology network capable of communicating with each of the transceivers on multiple sensor probes. In other probe embodiments with multiple sensor probes, the probe head may include one or more transceivers that, together with the transceivers on the sensor probes, form a mesh network. Forming a mesh network allows the sensor probes to send data to each other and can extend the range in which the sensor probes can communicate without the need for high-power transceivers.

[0029] Figure 5 This is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the region near the socket 540 of the probe head 520. The socket 540 is recessed relative to the distal wall 522 of the probe head housing. In this embodiment, the socket 540 includes a first cylindrical wall 562, an annular shoulder wall 565, a second cylindrical wall 564, and an end wall 567. The proximal end 511 of the sensor probe 510 includes a corresponding wall that can abut and contact the socket wall. For example, the sensor probe 510 may include a protrusion 546 at its proximal end, which, when the sensor probe 510 is attached to the probe head 520, fits within the second cylindrical wall 564 of the socket 540 such that the end wall 557 of the sensor probe 510 contacts and abuts the end wall 567 of the probe head 520. The protrusion 546 forms an annular shoulder wall 568 on the sensor probe 510, which abuts and contacts the shoulder wall 565 of the probe head 520. The socket may optionally include a sealing element 561 (such as a rubber O-ring) to further prevent or limit liquid entry into the space between the sensor probe 510 and the probe head 520 during use when the sensor probe 510 and probe head 520 are submerged. As described above, the probe head 520 and / or the sensor probe 510 may also include a mechanical or magnetic fastening element (not shown) that secures the sensor probe 510 within the socket in a manner that allows it to still be easily detached from the probe head 520 from the socket 540.

[0030] Sensor probe 510 includes RF transceiver 515, and probe head includes RF transceiver 525. These RF transceivers can be combined as described above. Figure 4 The described arrangement is similar, and the same protocol can be used to create a short-range wireless network connecting sensor probe 510 and probe head 520, so that measurement data detected by sensor probe 510 can be sent to probe head 520.

[0031] The probe includes an inductive power coupling 550. The inductive power coupling 550 includes a power transmitting coil 552 on the probe head 520 and a power receiving coil 556 on the sensor probe 510. The inductive coupling includes ferromagnetic material (not shown) located in each of the probe head 520 and the sensor probe 510.

[0032] The inductive power coupling 550 allows power to be delivered from the probe head 520 to the sensor probe 510 without any electrical connection or conductive protrusion in the housings of the sensor probe 510 and the probe head 520. Furthermore, since data can also be transmitted wirelessly between the sensor probe 510 and the probe head 520, an interface can be formed between the probe head 520 and the sensor probe 510 (i.e., at least the adjacent surfaces of the socket 540 and the proximal portion 511) without any conductive connection, and no holes are formed in the surface of the housing. This improves reliability and lifespan by preventing corrosion and other damage that can lead to failure of the conductive pins. This arrangement also improves probe lifespan and reliability by preventing liquid leakage into the housings of the sensor probe 510 or the probe head 520.

[0033] Figure 6 Different embodiments of the socket 640 that can be used in conjunction with the present invention are shown. Figure 6 A probe head 620 with a socket 640 recessed relative to the distal wall of the probe head housing, but including a protrusion 663 at the center of the socket 640, is shown. A sensor probe 610 includes a cylindrical recess 667 extending into a proximal portion 618 of the sensor probe 610. When the sensor probe 610 is attached to the probe head 620, the recess 667 surrounds the protrusion 663. Furthermore, when the sensor probe 610 is attached to the probe head 620, the proximal end 666 of the sensor probe 610 abuts the end wall 664 of the socket 640. The probe includes an inductive power coupling 650 having a power transmitting coil 652 located on the probe head side and a power receiving coil 656 located on the sensor probe side.

[0034] It should be understood that the receptacle may have a configuration different from the illustrated embodiment. Typically, the receptacle may be configured such that the proximal end of the sensor probe fits into a recess in the probe head, such that the probe head surrounds that end. This arrangement helps reduce the amount of liquid entering the interface between the sensor probe and the probe head during use when the probe is submerged, which allows for reliable RF transmission of measurement data collected by the sensor probe.

[0035] Figure 7This is a high-level schematic block diagram showing sensor probe 714. Sensor probe 714 can represent, for example, a combination of pH / ORP sensor probes, conductivity sensor probes, luminescent dissolved oxygen (LDO) sensor probes, or turbidity sensor probes. Sensor probes can be used individually with their corresponding probe heads, or one or more of such sensor probes can be used together in a probe having multiple sensor probe heads. Figure 8 A multi-sensor probe head is shown, which is configured to operate together with four sensor probes in the sensor probe array.

[0036] Sensor probe 714 includes a power conditioning chip 734, which manages the power received from the probe head, for example, by changing the voltage or by converting the current from AC to DC. Sensor probe 714 includes an RF transceiver 724 capable of transmitting RF signals to a corresponding RF transceiver in the probe head. Sensor probe 714 includes a microcontroller 744 that controls the operation of the sensor probe and optionally includes a memory (not shown) that can store firmware to operate the sensor probe. Sensor probe 714 includes at least one analog sensing element 784 capable of sensing parameters of the liquid upon contact with it. The analog sensing element 784 will vary depending on the type of probe. For example, the analog sensing element 784 in a combined pH / ORP sensor probe can sense the pH and ORP of the liquid in contact with the analog sensing element. The analog sensing element 784 in a conductivity sensor probe can detect the conductivity of the liquid by passing current through the liquid between the electrodes and measuring the conductivity or resistivity of the liquid. The analog sensing element 784 of an LDO probe may include: an LED that emits blue light pulses onto a light-emitting coating; and a photodiode that measures the light emitted from the light-emitting coating. The luminescent coating may be located in a removable sensor cover. The analog sensing element 784 of the turbidity sensor probe may include an emitter / detector that emits light into the liquid in contact with the turbidity sensor probe and measures the amount of light scattered by solids in the liquid.

[0037] In some embodiments, the analog sensing element may include a detachable element. For example, an LDO sensor probe may include a detachable sensor cover that includes a light-emitting coating. To further reduce the presence of conductive connectors that may be exposed to liquids, in one embodiment, the detachable sensor cover or detachable sensing element may wirelessly transmit measurement information to the sensor probe using an RF transceiver. In some embodiments with very low power requirements, the detachable sensing element may include a passive RF module powered by radio waves.

[0038] Each sensor probe may also include signal conditioning and signal acquisition circuitry 764, which converts the sensed analog signal into a digital signal. Although not shown, sensor probe 714 may also include a separate temperature sensing element that measures the temperature of the liquid. The sensor probe may compensate for or adjust the measured liquid parameters (e.g., pH) based on the liquid temperature.

[0039] Figure 8 This is a high-level schematic diagram showing a probe head 820 that operates in conjunction with four sensor probes detachably coupled to the probe head 820 at sensor ports 1 (818), 2 (817), 3 (816), and 4 (815). The probe head 820 is connected to an upstream device 880 via a cable 830. The probe head 820 receives power from and transmits measurement information to the upstream device 880 via the cable 830. The probe head may include a power regulation module 875, which manages the power received from the upstream device 880, for example, by changing the voltage. Power is distributed to each of the sensor ports via a power bus 870. Each sensor port includes isolated power supplies 858, 856, 854, and 852 that supply power to the sensor probes. These isolated power supplies may correspond to the probe head-side inductive power coupling described above. The probe head may include an RF transceiver 825, which is networkable with each of the RF transceivers on the four sensor probes and can receive RF signals corresponding to the measurement information from each of the sensor probes, as described above. Figure 4 The probe head may include a communication interface 860, which manages communication to and from the upstream device 880.

[0040] The probe head 820 may include a memory 890, which enables the probe head to store measurement information received from the sensor probe. The probe head 820 may include a depth sensor 840, which measures the liquid depth at which the sensor probe is located when measuring liquid parameters.

[0041] Figure 9 An embodiment of a probe 900 is shown, comprising a probe head 920 including three sensor probes 912A, 912B, and 912C. Each of the sensor probes is separably coupled to the probe head 920 in the manner described above, and each sensor probe can measure at least one characteristic of water 950. The probe 900 is connected to a handheld upstream processing device 980 via a cable 930. The upstream processing device 980 includes a user interface 966, a display 984, and a processor (not shown).

[0042] In this embodiment, probe 900 serves as a handheld field measuring instrument, allowing the operator to continuously measure the properties of water 950 by immersing probe head 920 and sensor probes 912A, 912B, and 912C in water 950. It can be seen that during use, at least the area of ​​probe head 920, including the area connected to the sockets of sensor probes 912A, 912B, and 912C, can be completely submerged. The operator can view measurement information on display 984 and control the display and operation of the sensor probes via user interface 966. This arrangement enables wireless communication and wireless power interfaces between probe head 920 and sensor probes 912A, 912B, and 912C, which remain reliable even when the probe head 920 and sensor probes 912A, 912B, and 912C are submerged in water for extended periods.

[0043] In other embodiments, the probe may be configured to be installed in the liquid system for an extended period of time (e.g., days, weeks, or longer), such that the sensor probe measures parameters of the liquid during this extended period. In this case, the probe may perform measurements periodically or at predetermined intervals and transmit the measurement data to the probe head. The probe head may store or record measurement data collected by a user at a later time, and / or may transmit the measurement data to external devices, such as an external computer or other processing system capable of storing and processing the data.

[0044] Although some embodiments of the invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily understand that many modifications can be made to the exemplary embodiments without substantially departing from the disclosed embodiments. Therefore, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. A probe, comprising: (i) A probe head, including a first low-power radio frequency (RF) transceiver; as well as (ii) A sensor probe, detachably coupled to the probe head and including a second low-power RF transceiver, the sensor probe being configured to measure parameters of the liquid upon contact with the liquid. The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver form a short-range communication network, through which information related to the measured parameters is transmitted from the second low-power RF transceiver to the first low-power RF transceiver.

2. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The probe head includes a housing that forms a socket on the outer surface of the probe head, and the sensor probe includes a proximal portion that adapts to the socket to detachably couple the sensor probe to the probe head.

3. The probe according to claim 2, wherein, When the sensor probe is detachably coupled to the probe head, the socket surrounds the proximal portion of the sensor probe.

4. The probe according to claim 2, wherein, When the sensor probe is detachably coupled to the probe head, the socket is configured to prevent liquid from entering the space between the probe head and the sensor probe.

5. The probe according to claim 2, wherein, When the sensor probe is detachably coupled to the probe head, the proximal portion of the sensor probe is mechanically confined within the socket.

6. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The probe head is configured to send information related to the measured parameters to a processing or recording device located outside the probe head.

7. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The probe also includes an inductive power coupling configured to deliver power from the probe head to the sensor probe.

8. The probe according to claim 7, wherein, The inductive power coupling includes a power transmitting coil located in the probe head and a power receiving coil located in the sensor probe.

9. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver are 0.5 m or less apart.

10. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver are located within a distance ranging from 0.5 cm to 30 cm.

11. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The short-range communication network is based on a protocol selected from Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, IEEE 802.15.4, and Near Field Communication.

12. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver have a maximum power output in the range of 0.05mW to 10mW.

13. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver have a maximum power output in the range of 0.1 mW to 5 mW.

14. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The first low-power RF transceiver and the second low-power RF transceiver operate at frequencies ranging from 2 GHz to 4 GHz.

15. The probe according to claim 1, wherein, The sensor probe is configured to measure at least one parameter of the liquid, the at least one parameter being selected from pH, conductivity, ORP, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, total suspended solids, carbon dioxide concentration, ozone concentration, chlorine concentration, hydrogen concentration, nitrogen concentration, nitrate concentration, and ammonium concentration.

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