Temperature gradient testing system and storage medium for automotive controllers

Abstract

This invention discloses a temperature gradient testing system and storage medium for automotive controllers, relating to the field of automotive temperature testing. The system includes a control device that, when it is necessary to test the performance of an automotive controller under a current temperature gradient, controls the automotive controller to reach the current temperature gradient, applies test condition parameters corresponding to the current temperature gradient to the automotive controller, and acquires performance data of the automotive controller within the test duration corresponding to the current test condition. This invention automatically performs temperature gradient testing on the automotive controller through the control device, which not only improves testing efficiency and shortens the testing cycle but also improves testing accuracy.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of automotive temperature testing, and more specifically to a temperature gradient testing system and storage medium for automotive controllers. Background Technology

[0002] As the "brain" of the electric drive system in new energy vehicles, the reliability of the electric drive controller directly affects the performance and lifespan of the entire system. Temperature gradient testing can evaluate the controller's operating status under different temperature conditions, ensuring stable operation even under extreme temperatures. Furthermore, temperature gradient testing can simulate various temperature changes that the electric drive controller may encounter during actual vehicle operation, thus more accurately predicting the product's performance in real-world use. Therefore, temperature gradient testing for automotive controllers is essential.

[0003] The existing method for testing the temperature gradient of electric drive controllers is as follows: control the electric drive controller to operate at different temperature ranges, record the operating data of the electric drive controller at different temperature ranges, and use this data to determine the performance of the electric drive controller at different temperature ranges.

[0004] The drawbacks of the above testing method are:

[0005] Actual verification has shown that the actual performance of the electric drive controller may differ from the manually measured performance, indicating insufficient test accuracy.

[0006] Meanwhile, the process of controlling the electric drive controller to operate in different temperature ranges is done manually, which results in low testing efficiency and a long testing cycle. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the technical problem solved by this invention is: how to improve testing efficiency while enhancing testing accuracy during temperature gradient testing of automotive controllers, thereby shortening the testing cycle.

[0008] To achieve the above objectives, in a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a temperature gradient testing system for an automotive controller, the testing equipment of which includes a control device;

[0009] The control device is used to: set several temperature gradients, the temperature test duration for each temperature gradient, and the test conditions under each temperature gradient; and allocate the test duration for each test condition under each temperature gradient according to the temperature test duration for each temperature gradient.

[0010] When it is necessary to test the performance of the vehicle controller under the current temperature gradient, after the vehicle controller reaches the current temperature gradient, the test condition parameters corresponding to the current temperature gradient are applied to the vehicle controller; and the performance data of the vehicle controller within the test duration corresponding to the current test condition are obtained.

[0011] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the testing equipment further includes an environmental chamber and a cooling water system, with the vehicle controller located inside the environmental chamber and the water pipes of the cooling water system located inside the vehicle controller.

[0012] The process by which the control device controls the vehicle controller to reach the current temperature gradient includes:

[0013] Set the cooling water temperature and cooling water flow rate of the cooling water equipment according to the current temperature gradient;

[0014] Set the temperature inside the environmental chamber according to the current temperature gradient.

[0015] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the control device is further used for:

[0016] Monitor the environmental chamber for any abnormalities, and stop its operation when an abnormality is detected.

[0017] Monitor the cooling water equipment for any abnormalities, and stop the operation of the cooling water equipment when an abnormality is detected.

[0018] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the control device is further configured to: monitor whether the vehicle controller is malfunctioning, and when an malfunction is detected in the vehicle controller, stop the operation of the vehicle controller.

[0019] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one implementation, the control device employs a PLC.

[0020] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the system further includes a switch and a communication protocol conversion module; the vehicle controller, environmental compartment, and cooling water equipment all communicate with the switch through the communication protocol conversion module, and the switch communicates with the control equipment.

[0021] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the system further includes a display control terminal communicating with a switch, a resolver tooling and a power supply communicating with a control device;

[0022] The display control terminal is used to: display the operating interface of the control equipment and set the functions of the control equipment on the operating interface.

[0023] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one implementation, the communication protocol conversion module is a TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion module, and the switch is an industrial switch.

[0024] In conjunction with the first aspect, in one embodiment, the control device is further configured to: monitor the temperature of the vehicle controller, and adjust the temperature of the vehicle controller accordingly when it is detected that the temperature of the vehicle controller does not meet or is about to meet the required temperature gradient.

[0025] Secondly, embodiments of this application provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a temperature gradient test program for an automotive controller, wherein when the temperature gradient test program for the automotive controller is executed, it implements the functions of the control device provided in the first aspect.

[0026] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:

[0027] (1) The present invention can automatically perform temperature gradient testing on the car controller by pre-setting the execution program on the control device; compared with the manual testing in the prior art, the present invention improves the testing efficiency and thus shortens the testing cycle.

[0028] Meanwhile, compared with manual testing, the present invention uses control equipment to test the car controller in an orderly manner according to the set temperature gradient, temperature test duration and working condition test duration. The test logic is meticulous, thereby improving the test accuracy. Actual verification shows that the performance data of the car controller obtained by the present invention is basically consistent with the actual situation.

[0029] (2) This invention can not only automatically perform temperature gradient testing on the vehicle controller, but also monitor the working status of the test equipment and the vehicle controller in real time during the test. When an abnormality is detected in the test equipment, the relevant test equipment can be stopped, thereby forming a "closed-loop" feedback control to ensure the safety of the test equipment and the vehicle controller. Attached Figure Description

[0030] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the accompanying drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0031] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the hardware structure of the control device involved in the embodiment of this application.

[0032] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the architecture of a temperature gradient testing system for an automotive controller, as shown in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 3This is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a temperature gradient testing system for an automotive controller, as described in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0034] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the embodiments of this application clearer, the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0035] The flowchart shown in the attached diagram is for illustrative purposes only and does not necessarily include all content and operations / steps, nor does it necessarily have to be performed in the described order. For example, some operations / steps can be broken down, combined, or partially merged, so the actual execution order may change depending on the actual situation.

[0036] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the embodiments of this application will be described in further detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0037] In a first aspect, embodiments of this application provide a temperature gradient testing system for an automotive controller (electric drive controller). The testing equipment of this system includes a control device, which can be a personal computer (PC), a laptop computer, a server, or other device with data processing capabilities.

[0038] Reference Figure 1 As shown, the control device may include a processor, memory, communication interface, and communication bus.

[0039] The communication bus can be of any type and is used to interconnect the processor, memory, and communication interface.

[0040] Communication interfaces include input / output (I / O) interfaces, physical interfaces, and logical interfaces used to interconnect devices within the control equipment, as well as interfaces used to interconnect the control equipment with other devices (such as other computing devices or user equipment). Physical interfaces can be Ethernet interfaces, fiber optic interfaces, ATM interfaces, etc.; user equipment can be displays, keyboards, etc.

[0041] Memory can be various types of storage media, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), flash memory, optical storage, hard disk, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), etc.

[0042] The processor can be a general-purpose processor, which can call the AAAA program stored in memory and execute the AAAA method provided in the embodiments of this application. For example, the general-purpose processor can be a central processing unit (CPU). The method executed when the AAAA program is called can be referred to in the various embodiments of the AAAA method of this application, and will not be repeated here.

[0043] Those skilled in the art will understand that Figure 1 The hardware structure shown does not constitute a limitation of this application and may include more or fewer components than shown, or combine certain components, or have different component arrangements.

[0044] The control equipment is used for:

[0045] Preset several temperature gradients (i.e. several temperature ranges), the temperature test duration for each temperature gradient, and the test condition parameters for each temperature gradient according to the test requirements; allocate the test duration for each test condition under each temperature gradient according to the temperature test duration for each temperature gradient.

[0046] When it is necessary to test the performance of the vehicle controller under the current temperature gradient, the vehicle controller is controlled to reach the current temperature gradient. Under the current temperature gradient, after applying the test condition parameters corresponding to the current temperature gradient to the vehicle controller, the performance data of the vehicle controller within the test duration corresponding to the current test condition is obtained.

[0047] Therefore, the present invention can automatically perform temperature gradient testing on the vehicle controller by pre-setting an execution program on the control device; compared with the manual testing in the prior art, the present invention improves testing efficiency and thus shortens the testing cycle.

[0048] Meanwhile, compared with manual testing, the present invention uses control equipment to test the car controller in an orderly manner according to the set temperature gradient, temperature test duration and working condition test duration. The test logic is meticulous, thereby improving the test accuracy. Actual verification shows that the performance data of the car controller obtained by the present invention is basically consistent with the actual situation.

[0049] In one embodiment, the control device is further configured to: monitor the temperature of the vehicle controller, and adjust the temperature of the vehicle controller accordingly when the temperature of the vehicle controller is detected to be inconsistent with or about to be inconsistent with the required temperature gradient. For example, if the temperature gradient is -40 to 20°C, and the temperature of the vehicle controller is detected to be -39°C (inconsistent), the temperature of the vehicle controller is increased; if the temperature of the vehicle controller is detected to be 18°C ​​(about to be inconsistent), the temperature of the vehicle controller is decreased.

[0050] In one embodiment, the control device is further configured to: monitor whether the vehicle controller is malfunctioning; and when an malfunction is detected in the vehicle controller, stop the operation of the vehicle controller and issue an alarm to ensure safety.

[0051] Abnormalities in automotive controllers include: malfunctions in the automotive controller (e.g., abnormalities in parameters such as DC bus voltage, output three-phase current, and output torque), and the automotive controller's temperature failing to reach the required temperature.

[0052] In one embodiment, the testing equipment for the system further includes an environmental chamber equipped with a temperature controller and a cooling water device, with the vehicle controller located inside the environmental chamber and the water pipes of the cooling water device located inside the vehicle controller.

[0053] Based on this, the process of the control equipment controlling the vehicle controller to reach the current temperature gradient includes: the control equipment setting the cooling water temperature and cooling water flow rate of the cooling water equipment according to the current temperature gradient, so as to achieve temperature control of the power devices of the vehicle controller through the water pipes to meet the test specification requirements. The power devices are such as IGBTs (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors); the control equipment setting the temperature of the ambient chamber (internal temperature controller) according to the current temperature gradient, so as to achieve temperature control of other components (non-power devices) in the vehicle controller that cannot be temperature controlled by the water pipes.

[0054] Furthermore, the control equipment is also used for:

[0055] Monitor the environmental chamber for any abnormalities. If an abnormality is detected (the temperature does not meet the required temperature gradient, or the humidity does not meet the specified value), stop the operation of the environmental chamber (internal temperature controller) and issue an alarm.

[0056] Monitor whether the cooling water equipment is malfunctioning. When an abnormality is detected (cooling water equipment failure, or cooling water temperature failing to reach the required temperature), stop the operation of the cooling water equipment and issue an alarm.

[0057] It should be noted that the abnormal judgment criteria for the above-mentioned vehicle controller, environmental chamber and cooling water equipment can be formulated according to different needs.

[0058] Therefore, this invention can not only automatically perform temperature gradient testing on the vehicle controller, but also monitor the operation of the testing equipment and the vehicle controller in real time during the testing process. When an abnormality is detected in the testing equipment, the operation of the relevant testing equipment can be stopped in a technical manner, thereby forming a "closed-loop" feedback control to ensure the safety of the testing equipment and the vehicle controller.

[0059] In one embodiment, the control device is a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). Compared with a conventional microcontroller, the advantages of a PLC are:

[0060] (1) The cost of expanding the function of a microcontroller is relatively high: The hardware resources of a microcontroller, such as CPU, memory and I / O ports, are fixed. Expanding the function requires complex external circuits, unlike a PLC which can flexibly expand modules as needed, and has a better cost performance.

[0061] (2) Microcontrollers have poor anti-interference capabilities: Microcontrollers usually do not have the same anti-interference capabilities as PLCs. However, in actual test sites, complex magnetic field interference caused by various high and low voltage AC and DC may cause abnormal signal transmission and reception of microcontrollers. PLCs, on the other hand, take various measures to reduce signal interference and achieve stable and complex control logic.

[0062] (3) Microcontrollers lack real-time diagnostic and monitoring functions: PLCs usually have real-time monitoring and diagnostic functions, while ordinary microcontrollers may require additional software and hardware to implement these functions, and high-performance microcontrollers are expensive.

[0063] In one embodiment, see Figure 2 As shown, the system also includes a switch and a communication protocol conversion module. The vehicle controller, the environmental compartment (temperature controller inside), and the cooling water equipment all communicate with the switch through the communication protocol conversion module, and the switch communicates with the control equipment.

[0064] The communication protocol conversion module, in conjunction with the switch, can convert data packets generated by devices using different message types into common messages that the control device can recognize.

[0065] Specifically, the communication protocol conversion module adopts the TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion module, and the switch adopts an industrial switch (industrial Ethernet switch).

[0066] Further, see Figure 2 As shown, the above system also includes:

[0067] Display and control terminal (PC host computer) that communicates with the switch; resolver tooling and low-voltage power supply that communicate with the control equipment;

[0068] The display control terminal is used to: display the PLC's operating interface and allow operators to control it;

[0069] By combining a PLC, a TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion module, and an industrial switch, the integration and automation of the testing system can be significantly improved. The hardware uses mature industrial-grade products, balancing high reliability and high integration. At the same time, the setup cost of this configuration is low, accounting for approximately 60% of the cost of developing a separate I / O board.

[0070] Based on this, the communication method of the above system is as follows:

[0071] When programming the PLC, set the threshold values ​​for the corresponding status values, such as the current and voltage values ​​of the car controller, the flow and temperature values ​​of the cooling water equipment, and the status signal values ​​of the environmental chamber; and write the handling measures for different "status values", such as turning on / off the DC low voltage or DC high voltage relay, increasing / decreasing the speed of the resolver tool, and starting / pausing the torque output of the electric drive.

[0072] The TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion module converts the messages sent by the vehicle controller from the CAN2.0B protocol to the TCP protocol. The industrial switch programming software uses the built-in "TCP protocol send / receive command" to receive messages of 13 bytes with a specified "frame ID".

[0073] By combining the "communication matrix table" of the vehicle controller assembly and the message with the specified "frame ID" number, the required "byte" or "bit" information can be extracted using "AND" logic operations. Then, a "right shift" operation is used to parse the message (the parsed message converts useful information from hexadecimal to decimal). Finally, the final parsed controller status parameters can be displayed on the PC host computer.

[0074] The environmental chamber and cooling water equipment are defined with frame IDs, such as 00 0000 01 for the environmental chamber and 00 00 00 02 for the cooling water equipment. A third-party "TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion" module is used to convert the messages sent by the environmental chamber and cooling water equipment from the CAN2.0B protocol to the TCP protocol. The corresponding frame ID messages are received through the "TCP protocol send and receive instructions" in the programming software. The messages are parsed in conjunction with the device's "communication matrix table" and finally displayed on the PC host computer.

[0075] See below. Figure 3 As shown, the working process of the control device in this embodiment is explained in detail using timing.

[0076] S1: Preset the test parameters for the control device on the host computer, including:

[0077] The required test temperature gradient has a total temperature range of -40 to 85°C, with each temperature gradient being 5°C.

[0078] The testing order for temperature gradients is from low to high.

[0079] Temperature test duration for each temperature gradient: 30 minutes;

[0080] The test parameters for each temperature gradient include test conditions at 9V and 16V.

[0081] Test sequence for the test conditions: test 9V first, then test 16V;

[0082] Test duration for each test condition: 5 minutes;

[0083] Temperature control duration of the car controller: 20 minutes;

[0084] All of the above durations are monitored by the timer of the control device.

[0085] S2: Select the first temperature gradient according to the test sequence of the temperature gradient. Based on the current temperature gradient, control the ambient temperature and the cooling water temperature of the cooling water equipment to reach the current temperature gradient. Then start timing until the temperature control time ends (i.e., wait 20 minutes) to ensure that the temperature of the car controller reaches the current temperature gradient.

[0086] S3: Outputs a 9V operating voltage and corresponding test parameters to the automotive controller via a relay (Usmin low-voltage relay) (execution method is to start the resolver fixture and turn on the MCU to output the rated operating condition), so that the automotive controller works under the test condition.

[0087] S4: Obtain the performance parameters of the vehicle controller under the 9V test condition until the test duration (5min) ends.

[0088] S5: Outputs a 16V operating voltage and corresponding test parameters to the automotive controller via a relay (Usmin low-voltage relay) (execution method is to start the resolver fixture and turn on the MCU to output rated operating conditions), so that the automotive controller works under test conditions.

[0089] S6: Obtain the performance parameters of the vehicle controller under 16V test conditions until the test duration (5min) ends.

[0090] After S6 is completed, the performance of the vehicle controller under other temperature gradients can be tested through the process from S2 to S6.

[0091] In addition, during the execution of S2 to S6, the control equipment will monitor the working status of all test equipment in real time, and stop the operation of the test equipment and issue an alarm when an abnormality is detected.

[0092] Secondly, embodiments of this application also provide a readable storage medium.

[0093] This application has a readable storage medium storing a temperature gradient test program for an automotive controller, wherein when the temperature gradient test program for an automotive controller is executed by a processor, it implements the functional steps of the control device as described above.

[0094] The method implemented when the temperature gradient test program for the automotive controller is executed can be referred to in the above embodiments, and will not be repeated here.

[0095] It should be noted that the sequence numbers of the embodiments in this application are for descriptive purposes only and do not represent the superiority or inferiority of the embodiments.

[0096] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Of course, they can also be implemented by hardware, but in many cases the former is a better implementation method. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium (such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk) as described above, and includes several instructions to cause a terminal device to execute the methods described in the various embodiments of this application.

[0097] The terms "comprising" and "having," and any variations thereof, in the specification, claims, and accompanying drawings of this application are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, system, product, or apparatus that includes a series of steps or units is not limited to the listed steps or units, but may optionally include steps or units not listed, or may optionally include other steps or units inherent to such process, method, product, or apparatus. The terms "first," "second," and "third," etc., are used to distinguish different objects, etc., and do not indicate a sequence, nor do they limit "first," "second," and "third" to different types.

[0098] In the description of the embodiments of this application, terms such as "exemplary," "for example," or "for instance" are used to indicate examples, illustrations, or explanations. Any embodiment or design described as "exemplary," "for example," or "for instance" in the embodiments of this application should not be construed as being more preferred or advantageous than other embodiments or designs. Specifically, the use of terms such as "exemplary," "for example," or "for instance" is intended to present the relevant concepts in a concrete manner.

[0099] In the description of the embodiments of this application, unless otherwise stated, " / " means "or". For example, A / B can mean A or B. The "and / or" in the text is merely a description of the relationship between related objects, indicating that there can be three relationships. For example, A and / or B can mean: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone. In addition, in the description of the embodiments of this application, "multiple" means two or more.

[0100] In some processes described in the embodiments of this application, multiple operations or steps are included in a specific order. However, it should be understood that these operations or steps may not be executed in the order they appear in the embodiments of this application, or they may be executed in parallel. The sequence number of the operation is only used to distinguish different operations, and the sequence number itself does not represent any execution order. In addition, these processes may include more or fewer operations, and these operations or steps may be executed sequentially or in parallel, and these operations or steps may be combined.

[0101] Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can clearly understand that the methods of the above embodiments can be implemented by means of software plus necessary general-purpose hardware platforms. Of course, they can also be implemented by hardware, but in many cases the former is a better implementation method. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of this application, in essence, or the part that contributes to the prior art, can be embodied in the form of a software product. This computer software product is stored in a storage medium (such as ROM / RAM, magnetic disk, optical disk) as described above, and includes several instructions to cause a terminal device to execute the methods described in the various embodiments of this application.

[0102] The above are merely specific embodiments of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily conceive of various equivalent modifications or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention, and these modifications or substitutions should all be covered within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be determined by the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers, characterized by: The test equipment of the system comprises a control device; The control device is configured to set a plurality of temperature gradients, a temperature test duration of each temperature gradient, and a test working condition under each temperature gradient; and allocate a working condition test duration of each test working condition under the temperature gradient according to the temperature test duration of each temperature gradient. The control device is further configured to monitor the temperature of the automobile controller, and adjust the temperature of the automobile controller correspondingly when the monitored temperature of the automobile controller does not conform to or is about to not conform to the required temperature gradient. When the performance of the automobile controller under the current temperature gradient needs to be tested, the control device applies test working condition parameters corresponding to the current temperature gradient to the automobile controller after the automobile controller reaches the current temperature gradient, and acquires performance data of the automobile controller within a working condition test duration corresponding to the current test working condition.

2. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 1, wherein: The test equipment further comprises an environment chamber and a cooling water device, and the automobile controller is located in the environment chamber, and a water pipeline of the cooling water device is located inside the automobile controller. The process of reaching the current temperature gradient by the control device comprises: setting a cooling water temperature and a cooling water flow rate of the cooling water device according to the current temperature gradient; setting a temperature in the environment chamber according to the current temperature gradient.

3. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 2, wherein, The control device is further configured to: monitor whether an abnormality occurs in the environment chamber, and stop the working of the environment chamber when the monitored environment chamber has an abnormality; monitor whether an abnormality occurs in the cooling water device, and stop the working of the cooling water device when the monitored cooling water device has an abnormality.

4. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 3, wherein, The control device is further configured to monitor whether an abnormality occurs in the automobile controller, and stop the working of the automobile controller when the monitored automobile controller has an abnormality.

5. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 2, wherein: The control device adopts a PLC.

6. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 2, wherein: The system further comprises a switch and a communication protocol conversion module; the automobile controller, the environment chamber and the cooling water device all communicate with the switch through the communication protocol conversion module, and the switch communicates with the control device.

7. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 6, wherein: The system further comprises a display and control terminal which communicates with the switch, and a rotary variable device tool and a power supply which communicate with the control device. The display and control terminal is configured to display an operation interface of the control device, and set functions of the control device on the operation interface.

8. The temperature gradient test system for automotive controllers of claim 6, wherein: The communication protocol conversion module adopts a TCP-CAN communication protocol conversion module, and the switch adopts an industrial switch.

9. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that: The computer readable storage medium stores a temperature gradient test program for the automobile controller, and the temperature gradient test program for the automobile controller is configured to realize functions of the control device according to any one of claims 1 to 8 when executed.

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