System comprising transformer

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a system (10) comprising a transformer (12) comprising at least one first winding (18) wound around at least one core (14) and at least one second winding (19) wound around the at least one first winding (18). The system (10) further comprises at least one voltage sensor (34) configured and arranged to sense a voltage through the at least one second winding (19) by capacitive coupling.

Description

Background Art

[0001] Transformers are widely used to convert electricity from a first voltage level to a second voltage level that is similar to, higher than, or lower than the first voltage level.

[0002] Transformers generally achieve this voltage conversion by using at least one primary winding and at least one secondary winding, each made of an electrical conductor. Each of the at least one primary winding and the at least one secondary winding is wound on a core through a plurality of turns.

[0003] During operation, transformers may be subject to one or more transient phenomena, particularly fast transients and ultra-fast transient phenomena (such as overvoltage), typically as a result of one or more events, such as switching operations, lightning strikes, etc. Although transformers are typically configured to withstand such transient phenomena to a reasonable extent, the transient phenomena may lead to degradation and / or potential failure of the corresponding transformer.

[0004] Transients are a matter of concern, particularly because they may cause transformer failures and / or damage to the transformer that are difficult to predict, at least in a reliable manner. Such failures may reduce the reliability, safety and / or reputation of the transformer and / or may increase the operating costs of the associated transformer. For example, the operating costs may include replacement and / or repair of the transformer, as well as costs for investigating the cause and / or damage of the transient.

[0005] In the transformers known in the prior art, there are still deficiencies in dealing with transient phenomena. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the ability of the transformer to deal with transient phenomena. Summary of the invention

[0006] Thus, as described in detail below, the present disclosure describes one or more aspects for improving the ability of a transformer to cope with transient phenomena.

[0007] The present disclosure relates to a system according to a first aspect of the present disclosure.

[0008] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, an assembly for use in a transformer is described.

[0009] Various exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure disclosed herein are intended to provide features that will become apparent when referring to the following description and in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. According to various embodiments, exemplary systems, methods, and devices are disclosed herein. However, it should be understood that these embodiments are presented by way of example and not limitation, and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art who read the present disclosure that various modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0010] Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the exemplary embodiments and applications described and illustrated herein. In addition, the specific order and / or hierarchy of steps in the methods disclosed herein are merely exemplary methods. Based on design preferences, the specific order or hierarchy of steps of the disclosed methods or processes can be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the methods and techniques disclosed herein present various steps or actions in an example order, and the present invention is not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented, unless otherwise explicitly stated.

[0011] The above and other aspects and implementations thereof are described in more detail in the drawings, description and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1 A system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in a perspective schematic diagram;

[0013] Figure 2 Another perspective diagram shows Figure 1 system;

[0014] Figure 3 Shows Figure 1 and 2 an enlarged view of a portion of the system shown in;

[0015] Figure 4 A system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in the form of a perspective schematic diagram;

[0016] Figure 5 A system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in the form of a perspective schematic diagram;

[0017] Figure 6 The diagram is shown in perspective Figure 5 system;

[0018] Figure 7 The diagram is shown in perspective Figure 5 and 6 system;

[0019] Figure 8 The diagram is shown in perspective Figures 5 to 7 system;

[0020] Fig. 9 A system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in the form of a perspective schematic diagram;

[0021] Fig.10 A system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in the form of a perspective schematic diagram;

[0022] Fig.11A system according to another embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in a perspective schematic diagram.

[0023] In the following, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described. It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified or apparent, some aspects of any of the embodiments may also be found in some other embodiments. However, in order to improve understandability, each aspect will be described in detail only when first mentioned, and repeated descriptions of the same aspect will be omitted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The system according to the first aspect of the present disclosure may include a transformer, which may include at least one first winding wound around at least one core and at least one second winding wound around the at least one first winding. The core may be made of ferromagnetic material. The at least one first winding and the at least one second winding may be made of conductive material. The transformer may further include at least one first core clamp, which is arranged at a first end of the at least one core and is configured to clamp the at least one core, particularly at the first end of the at least one core.

[0025] The system may further include at least one voltage sensor configured and arranged to sense a voltage through the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling. In other words, the at least one voltage sensor may be configured and arranged to sense a voltage from the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling (e.g., by being close to the at least one second winding). The at least one voltage sensor may be configured and arranged to sense voltages from a plurality of second windings, such as second windings from adjacent phases of a transformer. For example, the at least one voltage sensor may be configured and arranged to sense a voltage consisting of 50% of a voltage of one second winding and 50% of a voltage of another second winding. For example, the at least one voltage sensor may be at least partially arranged between the second windings of two adjacent phases. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor may be at least partially arranged at a position located in a plane extending between the second windings of the two adjacent phases and / or located in a plane substantially parallel to (preferably at substantially equal distances from the longitudinal axes of the legs of the two adjacent phases) and extending between the longitudinal axes of the legs of the two adjacent phases. This can enable the at least one voltage sensor to be positioned relatively close to the second winding and relatively far from the first winding. This can relatively largely isolate the sensed signal to the voltage through the second winding. Further optionally, the at least one voltage sensor can be configured and arranged to sense voltages from one or more first windings and one or more second windings, such as first windings and second windings from adjacent phases of a transformer.

[0026] As discussed at the outset, transient phenomena, in particular fast transients and over-speed transient phenomena such as overvoltages, may lead to degradation and / or potential failure of the corresponding transformer. Furthermore, transient phenomena may lead to transformer failures and / or damage to the transformer which are difficult to predict at least in a reliable manner. Furthermore, the determination of the source of the transient phenomenon is often complicated, since this often involves resonances and high-frequency phenomena of the transformer itself as well as of surrounding mounted components.

[0027] Therefore, the present disclosure provides the at least one voltage sensor configured and arranged to sense the voltage from the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling. Therefore, the at least one voltage sensor can be configured to monitor the voltage of the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling so as to detect transient phenomena, in particular fast transients and ultra-fast transient phenomena (such as overvoltage) by sensing the voltage through the at least one second winding. The system, in particular the at least one voltage sensor, can be configured to detect transient phenomena when the transient phenomena occur and / or before the transient phenomena occur. For example, the system can be configured to detect one or more events that may cause one or more transient phenomena and / or may indicate one or more transient phenomena, for example, one or more switching operations and / or one or more lightning strikes. This can allow the system to predict the occurrence of one or more transient phenomena in the transformer.

[0028] The system may be configured to generate and / or store data based on the sensed voltage and optionally based on further data obtained by the system. This may allow the system to process and analyze data. The system may be configured to apply artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning), such as by means of one or more processing equipment, in particular a central processing unit, so that the prediction of transient phenomena based on the sensed voltage and optionally based on further data obtained by the system can be improved. The system may be configured to transmit data wirelessly (e.g., via WI-FI and / or Bluetooth) between components of the system (e.g., from the at least one voltage sensor to one or more processing devices) and / or between components of at least one system and at least one external device (e.g., external evaluation devices and / or processing devices, such as client devices, such as mobile devices, such as smart devices or computers). This may reduce the cabling work of the system, which may provide a safer and neater environment within and / or around the system. Alternatively or additionally, the system may be configured to transmit data via one or more hard connections, such as via one or more cables and / or one or more optical fibers.

[0029] The system may be configured to evaluate the sensed voltage or multiple sensed voltages based on one or more criteria (e.g., by means of one or more processing devices communicatively coupled to the at least one voltage sensor). The system may be configured to generate at least one signal (e.g., at least one warning signal) if the sensed voltage or multiple sensed voltages meet and / or do not meet one or more of the one or more criteria. By providing a warning signal, an operator and / or user of the transformer may be informed that one or more transient phenomena are occurring, and / or have occurred, and / or will occur in the future. This may allow an operator and / or user of the transformer to take one or more countermeasures, such as by providing transient voltage protection (TVP), or adapting and / or exchanging (e.g., improving) an already existing countermeasure (such as a TVP). This may enable damage to the transformer or transformer failure to be prevented or at least mitigated and / or delayed.

[0030] For example, the one or more criteria may include one or more voltage thresholds, wherein the system may be configured to generate the at least one signal (e.g., at least one warning signal) if the sensed voltage or multiple sensed voltages are greater than or less than at least one of the one or more voltage thresholds. The one or more criteria may include at least one range, wherein the system may be configured to generate the at least one signal (e.g., at least one warning signal) if the sensed voltage or multiple sensed voltages fall within or outside of at least one of the at least one range. The one or more criteria may be predetermined. At least one of the one or more criteria may be a fixed standard. At least one of the one or more criteria may be an adaptive standard, for example, the adaptive standard may be adaptive and / or self-adaptive to (in particular automatically by the system) the corresponding transformation and / or the operating conditions of the corresponding transformation.

[0031] Alternatively or additionally, the system can be configured to generate at least one signal (e.g., at least one warning signal) if the number of one or more events detected and / or the number of times the sensed voltage meets / or does not meet one or more of the one or more criteria exceeds a certain number or range, and / or their occurrence rate exceeds or does not exceed a threshold.

[0032] The at least one voltage sensor can be retrofitted to an existing transformer and / or a transformer that has been built and / or is in operation. For example, the at least one voltage sensor can be mounted on a housing of the transformer, wherein the housing can at least partially surround or contain one or more components of the transformer, in particular the at least one first winding, the at least one second winding and the at least one core. The housing can be a housing of a dry-type transformer. The housing can also be a housing of an oil-immersed transformer, wherein the housing can at least partially contain the oil of the oil-immersed transformer. The term "housing" can refer to a housing, a housing, a compartment or any structure that can completely or at least partially surround one or more components of the transformer.

[0033] The at least one voltage sensor may be mounted so that the at least one voltage sensor is located at a predetermined distance from at least one portion of the at least one second winding. The at least one voltage sensor may be mounted so that during operation of the system and / or when the entire system is displaced (e.g., when the system is transported from the manufacturer to the customer site), the predetermined distance between the at least one voltage sensor and at least one portion of the at least one second winding remains substantially unchanged or changes only minimally. By means of the at least one voltage sensor, the reliability and / or accuracy of sensing the voltage through the at least one second winding and determining whether a transient phenomenon is occurring and / or will occur in the future can be improved. In addition, the at least one voltage sensor is typically calibrated prior to operation of the system. In the case where the distance between the at least one voltage sensor and at least one portion of the at least one second winding is changed after calibration, the calibration may have to be repeated and / or adjusted. Therefore, by maintaining the distance between the at least one voltage sensor and at least one portion of the at least one second winding, the calibration can remain valid. This can allow another calibration process to be ignored and / or the first calibration to be adjusted.

[0034] The system may include at least one or more processing devices, in particular a central processing unit, configured to acquire at least one or more sensing signals from the at least one voltage sensor and process the one or more signals. The one or more processing devices may be configured to digitize the one or more sensing signals, for example by means of at least one analog-to-digital converter.

[0035] The at least one voltage sensor may be mounted to keep / maintain a certain distance from the at least one second winding, in particular a predetermined minimum distance. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor may be mounted so that the at least one voltage sensor is within a range of the at least one second winding, in particular a predetermined range, e.g. a range from a maximum distance to a minimum distance, in particular a predetermined minimum distance. By reducing the distance between the at least one voltage sensor and the at least one second winding, reception of undesired signals, such as signals from another nearby winding and / or another nearby transformer and / or a nearby electronic device, may be avoided or at least reduced.

[0036] To this end, the at least one voltage sensor may be mounted in the vicinity of the at least one second winding, but at a safe distance, e.g., at least a predetermined distance, from the at least one second winding and / or from the at least one first winding and / or one or more leads and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the leads of the transformer. This may allow the system to reliably and / or relatively accurately sense the voltage from the at least one second winding, while enhancing the system's ability to prevent arcing and / or partial discharges.

[0037] The at least one voltage sensor may be mounted to a portion of the transformer and / or to a portion of a structure near the transformer, such as a wall or other structure in a space where the transformer is or will be located. Alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor may be mounted on the at least one core clamp. Alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor may be mounted on a housing of the transformer. Typically, the at least one voltage sensor may be mounted near at least one or more grounding components, such as one or more cables and / or the at least one core clamp and / or additional grounding components, such as capacitors and / or resistors.

[0038] The system may include a plurality of voltage sensors. Each of the plurality of voltage sensors may be mounted to a different surface or structure. For example, at least one first voltage sensor may be mounted on the at least one core clip, and at least one second voltage sensor may be mounted in the vicinity of the transformer, for example, on a wall or other structure in a room where the transformer is located. Alternatively or additionally, at least one first voltage sensor may be mounted on a housing of the transformer, and at least one second voltage sensor may be mounted on the at least one core clip.

[0039] As mentioned herein, the at least one voltage sensor may refer to an actual physical sensing device for physically sensing the voltage through the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling. The at least one voltage sensor may be included in at least one voltage sensor unit, which may further include, for example, at least one processing unit, one or more cables and / or one or more additional devices or elements, such as one or more devices for attaching the at least one voltage sensor to at least one surface. The at least one voltage sensor may be integrated in a printed circuit board (PCB).

[0040] The at least one voltage sensor may be configured as a patch, e.g. a relatively flat structure. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor may have at least one mounting surface configured to be mounted on an object, e.g. a surface of a transformer or any other surface, in particular in the vicinity of a transformer. The at least one voltage sensor may comprise (in particular accommodate) an electrode or a pair of electrodes.

[0041] The at least one first winding may be a low voltage (LV) winding of the transformer, and the at least one second winding may be a high voltage (HV) winding of the transformer, the HV winding having a voltage higher than a voltage of the LV winding.

[0042] The at least one first winding may be a primary winding and the at least one second winding may be a secondary winding. Alternatively, the at least one second winding may be a primary winding and the at least one first winding may be a secondary winding. The primary coil winding may be connected to a voltage source and the secondary coil winding may be connected to a load, or vice versa.

[0043] The transformer may be a low voltage, medium voltage or high voltage transformer. The transformer may be configured as a liquid cooled transformer, for example a liquid immersed transformer, such as an oil filled or oil immersed transformer. Alternatively, the transformer may be configured as a dry type transformer, for example, not immersed in a liquid, such as oil.

[0044] The system may further include the at least one core and at least one first core clamp, the at least one first core clamp being arranged at a first end of the at least one core and being configured to clamp the at least one core at the first end. The at least one voltage sensor may be connected to a surface of the at least one first core clamp.

[0045] At least one lead of the at least one second winding may be connected to the transformer at the connection portion. In particular, the at least one lead may also be referred to as a terminal, such as a high voltage (HV) lead or terminal. The at least one voltage sensor may be connected to a surface of the transformer, in particular to a surface of the at least one first core clip. The surface of the transformer may face in a direction away from the connection portion and / or may be arranged on a first side of a vertical center plane of the transformer, the first side being substantially opposite to a second side of the vertical center plane, the at least one lead being arranged on the second side. Arranging the at least one voltage sensor on a surface of the transformer facing in a direction away from the connection portion and / or on a first side of a vertical center plane of the transformer substantially opposite to the at least one lead may reduce the extent to which the voltage through the at least one lead and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the at least one lead is sensed by the at least one voltage sensor. In general, it is not desirable to sense the voltage through the at least one lead and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the at least one lead. Instead, it may be desirable to isolate the sensed signal to the voltage through the at least one second winding as much as possible. This can, for example, improve the reliability and accuracy of the calibration process, which typically does not take into account the voltage through the at least one lead and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the at least one lead. As discussed at the beginning, the core clamp is typically grounded. Therefore, the surface of the at least one first core clamp to which the at least one voltage sensor is connected can provide an area for the at least one voltage sensor to relatively reliably, safely and accurately sense the voltage through the at least one second winding. In addition, the at least one first core clamp can provide an attachment and / or guiding device for attaching and / or guiding one or more wires / cables connected to the at least one voltage sensor, for example for sending one or more signals to and / or from the at least one voltage sensor. In addition, one or more processing devices, in particular a central processing unit, can be attached and / or loaded in and / or on the at least one first core clamp.

[0046] In general, it is possible to place the at least one voltage sensor close to or at least closer to one or more leads of the transformer and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the one or more leads. However, this may require greater efforts in terms of electrical insulation between the at least one voltage sensor and the corresponding leads. For example, this may require the use of more insulating material (e.g., with greater thickness) and / or different insulating materials between the at least one voltage sensor and the corresponding leads and / or cables or busbars, for example, at least partially surrounding the corresponding leads. If the at least one voltage sensor is located further away from the corresponding leads, it is sufficient to only require less effort (e.g., cost) in terms of insulation.

[0047] The at least one voltage sensor may be arranged (in particular connected to the at least one first core clip) at a first angular position around the longitudinal axis of the transformer, and the at least one lead is connected to the transformer at a second angular position. The longitudinal axis of the transformer may be a winding axis, on which the at least one first winding and / or the at least one second winding are wound. The first angular position may be offset from the second angular position by a predetermined offset angle. In an operable state of the transformer, the longitudinal axis of the transformer may extend vertically. The first angular position may be offset from the second angular position by at least 90°, in particular by at least 120°, more particularly by at least 150°, most particularly by substantially 180°. This may also or further reduce the extent of a voltage sensed by the at least one voltage sensor through the at least one lead and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the at least one lead and conducted to or from the at least one lead, for example, by providing a predetermined (minimum) distance between the at least one lead and the at least one voltage sensor via an angular offset between them.

[0048] At least one voltage sensor (e.g., the at least one voltage sensor or another voltage sensor of the plurality of voltage sensors described above, which is configured and arranged to sense the voltage through the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling included in the transformer) can be connected to a surface of the transformer, in particular to a surface of the at least one first core clip. The surface can be arranged on the same side of the vertical center plane of the transformer as the at least one lead. Typically, the transformer is provided with at least one second lead connected to the at least one first winding, for example, at least one low voltage (LV) winding. The at least one second lead is typically arranged opposite to the lead connected to the at least one second winding, i.e., opposite the transformer. Therefore, positioning the at least one voltage sensor on the same side of the vertical center plane of the transformer as the lead connected to the at least one second winding can increase the distance from the at least one second lead of the at least one first winding. This can reduce the extent of the voltage through the at least one second lead of the at least one first winding and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the at least one second lead sensed by the at least one voltage sensor. As discussed above, in general, it may not be desirable to sense the voltage across the leads of the transformer, e.g., the at least one second lead of the at least one first winding and / or one or more cables and / or bus bars connected to the leads. Therefore, it may be desirable to isolate the sensed signal to the voltage across the at least one second winding as much as possible.

[0049] The transformer may include at least one second core clip at the second end of the at least one core, the second end of the at least one core being arranged substantially opposite to the first end of the at least one core, the second core clip being configured to clamp the at least one core at the second end of the at least one core. The at least one voltage sensor may be connected to a surface of the at least one first core clip and / or to a surface of the at least one second core clip. The arrangement of the at least one voltage sensor on the at least one second core clip may be configured to be similar to the arrangement of the at least one voltage sensor on the at least one first core clip, as described above.

[0050] At least one lead of the at least one first winding may be arranged at the first end or the second end of the at least one core, the second end being substantially opposite to the first end of the at least one core. The at least one voltage sensor may be arranged at the other of the first end and the second end of the at least one core. Therefore, if at least one lead of the at least one first winding is arranged at the first end of the at least one core, the at least one voltage sensor may be placed at the second end of the at least one core. Vice versa, if at least one lead of the at least one first winding is arranged at the second end of the at least one core, the at least one voltage sensor may be arranged at the first end of the at least one core. This may reduce or further reduce the extent of the voltage sensed by the at least one voltage sensor through at least one lead of the at least one first winding and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to at least one lead of the at least one first winding. This may further isolate the sensed signal to the voltage through the at least one second winding.

[0051] The first end of the at least one core and / or the second end of the at least one core may be the distal end or end portion of the at least one core. The first end of the at least one core and / or the second end of the at least one core may be arranged at, in, or near a corresponding core clip (e.g., the at least one first core clip or the at least one second core clip). Accordingly, the at least one voltage sensor may be arranged at, in, or near a corresponding core clip (e.g., the at least one first core clip or the at least one second core clip).

[0052] The at least one voltage sensor may be attached to one end of the at least one core. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor may be attached to a surface of a yoke of the at least one core.

[0053] The transformer may further include at least one housing. The at least one housing may be connected to the at least one first core clip. The at least one voltage sensor may be connected to the at least one housing. The at least one housing may at least partially or completely accommodate the at least one second winding. The at least one housing may be mechanically coupled to the at least one first core clip, for example, via one or more mechanical connection elements, such as rivets or bolts. The at least one voltage sensor may be mechanically coupled to (for example, via one or more mechanical connection elements, such as rivets or bolts) and / or adhesively coupled to the at least one housing. The at least one housing may be directly connected to or indirectly connected to the at least one first core clip, for example, via one or more connection elements. The at least one voltage sensor may be directly connected to or indirectly connected to the at least one housing, for example, via one or more connection elements.

[0054] The at least one voltage sensor may be attached to an outer surface of the housing (eg, facing away from the at least one second winding) or an inner surface of the housing (eg, facing the at least one second winding).

[0055] The transformer may be an oil filled transformer and the housing may contain the oil.

[0056] The at least one second winding may be a low voltage winding, and the at least one first winding may be a high voltage winding of the transformer.

[0057] The at least one voltage sensor may have a circular shape, in particular a spherical, hemispherical, annular, or semi-annular shape. Configuring the at least one voltage sensor to have a circular shape may prevent or at least reduce the risk of arcs and / or partial discharges occurring between the at least one voltage sensor and a winding, a lead of the transformer and / or one or more cables and / or busbars connected to the leads of the transformer. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor may not have any sharp edges, or at least some or most of the edges of the at least one voltage sensor may be circular.

[0058] The maximum projected area of ​​the at least one voltage sensor may be no more than 500 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 450 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 400 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 350 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 300 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 250 square centimeters, more particularly no more than 200 square centimeters. This may reduce or at least limit the space occupied by the at least one voltage sensor. This may increase the visual and / or aesthetic appeal of the system, for example for a person viewing the system, such as a customer or visitor. Additionally or alternatively, this may reduce the cost of the at least one voltage sensor, for example by reducing the material required for the at least one voltage sensor. Additionally or alternatively, this may reduce the risk that the at least one voltage sensor may be accidentally displaced, for example by colliding with the at least one voltage sensor when the system is maintained and / or serviced. Additionally or alternatively, this may reduce the risk of insulation failure, for example at one or more leads of a transformer, for example, due to a reduction or at least limitation of the space occupied by the at least one voltage sensor. Additionally or alternatively, this may reduce the risk of arcs and / or partial discharges, for example due to a smaller area of ​​the at least one voltage sensor.

[0059] The maximum spatial dimension of the at least one voltage sensor may be no more than 20 cm, in particular no more than 18 cm, more particularly no more than 16 cm, more particularly no more than 14 cm, more particularly no more than 12 cm. This may also reduce, or limit, or further reduce or further limit the space occupied by the at least one voltage sensor. The advantageous effects provided thereby are described above.

[0060] The spatial volume of the at least one voltage sensor may be no more than 700 cubic centimeters, in particular no more than 650 cubic centimeters, more particularly no more than 600 cubic centimeters, more particularly no more than 550 cubic centimeters, more particularly no more than 500 cubic centimeters. This may also reduce, or limit, or further reduce or further limit the space occupied by the at least one voltage sensor. The advantageous effects provided thereby are described above.

[0061] The following list of aspects provides alternative and / or further features of the present disclosure:

[0062] 1. A system, comprising:

[0063] A transformer, the transformer comprising:

[0064] at least one first winding, the at least one first winding being wound around at least one core,

[0065] at least one second winding, the at least one second winding being wound around the at least one first winding;

[0066] as well as

[0067] At least one sensor, in particular at least one voltage sensor, is configured and arranged to sense at least one signal, in particular at least one voltage, from the at least one first winding, in particular by capacitive coupling, and / or to sense at least one signal, in particular at least one voltage, from the at least one second winding.

[0068] 2. The system according to aspect 1, further comprising the at least one core and at least one first core clamp arranged at a first end of the at least one core and configured to clamp the at least one core at the first end, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is connected to a surface of the at least one first core clamp.

[0069] 3. The system according to aspect 1 or 2, wherein at least one lead of the at least one second winding is connected to the transformer at a connection portion, wherein at least one voltage sensor is connected to a surface of the transformer, in particular to a surface of the at least one first core clip, wherein the surface to which the at least one voltage sensor is connected:

[0070] in a direction away from the connecting portion;

[0071] and / or,

[0072] The transformer is arranged on a first side of a vertical center plane, the first side being substantially opposite to a second side of the vertical center plane, on which the lead wires are arranged.

[0073] 4. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is arranged (in particular connected to the at least one first core clamp) at a first angular position around the longitudinal axis of the transformer, and the lead is connected to the transformer at a second angular position, wherein the first angular position is offset from the second angular position by a predetermined offset angle.

[0074] 5. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is connected to a surface of the transformer, in particular to a surface of the at least one first core clip, wherein the surface and the leads are arranged on the same side of a vertical center plane of the transformer.

[0075] 6. A system according to any one of aspects 2 to 5, wherein the transformer includes at least one second core clamp at the second end of the at least one core, the second end of the at least one core is arranged to be substantially opposite to the first end of the at least one core, and the second core clamp is configured to clamp the at least one core at the second end of the at least one core, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is connected to a surface of the at least one first core clamp and / or to a surface of the at least one second core clamp.

[0076] 7. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 6, wherein the lead of the at least one first winding is arranged at a first end or a second end of the at least one core, the second end being substantially opposite to the first end, and wherein the at least one voltage sensor is arranged at the other of the first end and the second end.

[0077] 8. The system according to any one of aspects 1 to 7, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is attached to one end of the at least one core.

[0078] 9. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 8,

[0079] The transformer further comprises at least one housing.

[0080] wherein the at least one housing is connected to the at least one first core clamp, the at least one voltage sensor is connected to the at least one housing, and

[0081] The housing accommodates the at least one second winding.

[0082] 10. The system of aspect 9, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is attached to an outer surface of the at least one housing.

[0083] 11. The system according to aspect 9 or 10, wherein the transformer is an oil-filled transformer and the at least one housing contains oil.

[0084] 12. The system according to any of aspects 9 to 11, wherein the at least one voltage sensor is attached to an inner surface of the at least one housing, in particular an inner surface facing the at least one second winding.

[0085] 13. The system according to any one of aspects 1 to 12, wherein the at least one second winding is a high voltage winding and the at least one first winding is a low voltage winding of the transformer.

[0086] 14. System according to any of aspects 1 to 13, wherein the at least one voltage sensor has a circular shape, in particular a spherical, hemispherical, annular or semi-annular shape.

[0087] 15. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 14, wherein the maximum projected area of ​​the at least one voltage sensor is not greater than 500 square centimeters, in particular not more than 450 square centimeters, more particularly not more than 400 square centimeters, more particularly not more than 350 square centimeters, more particularly not more than 300 square centimeters, more particularly not more than 250 square centimeters, and more particularly not more than 200 square centimeters.

[0088] 16. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 15, wherein the maximum spatial dimension of the at least one voltage sensor is not greater than 20 cm, in particular not more than 18 cm, more particularly not more than 16 cm, more particularly not more than 14 cm, more particularly not more than 12 cm.

[0089] 17. A system according to any one of aspects 1 to 16, wherein the spatial volume of the at least one voltage sensor does not exceed 700 cubic centimeters, in particular does not exceed 650 cubic centimeters, more particularly does not exceed 600 cubic centimeters, more particularly does not exceed 550 cubic centimeters, and more particularly does not exceed 500 cubic centimeters.

[0090] 18. A transformer assembly, the transformer assembly comprising:

[0091] at least one first winding configured to be wound around at least one core;

[0092] at least one second winding wound around or configured to be wound around the at least one first winding; and

[0093] At least one voltage sensor may be configured and arranged to sense a voltage across the at least one first winding and / or a voltage across the at least one second winding by capacitive coupling.

[0094] Figures 1 to 3 A system 10 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in perspective and schematic form. The system 10 includes a transformer 12 including at least one core 14. Figures 1 to 3 In the embodiment shown in Figure 1, the core 14 has three phases, each phase including a corresponding core leg 15A, 15B, 15C at least partially contained in a corresponding housing 16. The housing 16 can be made of a cured epoxy resin at least in part. The core 14 can include more than three or less than three core legs, such as two, four, five or more core legs. The core legs (such as core legs 15A, 15B, 15C) are sometimes also referred to as core columns.

[0095] Each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C is connected to an adjacent core leg via transverse portions 17A, 17B at the top and bottom of the core leg 15A, 15B, 15C, respectively. The transverse portions 17A, 17B are arranged at substantially 90° to the longitudinal axis L of the core leg 15A, 15B, 15C, respectively.

[0096] For each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C, the transformer 12 also includes a first winding 18 and a second winding 19 (see Figure 3 ). The second winding 19 and optionally also the first winding 18 may be at least partially embedded in a portion of the housing 16. A respective first winding 18 may be wound around each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C of the core 14 and a respective second winding 19 may be wound around the corresponding first winding 18. The first winding 18 may be a low voltage (LV) winding and the second winding 19 may be a high voltage (HV) winding. Figure 3 Exemplarily, one first winding 18 and one second winding 19 are shown. The transformer 12 may include a plurality of first windings 18 and a plurality of second windings 19. As discussed above, the transformer 12 includes a first winding 18 and a second winding 19 for each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C.

[0097] The first winding 18 and the second winding 19 may be respectively wound around the longitudinal axis L of each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C. Figure 1 and Figure 2 Thus, the longitudinal axis L may correspond to the winding axis around which the at least one first winding 18 and / or the at least one second winding 19 is wound, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2 Only one longitudinal axis L is depicted in an exemplary manner. Each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C may have a longitudinal axis L corresponding to the winding axis around which the at least one first winding 18 and / or the at least one second winding 19 is wound. Transverse sections, such as transverse sections 17A, 17B, are sometimes also referred to as yokes.

[0098] The transformer 12 also includes a second winding 19 (see Figure 2 ) are connected to the transformer 12 at corresponding connection parts 23 on the circumference of the housing 16. The transformer 12 also includes first leads 20 connected to the first winding 18 (see Figure 1 )'s second lead 22.

[0099] The transformer 12 also includes a top core clamp 24 disposed at or at least toward a first end 26 of the core 14 and a bottom core clamp 28 disposed at or at least toward a second end 30 of the core 14, the second end 30 of the core 14 being substantially opposite to the first end 26 of the core 14. The top core clamp 24 and the bottom core clamp 28 are configured to clamp the core 14 at the first end 26 and the second end 30, respectively. Each core clamp 24, 28 includes at least a first clamping structure 24A, 28A and at least a second clamping structure 24B, 28B. In addition, each core clamp 24, 28 includes a tensioning device 27 configured to provide a tensioning force between the clamping structures 24A, 24B and 28A, 28B, respectively, to clamp the core 14 therebetween (see Figure 4 )

[0100] The system 10 also includes at least one voltage sensor 34 configured and arranged to sense a voltage through the second winding 19 by capacitive coupling. In other words, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is configured and arranged to sense a voltage from any one of the second windings 19 by capacitive coupling (e.g., by being close to one or more second windings 19).

[0101] Although Figures 1 to 3 A plurality of voltage sensors 34 (i.e., voltage sensors 34A to 34D) are indicated, but this is generally meant to show a plurality of possible locations of the voltage sensors 34, represented by letters “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, for arranging the at least one voltage sensor 34. However, the system may also include a plurality of voltage sensors 34 arranged at various locations, for example, at one or more of the locations described below.

[0102] like Figure 1 As shown in FIG. 1 , the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be connected to the surface of the top core clip 24 and / or the surface of the bottom core clip 28 at position D and position A, respectively. Figure 1 As shown, the surfaces of the core clips 24 and 28 that can be connected to at least one voltage sensor 34 face away from the connection portion 23 of the lead 20 of the second winding 19. Figure 1 The positions of the at least one voltage sensor 34 in positions A and D in the transformer 12 can be represented as being arranged on a first side of a vertical center plane of the transformer 12, the first side being substantially opposite to a second side of the vertical center plane on which the lead 20 of the second winding 19 is arranged. The vertical center plane can extend through each core leg 15A, 15B, 15C and each lateral portion 17A, 17B of the core 14.

[0103] like Figure 1 As shown in , the voltage sensor 34 can be connected to the top core clamp 24 and / or the bottom core clamp 28 at a first angular position about the longitudinal axis L of each leg 15A, 15B, 15C of the core 14. The lead 20 of the second winding 19 is connected to the transformer 12 at a second angular position, wherein the first angular position is offset from the second angular position by a predetermined offset angle. For example, the voltage sensors 34A and 34D can be offset by an offset angle of approximately 180°, as shown in FIG. Figure 1 As shown, Figure 2 The voltage sensors 34B and 34C in FIG. 1 have no angular offset from the leads 20 of the second winding 19 .

[0104] In positions A and D, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is arranged relatively far from the lead 20 of the second winding 19, respectively. As discussed at the outset, this can reduce the extent to which the voltage through the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or one or more cables and / or bus bars connected to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 is sensed by the at least one voltage sensor 34. For example, this can improve the reliability and accuracy of the calibration process of the at least one voltage sensor 34, which typically does not consider the voltage through the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or one or more cables and / or bus bars connected to the lead 20 of the second winding 19. In addition, as discussed at the outset, the core clamp is typically grounded. Therefore, connecting the at least one voltage sensor 34 to the surface of the core clamp 24, 28 can provide an area for the at least one voltage sensor 34 to relatively reliably, safely, and accurately sense the voltage through the second winding 19. Furthermore, the core clamps 24, 28 may provide attachment and / or guiding means for attaching and / or guiding one or more wires / cables connected to the at least one voltage sensor 34, for example, for sending one or more signals to and / or from the at least one voltage sensor 34. Furthermore, one or more processing devices, in particular a central processing unit, may be attached and / or loaded in and / or on the core clamps 24, 28.

[0105] In positions B and C, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is generally arranged closer to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 than in positions A and D. However, because the lead 22 of the first winding 18 is arranged on the opposite side of the transformer 12, the at least one voltage sensor 34 arranged in positions B and C is arranged farther away from the lead 22 of the first winding 18 relative to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 than in positions A and D. This can reduce the extent to which voltage through the lead 22 of the first winding 18 and / or through one or more cables and / or bus bars connected to the lead 22 of the first winding 18 is sensed by the at least one voltage sensor 34. In positions B and C, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is connected to a surface of the core clip 24, 28, wherein the surface is arranged on the same side of the vertical center plane of the transformer 12 as the lead 20 of the second winding 19.

[0106] Figure 4 An embodiment of the system 10 is shown in which various other possible locations of the at least one voltage sensor 34 are shown. Figure 4 As shown in FIG. 1 , the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be disposed on an extension portion 42 attached to a portion of the bottom core clip 28, as shown in FIG. Figure 419. This may allow the at least one voltage sensor 34 to be positioned relatively close to the second winding 19, for example, without directly attaching the at least one voltage sensor 34 to the housing 16 of the transformer 12. The extension 42 may enable precise positioning of the at least one voltage sensor 34 relative to the second winding 19, for example, by adjusting the positioning and / or orientation of the extension 42 relative to the second winding 19. Alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be arranged on a support rail 45 on which the core 14 is supported, such as Figure 4 As shown in positions F and G in FIG. Further alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be arranged in one of the core clamps 24, 28, for example at least partially between the clamp structures 24A, 24B and 28A, 28B, as shown in FIG. Figure 4 As shown in position H.

[0107] Figures 1 to 4 The transformer 12 of the system 10 shown in FIG. 1 is configured as a dry-type transformer, eg, a transformer that is not immersed in a liquid, such as oil.

[0108] However, the system 10 described herein may also be configured with a liquid-cooled transformer, for example, a liquid-immersed transformer, such as an oil-filled or oil-immersed transformer. Figures 5 to 7 Such a configuration of system 10 is shown in FIG. Figures 1 to 4 Unlike the system 10 shown in Figures 5 to 7 The transformer 12 of the system 10 shown in FIG. 1 comprises at least one housing 44 configured to store or contain at least one liquid, in particular oil, for example for cooling the transformer 12. The housing 44 can be configured as a tank, in particular an oil tank. The core legs 15A, 15B, 15C of the core 14 and the first winding 18 and the second winding 19 are surrounded by the housing 44. Figures 5 to 7 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 , the system 10 includes a single housing 44. Alternatively, the system 10 may include a plurality of housings 44, wherein each housing 44 may individually at least partially house a corresponding core leg 15A, 15B, 15C and the associated first winding 18 and second winding 19, rather than providing a single housing to at least partially house each core leg and each first winding 18 and second winding 19. Thus, each housing 44 may be configured to house at least one liquid, in particular oil, for example for cooling the transformer 12.

[0109] like Figures 1 to 3 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 , the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be arranged on one of the core clamps 24 , 28 . Figures 1 to 4 Unlike the embodiment shown in Figures 5 to 7In the embodiment shown in , the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and the lead 22 of the first winding 18 are both arranged toward the first end 26 of the at least one core 14. Therefore, in positions A and B, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is arranged relatively far away from the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and the lead 22 of the first winding 18, respectively, or at least farther away than positions C and D. As discussed at the beginning, this can reduce the extent of the voltage sensed by the at least one voltage sensor 34 through the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and the lead 22 of the first winding 18 and / or one or more cables and / or bus bars connected to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and the lead 22 of the first winding 18.

[0110] However, it is also feasible to arrange the at least one voltage sensor 34 at positions C and D, and in fact, the sensitivity of the at least one voltage sensor 34 to sensing the voltage through the second winding 19 can be improved. However, arranging the at least one voltage sensor 34 at positions C and D may require greater efforts for the insulation between the at least one voltage sensor 34 and the leads 20 of the second winding 19 and the leads 22 of the first winding 18. For example, this may require greater and / or more reliable insulation, such as insulation material with greater thickness and / or insulation material with higher quality, between the at least one voltage sensor 34 and the leads 20 of the second winding 19 and the leads 22 of the first winding 18 (e.g., at least partially around the leads 20 of the second winding 19 and the leads 22 of the first winding 18). If the at least one voltage sensor 34 is located at a position farther away from the leads 20 of the second winding 19 and the leads 22 of the first winding 18, less effort for insulation is required / sufficient compared to arranging the at least one voltage sensor 34 at positions C and / or D.

[0111] Instead of positioning the at least one voltage sensor 34 on a portion of the core clips 24, 28 (e.g., Figure 5 and Figure 6 The at least one voltage sensor 34 may alternatively be disposed on a portion of the housing 44, such as at positions A to D shown in FIG. Figure 7 In particular, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be attached to an inner surface of the housing 44 , for example, an inner surface facing the second winding 19 . Figure 7 Alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be attached to an outer surface or external structure of the housing 44, for example, on the top of the housing 44, such as Figure 8 as shown in . Figure 8 In particular, when the at least one voltage sensor 34 is arranged on an outer surface or an external structure of the housing 44, as shown in FIG. Figure 8As shown in , typically, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be configured / intended to detect a voltage at the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or at one or more cables and / or bus bars attached to the lead 20 of the second winding 19. Therefore, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be arranged at / on an area of ​​the housing 44 close to or adjacent to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or close to or adjacent to one or more cables and / or bus bars attached to the lead 20 of the second winding 19.

[0112] Dry-type transformers (such as Figures 1 to 4 The transformer 12 shown in FIG. 1 may also include a housing 56 similar to Figures 5 to 8 The housing 44 shown in FIG. For example, Fig. 9 An embodiment is shown in which a transformer 12 (eg, a dry-type transformer) may be housed within a housing 56. Similar to Figures 5 to 8 In the embodiment of the transformer 12 shown in FIG. 1 , the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be attached to an outer surface or structure of the housing 56 , such as Fig. 9 In particular, when the at least one voltage sensor 34 is arranged on an outer surface or structure of the housing 56, typically, the at least one voltage sensor 34 can be configured / intended to detect a voltage at the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or at one or more cables and / or bus bars attached to the lead 20 of the second winding 19, as described above with respect to Figure 8 Therefore, the at least one voltage sensor 34 can be attached to an area of ​​the housing 56 near or adjacent to the lead 20 of the second winding 19 and / or near or adjacent to one or more cables and / or bus bars attached to the lead 20 of the second winding 19. Since the one or more cables and / or bus bars can enter the housing toward the lead 20 at multiple different areas of the housing 56, accordingly, the at least one voltage sensor 34 can be attached to multiple different areas of the housing 56 near or adjacent to the one or more cables and / or bus bars, such as Fig. 9 Alternatively, the at least one voltage sensor 34 may be attached to an inner surface of the housing 56, for example, an inner surface facing the second winding 19, as shown in FIG. Fig.10 In order to better illustrate Fig.10 From position O to position R, Fig.10 The housing 56 is omitted in the illustration.

[0113] Fig.11 An exemplary configuration of the at least one voltage sensor 34 is shown. In particular, the at least one voltage sensor 34 is configured as a patch and integrated in a printed circuit board (PCB). The at least one voltage sensor 34 is attached to the surface of the bottom core clip 28.

[0114] Although various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, it should be understood that these embodiments are presented only as examples, not as limitations. Similarly, various figures may depict example architectures or configurations so that those of ordinary skill in the art can understand the exemplary features and functions of the present disclosure. However, such personnel will understand that the present disclosure is not limited to the example architectures or configurations shown, but can be implemented using various alternative architectures and configurations. In addition, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, one or more features of an embodiment may be combined with one or more features of another embodiment described herein. Therefore, the breadth and scope of the present disclosure should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments.

[0115] It should also be understood that any reference to an element using names such as "first," "second," etc. herein generally does not limit the number or order of these elements. Rather, these names may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of elements. Thus, a reference to a first and a second element does not mean that only two elements may be used, or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner.

[0116] Various modifications to the embodiments described in this disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Therefore, this disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but should be given the widest scope consistent with the novel features and principles disclosed herein, as described in the following claims.

Claims

1. A system (10), comprising: A transformer (12), the transformer comprising: at least one first winding (18) wound around at least one core (14), at least one second winding (19), the at least one second winding (19) being wound around the at least one first winding (18), and At least one voltage sensor (34) is configured and arranged to sense a voltage across the at least one second winding (19) by capacitive coupling.

2. The system (10) of claim 1, further comprising the at least one core (14) and at least one first core clamp (24, 28) disposed at a first end of the at least one core (14) and configured to clamp the at least one core (14) at the first end, wherein: The at least one voltage sensor (34) is connected to a surface of the at least one first core clip (24, 28).

3. The system (10) of claim 2, wherein at least one lead (20) of the at least one second winding (19) is connected to the transformer at a connecting portion (23), wherein a surface of the at least one first core clip (24, 28) connected to the at least one voltage sensor (34): In a direction away from the connecting portion (23); and / or, The transformer is arranged on a first side of a vertical center plane of the transformer, the first side being substantially opposite to a second side of the vertical center plane, and the at least one lead (20) is arranged on the second side.

4. The system (10) according to claim 2 or 3, wherein: The at least one voltage sensor (34) is arranged at a first angular position around the longitudinal axis (L) of the transformer, in particular connected to the at least one first core clamp (24, 28), and the at least one lead (20) is connected to the transformer at a second angular position, wherein the first angular position is offset from the second angular position by a predetermined offset angle.

5. The system (10) according to any one of claims 2 to 4, wherein at least one voltage sensor (34) is connected to a surface of the transformer, in particular to a surface of the at least one first core clamp (24, 28), wherein The surface is arranged on the same side of a vertical center plane of the transformer as the at least one lead (20).

6. The system (10) according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein the transformer comprises at least one second core clamp (24, 28) at a second end of the at least one core (14), the second end of the at least one core (14) being arranged substantially opposite to the first end of the at least one core (14), the second core clamp (24, 28) being configured to clamp the at least one core (14) at the second end of the at least one core (14), wherein the at least one voltage sensor (34) is connected to a surface of the at least one first core clamp (24, 28) and / or to a surface of the at least one second core clamp (24, 28).

7. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: At least one lead (22) of the at least one first winding (18) is arranged at a first end or a second end of the at least one core (14), the second end being substantially opposite to the first end, wherein the at least one voltage sensor (34) is arranged at the other of the first end and the second end.

8. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The at least one voltage sensor (34) is attached to one end of the at least one core (14).

9. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, in, The transformer (12) further includes at least one housing (44), wherein the at least one housing (44) is connected to the at least one first core clamp (24, 28), and the at least one voltage sensor (34) is connected to the at least one housing (44), and The housing (44) accommodates the at least one second winding (19).

10. The system (10) of claim 9, wherein the at least one voltage sensor (34) is attached to an outer surface of the at least one housing (44).

11. The system (10) according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein: The at least one voltage sensor (34) is attached to an inner surface of the at least one housing (44), in particular an inner surface facing the at least one second winding (19).

12. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein: The at least one voltage sensor (34) has a circular shape, in particular a spherical, hemispherical, annular or semi-annular shape.

13. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein: The maximum projected area of ​​the at least one voltage sensor (34) does not exceed 500 square centimeters, in particular, does not exceed 450 square centimeters, more in particular, does not exceed 400 square centimeters, more in particular, does not exceed 350 square centimeters, more in particular, does not exceed 300 square centimeters, more in particular, does not exceed 250 square centimeters, and more in particular, does not exceed 200 square centimeters.

14. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein: The maximum spatial dimension of the at least one voltage sensor (34) does not exceed 20 cm, in particular does not exceed 18 cm, more in particular does not exceed 16 cm, more in particular does not exceed 14 cm, more in particular does not exceed 12 cm.

15. The system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein: The spatial volume of the at least one voltage sensor (34) does not exceed 700 cubic centimeters, in particular does not exceed 650 cubic centimeters, more in particular does not exceed 600 cubic centimeters, more in particular does not exceed 550 cubic centimeters, and more in particular does not exceed 500 cubic centimeters.

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