Method for cotton to resist cold damage and drought and reduce yield loss

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, discloses a method for cotton to resist cold damage and drought and reduce yield loss, and particularly provides application of trehalose to improvement of resistance of cotton to low-temperature cold damage and drought stress. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, soaking cotton seeds with trehalose with a proper concentration so as to improve the seedling rate of cotton under low-temperature cold injury; secondly, spraying is conducted on cotton in the seedling stage and the bud stage under drought stress. The two trehalose treatment methods can promote the growth of cotton, increase the biomass accumulation, improve the distribution proportion of biomass in buds, flowers and bolls, improve the yield and reduce the loss of cotton yield caused by low-temperature cold injury stress and drought stress.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation and relates to a method for cotton to resist cold damage and drought and reduce yield loss. Background Art

[0002] Scholars at home and abroad have conducted a lot of research on the regulatory effects of trehalose under adversity. Trehalose is a soluble non-reducing disaccharide that is widely present in lower plants. Its content in higher plants is relatively low, but it plays an important role. Its unique protective effects on organisms against dehydration, freezing, and hyperosmosis make it a natural non-specific biological protective substance that has attracted much attention. Under stress environments, it can effectively maintain the stability of biofilms and intracellular active substances, thereby improving the tolerance of plants to abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. In addition, there have been many studies on the role of exogenous trehalose in the growth and development of plants under environmental stress. For example, under drought stress, spraying trehalose on the leaves of corn will increase the antioxidant activity of corn seeds and remove harmful substances such as ROS in the body to a greater extent. Zhang Nishang sprayed exogenous trehalose on apple leaves to remove oxides, protect the stability of photosynthetic structures and membranes, promote photosynthesis, and improve drought resistance. Seed soaking treatment with 2mmol / L trehalose can make Yangmai 19 seedlings preferentially accumulate Pro and K + , reducing Na + absorption to adapt to the salt stress environment.

[0003] Although there have been many studies on the application of exogenous trehalose in plant stress resistance, there is a lack of practical application in real cotton field environments. Summary of the invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention discloses a method for cotton to resist chilling injury and drought and reduce yield loss.

[0005] It should be noted that in daily production, seed pretreatment before sowing is one of the important measures to enhance plant adaptation to adverse environments, and this treatment method is low in cost and easy to operate. Meanwhile, spraying foliar fertilizer has a very obvious promoting effect on improving crop quality, and foliar fertilizer is to apply various nutrients directly to the surface of plant leaves, and the function of fertilizer is exerted by the absorption of leaves. Therefore, the two methods of soaking cotton with exogenous trehalose before sowing and spraying exogenous trehalose on the leaves at the cotton seedling stage and bud stage can be used to improve the ability of cotton to resist adverse stress, to improve the seedling rate, biomass accumulation and distribution and yield of cotton under low temperature cold damage and drought stress, so as to reduce cotton yield loss. Therefore, the mechanism of action of exogenous trehalose soaking and foliar spraying to alleviate the damage of cold damage and drought stress to cotton and the optimum concentration of application on cotton are problems that those skilled in the art need to solve.

[0006] Specifically, the present invention provides an application of trehalose in enhancing cotton's resistance to low temperature chilling injury and drought stress, studies the effects of trehalose seed soaking on low temperature chilling injury and trehalose spraying on cotton growth, development, yield and quality under drought stress, so as to screen out the optimal trehalose concentration that is beneficial to high yield of cotton under adverse conditions, and the mechanism of trehalose in alleviating chilling injury and drought stress from inhibiting cotton growth and development, in order to provide a reference basis for cotton stress resistance and disaster reduction technology.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] The first object of the present invention is to provide an application of trehalose in enhancing cotton's resistance to low temperature damage and drought stress, comprising: soaking cotton seeds with trehalose of appropriate concentration and spraying cotton at seedling and bud stages under drought stress.

[0009] Preferably, the concentration of trehalose used for soaking cotton seeds is 0 to 20 mmol·L -1 The concentration of trehalose when spraying cotton is 0-20 mmol·L -1 .

[0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for enhancing cotton's resistance to low temperature damage and drought stress with trehalose, wherein cotton seeds are soaked with trehalose for 24 hours before sowing, and then the soaked cotton seeds are sown and planted in the field, and trehalose is applied to spray cotton in the seedling and bud stages.

[0011] Preferably, the concentration used is 0, 10, 15, 20 mmol·L -1 Trehalose is used for seed soaking and spraying.

[0012] More preferably, the concentration used is 15 mmol·L -1 Trehalose is used for seed soaking and spraying.

[0013] Preferably, the sowing time is early to mid-April.

[0014] Preferably, a cotton machine-picking and planting mode of one film and six rows (66+10) cm is adopted.

[0015] Preferably, the cotton variety used is the main cotton variety promoted in the local cotton-growing area.

[0016] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0017] (1) When suffering from low temperature and chilling injury, soaking cotton seeds with appropriate concentration of trehalose can significantly increase the seedling rate of cotton, promote the growth and development of cotton plants, increase biomass accumulation, increase the distribution ratio of biomass in buds, flowers and bolls, and improve yield and quality. -1Trehalose had the best effect on seed soaking. Compared with the control, 15mmol·L -1 Trehalose soaking treatment significantly increased cotton plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches by 4.4% to 85.5%, 6.9% to 80.0% and 13.6% to 14.9%, respectively. -1 Trehalose soaking alleviated the inhibitory effect of low temperature and chilling injury on cotton seedling formation and growth. When low temperature and chilling injury occurred, the seedling rate of trehalose soaking was significantly increased by 3.1% compared with the control treatment, and the cotton seed yield was 7591.7 kg·hm -2 , which was significantly increased by 47.8% compared with the control (CK) treatment.

[0018] (2) Under drought stress, compared with the CK treatment, the application of trehalose spraying can significantly increase the plant height of cotton at the bud stage (2.5%-24.5%) and the stem diameter of cotton at the flowering stage (13.4%-21.8%) under drought stress, and the number of fruit branches has no significant difference under the interaction of irrigation amount and trehalose concentration. The application of trehalose spraying can significantly increase the biomass accumulation of cotton under drought stress (6.4%-30.8%), and increase the distribution ratio of cotton biomass in the sink (bud, flower, boll) (9.1%-11.9%), which can effectively increase the number of bolls per cotton plant and increase the seed cotton yield. The seed cotton yield is significantly increased by 6.9%-60.8%.

[0019] In summary, trehalose can improve the seedling rate, plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches of cotton under low temperature and drought stress, increase the accumulation of cotton biomass, increase the distribution ratio of biomass in buds, flowers and bolls, alleviate the inhibition of low temperature and drought stress on cotton growth, improve the resistance of cotton under low temperature and drought stress, promote the growth and development of cotton plants, and thus reduce cotton yield losses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the provided drawings without paying creative work.

[0021] Figure 1 The daily temperature and rainfall from April 18 to May 18, 2023 cotton;

[0022] Figure 2 Comparison of the damage to cotton seedlings;

[0023] Figure 3The effect of soaking seeds with trehalose on the seedling rate of damaged cotton. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate that the differences among the treatments with trehalose concentrations are at a significant level of 5% (P<0.05);

[0024] Figure 4 The effect of soaking seeds with trehalose on plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches of cotton. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate that the differences among the treatments with trehalose concentrations are at a significant level of 5% (P<0.05);

[0025] Figure 5 The effect of soaking seeds with trehalose on cotton biomass at different growth stages. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences among trehalose concentration treatments at the 5% level (P<0.05);

[0026] Figure 6 The figure shows the effect of trehalose spraying on cotton biomass at different growth stages. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences among trehalose concentration treatments at the 5% level (P<0.05). DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0028] The word "embodiment" used here as an "exemplary" does not necessarily mean that any embodiment described is superior to or better than other embodiments. Unless otherwise specified, the performance index tests in the embodiments of this application are performed using conventional test methods in the art. It should be understood that the terms described in this application are only used to describe specific implementation methods and are not used to limit the content disclosed in this application.

[0029] Unless otherwise specified, the technical and scientific terms used in this document have the same meanings as commonly understood by ordinary technicians in the technical field to which this application belongs; other experimental methods and technical means not specifically specified in this application refer to experimental methods and technical means commonly used by ordinary technicians in this field.

[0030] In order to better illustrate the content of the present application, numerous specific details are provided in the specific examples below. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the present application can also be implemented without certain specific details. In the embodiments, some methods, means, instruments, equipment, etc. well known to those skilled in the art are not described in detail in order to highlight the main purpose of the present application.

[0031] Under the premise of no conflict, the technical features disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be combined arbitrarily, and the resulting technical solutions belong to the contents disclosed in the embodiments of the present application.

[0032] The invention discloses a method for preventing cotton from cold damage and drought and reducing yield loss.

[0033] In order to further demonstrate the beneficial effects of the present invention and to better understand the present invention, the following experimental examples are used to further illustrate the technical features disclosed in the present invention, but they should not be understood as limiting the present invention. Other improvements made by those skilled in the art based on the above invention content without creative work are also considered to fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0034] In the examples, Zhongmian No. 113 was used as the test material, and trehalose (TRE) with a purity of 99% was purchased from Beijing Coolbo Technology Co., Ltd.

[0035] Example 1:

[0036] A method for preventing cotton from freezing and reducing yield loss. Method flow:

[0037] 1. Experimental Design

[0038] Before sowing, select plump and healthy cotton seeds with intact embryos and sterilize them. Apply 0, 10, 15, and 20 mmol·L -1 Soak the seeds in a concentrated trehalose solution for 24 hours, then dry them in a ventilated place to restore the initial moisture content (there is no significant difference in seed quality before and after soaking).

[0039] 2. Experimental treatment

[0040] Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The experimental treatments were as follows:

[0041] Concentration 1 (T1): 10mmol·L -1 ;

[0042] Concentration 2 (T2): 15mmol·L -1 ;

[0043] Concentration three (T3): 20mmol·L -1 ;

[0044] Concentration 4 (CK): 0mmol·L -1 ;

[0045] A one-film six-row (66+10) cm cotton machine-picking planting pattern was adopted. Fertilization, irrigation and other field management measures of the experimental site were carried out in accordance with local cotton field management requirements.

[0046] 3. Index determination

[0047] 1. Determination of agronomic traits

[0048] On the tenth day after the cotton seedlings were damaged, 15 seedlings were randomly selected from each plot to investigate the seedling survival rate of the cotton seedlings. During the seedling, bud, flowering and boll stages of cotton, 15 consecutive plants (3rd to 6th rows) with uniform growth were selected from each plot for marking and fixed-point inspection, and agronomic indicators such as plant height, stem thickness, number of fruit branches, number of buds, flowers and bolls were recorded.

[0049] 2 Biomass accumulation determination

[0050] During the bud, flowering, boll and boll opening stages of cotton, five representative cotton plants with uniform growth were selected from each plot. The different organs of the cotton plants, such as roots, stems, leaves, buds, flowers and bolls, were separated and placed in an oven at 105°C for 30 min, and then dried at 80°C to constant weight, and the biomass weight of each organ was recorded.

[0051] 3. Yield and quality determination

[0052] After the cotton is completely opened, 6.67m 2 The sampling points were selected, and the total number of cotton plants and the number of bolls per plant in the sampling points were measured, and the number of plants harvested per unit area and the number of bolls per plant were calculated. Cotton plants with uniform growth were selected, and 30 bolls from the upper part (the 7th fruit branch and above), 40 bolls from the middle part (the 4th to 6th fruit branches), and 30 bolls from the lower part (the 1st to 3rd fruit branches) were selected, totaling 100. After air drying, the seed cotton mass was weighed and the single boll weight was calculated. After ginning, the lint mass was weighed and the lint percentage was calculated.

[0053] 4. Data Processing and Analysis

[0054] The experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard error. SPSS27.0 statistical software was used for variance analysis (P < 0.05) and correlation analysis. LSD test was used for multiple comparisons. The data were sorted and analyzed with Microsoft Excel and then plotted with GraphPad Prism10.1.2.

[0055] V. Measurement results

[0056] 1 Effects of trehalose seed soaking on seedling rate, plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches of cotton affected by disasters

[0057] With the increase of exogenous substance concentration, the cotton seedling rate showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing ( Figure 3), the seedling rate of trehalose treatment was higher than that of CK treatment, and the highest seedling rate of T2 treatment was 94.2%, which was significantly higher than that of CK treatment by 3.1%. With the advancement of the growth period, the height of cotton plant, stem diameter, and the number of fruit branches showed a trend of rapid growth first and then gradually stabilizing. With the increase of exogenous concentration, the height of cotton plant, stem diameter, and the number of fruit branches showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the highest was in the T2 treatment of trehalose ( Figure 4 ). The plant height of cotton treated with trehalose T2 was significantly increased by 85.4%, 6.1% and 4.4% at the bud stage, flowering stage and full boll stage compared with that treated with CK; the stem diameter of cotton treated with trehalose T2 was significantly increased by 80.0%, 6.9% and 9.9% at the bud stage, flowering stage and full boll stage compared with that treated with CK; the number of fruit branches of cotton treated with trehalose T2 was significantly increased by 14.9%, 13.6% and 13.8% at the bud stage, flowering stage and full boll stage compared with that treated with CK.

[0058] 2 Effect of trehalose seed soaking on cotton biomass at different growth stages

[0059] Depend on Figure 5 It can be seen that with the advancement of the growth period, the overall accumulation of cotton biomass showed a gradual increasing trend. The biomass accumulation reached the highest level during the boll opening period. The distribution ratio of biomass in the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) gradually increased with the progress of the growth process, and the distribution ratio in the source (roots, leaves) and flow (stem) gradually decreased. After the cotton buds appeared, the cotton plants entered the stage of simultaneous accumulation of source, sink and flow, but the accumulation of source and flow was still the main one. Entering the flowering period, the accumulation of source and flow of cotton plants gradually slowed down, and the accumulation of sink gradually dominated. In the boll stage, the accumulation of cotton plant sinks increased rapidly, and the distribution ratio of biomass in the sink continued to increase. After cotton boll opening, cotton plants mainly accumulated in the sink, and the distribution ratio of biomass in the sink reached the highest level. The biomass accumulation of trehalose T1, T2 and T3 treatments during the whole growth period was 27.7%, 29.7% and 15.8% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. At the boll opening stage, the distribution ratio of biomass in the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) of trehalose T1, T2, and T3 treatments was 7.3%, 12.9%, and 3.3% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. It can be seen that the biomass accumulation and distribution ratio of biomass in the sink of T2 treatment were higher than those of T1 and T3 treatments, and the improvement effect was the best.

[0060] 3 Effects of trehalose seed soaking on cotton yield and yield components

[0061] There was no significant difference in the number of harvested plants, the number of bolls per plant, and the weight of single boll under trehalose treatment. The seed cotton yield was significantly different between the trehalose concentration treatments (Table 1). The seed cotton yield of T2 treatment was significantly higher than that of CK and T3 by 44.2-48.7%. The results showed that the seed cotton yield under trehalose T2 treatment was the highest at 7591.7 kg·hm -2In addition, the number of harvested plants in the T2 treatment was significantly higher than that in the other concentration treatments, indicating that trehalose seed soaking may affect the yield by affecting the number of harvested plants, and other components have little effect on the yield.

[0062] Table 1 Effects of trehalose seed soaking on cotton yield and yield components

[0063]

[0064] Note: Lowercase letters indicate significant differences among trehalose concentrations (P<0.05).

[0065] Example 2:

[0066] A method for cotton to resist drought stress and reduce yield loss. Method flow:

[0067] 1. Experimental Design

[0068] Two sowing dates were set, Y1: sowing on April 13, Y2: sowing on April 18. Trehalose of the following concentrations was sprayed on the leaves at the seedling stage and bud stage of cotton, respectively.

[0069] 2. Experimental treatment

[0070] Each treatment was repeated 3 times. The experimental treatments were as follows:

[0071] Concentration 1 (T1): 10mmol·L -1 ;

[0072] Concentration 2 (T2): 15mmol·L -1 ;

[0073] Concentration three (T3): 20mmol·L -1 ;

[0074] Concentration 4 (CK): 0mmol·L -1 ;

[0075] A one-film six-row (66+10) cm cotton machine-picking planting pattern was adopted. Fertilization, irrigation and other field management measures of the experimental site were carried out in accordance with local cotton field management requirements.

[0076] 3. Index determination

[0077] 1. Determination of agronomic traits

[0078] On the tenth day after the cotton seedlings were damaged, 15 seedlings were randomly selected from each plot to investigate the seedling survival rate. During the bud and flowering stages of cotton, 15 consecutive plants (3rd to 6th rows) with uniform growth were selected from each plot for marking and fixed-point inspection, and agronomic indicators such as plant height, stem thickness, and number of fruit branches were recorded.

[0079] 2 Biomass accumulation determination

[0080] During the five growth stages of cotton, namely the bud stage, flowering stage, boll stage, late boll stage and boll opening stage, five representative cotton plants with uniform growth were selected from each plot, and the different organs of the cotton plants, such as roots, stems, leaves, buds, bolls, etc., were separated and put into an oven at 105℃ for 30 min, and then dried at 80℃ to constant weight, and the biomass weight of each organ was recorded.

[0081] 3. Yield determination

[0082] After the cotton is completely opened, 6.67m 2 The sampling points were selected, and the total number of cotton plants and the number of bolls per plant in the sampling points were measured, and the number of plants harvested per unit area and the number of bolls per plant were calculated. Cotton plants with uniform growth were selected, and 30 bolls from the upper part (the 7th fruit branch and above), 40 bolls from the middle part (the 4th to 6th fruit branches), and 30 bolls from the lower part (the 1st to 3rd fruit branches) were selected, totaling 100. After air drying, the seed cotton mass was weighed and the single boll weight was calculated. After ginning, the lint mass was weighed and the lint percentage was calculated.

[0083] 4. Data Processing and Analysis

[0084] The experimental data were expressed as mean ± standard error. SPSS27.0 statistical software was used for variance analysis (P < 0.05) and correlation analysis. LSD test was used for multiple comparisons. The data were sorted and analyzed with Microsoft Excel and then plotted with GraphPad Prism10.1.2.

[0085] V. Measurement results

[0086] 1 Effects of trehalose spraying on cotton plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches

[0087] The cotton plant height was significantly affected by irrigation amount and trehalose concentration. The plant height at the bud stage under drought stress treatment was significantly reduced by 11.3% compared with normal irrigation; the plant height at the bud stage under T2 treatment was significantly increased by 10.7% to 24.4% compared with other concentrations. The cotton stem diameter was significantly affected by the concentration of trehalose. The stem diameter at the flowering stage under T2 treatment was significantly increased by 9.8% to 21.8% compared with other concentrations. The number of fruit branches at the flowering stage was significantly different due to the interaction between irrigation amount and trehalose concentration (Table 2). It can be seen that trehalose did not significantly promote the plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches of cotton under normal irrigation treatment; while in drought stress treatment, trehalose promoted the development of agronomic traits such as plant height and stem diameter of cotton to varying degrees. The results showed that spraying trehalose could alleviate the inhibitory effect of drought stress on cotton growth and development, among which the T2 treatment of trehalose had the best alleviating effect.

[0088] Table 2 Effects of spraying different concentrations of trehalose on plant height, stem diameter and number of fruit branches of cotton at bud and flowering stages

[0089]

[0090] Note: A and B indicate the difference between irrigation amounts. a, b, c indicate the difference between exogenous substance concentrations. &ns indicates not significant at the 5% level.

[0091] 2 Effects of trehalose spraying on cotton biomass at different growth stages

[0092] Depend on Figure 6 It can be seen that the accumulation of cotton biomass continued to increase with the advancement of the growth period, and the allocation ratio of cotton biomass in the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) gradually increased, while the allocation ratio in the flow (stem) and source (roots and leaves) gradually decreased. Starting from the bud stage, the accumulation of cotton biomass in the flow (stem) and source (roots and leaves) gradually slowed down and transformed to the accumulation of the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls). At the boll opening stage, the accumulation of cotton biomass showed that the growth of the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) > the growth of the flow (stem) and source (roots and leaves). Both the irrigation amount and the trehalose concentration had a significant effect on the biomass accumulation of cotton. Under normal irrigation, there was no significant difference in the biomass accumulation and allocation of the trehalose spraying treatment compared with the CK treatment; under drought stress, the biomass accumulation of the trehalose treatment and the allocation ratio of biomass in the sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) increased to varying degrees compared with the CK treatment. From the bud stage to the boll opening stage, the biomass accumulation of T2 treatment was the highest, significantly higher than that of other treatments by 24.6% to 44.4%; the proportion of sink (buds, flowers, and bolls) in the biomass was also 1.8% to 12.1% higher than that of other treatments, and reached 51.8% in the boll opening stage.

[0093] 3 Effects of trehalose spraying on cotton yield and yield components

[0094] Irrigation amount and trehalose concentration had significant effects on the boll number per plant and seed cotton yield of cotton. The boll number per plant and seed cotton yield of drought stress treatment were significantly reduced by 32.9% and 40.5% respectively compared with normal irrigation; the boll number per plant and seed cotton yield of T2 treatment were significantly increased compared with other treatments, with an increase of 40.2% to 170% and 6.9% to 60.8% (Table 3). It can be seen that drought stress will greatly reduce the seed cotton yield of cotton, while the seed cotton yield of cotton sprayed with trehalose has different degrees of improvement compared with CK treatment to reduce the loss of yield, among which the T2 treatment of trehalose has the best improvement effect, and secondly, trehalose spraying may increase the seed cotton yield of cotton by increasing the boll number per plant.

[0095] Table 3 Effects of spraying different concentrations of trehalose on cotton yield and its components

[0096]

[0097] Note: A and B indicate the difference between irrigation amounts. a, b, c indicate the difference between exogenous substance concentrations. &ns indicates not significant at the 5% level.

[0098] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables one skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention will not be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but rather to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. An application of trehalose in protecting cotton from low temperature chilling injury and drought stress, characterized in that: include: The cotton seeds were soaked in trehalose of appropriate concentration and the cotton was sprayed at the seedling and bud stages under drought stress.

2. The use according to claim 1, characterized in that: The concentration of trehalose used for soaking cotton seeds is 0-20 mmol·L -1 The concentration of trehalose when spraying cotton is 0-20 mmol·L -1 .

3. A method for enhancing cotton's resistance to low temperature chilling injury and drought stress with trehalose, characterized in that: Before sowing, the cotton seeds are soaked in trehalose for 24 hours, and then the soaked cotton seeds are sown in the field; after the cotton is sown, the cotton is sprayed at the seedling stage and the bud stage.

4. The method of claim 3 for enhancing cotton's resistance to low temperature chilling injury and drought stress with trehalose, characterized in that: The concentration used is 0~20mmol -1 The cotton seeds were soaked and sprayed with trehalose respectively.

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