High-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field implementation device

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of high-voltage electrostatic adsorption technology, specifically to a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, comprising a control unit, an electrode plate group, and a high-voltage electrostatic generation unit group. The electrode plate group includes multiple electrode plates arranged in a ring around a preset position in the pipeline. The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode plate according to a preset rotation mode and inputs the PWM waveform to the corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generation unit. The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit generates a driving voltage based on a preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform and supplies it to the corresponding electrode plate. Each electrode plate in the electrode plate group forms a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field according to the corresponding driving voltage. It is understood that the technical solution shown in this invention eliminates the need for complex water circuit settings, causing the liquid flowing out of the pipeline to rotate under the action of the rotating electric field, resulting in a long service life.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of high-voltage electrostatic adsorption technology, and more specifically to a device for realizing a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field. Background Technology

[0002] Currently, for common liquids, such as water, achieving rotation with different radii typically involves using a two-dimensional motor rotating mechanism. The core technology of this mechanism is a motor driving a mechanical structure based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field. One motor is responsible for rotating at a certain speed, while the other assists in controlling the rotation radius. However, this method of using a two-dimensional mechanical rotating mechanism results in high complexity of the water circuit, a short lifespan of the rotating transmission mechanism, and difficulty in maintaining water circuit hygiene. Summary of the Invention

[0003] In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device to solve the problem that there are many defects in the existing methods of realizing the rotation of liquids with different radii.

[0004] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device is provided, comprising:

[0005] Control unit, electrode plate group and high voltage electrostatic generation unit group;

[0006] The electrode assembly includes multiple electrode plates, which are arranged in a ring around a predetermined position in the pipeline; each electrode plate is connected to a corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generating unit, and each high-voltage electrostatic generating unit is connected to the control unit.

[0007] The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode according to a preset rotation mode, and inputs the PWM waveform to the corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generation unit;

[0008] The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit acquires a preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform, and generates a driving voltage based on the preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform to supply to the corresponding electrode plate;

[0009] Each electrode in the electrode group forms a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field according to its corresponding driving voltage.

[0010] Preferably, in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit includes a PID hardware loop, with the driving voltage as the first input of the PID hardware loop and the PWM waveform as the second input of the PID hardware loop. The output value of the PID hardware loop is used to control the amplitude of a preset high voltage value to generate the driving voltage.

[0011] Preferably, in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit further includes a voltage sampling port for collecting the driving voltage and sending the driving voltage to the control unit;

[0012] The control unit uses a PID algorithm to adjust the duty cycle of the corresponding PWM waveform output in a closed loop.

[0013] Preferably, in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit further includes a power control switch; the control terminal of the power control switch is connected to the control unit; the power control switch is used to control the input of a preset high voltage value according to the switch signal given by the control terminal.

[0014] Preferably, the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device further includes:

[0015] The indicator light group connected to the control unit;

[0016] The indicator lights in the indicator light group correspond to the electrode plates in the electrode plate group. When the control unit sends a switch signal to control the high voltage electrostatic generating unit corresponding to the electrode plate to receive a preset high voltage value, the control unit sends a control signal to control the corresponding indicator light to turn on.

[0017] Preferably, in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit further includes a Fun1 driving circuit, a piezoelectric ceramic transformer, and a first transistor. The base of the first transistor is connected to the control unit, the collector of the first transistor serves as a voltage input terminal to obtain a preset high voltage value, and the emitter of the first transistor is connected to the Fun1 driving circuit. The Fun1 driving circuit is connected to the piezoelectric ceramic transformer and also to the output terminal of the PID hardware loop. The piezoelectric ceramic transformer is connected to the anode of diode D1, the cathode of diode D1 is grounded through capacitor C2, the cathode of diode D1 is also connected to a corresponding electrode plate, the cathode of diode D1 is connected to the first input terminal of the PID hardware loop through resistor R1, the cathode of diode D1 is also grounded through resistors R1 and R2, and the cathode of diode D1 is also connected to the control unit through resistors R1 and R3. The second input terminal of the PID hardware loop is grounded through capacitor C3 and also connected to the control unit through resistor R4 to receive PWM waveforms.

[0018] The technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention may include the following beneficial effects:

[0019] It is understood that the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device shown in this invention includes a control unit, an electrode plate group, and a high-voltage electrostatic generation unit group. The electrode plate group includes multiple electrode plates arranged around a preset position in the pipeline. The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode plate according to a preset rotation mode and inputs the PWM waveform to the corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generation unit. The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit generates a driving voltage according to a preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform and applies it to the corresponding electrode plate. Each electrode plate in the electrode plate group forms a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field according to the corresponding driving voltage. It is understood that the technical solution shown in this invention can apply orthogonal vector high voltages to the electrodes within a certain period to form a high-voltage orthogonal electrostatic field, causing the liquid flowing out of the pipeline to rotate under the action of the rotating electric field. The rotation radius can be changed by adjusting the peak voltage, and the rotation mode such as drawing circles and spirals can be realized through the rotation radius and rotation speed algorithm. It does not require complex water circuit settings and has a long service life.

[0020] It should be understood that the above general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not intended to limit the invention. Attached Figure Description

[0021] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0023] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a high-voltage electrostatic generation unit circuit according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0024] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an MCU and its peripheral circuitry according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0025] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a high-voltage sinusoidal electrostatic field driven waveform according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0026] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the generation of sine and cosine waves from PWM waveforms according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0027] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the composition of rotation direction and force according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0028] Figure 7 This is a software flowchart of a rotating electric field according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0029] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of a software and hardware dual PID according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0030] Figure 9 This is a schematic diagram illustrating a spiral rotation implementation according to an exemplary embodiment;

[0031] Figure 10 This is a schematic diagram of a circle-drawing optimization waveform according to an exemplary embodiment. Detailed Implementation

[0032] Exemplary embodiments will now be described in detail, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. When the following description relates to the drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numerals in different drawings denote the same or similar elements. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present invention. Rather, they are merely examples of apparatuses and methods consistent with some aspects of the invention as detailed in the appended claims.

[0033] In one embodiment, Figure 1 This is a schematic block diagram illustrating a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to an exemplary embodiment. Figure 1 Taking four electrode plates as an example, the electrode plate group includes four electrode plates: electrode plate A, electrode plate B, electrode plate C, and electrode plate D. These four electrode plates are positioned at predetermined locations within the pipeline, and each electrode corresponds to one of the four high-voltage electrostatic generating units. (See also...) Figure 1 A high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device is provided, comprising:

[0034] Control unit, electrode plate group and high voltage electrostatic generation unit group.

[0035] The electrode assembly includes multiple electrode plates, which are arranged around a predetermined position in the pipeline; each electrode plate is connected to a corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generating unit, and each high-voltage electrostatic generating unit is connected to the control unit.

[0036] The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode plate according to a preset rotation mode, and inputs the PWM waveform to the corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generation unit. Here, the PWM waveform is mainly used to fit a half-cycle sine wave; a DAC or analog circuit can be used to replace this PWM output waveform.

[0037] The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit acquires a preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform, and generates a driving voltage based on the preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform to be applied to the corresponding electrode plate.

[0038] Each electrode in the electrode group forms a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field according to its corresponding driving voltage.

[0039] It is understood that the technical solution shown in this invention can apply orthogonal vector high voltages to the electrodes within a certain period to form a high-voltage orthogonal electrostatic field, causing the liquid flowing out of the pipeline to rotate under the action of the rotating electric field; the rotation radius can be changed according to the adjustment of the peak voltage, and the rotation methods such as drawing circles and spirals can be realized through the rotation radius and rotation speed algorithm, without the need for complex water circuit settings, and with a long service life.

[0040] Typical applications of this technical solution include coffee machines and tea makers, where water in the pipes rotates under the influence of electrostatic force. Compared with mechanical rotating mechanisms, this technical solution simplifies the water path, improves hygiene, and enhances the visual effect.

[0041] Regarding methods for generating high voltage, one is transformer step-up: utilizing Lenz's law of electromagnetic induction, the voltage is increased through the transformer coil turns ratio to generate high voltage. Another is capacitor voltage multiplier circuit: utilizing the rectifying and guiding effect of diodes and the energy storage characteristics of capacitors, a lower AC voltage is "rectified" into a higher DC voltage through the charging and discharging process of the capacitor. In addition, there is the piezoelectric ceramic transformer (Piezo Transformer-PZT): a new type of electronic transformer made of ferroelectric ceramic materials through sintering and high-voltage polarization processes. It utilizes the inverse and direct piezoelectric effects of piezoelectric materials to complete the conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy, achieving high-voltage output.

[0042] The three high-voltage circuits are compared below: Transformer step-up is the traditional method, but it is bulky and requires changing the input AC voltage to obtain an alternating high-voltage output, such as a maximum of 10kV. For applications with cost and size constraints, the insulation strength of the transformer presents a significant challenge. Capacitor voltage multiplier relies on an alternating voltage source, and its output voltage is proportional to the multiplier circuit, making it difficult to achieve the linear stepless voltage regulation required in this embodiment. Piezoelectric ceramic transformers, on the other hand, are thin and lightweight, and their voltage can be steplessly adjusted, easily achieving linearly adjustable DC positive and negative high voltages. Therefore, this embodiment uses a piezoelectric ceramic transformer for high-voltage generation.

[0043] The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit shown in this embodiment can control the electrode sheet to generate a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field. A high-voltage electrostatic generation unit is selected for explanation. Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a high-voltage electrostatic generation unit circuit according to an exemplary embodiment, see [link to diagram]. Figure 2In the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit includes a Fun1 driving circuit, a piezoelectric ceramic transformer, a PID hardware loop, and a first transistor. The base of the first transistor is connected to the Ctrl_OUT port and then to the control unit. The collector of the first transistor serves as the voltage input terminal VCC to obtain a preset high voltage value. The emitter of the first transistor is connected to the Fun1 driving circuit. The Fun1 driving circuit is connected to the piezoelectric ceramic transformer and also to the output terminal of the PID hardware loop. The piezoelectric ceramic transformer is connected to the positive terminal of diode D1. The cathode of diode D1 is grounded through capacitor C2, and is connected to the HIOUT port and the corresponding electrode. The cathode of diode D1 is also connected to the first input terminal of the PID hardware loop through resistor R1. Furthermore, the cathode of diode D1 is grounded through resistors R1 and R2, and is also connected to the HV_Check port and the control unit through resistors R1 and R3. The second input terminal of the PID hardware loop is grounded through capacitor C3 and connected to the PWM port and the control unit through resistor R4 to receive PWM waveforms.

[0044] In practice, Figure 2 In the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit, VCC is the input voltage that powers the high-voltage electrostatic generation circuit and is used to input a preset high voltage value. The first transistor Q1 is the power control switch.

[0045] It should be noted that in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the control terminal of the power control switch in the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit is connected to the control unit; the power control switch is used to control the input of a preset high voltage value according to the switch signal given by the control terminal.

[0046] As can be seen, by controlling the power switch, the control unit can control the voltage input of the high-voltage electrostatic generator unit by logic level, ensuring low power consumption of the control unit circuit and no crosstalk between the electrodes.

[0047] It should be noted that in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device, the PID hardware loop in the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit uses the driving voltage as the first input and the PWM waveform as the second input. The output value of the PID hardware loop controls the amplitude of the preset high voltage value to generate the driving voltage. In essence, the high-voltage AC waveform generated by the PZT (piezoelectric ceramic transformer) combined with the Fun1 driving circuit is passed through diode D1 and capacitor C2 to obtain a positive high DC voltage. This voltage is then divided by resistors R1 and R2 and fed to the comparator PID hardware loop, where it is compared with an integrally filtered sine wave. This comparison controls the Fun1 driving circuit to control the PZT output voltage amplitude, thus realizing a hardware PID regulation process.

[0048] It should be noted that the voltage sampling port HV_Check in the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device is used to collect the driving voltage and send the driving voltage to the control unit; the control unit uses a PID algorithm to adjust the duty cycle of the corresponding PWM waveform output in a closed loop.

[0049] Understandably, HV_Check is a function where the high-voltage output is divided by high-voltage resistors R1 and R2, filtered by a filter circuit consisting of resistor R3 and capacitor C1, and then sent to the MCU ADC for sampling to obtain the actual output high-voltage value. Then, a PID algorithm is used to adjust the duty cycle of the MCU PWM output in a closed loop to ensure that the output high voltage is the steady-state target voltage.

[0050] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of an MCU and its peripheral circuitry according to an exemplary embodiment. Figure 3 Taking electrode plate A as an example, the connection method between the MCU and the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit circuit is shown. The MCU is connected to the HV_Check pin of the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit circuit through the sampling pin AN3 to perform ADC sampling.

[0051] The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode plate according to a preset rotation mode, such as... Figure 5 As shown, the PWM waveform generated by the MCU is defined according to the rotation period T, and ultimately forms as shown. Figure 4 The waveform driven by the high-voltage sinusoidal electrostatic field is shown.

[0052] The MCU controls the liquid to rotate by Y° each time. Taking a 4-electrode layout as an example: the energizing cycle of each electrode is (T1 / 2), corresponding to 180°. In the program example, 90 sets of data are taken for each rotation of 1° according to sin_dat

[90] and cos_dat

[90] . The PWM duty cycle setting of the MCU changes with time T according to cos(Y)Y[0,90]. After the pulsating waveform is filtered by R4 and C3, the effective cosine analog quantity VA=3.3*cos(Y)Y[0,90] is obtained. 3.3 is the PWM amplitude voltage output by the MCU.

[0053] The waveforms of the eight electrodes differ by 45°, both spatially and electrically. The other electrodes are set according to specific circumstances, and the method follows the same principle.

[0054] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the composition of rotation direction and force according to an exemplary embodiment, such as... Figure 6 As shown, a sine and cosine function driving voltage is applied to the four electrode plates in sequence, such as A, B, C, D, A closed loop (forward rotation), with the control angle being Y° each time. Therefore, N data arrays will be formed: N = 360 / Y.

[0055] See Figure 7 When the power switches for electrodes A and B are enabled, the voltages for electrodes A and B are calculated as follows: VA = 3.3 * cos(Y)Y[0, 90], VB = 3.3 * sin(Y)Y[0, 90]. Electrodes B and C are also enabled, based on the voltages for electrodes B and C: VB = 3.3 * sin(Y),Y[90, 180], VC = 3.3 * cos(Y)Y[90, 180]. Electrodes C and D are enabled in the same order as D and A. Following this cycle, the liquid in the column can rotate in a circular motion.

[0056] Alternatively, the rotation direction can also be a closed loop of A, D, C, B, A (reverse rotation).

[0057] It is understood that the technical solution shown in this invention can achieve dual PID implementation in both software and hardware. On the software side, it is implemented through the PID algorithm in the MCU to ensure that the output high voltage is a steady-state target voltage. On the hardware side, it is implemented through the PID hardware loop in the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit.

[0058] Meanwhile, the technical solution of this embodiment can realize spiral rotation and circle drawing. The waveform of spiral rotation can be referenced. Figure 9 ,exist Figure 9 The image shows the waveforms of four electrode plates from left to right, using four electrode plates as an example.

[0059] If, at a certain angle or based on the shape of the circle, a higher voltage is needed at a certain point or several points, each value in an N array is multiplied by a corresponding coefficient. For example, assuming ten numbers, after normalizing to a unit circle, the theoretical radius is 1, meaning the sine and cosine values ​​vary between 0 and 1. A compensation coefficient can be given to allow the values ​​to be higher or lower at certain points within the 0-1 range, thus achieving the circular pattern. See the diagram for the optimized waveform. Figure 10 .

[0060] It should be noted that the high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device further includes: an indicator light group connected to the control unit; the indicator lights in the indicator light group correspond to the electrode plates in the electrode plate group, and when the control unit sends a switch signal to control the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit corresponding to the electrode plate to receive a preset high voltage value, the control unit sends a control signal to control the corresponding indicator light to turn on.

[0061] In specific practice, Figure 3 The diagram shows a circuit diagram of an indicator light group. When the high-voltage electrostatic generation unit is controlled by the control unit, the corresponding indicator light can be lit.

[0062] It is understood that the same or similar parts in the above embodiments can be referred to each other, and the contents not described in detail in some embodiments can be referred to the same or similar contents in other embodiments.

[0063] It should be noted that in the description of this invention, the terms "first," "second," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance. Furthermore, in the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means at least two.

[0064] Any process or method description in the flowchart or otherwise herein can be understood as representing a module, segment, or portion of code comprising one or more executable instructions for implementing a particular logical function or process, and the scope of the preferred embodiments of the invention includes additional implementations in which functions may be performed not in the order shown or discussed, including substantially simultaneously or in reverse order depending on the functions involved, as will be understood by those skilled in the art to which embodiments of the invention pertain.

[0065] It should be understood that various parts of the present invention can be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In the above embodiments, multiple steps or methods can be implemented in software or firmware stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system. For example, if implemented in hardware, as in another embodiment, it can be implemented using any one or a combination of the following techniques known in the art: discrete logic circuits having logic gates for implementing logical functions on data signals, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) having suitable combinational logic gates, programmable gate arrays (PGAs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), etc.

[0066] Those skilled in the art will understand that all or part of the steps of the methods in the above embodiments can be implemented by a program instructing related hardware. The program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium, and when executed, the program includes one or a combination of the steps of the method embodiments.

[0067] Furthermore, the functional units in the various embodiments of the present invention can be integrated into a processing module, or each unit can exist physically separately, or two or more units can be integrated into a module. The integrated module can be implemented in hardware or as a software functional module. If the integrated module is implemented as a software functional module and sold or used as an independent product, it can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium.

[0068] The storage media mentioned above can be read-only memory, disk, or optical disk, etc.

[0069] In the description of this specification, references to terms such as "one embodiment," "some embodiments," "example," "specific example," or "some examples," etc., indicate that a specific feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with that embodiment or example is included in at least one embodiment or example of the invention. In this specification, the illustrative expressions of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example. Furthermore, the specific features, structures, materials, or characteristics described may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or examples.

[0070] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A device for realizing a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field, characterized in that, include: Control unit, electrode plate group and high voltage electrostatic generation unit group; The electrode assembly includes multiple electrode plates, which are arranged in a ring around a predetermined position in the pipeline; each electrode plate is connected to a corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generating unit, and each high-voltage electrostatic generating unit is connected to the control unit. The control unit generates a PWM waveform corresponding to each electrode according to a preset rotation mode, and inputs the PWM waveform to the corresponding high-voltage electrostatic generation unit; The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit acquires a preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform, and generates a driving voltage based on the preset high voltage value and the PWM waveform to supply to the corresponding electrode plate; Each electrode in the electrode group forms a high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field according to its corresponding driving voltage.

2. The high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit includes a PID hardware loop. The driving voltage is used as the first input of the PID hardware loop, and the PWM waveform is used as the second input of the PID hardware loop. The output value of the PID hardware loop is used to control the amplitude of a preset high voltage value to generate the driving voltage.

3. The high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit also includes a voltage sampling port for acquiring the driving voltage and sending the driving voltage to the control unit; The control unit uses a PID algorithm to adjust the duty cycle of the corresponding PWM waveform output in a closed loop.

4. The high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to claim 3, characterized in that, The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit also includes a power control switch; the control terminal of the power control switch is connected to the control unit; the power control switch is used to control the input of a preset high voltage value according to the switch signal given by the control terminal.

5. The high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to claim 4, characterized in that, Also includes: The indicator light group connected to the control unit; The indicator lights in the indicator light group correspond to the electrode plates in the electrode plate group. When the control unit sends a switch signal to control the high voltage electrostatic generating unit corresponding to the electrode plate to receive a preset high voltage value, the control unit sends a control signal to control the corresponding indicator light to turn on.

6. The high-voltage orthogonal rotating electric field realization device according to claim 4, characterized in that, The high-voltage electrostatic generation unit further includes a Fun1 driving circuit, a piezoelectric ceramic transformer, and a first transistor. The base of the first transistor is connected to the control unit, and the collector of the first transistor serves as a voltage input terminal to obtain a preset high voltage value. The emitter of the first transistor is connected to the Fun1 driving circuit. The Fun1 driving circuit is connected to the piezoelectric ceramic transformer and also to the output terminal of the PID hardware loop. The piezoelectric ceramic transformer is connected to the anode of diode D1. The cathode of diode D1 is grounded through capacitor C2 and is also connected to a corresponding electrode plate. The cathode of diode D1 is also connected to the first input terminal of the PID hardware loop through resistor R1, and is grounded through resistors R1 and R2. The cathode of diode D1 is also connected to the control unit through resistors R1 and R3. The second input terminal of the PID hardware loop is grounded through capacitor C3 and connected to the control unit through resistor R4 to receive PWM waveforms.

Images