Method for composting organic fertilizer by using rubber leaves

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for composting an organic fertilizer by using rubber leaves, which comprises the following steps: establishing a rubber leaf collecting box on the ground surface of a rubber park, collecting the withered rubber leaves, sterilizing, and removing impurity microorganisms on the surfaces of the rubber leaves; separating and purifying compost microorganisms, namely sterilizing rubber leaves, culturing on a sample culture medium, and repeatedly separating and purifying to obtain pure microorganisms; preparing a compost culture medium; screening excellent microorganisms, performing amplification culture on pure microorganisms, and determining the decomposition degree of the compost culture medium according to observation indexes so as to determine the excellent microorganisms; digging a composting pool on the ground surface of the rubber park, mixing excellent microorganisms and a composting culture medium, and putting the mixture into the composting pool for mineralization treatment and humification treatment; and carrying out compaction and fertilizer retention treatment on the rubber leaves subjected to composting and maturing to obtain the rubber leaf compost. According to the method, the rubber leaves can efficiently and timely prepare the fertilizer, the soil structure of a rubber garden is improved, and various nutrients are normally provided for rubber trees.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of rubber tree planting, and in particular to a method for composting organic fertilizer by utilizing rubber leaves. Background Art

[0002] Natural rubber is an important industrial raw material and strategic material, playing an irreplaceable role in the development of the national economy. Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are perennial economic trees and deciduous trees. They are the largest tropical economic crops cultivated in tropical areas of China. Affected by temperature and rainfall, rubber trees in my country have concentrated leaf-shedding periods from February to March each year, with a total leaf-shedding volume of about 5.0t / hm2. Usually, the fallen leaves of rubber trees are collected in fertilizer holes and wait for them to humify naturally as natural fertilizers for rubber plantations. At the same time, other chemical and organic fertilizers are also applied to rubber plantations to improve the soil structure of rubber plantations and increase fertilizer.

[0003] However, the natural humification process of rubber leaves in the fertilization holes is slow, and they are easily rotted and deteriorated due to rain erosion, ultimately providing weak fertility to the soil. Rubber leaves cannot be efficiently utilized to provide soil fertility for the rubber plantation, and rotten and deteriorated rubber leaves will also disrupt the soil structure of the rubber plantation and hinder the normal growth of rubber trees.

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the method for recycling rubber leaves to make fertilizer, so that rubber leaves can make fertilizer efficiently and timely, accelerate the cycle of fallen leaf matter, improve the soil structure of rubber plantations, and normally provide multiple nutrients for rubber trees. Summary of the invention

[0005] The inventor of the present invention has found that the nutrients contained in compost are relatively abundant, and the fertilizer effect is long and stable, which is conducive to promoting the formation of soil solid particle structure at the same time, can increase the ability of soil water retention, heat preservation, ventilation and fertilizer retention, and can make up for the single nutrient contained in chemical fertilizer by mixing with chemical fertilizer, and the defect that the long-term single use of chemical fertilizer makes the soil compacted, and the water retention and fertilizer retention performance decrease. If compost is to utilize the rubber leaves fallen by rubber trees as the main raw material, add culture medium to carry out humification and mineralization treatment, organic fertilizer can be obtained quickly and efficiently. For this reason, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: A method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves, comprising: (1) A rubber leaf collection box is established on the surface of the rubber garden, and fallen rubber leaves are collected for sterilization, and impurity microorganisms on the surface of the rubber leaves are removed. In order to use rubber leaves to compost fertilizer, it is necessary to establish and screen the microbial community on the rubber leaves. First, the rubber leaves of the season are collected, and a rubber leaf collection box is established on the surface of the rubber garden to collect fallen rubber leaves for sterilization, and impurity microorganisms on the surface of the rubber leaves are removed. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method for sterilizing the rubber leaves is to first treat them with bleaching powder and then with sterile water. Material sampling time and location: The samples were collected in the summer of 2023 at the rubber test base of the Rubber Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in Haikou, Hainan Province. The rubber leaves that fell in the rubber garden were collected, and they were placed in plastic bags according to the degree of decay, and brought back to the room for standby. The method for sterilizing the rubber leaf microorganisms on the sample surface is to put the collected samples into a sterile room, and after ultraviolet sterilization for 40 minutes, the following treatments are performed respectively, as shown in Table 1.

[0006] Table 1 Sterilization methods for microorganisms on sample surfaces

[0007] (2) Isolate and purify compost microorganisms. Sterilize the rubber leaves and place them on the sample culture medium for repeated isolation and purification to obtain pure microorganisms. Isolate and purify compost microorganisms. Sterilize the rubber leaves and place them on the sample culture medium for repeated isolation and purification to obtain pure microorganisms. The separation and purification method is to cut the surface-sterilized sample into (0.4×0.4) cm samples, and inoculate the samples on potato culture medium, Gao's No. 1 culture medium, and broth protein culture medium plates, respectively. Each plate is inoculated with three pieces of the same sample to form an equilateral triangle. The broth protein plate is placed in a constant temperature incubator at 35°C, and the other two culture medium plates are placed in a constant temperature incubator at 26°C for incubation. After culturing for 5 days, when the bacterial moss grows around the sample, the strain is purified by the 55°C plate streak method. Repeat this purification process until a pure strain is obtained.

[0008] Results and analysis of separation and purification A total of 49 microorganisms were isolated and purified from rubber leaves with different degrees of decay. The isolation sites and isolation frequencies of the 49 microorganisms are shown in Table 2.

[0009] Table 2 Isolation results and frequency of microorganisms on rubber leaves , , , , ,

[0010] As can be seen from Table 2, 23 kinds of bacteria, 11 kinds of actinomycetes, and 15 kinds of fungi were isolated and purified from the rubber leaves with different degrees of decay. They were distributed in the rubber leaf samples, among which the most microorganisms were isolated from the lightly decayed leaves, accounting for the microorganisms isolated from the rubber leaf samples. And as the degree of decay of the rubber leaves increases, the types of microorganisms show a decreasing trend. This shows that the degradation of rubber leaves is not a material cycle carried out by a single microorganism, but the result of the synergistic action of many kinds of microorganisms that use it as nutrition. Moreover, most of the bacteria, fungi, and all the actinomycetes isolated and purified are derived from rubber leaves. This shows that some of the microorganisms isolated from the lightly decayed leaves are pioneer microorganisms. They create a suitable environmental condition for microorganisms that truly use cellulose and lignin as carbon sources. These strains are cultured, and after they grow plump, they are transferred to the slope and stored at 5°C.

[0011] (3) Compost culture medium was prepared. The compost culture medium ingredients were: 20-36% rubber leaves, 32-52% wheat bran, 2.1-3.6% sucrose, 2.5-5.1% CaSO4, 0.2-0.85% urea, and the balance was water. The material used for strain screening came from the waste in the rubber leaf collection box. The rubber leaves were air-dried in a well-ventilated area to completely volatilize the ethanol therein, and then set aside. The C / N ratio range for normal growth of microorganisms is (25-35):1, while the C / N ratio of rubber leaf waste is about 26.8 (as can be seen from Table 3). In order to prepare compost culture medium. According to the C / N ratio of rubber leaf waste and referring to the relevant edible fungi and composting ratios, the inventor preliminarily designed three formulas, as shown in Table 3.

[0012] Table 3 Solid fermentation medium formula (weight / kg per 100kg rubber leaf)

[0013] The sample culture medium includes but is not limited to potato culture medium, Gao's medium No. 1, and broth protein culture medium.

[0014] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the components of potato culture medium are 160-200 g potato, 35-40 g sucrose, and natural pH; the components of Gao's No. 1 culture medium are 32-40 g soluble starch, 3-5 g KNO3, 1.8-3.5 g NaCl, 0.8-1.3 g K2HPO4, 0.5-2.2 g MgSO4, 0.05-0.68 g FeSO4, and pH 6.8-7.3; the components of broth protein culture medium are 5-10 g beef extract, 13-18 g peptone, 7-12 g NaCl, and pH 7.1-7.3.

[0015] The determination method of nutrient elements in the extracted rubber leaves is: total nitrogen is determined by Kjeldahl method; total phosphorus is determined by molybdenum antimony colorimetry; total potassium is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry; organic matter is determined by potassium dichromate sulfate oxidation method; humic acid is determined by sodium pyrophosphate method; microelements are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry Preparation method of solid fermentation medium: weigh the materials according to the ratio shown in Table 3, stir the materials evenly, then add water layer by layer and stir them layer by layer to make them fully evenly stirred, and finally add water until the materials can be suspended by hand without dripping; put 80g of wet materials into each bag, compact it, and make a round hole in the vertical direction to inoculate bacteria, clean the residual materials in the mouth of the plastic bag and cover the vent cover; clean the residual materials outside the plastic bag and on the vent cover to avoid contamination by miscellaneous bacteria; sterilize the inside after filling, sterilize at 130℃ for 1.5 hours. Cool and set aside.

[0016] (4) Screening excellent microorganisms, expanding the culture of pure microorganisms, and determining the degree of decomposition of the compost culture medium based on the observation index to determine the excellent microorganisms. Method for screening bacteria: 23 strains of bacteria were respectively inoculated into a triangular flask containing a liquid seed culture medium of beef green peptone, placed on a rotary shaker with a rotation speed of 30°C and cultured for 48 hours. 20mlL of liquid seeds were taken from each of the three formulas and inoculated on a solid fermentation culture medium, cultured at a constant temperature of 25°C for 20 days, and the results were observed. Three replicates were made for each formula. The bacterial colony count of the present invention adopts a plate colony count method. The observation index is to judge the decomposition status by the odor emitted by the compost culture medium at the beginning of the expansion culture; at the end of the expansion culture, the decomposition status of the rubber leaf is judged by the texture, fiber structure, odor, whether it is contaminated with foreign bacteria, the growth rate of aerial hyphae, and the characteristics of hyphae. That is, in the early stage of fermentation, the decomposition status is mainly judged by the odor emitted by the solid fermentation culture medium. At the end of fermentation, the final judgment is mainly made by the texture, fiber structure, odor and whether it is contaminated with foreign bacteria of the rubber leaf residue. Screening method for actinomycetes: 11 strains of bacteria were inoculated into a triangular flask containing 60mLml Gao's No. 1 liquid seed culture medium, and placed on a rotary shaker with a speed of 30℃ for 72 hours. Take 30mLml of liquid seeds from each formula and inoculate them on a solid fermentation culture medium, culture at a constant temperature of 25℃ for 15 days, and observe the results. Each formula was repeated three times. The observation index is the same as that of bacteria. Screening method for fungi: 15 strains of fungi were inoculated into a triangular flask containing 60mLml of potato culture medium, and placed on a rotary shaker with a speed of 200r / min for 35℃ for 96 hours. Take 30mLml of liquid seeds from each formula and inoculate them on a solid fermentation culture medium, culture at a constant temperature of 30℃ for 30 days, and observe the results. Each formula was repeated three times. The observation index is the decomposition of the material by the fungus, which is mainly judged by the growth rate of its aerial hyphae on the material, the characteristics of the hyphae, whether it is infected with miscellaneous bacteria, and the physical properties of the final material as an indicator of the degree of decomposition of the rubber leaf material.

[0017] Then the results and analysis of strain screening were carried out. First, the nutritional chemical composition of the extracted rubber leaves was determined: the rubber leaves not only had high contents of N, P, and K, but also contained rich trace elements (see Table 4), and the C / N ratio was about 30.

[0018] Table 4 Nutritional chemical composition of rubber leaf waste

[0019] Results of bacterial liquid seed live bacteria count: As shown in Table 5, the live colony counts of the 23 bacterial strains all exceeded 10 7 of order of magnitude, indicating that the accessed bacteria can grow and reproduce normally.

[0020] Table 5 Viable bacteria count of bacterial liquid seeds

[0021] Bacterial screening results and analysis: As shown in Table 6, formula 2 is not conducive to bacterial growth. There are 10 strains that have changed in formulas 1 and 3, among which Pzs01, Pzs05, Pzs06, Pzs19, and Pzs24 have particularly good decomposition effects, while strains such as Pzs08, Pzs09, Pzs13, Pzs18, and Pzs20 also have partial decomposition effects. This strain can be used as a production strain.

[0022] Table 6 Results of bacterial screening ,

[0023] △No change, and contaminated by bacteria; - There are slight changes in the early stage, such as becoming sour or having a slight odor, but the thick wood fiber is almost not degraded and is contaminated by bacteria; + Slight changes in the early stage, partial degradation of wood fiber, or no changes in the early stage, odor and partial decomposition in the later stage; ++There are obvious changes during the fermentation process; foul or sweet smell, and the wood fiber is mostly decomposed +++From the beginning to the end of fermentation, there are extremely obvious changes: there is a foul smell, and the wood fiber is fully decomposed; The control group was not inoculated with any biological agent; The excellent strains obtained by screening.

[0024] Screening results and analysis of actinomycetes: Due to the slow growth of actinomycetes, in the first repeated screening test, except for Pzs26, which showed significant degradation, the rest were contaminated with foreign bacteria (including the control), which may be due to the incomplete sterilization of the culture medium. Therefore, it can be seen that Pzs01 has a strong ability to resist foreign bacteria. From the second repeated screening test of actinomycetes, it can be seen that Pzs24, Pzs27, Pzs29, Pzs30, Pzs31, and Pzs33 have a biodegradation effect on rubber leaves.

[0025] Results and analysis of fungal screening: The five strains Pzs35, Pzs38, Pzs41, Pzs42, and Pzs44 were finally screened out. Among them, although the mycelium of the R strain grew very fast, the resistance of other bacteria was not strong, so it was also eliminated. The excellent fungal strains finally obtained were Pzs36, Pzs37, Pzs39, Pzs40, Pzs43, Pzs45, Pzs46, Pzs47, Pzs48, and Pzs49.

[0026] According to an embodiment of the present invention, composting microorganisms are separated and purified, including 15 kinds of fungi, 23 kinds of bacteria and 11 kinds of actinomycetes. The screening results and analysis of the solid fermentation medium formula: As shown in Table 6, 20 strains of bacteria have changes in formula 1, 8 strains have changes in formula 2, and 11 strains of bacteria have changes in formula 3, and the strains that can be degraded in formula 2 are less. In contrast, formula 2 is not conducive to the growth of bacteria. In addition to the strains that grow particularly well, all strains that have some changes in formula 2 have sweet smells during fermentation, but their decomposition is not thorough. From the perspective of bacterial colony count, it can fully meet the normal growth and reproduction of microorganisms, eliminating the possibility of too few bacterial colony counts. The reason is that formula 2 does not provide microorganisms with nutritional factors-sucrose, CaSO4 (formula 1) that meet their growth before decomposing organic matter, nor does it promote the nitrogen source (formula 3) of solid waste biodegradation, so formula 2 is eliminated after comprehensive consideration.

[0027] In the same way as the bacterial screening, the excellent actinomycetes and fungi strains screened grew well in formula 1 and formula 3. Therefore, sucrose, CaSO4, and urea play a role in promoting the growth of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi. Thus, a new formula was obtained, namely, rubber leaf 18.9%, wheat bran 22%, sucrose 1%, CaSO4 1.3%, and urea 0.72%.

[0028] Mix and culture the selected excellent strains: The strains are 26 excellent strains that have been screened. The liquid culture medium uses the previous sample culture medium. Antagonistic treatment is performed on the excellent microorganisms to further screen out composting microorganisms that can be mixed and cultured.

[0029] According to an embodiment of the present invention, excellent microorganisms are subjected to antagonistic treatment, and composting microorganisms that can be mixed and cultured are further screened out. Antagonistic treatment of bacteria: After the beef extract peptone agar medium that has been sterilized and cooled to about 45°C is poured into a sterile plate and solidified, 0.2ml of one of the bacterial bacterial liquids after repeated screening after 40 hours of culture is sucked with a sterile pipette and added to the plate. Spread evenly with a sterile triangular coating rod. Then, 4 sterilized small painting filter papers are soaked in 4 different bacterial liquids with sterile tweezers, and the bacteria-containing flat plate with the filter paper attached is inverted in a 35°C constant temperature box. After 24 hours, observe whether there is an inhibition zone around the circular filter paper. If there is, it indicates that antagonism occurs between the strain represented by the circular filter paper and the strain coated on the plate. The antagonistic treatment of bacteria shows that there is no antagonism between the excellent strains after screening, and can be used as mixed production strains.

[0030] Antagonistic treatment of fungi: 3 strains were selected from the 15 screened fungi and inoculated in equilateral triangles on POA culture medium plates. After that, they were placed in a 25°C incubator for 42 hours to observe whether there were any antibacterial lines. If there were, it indicated that the strain had antagonism. If the hyphae of adjacent colonies blend with each other, they can grow alternately. The results of the antagonistic treatment of fungi are shown in Table 7: antagonism occurred between Pzs40-Pzs39, Pzs40-Pzs36, and Pzs46-Pzs47. Therefore, the fungal strains that can be used for mixed production are: Pzs37, Pzs43, Pzs45, Pzs48, Pzs48, and Pzs49, a total of 6 fungi. Five strains of fungi, Pzs36, Pzs39, Pzs40, Pzs46, and Pzs47, were cultured separately.

[0031] Table 7 Fungal antagonism treatment results

[0032] The strains of compost are the production strains that are screened and mixed cultured: 17 strains of bacteria, 7 strains of actinomycetes, and 12 strains of fungi. The inoculation of compost is divided into two stages. The first inoculation is before the start of the first fermentation, and the liquid strains of fungi and bacteria are inoculated. The second inoculation is before the start of the second fermentation, and the liquid strains of actinomycetes are inoculated, and the inoculation amount is 15%. Expansion culture of office bacteria: 17 strains of bacteria are inoculated into a triangular flask of liquid culture medium of beef extract protein, placed on a rotary shaker with a speed of 200r / min, and cultured at 35℃ for 48 hours. Expansion culture of actinomycetes: 7 strains of bacteria are inoculated into a triangular flask filled with Gao's No. 1 liquid culture medium, placed on a rotary shaker with a speed of 150r / min, and cultured at 25℃ for 48 hours. Expansion culture of fungi: 10 mixed cultured fungi are inoculated into a triangular flask filled with potato liquid culture medium, placed on a rotary shaker with a speed of 180r / min, and cultured at 30℃ for 48 hours. The remaining 5 strains of bacteria are inoculated separately for this process.

[0033] (5) A composting pool is dug on the surface of the rubber plantation, and excellent microorganisms and compost culture medium are mixed and placed in the composting pool for mineralization and humification. The entire composting process includes the mineralization and humification of the composting materials. Mineralization is dominant in the early stage of composting, while humification is dominant in the later stage. There are four stages in the maturity of rubber leaf composting: (1) The heating stage. In the early stage of composting, the temperature of the rubber leaf pile rises to about 50°C. At this stage, the water-soluble organic matter and some hemicellulose and cellulose in the rubber leaf decompose, releasing NH3, CO2 and heat; (2) The high temperature stage. After 2 to 3 days of composting, the temperature of the rubber leaf pile rises to 50 to 70°C. At this stage, the remaining easily decomposable organic matter in the rubber leaf continues to decompose, mainly hemicellulose, cellulose and some lignin. At the same time, the microbial activity is vigorous, resulting in heat accumulation, and the maximum temperature of the pile can reach above 65°C; (3) Cooling stage: after the high temperature, due to the reduction of the residual amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc. in the rubber leaves, the strength of the microorganisms is weakened, the heat production is reduced, and the pile temperature drops below 50°C. In this stage, the role of the microorganisms is mainly to synthesize humus, so the humification effect is absolutely dominant: (4) Post-ripening and heat preservation stage: after the cooling stage, the piled materials are compacted and covered with soil to make them in an anaerobic state. At this time, the C / N of the culture medium in the pile has gradually decreased, and the accumulation of humus has increased significantly. However, the number and proportion of actinomycetes that decompose humus and other organic matter have also increased. In the surface layer of the compost, white hair composed of fungal mycelium is often formed. It should be noted that the parameters of humification treatment are moisture content <66%, C / N ratio of 28 / 1~32 / 1, temperature <50°C, cycle of 7~20 days, natural pH, moisture maintained at about 60%, and ventilation.

[0034] The raw materials used for composting come from the scraps in the rubber leaf collection box. Because it contains 60-70% ethanol, the residue of ethanol will seriously inhibit the growth of microorganisms and kill them. Therefore, the ethanol in the purified scraps must be strictly evaporated before composting. In order to save energy consumption and reduce costs, the ethanol of the present invention adopts a natural volatilization method. The proportion of its raw materials is shown in Table 8.

[0035] Table 8 Proportion of rubber leaves after screening (weight / kg per 100kg rubber leaves)

[0036] The method of making compost is to compost indoors. First, spread a layer of rubber leaf waste about 20 cm thick on the ground as a base to absorb the infiltrated fertilizer. The materials and water are fully mixed according to the ratio in Table 8, and the liquid strains of bacteria and fungi are added. The materials are compacted layer by layer and piled into a circle. Each pile has 3 to 5 ventilation holes, covered with sacks, and then a little water is poured to achieve the purpose of water retention and heat preservation. The temperature of the pile is measured regularly every day. After the first fermentation, the pile is turned over and the liquid seeds of actinomycetes are added and water is added. Mix and compact evenly, and start the secondary fermentation until it is fully decomposed.

[0037] Compost temperature measurement method: Choose the 3-point method to measure the temperature of the pile, that is, measure the temperature at the center of the pile and two points above and below the center. The temperature measuring instrument is a digital thermometer with a resolution of 0.1°C and an accuracy of 0.5°C.

[0038] How to check the moisture and temperature in the rubber leaf compost pile: During the composting period, the moisture and temperature in the pile should be checked frequently. The inspection method is as follows: insert a wooden stick into the pile for about 1 minute, then take it out and observe the dryness and wetness and hotness of the wooden stick surface to determine the moisture and temperature conditions in the pile. If the wooden stick is cold and dry, it means that there is a lack of moisture, and water should be added appropriately; if the wooden stick is cold and wet, it means that the ventilation in the pile is poor.

[0039] Research results and analysis of composting treatment methods for rubber leaf waste: Figure 1 , Figure 2 Controls 1 and 2 in the figure are traditional rubber leaf composts without any microbial agents added. From the temperature changes, it can be seen that the highest temperature of the compost without microbial agents is only 53°C, and the temperature starts to drop too early after a fermentation, which is far from meeting the requirements for harmless high-temperature composting. From the perspective of physical properties, the wood fiber of the rubber leaf waste in the composts of controls 1 and 2 without microbial agents added is not completely decomposed.

[0040] Choice of covering material for rubber leaf waste pile: Plastic film is a more convenient covering material, but the film will hinder air convection and the temperature will not rise. Figure 3 As shown in the figure, treatment 3 was covered with plastic film, and its highest temperature was only around 43°C. The composting of treatment 3 failed, and the use of plastic film covering was one of the reasons for its composting failure. The permeability of sacks is better.

[0041] The composting process parameters of rubber leaf waste are set as follows: Figure 3The temperature dynamic change curves of the most successful rubber leaf composts, i.e., treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 4, in which the final product of the composting is fully decomposed humus. The rubber leaf composts have a common feature, and their temperature dynamic change curves all have two peaks, representing the primary fermentation and the secondary fermentation. The primary fermentation cycle is 7 to 14 days, and the secondary fermentation cycle is 7 to 30 days. During the primary fermentation, the temperature of the rubber leaf pile can reach the high temperature period within 2 to 4 days, and the high temperature stage of 20°C is maintained for 7 to 10 days. The highest temperature of the secondary fermentation is 15°C.

[0042] (1) Regulation of C / N ratio. If the C / N ratio of the raw material is too high, the nitrogen nutrients are relatively insufficient, thus limiting the growth of microorganisms. Moreover, if the C / N ratio of the raw material is too high, it is easy to cause the C / N ratio of the finished compost to be too high. When the compost is applied to the soil, it will deprive the soil of nitrogen, causing the soil to fall into a "nitrogen starvation" state, affecting the growth of crops. The ratio of the compost raw material is usually adjusted to (25-35):1. The C / N ratio of rubber leaf waste has the common characteristics of plant materials - the C / N ratio is relatively low. The C / N ratio of rubber leaf raw materials in the natural state is about 29.8. The compost of the present invention does not need to add nitrogen source, and the natural state is sufficient.

[0043] (2) pH value control: In the initial stage of rubber leaf composting, microorganisms reproduce rapidly, and the organic acids produced by their activities cause the pH value to drop. However, as the composting process continues, the organic acids volatilize as the temperature of the compost increases, and NH4-N is generated at the same time, and the pH value begins to rise again. Therefore, the pH value of tree waste composting can be kept natural.

[0044] (3) Temperature control: As microorganisms decompose organic matter in the compost, a large amount of heat is released, which causes the temperature of the compost to rise. High temperature plays an important role in the rapid maturity of the compost. Insect eggs and pathogens are also killed during the high temperature stage. A high temperature of 50-60°C for one week is the guarantee for the harmlessness and decomposition of the compost. The temperature control of rubber leaf waste composting is achieved by controlling the indoor temperature and oxygen supply.

[0045] (4) Oxygen regulation: Aerobic microorganisms dominate the composting process during the heating and high temperature stages. This composting process uses the following methods to increase permeability to ensure high temperature harmlessness of the compost.

[0046] (5) Water regulation: Water is a necessary condition for microbial activity. Too dry or too wet will affect the activity of microorganisms. The water content of rubber leaf waste compost should be kept at about 60%, that is, the amount of water that can just flow out when squeezed by hand is more appropriate. However, due to high temperature and ventilation, gas is usually emitted with heat loss, and some water will be lost. It is necessary to add water from time to time during the process of picking and fermenting.

[0047] Then the chemical composition and analysis of the mature rubber leaf waste compost: The chemical composition of the mature rubber leaf waste compost is shown in Table 9. It can be seen from Table 9 that the mature rubber leaf compost is rich in nutrients. As far as C, N, P, and K are concerned, the content is 4 to 5 times higher than that of livestock manure. In addition, the rubber leaf compost contains a relatively high level of humic acid, and has the following characteristics of humic acid fertilizers, also known as humus: It promotes the formation of soil aggregates and the functions of water storage and fertilizer retention; humus can become a thirsty bed for the activities of beneficial microorganisms, providing biological energy, biological nutrition and biological activity conditions for their activities, and promoting the synthesis and decomposition of organic and inorganic components by microorganisms; it improves the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizers and phosphorus fertilizers, activates trace elements, and accelerates their conversion and absorption; it enhances respiration, enhances the root system to promote absorption, and increases enzyme activity.

[0048] Table 9 Nutritional chemical composition of rubber leaf fertilizer

[0049] Post-pile management: The rubber leaves after composting are compacted and treated for fertilizer preservation to obtain rubber leaf compost. Rubber leaf waste begins to heat up on the first day after being connected to the pile of fungi and bacteria, and the temperature reaches above 50°C within 2 to 4 days. This high temperature stage lasts for 7 to 10 days, and then enters the cooling stage, about 1 week, and finally the temperature drops to 30°C, and the first composting can be carried out, so that the fermentation is completed. During this period, because the temperature is high, the water will evaporate quickly, which is easy to cause lack of water in the pile, weakening the activity of microorganisms and incomplete decomposition of raw materials. When re-pile, water is appropriately supplied, and then actinomycete strains are added and mixed evenly. When turning the pile, turn the outer layer to the middle, turn the middle to the outside, and stack it again to accelerate the maturity of the waste. The highest temperature of the secondary fermentation is lower than 45°C, and then the pile temperature drops, entering the post-ripening and fertilizer preservation stage. At this time, the pile material is almost black and rotten, indicating that it is basically mature, and then compaction and fertilizer preservation are carried out.

[0050] The maturity of compost affects the use of compost products. All untreated organic waste and unripe compost will increase the activity of microorganisms in the soil, causing potential oxygen deficiency and indirect toxicity over a period of time, and will also produce odor. The maturity of rubber leaf compost is an important basis for composting process control. The hygiene standard table of rubber leaf compost is the national hygiene standard for high temperature composting, which can be used as a prerequisite for the maturity of rubber leaf compost.

[0051] Table 10 shows the national hygiene standards for high-temperature composting, which can be used as a prerequisite for the maturity of rubber leaf composting.

[0052] Table 10 National Hygiene Standards for High-Temperature Composting

[0053] The temperature naturally decreases in the later stage of composting, and it no longer attracts mosquitoes and flies, and there will be no unpleasant odor. Due to the growth of fungi, the compost appears white or grayish white, and the compost product presents a loose granular structure. After the fermentation of microorganisms and the decomposition of organic matter, the volume and weight of rubber leaf compost are reduced by 1 / 3 to 1 / 2, and the plant fiber structure becomes soft and breaks easily. Moreover, with the increase of humic acid and the maturity of compost, the rubber leaf waste turns from yellow to black, and the fully decomposed compost is dark brown, and the juice is brown. The fermentation smell also changes from odor to the smell of forest humus and land. The fertilizer that is not fully decomposed is dark yellow, the juice is yellow-brown, the material becomes soft, easier to pull apart, and can be kneaded into a ball, but it will fall apart if you let go.

[0054] A control experiment was conducted by applying a fungus brick containing 50% of the decomposed fertilizer of rubber leaves to the lawn as a topdressing fertilizer. The results showed that the lawn unit and its surrounding area where the fungus brick was applied were significantly better than the lawn without fertilizer. Figure 4 shown.

[0055] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the parameters of the mineralization treatment are a moisture content of 46-65%, a C / N ratio of 23 / 1-36 / 1, a temperature of 55-64°C, a cycle of 7-14 days, a natural pH, a moisture content of about 50%, and ventilation. Mineralization is the decomposition of organic matter in the soil into simple inorganic compounds through a series of oxidations by various microorganisms. Mineralization converts some of the effective nutrients in the soil into organic forms, including microbial cell bodies and complex metabolites, and preserves them. When organic matter with a high nitrogen content is mineralized, nutrients such as carbon sources and part of nitrogen further participate in assimilation, and due to the exhaustion of carbon sources, excess NH4-N and NO3-N accumulate. It should be noted that the parameters of the mineralization treatment are a moisture content of 46-65%, a C / N ratio of 23 / 1-36 / 1, a temperature of 55-64°C, a cycle of 7-14 days, a natural pH, a moisture content of about 50%, and ventilation.

[0056] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the parameters of humification treatment are moisture content <66%, C / N ratio is 28 / 1-32 / 1, temperature is <50°C, cycle is 7-20 days, pH is natural, moisture is maintained at about 60%, and ventilation is maintained. The design of humification parameters is as follows: The inventors studied the composting process and compost products of 5 types of wood and cellulose materials (agricultural fertilizers, sludge, winery waste residues, etc.), and proposed that when the humus content is greater than 3.00%, the compost can be considered to be mature. For the mature compost of rubber leaves, the humus content is far greater than 3.00%.

[0057] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the pH value of the rubber leaf compost after decomposition is 6.7-7.5, the C / N ratio is reduced from 37-40 to 18-20, the humus content is 3-4%, and the carbon to organic nitrogen ratio in the water extract is 5-6 based on WSC / N-org. The carbon to organic nitrogen ratio in the water extract (WSC / N-org): The carbon to organic nitrogen ratio in the water extract is 5-6 based on WSC / N-org. The nitrogen form, organic carbon and organic nitrogen content in the compost water extract vary greatly, but the C / N-org of the water extract WS after full decomposition is almost a constant value, all between 5 and 6. In the mature compost of rubber leaf waste, the WSC / N-org is 5.89.

[0058] (6) Compacting and preserving the rubber leaves after they have been composted to obtain rubber leaf compost.

[0059] Figure 1 The temperature dynamics curve of the rubber leaf composting control experiment is shown.

[0060] Figure 2 The temperature change curve of rubber leaf compost with the pile covered with plastic film is shown.

[0061] Figure 3 The temperature dynamic change curve of rubber leaf compost is shown.

[0062] Figure 4 A physical picture showing the fertilizer prepared from rubber leaves in Example 1.

[0063] Figure 5 A physical picture showing the fertilizer prepared from rubber leaves in Example 2.

[0064] Figure 6 A physical picture showing the fertilizer prepared from rubber leaves in Example 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0065] The following is a description of the exemplary embodiments of the present application, including various details of the embodiments of the present application to facilitate understanding, which should be considered as merely exemplary. Therefore, it should be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes and modifications can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the scope and spirit of the present application. Similarly, for clarity and conciseness, the description of well-known functions and structures is omitted in the following description.

[0066] The technical scheme of the present invention is described in detail below: The method of making organic fertilizer from rubber leaves comprises the following steps. Example 1

[0067] The inventor collected 15 kg of rubber leaves from a rubber leaf collection box on the surface of a rubber plantation, treated them with bleaching powder, then treated them with sterile water, and finally sterilized them with ultraviolet light for 40 minutes to obtain 13.6 kg of sterilized rubber leaves. Then, the following potato culture medium was used to repeatedly separate and purify the pure microorganisms.

[0068]

[0069] The inventors selected the following pure strains of good microorganisms: bacteria Pzs06 and Pzs19; actinomycetes Pzs24 and Pzs31; and fungi Pzs40, Pzs43 and Pzs45, and put them into composting medium to continue expanding the culture for subsequent composting.

[0070] The inventors prepared the following composting medium and composted it together with excellent microorganisms.

[0071]

[0072] The inventor mixed the excellent microorganisms and the compost culture medium and put them into a composting tank for mineralization and humification. The treatment conditions of the mineralization and humification treatments are set as follows:

[0073] Finally, 7.6 kg of rubber leaf compost was obtained. Figure 4 , It is a gray-black flocculent agglomerate. Example 2

[0074] The inventor collected 20 kg of rubber leaves from a rubber leaf collection box on the surface of a rubber plantation, treated them with bleaching powder, then treated them with sterile water, and finally sterilized them with ultraviolet light for 40 minutes to obtain 17.3 kg of sterilized rubber leaves. Then, the following Gao's No. 1 medium was used to repeatedly separate and purify the pure microorganisms.

[0075]

[0076] The inventors selected the following pure strains of good microorganisms: bacteria Pzs13, Pzs18, Pzs20; actinomycetes Pzs30, Pzs31; fungi Pzs37, Pzs39, Pzs40, and put them into composting medium to continue expanding the culture for subsequent composting.

[0077] The inventors prepared the following composting medium and composted it together with excellent microorganisms.

[0078]

[0079] The inventor mixed the excellent microorganisms and the compost culture medium and put them into a composting tank for mineralization and humification. The treatment conditions of the mineralization and humification treatments are set as follows:

[0080] Finally, 12.2 kg of rubber leaf compost was obtained. Figure 5 , It is a gray-black flocculent agglomerate. Example 3

[0081] The inventor collected 18 kg of rubber leaves from a rubber leaf collection box on the surface of a rubber plantation, treated them with bleaching powder, then treated them with sterile water, and finally sterilized them with ultraviolet light for 40 minutes to obtain 14.6 kg of sterilized rubber leaves. Then, the following broth protein culture medium was used to repeatedly separate and purify the pure microorganisms.

[0082]

[0083] The inventors selected the following pure strains of good microorganisms: bacteria Pzs09, Pzs13, Pzs20; actinomycetes Pzs24, Pzs31, Pzs33; fungi Pzs43, Pzs46, Pzs48, and put them into composting medium to continue expanding the culture for subsequent composting.

[0084] The inventors prepared the following composting medium and composted it together with excellent microorganisms.

[0085]

[0086] The inventor mixed the excellent microorganisms and the compost culture medium and put them into a composting tank for mineralization and humification. The treatment conditions of the mineralization and humification treatments are set as follows:

[0087] Finally, 10.3 kg of rubber leaf compost was obtained. Figure 6 , It is a gray-black flocculent agglomerate.

[0088] Although the embodiments of the present application are described above, the present application is not limited to the above specific embodiments and application fields, and the above specific embodiments are merely illustrative and instructive, rather than restrictive. A person of ordinary skill in the art can make many forms under the guidance of this specification and without departing from the scope of protection of the claims of the present application, all of which belong to the protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves, comprising: A rubber leaf collection box is set up on the surface of the rubber garden to collect the fallen rubber leaves for sterilization to remove impurities and microorganisms on the surface of the rubber leaves; Isolating and purifying composting microorganisms, sterilizing the rubber leaves, placing them on a sample culture medium, culturing them repeatedly, isolating and purifying them to obtain pure microorganisms; Prepare a compost culture medium, wherein the compost culture medium comprises: 20-36% of rubber leaves, 32-52% of wheat bran, 2.1-3.6% of sucrose, 2.5-5.1% of CaSO4, 0.2-0.85% of urea, and the balance is water; Screening excellent microorganisms, expanding and culturing the pure strain microorganisms, and determining the degree of decomposition of the compost medium according to observed indicators to determine the excellent microorganisms; A composting pool is dug on the surface of the rubber plantation, and the excellent microorganisms and the composting medium are mixed and placed in the composting pool for mineralization and humification treatment; The rubber leaves after composting are compacted and subjected to fertilizer preservation treatment to obtain rubber leaf compost.

2. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the method for sterilizing the rubber leaves is to first treat them with bleaching powder and then treat them with sterile water.

3. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the sample culture medium includes but is not limited to potato culture medium, Gao's medium No. 1, and broth protein culture medium.

4. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the composting microorganisms separated and purified include 15 kinds of fungi, 23 kinds of bacteria and 11 kinds of actinomycetes.

5. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the potato culture medium comprises 160-200 g of potato, 35-40 g of sucrose, and a natural pH; the Gao's No. 1 culture medium comprises 32-40 g of soluble starch, 3-5 g of KNO3, 1.8-3.5 g of NaCl, 0.8-1.3 g of K2HPO4, 0.5-2.2 g of MgSO4, 0.05-0.68 g of FeSO4, and a pH of 6.8-7.3; and the broth protein culture medium comprises 5-10 g of beef extract, 13-18 g of peptone, 7-12 g of NaCl, and a pH of 7.1-7.

3.

6. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the observation index is to judge the decomposition status by the smell emitted by the compost culture medium at the initial stage of the expansion culture; and to judge the decomposition status of the rubber leaves by the texture, fiber structure, smell, whether the rubber leaves are contaminated with foreign bacteria, the growth rate of aerial hyphae, and the characteristics of hyphae at the end of the expansion culture.

7. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the excellent microorganisms are subjected to antagonistic treatment to further screen out composting microorganisms that can be mixed and cultured.

8. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the parameters of the mineralization treatment are a moisture content of 46-65%, a C / N ratio of 23 / 1-36 / 1, a temperature of 55-64°C, a cycle of 7-14 days, a natural pH, a moisture content of about 50%, and ventilation.

9. The method for composting organic fertilizer using rubber leaves according to claim 1, wherein the parameters of the humification treatment are moisture content <66%, C / N ratio of 28 / 1 to 32 / 1, temperature <50°C, cycle of 7 to 20 days, natural pH, moisture maintained at about 60%, and ventilation.

10. The method for preparing organic fertilizer by using rubber leaf compost according to claim 1, wherein the pH value of the rubber leaf compost after decomposition is 6.7-7.5, the C / N ratio is reduced from 37-40 to 18-20, the humus content is 3-4%, and the ratio of carbon to organic nitrogen in the water extract is 5-6 (WSC / N-org).

Images