Ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup

Abstract

The present application discloses an ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system that can be quickly started, including a hydrogen cylinder, an ammonia cylinder, a self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor, a heat exchanger, an adsorption system, a fuel cell and a burner; the ammonia cylinder is connected to the ammonia inlet of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor, and an ammonia control valve is arranged between the ammonia cylinder and the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor; the decomposition gas outlet of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor is connected to the heat exchanger and the adsorption system in turn, and the adsorption system is connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; the hydrogen cylinder is connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell, and a hydrogen control valve is arranged between the hydrogen cylinder and the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; the burner is arranged near the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system that can be quickly started has a simple structure, a small size, a small lithium battery capacity, a fast start-up time, and a low cost, and is very suitable for mobile backup power supplies and vehicle-mounted application scenarios.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of new energy power generation, and in particular to an ammonia-hydrogen fuel cell system which uses ammonia as a raw material and can be quickly started. Background Art

[0002] Environmental pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels and the increasingly serious energy crisis have stimulated people's thirst for clean and sustainable energy. Among all alternative energy sources, hydrogen energy is recognized as the most promising "future energy" with its excellent energy density and environmental friendliness. With the development of fuel cell technology, hydrogen energy has further become a hot spot in clean energy. However, factors such as high hydrogen transportation costs and low safety factors have seriously hindered the application of hydrogen energy. Therefore, the route of transporting hydrogen to the site for on-site hydrogen production through hydrogen storage bodies has attracted attention. Among hydrogen storage bodies such as methanol, methane and ammonia, ammonia has the advantages of mild liquefaction conditions and zero carbon emissions. Therefore, the method of using ammonia as a hydrogen storage body for storage and transportation, then producing hydrogen by decomposing ammonia, and finally generating electricity through fuel cells is highly competitive. Regarding this technical route, patents CN116706165, CN116314975 and CN116053538 all disclose different technical routes for ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation devices, but the following problems still exist: (1) The structure is complex and there are many parts, resulting in high equipment cost; (2) The equipment is large in size and weight, and it is very easy for pipes and valves to loosen during transportation, which is not conducive to handling and installation. (3) The time it takes for the equipment to start generating electricity from a cold state is relatively long, generally 2-3 hours, which is not conducive to the demand for rapid power supply of emergency power supply. Chinese patent CN118248897A discloses an indirect ammonia solid oxide fuel cell system, including an ammonia gas cylinder, a self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor, a hydrogen separator, a hydrogen storage tank, a first heat exchanger, a second heat exchanger, a fuel cell stack, a reburner, a fan, an exhaust gas treatment device and a plurality of valves; the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor has a catalytic channel and a combustion channel of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor. Hydrogen is prepared and stored in a self-heating reactor, and the heat in the high-temperature exhaust gas is used to preheat the fuel gas, air and fuel cell stack to achieve rapid preheating and starting. However, the system has many components and a complex structure. During operation, hydrogen needs to be prepared, stored and transported, which poses certain safety hazards. In addition, the method of starting by preheating the fuel cell with the waste heat of the exhaust gas is highly temperature-dependent and has a slow startup speed. The application scenarios are limited. Summary of the invention

[0003] The fuel cell power generation system in the prior art has defects such as complex system structure, large equipment size, potential safety hazards in the operation process and long start-up time. An ammonia-hydrogen fuel cell system with simple structure, safe operation, high power generation efficiency and fast start-up time is provided.

[0004] The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve its technical problems is: an ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system that can be quickly started, including a hydrogen cylinder, an ammonia cylinder, an autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, a heat exchanger, an adsorption system, a fuel cell and a burner; the ammonia cylinder is connected to the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, and an ammonia control valve is arranged between the ammonia cylinder and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is filled with an ammonia decomposition catalyst, the ammonia decomposition catalyst includes a nickel metal carrier and a ruthenium active metal, a plurality of through holes are arranged on the nickel metal carrier, and the ruthenium active metal is loaded inside the through holes; the decomposition gas outlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is connected to the heat exchanger and the adsorption system in turn, and the adsorption system is connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; the hydrogen cylinder is connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell, and a hydrogen control valve is arranged between the hydrogen cylinder and the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; the burner is arranged close to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, and the burner is used to provide high-temperature flue gas to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor;

[0005] The power generation method using the ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup comprises the following steps:

[0006] Step 1: Open the hydrogen control valve, pass the hydrogen in the hydrogen bottle into the fuel cell, and introduce air into the fuel cell;

[0007] Step 2: The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy, and the exhaust gas after the fuel cell generates electricity is introduced into the burner;

[0008] Step 3: The burner burns the tail gas after the fuel cell generates electricity and generates high-temperature flue gas; the generated high-temperature flue gas is introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor to heat the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor;

[0009] Step 4: When the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is greater than or equal to 500° C., the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is opened, and the ammonia in the ammonia bottle is introduced into the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor;

[0010] Step 5: The autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor decomposes the ammonia gas introduced from the ammonia gas bottle into a mixed gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen;

[0011] Step 6: The decomposed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen is introduced into the adsorption system for adsorption purification. The adsorbed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen enters the fuel cell, and the fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy.

[0012] Furthermore, the hydrogen cylinder is arranged near the ammonia inlet of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor and is connected to the ammonia inlet; the ammonia cylinder is connected to the ammonia inlet.

[0013] Furthermore, the hydrogen cylinder is arranged near the fuel cell and is directly connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell, and the ammonia cylinder is arranged near the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor and is connected to the ammonia inlet.

[0014] Furthermore, the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor includes an ammonia channel and a flue gas channel, the flue gas channel is sleeved on the outer wall of the ammonia channel and fits with the outer wall of the ammonia channel; one end of the ammonia channel is an ammonia inlet, and the other end of the ammonia channel is a decomposition gas outlet, one end of the flue gas channel is a flue gas inlet, and the other end of the flue gas channel is a flue gas outlet, and the ammonia channel is filled with an ammonia decomposition catalyst.

[0015] Furthermore, the flue gas inlet is arranged close to the decomposition gas outlet, the flue gas outlet is arranged close to the ammonia gas inlet, and the ammonia decomposition reactor is connected to the electric heating device.

[0016] Furthermore, the adsorption system includes a plurality of adsorption columns arranged in parallel, the plurality of adsorption columns arranged in parallel are connected by pipelines, a plurality of control valves are correspondingly arranged between the plurality of adsorption columns, and the adsorption columns are filled with adsorbent.

[0017] Furthermore, the outlet of the fuel cell is communicated with the combustion inlet of the burner, and the burner is connected to the blower.

[0018] Furthermore, the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower are arranged close to each other, and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower are centrally arranged in a hot cabinet, and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower in the hot cabinet are connected by an integrated pipeline, and the hot cabinet is used to integrate the ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower and isolate them from the outside; the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell are arranged close to each other, and the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell are centrally arranged in a cold cabinet, and the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell in the cold cabinet are connected by an integrated pipeline, and the cold cabinet is used to integrate the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell; a chuck type connection is used between the cold cabinet and the hot cabinet.

[0019] Furthermore, in step four, when the hydrogen cylinder is directly connected to the fuel cell, when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor reaches 400°C, the ammonia control valve is opened to introduce the ammonia in the ammonia cylinder into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor continues to rise to 500°C and above, the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is maintained open, and the ammonia continues to be introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor.

[0020] The invention discloses an ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup. The system adopts an external hydrogen cylinder to first introduce hydrogen into the fuel cell and make the fuel cell generate electricity first, so as to achieve rapid preheating of the fuel cell. When the mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen after adsorption purification is subsequently introduced into the fuel cell, the fuel cell can respond quickly and generate electricity, and realizes power generation from cold state to startup within 5 minutes. Compared with the previous design, the system has the characteristics of simple structure, small volume, small lithium battery capacity, fast startup time and low cost, and is very suitable for mobile backup power supply and vehicle-mounted application scenarios. In the power generation system, the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor and the burner are integrated in the hot cabinet, and the heat exchanger, the fuel cell and the adsorption system are integrated in the cold cabinet. The pipelines inside the hot cabinet and the cold cabinet are integrated, and the blue plate connection mode is cancelled to avoid loosening and leakage of the connection parts caused by thermal expansion and contraction during use and vibration generated during movement. By setting the hot cabinet and the cold cabinet, it is also easy to maintain and disassemble, and the thermal insulation performance is improved, and the heat loss is minimized. The hot cabinet and the cold cabinet are connected by a chuck type, which is easy to move and disassemble. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0021] In order to more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required for use in the specific embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic structural diagram of an ammonia-hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup according to the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 This is a schematic structural diagram of another ammonia-hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup described in the present invention.

[0024] 1-hydrogen cylinder, 2-ammonia cylinder, 3-self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor, 31-ammonia inlet, 32-decomposition gas inlet, 33-flue gas inlet, 34-flue gas outlet, 35-ammonia channel, 36 flue gas channel, 4-heat exchanger, 41-inlet, 42-outlet, 5-adsorption system, 6-fuel cell, 61-fuel inlet, 62-fuel outlet, 7-burner, 71-combustion inlet, 72-combustion outlet, 8-blower, 9-hot cabinet, 10-cold cabinet. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The technical solution of the present invention will be described clearly and completely below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0026] like Figure 1-2 As shown, an ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup according to the present invention comprises a hydrogen cylinder 1, an ammonia cylinder 2, an autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, a heat exchanger 4, an adsorption system 5, a fuel cell 6 and a burner 7; the ammonia cylinder 2 is communicated with an ammonia inlet 31 of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, and an ammonia control valve is arranged between the ammonia cylinder 2 and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3; the decomposition gas outlet 32 ​​of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3 is communicated with the heat exchanger 4 and the adsorption system 5 in sequence, and the adsorption system 5 is communicated with the fuel inlet 61 of the fuel cell 6; the hydrogen cylinder 1 is communicated with the fuel inlet 61 of the fuel cell 6, and a hydrogen control valve is arranged between the hydrogen cylinder 1 and the fuel inlet 61 of the fuel cell 6; the burner 7 is arranged close to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, and the burner 7 is used to provide high-temperature flue gas to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3.

[0027] like Figure 1 As shown, the hydrogen cylinder 1 and the ammonia cylinder 2 are both arranged near the ammonia inlet 31 of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3; the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3 includes an ammonia channel 35 and a flue gas channel 36, the ammonia pipeline 35 and the flue gas pipeline 36 are arranged in close contact with each other, one end of the ammonia pipeline 35 is the ammonia inlet 31, and the other end of the ammonia pipeline 35 is the decomposition gas outlet 32; wherein the ammonia cylinder 2 and the hydrogen cylinder 1 are both connected to the ammonia inlet 31, in order to control the ammonia gas flow respectively. and the gas flow of hydrogen entering the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3 and the fuel cell 6, so as to achieve the switching control of ammonia and hydrogen; specifically, an ammonia control valve is provided between the ammonia bottle 2 and the ammonia inlet 31, and a hydrogen control valve is provided between the hydrogen bottle 1 and the ammonia inlet 31, which respectively adjust and control the flow of the hydrogen in the hydrogen bottle 1 entering the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, and the flow of the ammonia in the ammonia bottle 2 entering the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3.

[0028] like Figure 2As shown, the hydrogen cylinder 1 is arranged near the fuel inlet 61 of the fuel cell 6, the ammonia cylinder 2 is arranged near the ammonia inlet 31 of the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3 and is connected with the ammonia inlet 31, the hydrogen cylinder 1 is directly connected with the fuel inlet 61, a hydrogen control valve is arranged between the hydrogen cylinder 1 and the fuel inlet 61, the hydrogen discharged from the hydrogen cylinder 1 directly enters the fuel cell 6, and the flow rate of hydrogen entering the fuel cell 6 from the hydrogen cylinder 1 is adjusted by controlling the hydrogen control valve between the hydrogen cylinder 1 and the fuel inlet 61.

[0029] The autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3 can decompose ammonia into a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen; when the ammonia in the ammonia bottle 2 enters the ammonia pipeline 35 in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, in order to improve the decomposition efficiency of ammonia in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3; specifically, the ammonia pipeline 35 is filled with an ammonia decomposition catalyst, and the ammonia decomposition catalyst includes a nickel metal carrier and a ruthenium active metal, and the nickel metal carrier is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the ruthenium active metal is loaded inside the through holes; the flue gas pipeline 36 is sleeved on the ammonia pipeline The outer wall of the flue gas pipe 35 is completely fitted with the outer wall of the ammonia pipe 35. One end of the flue gas pipe 36 is the flue gas inlet 33, and the other end of the flue gas pipe 36 is the flue gas outlet 34. The flue gas inlet 33 is connected with the combustion outlet 72 of the burner 7. The high-temperature flue gas generated after combustion in the burner 7 passes into the flue gas inlet 33 and enters the flue gas pipe 36, and exchanges heat with the ammonia flowing in the ammonia pipe 35, so as to heat the ammonia and promote the endothermic decomposition of the ammonia to generate a mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen. The generated mixed gas is discharged from the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3 through the decomposition gas outlet 32 ​​of the ammonia pipeline 35, and the high-temperature flue gas introduced from the burner 7 after heat exchange is discharged from the flue gas pipeline 36 through the flue gas outlet 34; in order to improve the heat exchange effect between the high-temperature flue gas and ammonia and promote better endothermic decomposition of ammonia, preferably, the flue gas inlet 33 is arranged close to the decomposition gas outlet 32, and the ammonia inlet 31 is arranged close to the flue gas outlet 34; the flow direction of the high-temperature flue gas in the flue gas pipeline 36 is the same as that of the ammonia in the ammonia pipeline The flow direction in the channel 35 is opposite, so that a counter-flow is formed between the high-temperature flue gas and the ammonia, which is beneficial to increase the heat exchange temperature difference between the high-temperature flue gas and the ammonia, and promote better endothermic decomposition of ammonia; the high-temperature flue gas after the heat exchange is discharged from the flue gas duct 36 through the flue gas outlet 34; in order to better improve the decomposition effect of ammonia in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, it is more preferred that the autothermal reactor is connected to an electric heating device (not shown), and the electric heating device can heat the ammonia in the ammonia duct 35 to promote a more complete and sufficient decomposition of ammonia.

[0030] The decomposition gas outlet 32 ​​of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3 is communicated with the inlet 41 of the heat exchanger 4. Liquid water or air flows in the heat exchanger 4. The heat exchanger 4 can exchange heat between the mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen introduced from the decomposition gas outlet 32 ​​and the liquid water or air flowing inside, so as to reduce the temperature of the mixed gas so as to be suitable for subsequent purification adsorption and fuel cell power generation; the outlet 42 of the heat exchanger 4 is communicated with the adsorption system 5, and the decomposition gas after heat exchange is discharged from the heat exchanger 4 and then enters the adsorption system 5, and the adsorption system 5 is used to adsorb and remove the residual ammonia in the mixed gas; wherein the adsorption system 5 includes a plurality of adsorption columns (not shown) arranged in parallel; the plurality of adsorption columns arranged in parallel are connected by pipelines, and a plurality of control valves (not shown) are correspondingly arranged; the flow direction of the mixed gas between the plurality of adsorption columns is controlled by controlling the corresponding control valves on different pipelines, so as to effectively adsorb and remove the residual unreacted ammonia in the mixed gas, and more preferably, the adsorption column is filled with an adsorbent.

[0031] The adsorption system 5 is connected to the fuel cell 6, and the mixed gas after adsorption is discharged from the adsorption system 5 and enters the fuel cell 6; the fuel cell 6 is also connected to the air, and the fuel cell 6 can convert the chemical energy of the mixed gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen after adsorption and the oxygen in the air into electrical energy; specifically, the fuel cell 6 is a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the fuel inlet 61 of the fuel cell 6 is connected to the adsorption system 5, and the air inlet (not shown) of the fuel cell 6 is connected to the air; after the fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen and the oxygen in the air into electrical energy, the exhaust gas generated in the power generation process is discharged from the fuel cell 6 through the fuel outlet 62 of the fuel cell 6.

[0032] In order to improve the combustion efficiency of the burner 7, provide more heat for the decomposition of ammonia in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor 3, and improve the conversion efficiency of ammonia, preferably, the fuel outlet 62 of the fuel cell 6 is connected to the combustion inlet 71 of the burner 7, and the tail gas after power generation discharged from the fuel outlet 62 of the fuel cell 6 enters the burner 7 for combustion of the burner and generates high-temperature flue gas; in order to improve the combustion effect of the burner 7 and further increase the temperature of the high-temperature flue gas discharged from the burner 7, more preferably, the burner 7 is connected to the blower 8, and the blower 8 is used to provide air to the burner 7 to promote the combustion of the burner 7, so that the temperature of the high-temperature flue gas produced by the burner 7 is higher; the burner 7 mixes the hydrogen and oxygen discharged from the fuel outlet 62 of the fuel cell 6 with the air introduced by the blower 8 for combustion, and there is no pollution in the combustion process and the generated high-temperature flue gas has a high heat, which is beneficial to the endothermic decomposition of ammonia in the ammonia decomposition reactor 3.

[0033] In order to improve the integration of the system and facilitate the movement and disassembly of components, specifically, the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3, the burner 7 and the blower 8 are arranged close to each other, and the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3, the burner 7 and the blower 8 are centrally arranged in a heat cabinet 9, and the heat cabinet 9 is used to integrate the ammonia decomposition reactor 3, the burner 7 and the blower 8 and separate them from the outside. By integrating the ammonia decomposition reactor 3, the burner 7 and the blower 8 and separating them from the outside, it is beneficial to improve the heat in the heat cabinet. The concentrated distribution in the cabinet and the thermal insulation performance of the ammonia decomposition reactor 3 and the burner 7 are improved to minimize the heat loss during operation; more preferably, the heat exchanger 4, the adsorption system 5 and the fuel cell 6 are arranged close to each other, and the heat exchanger 4, the adsorption system 5 and the fuel cell 6 are centrally arranged in the cold cabinet 10, and the cold cabinet 10 is used to integrate the heat exchanger 4, the adsorption system 5 and the fuel cell 6; the cold cabinet 10 and the hot cabinet 9 are connected by a chuck type connection, which improves the convenience of movement between the cold cabinet and the hot cabinet.

[0034] Preferably, the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor 3, the burner 7 and the blower 8 in the hot cabinet 9 are connected by an integrated pipeline; the heat exchanger 4, the adsorption system 5 and the fuel cell 6 in the cold cabinet 10 are connected by an integrated pipeline, so as to avoid loosening and leakage of connecting parts caused by thermal expansion and contraction during use and vibration generated during movement, thereby improving the safety of system operation.

[0035] A method for generating electricity using an ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup comprises the following steps:

[0036] Step 1: Open the hydrogen control valve, pass the hydrogen in the hydrogen bottle into the fuel cell, and introduce air into the fuel cell;

[0037] Step 2: The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy, and the exhaust gas after the fuel cell generates electricity is introduced into the burner;

[0038] Step 3: The burner burns the tail gas after the fuel cell generates electricity and generates high-temperature flue gas; the generated high-temperature flue gas is introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor to heat the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor;

[0039] Step 4: When the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is greater than or equal to 500° C., the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is opened, and the ammonia in the ammonia bottle is introduced into the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor;

[0040] Step 5: The autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor decomposes the ammonia gas introduced from the ammonia gas bottle into a mixed gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen;

[0041] Step 6: The decomposed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen is introduced into the adsorption system for adsorption purification. The adsorbed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen enters the fuel cell, and the fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy.

[0042] In step one, when the hydrogen bottle is directly connected to the fuel cell, the hydrogen control valve is opened, and the hydrogen is discharged from the hydrogen bottle and directly enters the fuel cell for power generation; when the hydrogen bottle is connected to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen valve is opened, and after the hydrogen enters the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, it passes through the heat exchanger and the adsorption system in sequence and then enters the fuel cell; when the hydrogen passes through the adsorption system, it can start to purge the adsorption column in the adsorption system, remove the ammonia adsorbed in the adsorption column, and improve the adsorption effect of the adsorption system; in step four, when the hydrogen bottle is directly connected to the fuel cell, when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor reaches 400°C, the ammonia control valve can be opened first to introduce the ammonia in the ammonia bottle into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, and when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor continues to rise to 500°C, the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is maintained open, and the ammonia continues to be introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor.

[0043] The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell system capable of rapid startup described in the present application adopts an external hydrogen cylinder, firstly introduces hydrogen into the fuel cell and makes the fuel cell generate electricity first, so as to achieve rapid preheating of the fuel cell, so that when the mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen after adsorption purification is subsequently introduced into the fuel cell, the fuel cell can respond quickly and generate electricity, and realize power generation from cold state to startup within 5 minutes; compared with the previous design, it has the characteristics of simple structure, small volume, small lithium battery capacity, fast startup time and low cost, and is very suitable for mobile backup power supply and vehicle-mounted application scenarios; in the power generation system, the self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor and the burner are integrated in the hot cabinet, and the heat exchanger, the fuel cell and the adsorption system are integrated in the cold cabinet, the pipelines inside the hot cabinet and the cold cabinet are integrated, and the blue plate connection mode is cancelled, so as to avoid loosening and leakage of the connection parts caused by thermal expansion and contraction during use and vibration generated during the movement process; by setting the hot cabinet and the cold cabinet, it is also convenient for maintenance and disassembly, and the thermal insulation performance is improved, and the heat loss is minimized to the greatest extent. The chuck type connection is adopted between the hot cabinet and the cold cabinet, which is convenient for movement and disassembly.

[0044] Obviously, the above embodiments are merely examples for the purpose of clear explanation, and are not intended to limit the implementation methods. For those skilled in the art, other different forms of changes or modifications can be made based on the above description. It is not necessary and impossible to list all the implementation methods here. However, the obvious changes or modifications derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup, comprising a hydrogen cylinder, an ammonia cylinder, a self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor, a heat exchanger, an adsorption system, a fuel cell and a burner; characterized in that: The ammonia cylinder is connected to the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, and an ammonia control valve is provided between the ammonia cylinder and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is filled with an ammonia decomposition catalyst, the ammonia decomposition catalyst comprises a nickel metal carrier and a ruthenium active metal, the nickel metal carrier is provided with a plurality of through holes, and the ruthenium active metal is loaded inside the through holes; The decomposition gas outlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is connected to the heat exchanger and the adsorption system in sequence, and the adsorption system is connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; The hydrogen cylinder is in communication with the fuel inlet of the fuel cell, and a hydrogen control valve is provided between the hydrogen cylinder and the fuel inlet of the fuel cell; The burner is arranged close to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, and the burner is used to provide high-temperature flue gas to the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; the outlet of the fuel cell is communicated with the combustion inlet of the burner, and the burner is connected to the blower; the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower are arranged close to each other, and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower are centrally arranged in a hot cabinet, and the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower in the hot cabinet are connected by an integrated pipeline, and the hot cabinet is used to integrate the ammonia decomposition reactor, the burner and the blower and separate them from the outside; the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell are arranged close to each other, and the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell are centrally arranged in a cold cabinet, and the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell in the cold cabinet are connected by an integrated pipeline, and the cold cabinet is used to integrate the heat exchanger, the adsorption system and the fuel cell; the cold cabinet and the hot cabinet are connected by a chuck type; The power generation method using the ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup comprises the following steps: Step 1: Open the hydrogen control valve, pass the hydrogen in the hydrogen bottle into the fuel cell, and introduce air into the fuel cell; Step 2: The fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy, and the exhaust gas after the fuel cell generates electricity is introduced into the burner; Step 3: The burner burns the tail gas after the fuel cell generates electricity and generates high-temperature flue gas; the generated high-temperature flue gas is introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor to heat the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; Step 4: When the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is greater than or equal to 500° C., the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is opened, and the ammonia in the ammonia bottle is introduced into the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; Step 5: The autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor decomposes the ammonia gas introduced from the ammonia gas bottle into a mixed gas containing hydrogen and nitrogen; Step 6: The decomposed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen is introduced into the adsorption system for adsorption purification. The adsorbed mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen enters the fuel cell, and the fuel cell converts the chemical energy of the gas into electrical energy.

2. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrogen cylinder is arranged close to the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor and is communicated with the ammonia inlet; the ammonia cylinder is communicated with the ammonia inlet.

3. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrogen cylinder is arranged close to the fuel cell and is directly connected to the fuel inlet of the fuel cell. The ammonia cylinder is arranged close to the ammonia inlet of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor and is connected to the ammonia inlet.

4. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 1, characterized in that: The self-heating ammonia decomposition reactor comprises an ammonia channel and a flue gas channel, wherein the flue gas channel is sleeved on the outer wall of the ammonia channel and fits with the outer wall of the ammonia channel; one end of the ammonia channel is an ammonia inlet, and the other end of the ammonia channel is a decomposition gas outlet; one end of the flue gas channel is a flue gas inlet, and the other end of the flue gas channel is a flue gas outlet; the ammonia channel is filled with the ammonia decomposition catalyst.

5. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 4, characterized in that: The flue gas inlet is arranged close to the decomposition gas outlet, the flue gas outlet is arranged close to the ammonia gas inlet, and the ammonia decomposition reactor is connected to an electric heating device.

6. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 1, characterized in that: The adsorption system comprises a plurality of adsorption columns arranged in parallel, the plurality of adsorption columns arranged in parallel are connected by pipelines, a plurality of control valves are correspondingly arranged between the plurality of adsorption columns, and the adsorption columns are filled with adsorbent.

7. The ammonia hydrogen fuel cell power generation system capable of rapid startup according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step four, when the hydrogen cylinder is directly connected to the fuel cell, when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor reaches 400°C, the ammonia control valve is opened to introduce the ammonia in the ammonia cylinder into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor; when the outlet temperature of the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor continues to rise to 500°C and above, the high-temperature flue gas in the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor is discharged from the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor, the hydrogen control valve is closed and the ammonia control valve is maintained open, and the ammonia continues to be introduced into the autothermal ammonia decomposition reactor.

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