Method and apparatus for enabling frequency layers for positioning

Abstract

A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) and a method for the WTRU. The method comprises: receiving, from a network, configuration information indicating: a plurality of frequency layers for positioning reference signals; and at least one activated frequency layer among the plurality of frequency layers. The frequency layers may be associated with one or more carriers for data transmission, wherein the carrier is co-located with: a frequency layer for location associated with the carrier; and a bandwidth portion (BWP) within a carrier for data transmission. The WTRU may receive, from the network, activation / deactivation information indicating activation / deactivation of any one of a secondary cell (SCell) and a BWP. The WTRU may transmit information indicating, for example, a set of frequency layers for positioning, wherein the set of frequency layers is enabled according to any of: an accuracy requirement, a latency, a measured RSRP for a frequency layer, and a measured CSI-RS corresponding to a BWP as thresholds.

Description

[0001] This divisional application is a divisional application with an application date of October 14, 2022, application number 202280076940.1, and invention name “Method and device for enabling frequency layer for positioning”.

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 257,330 filed on October 19, 2021; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 308.118 filed on February 9, 2022; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 334,826 filed on April 26, 2022, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 395,951 filed on August 8, 2022, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods and apparatus for a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU) in a wireless communication system. Background Art

[0005] The present disclosure relates to determining the location of a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), and for example, by using a positioning reference signal (PRS) having or introducing the concept of frequency layers. For a PRS configuration, a frequency layer may be a highest or first level configuration, and a transmit / receive point (TRP) may be a resource set of a lower or second level configuration. In the case of a conventional wireless network, a conventional WTRU is configured to operate with up to four frequency layers. However, such a conventional WTRU may only process one frequency during measurements performed to determine the location of the WTRU, and different positioning methods may be used on the corresponding frequency layers. Summary of the invention

[0006] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple frequency layers. One or more (or each) frequency layers may be associated with one or more carriers, cells, and / or bandwidth portions for data transmission. The WTRU may be triggered to enable one or more frequency layers for positioning. The triggering of enabling a frequency layer for positioning may include various combinations of detected triggers.

[0007] An example of a trigger for enabling a frequency layer for positioning may include a configured secondary cell (SCell) activation / deactivation state associated with the frequency layer. An example trigger for enabling a frequency layer for positioning may include a given bandwidth portion associated with the frequency layer being activated. In an embodiment, a trigger for enabling a frequency layer for positioning may include one or more requirements for the frequency layer to meet positioning services. In an embodiment, a trigger may include, for example, the quality of a positioning reference signal (PRS) when the measurement quality is above a set threshold. The WTRU may utilize a combination of triggers for enabling a given frequency layer for positioning.

[0008] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to receive configuration information indicating multiple frequency layers for positioning measurements from a network. At least one frequency layer may be associated with a first cell or a first configured bandwidth part (BWP), and at least one second frequency layer may be associated with a second BWP or a second cell. The WTRU may activate the second cell, wherein the second BWP is active in the second cell. The WTRU may further perform a first measurement associated with one or more positioning PRS transmissions in the first frequency layer associated with the first cell or the first BWP. The WTRU may perform a second measurement associated with one or more PRS transmissions in the second frequency layer associated with the second cell or the second BWP based on the first measurement result associated with the PRS transmission in the first frequency layer being lower than a threshold. The WTRU may further send a measurement report including at least one of the first measurement or the second measurement and an indication of the frequency layer associated with the measurement.

[0009] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to utilize multiple measurement gaps (MGs). Each measurement gap may be associated with a set of one or more frequency layers. The MG duration or length may depend on (e.g., be associated with) one or more of the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, the parameter sets of the enabled frequency layers, and / or the number of enabled frequency layers, etc. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request a MG from a pre-configured MG based on the set of enabled frequency layers. The duration of the MG requested by the WTRU may depend on one or more of the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, the parameter sets of the enabled frequency layers, and / or the number of enabled frequency layers, etc.

[0010] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to request one or more MGs associated with a set of aggregated frequency layers. The WTRU may be configured to activate and / or deactivate frequency layer aggregation. According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU is configured to request MGs associated with aggregated frequency layers, the WTRU may activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation based on various conditions. According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU may activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation, the activation or deactivation may be based on the acquisition of a channel in an unlicensed spectrum.

[0011] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine parameters for hopping-based measurements based on the priority level of the PRS and channel conditions such as Doppler shift. For example, the WTRU receives a PRS configuration from the network and receives a configuration related to the prioritization window (e.g., the priority level of the PRS). An association rule between the measurement parameters (e.g., the number of repetitions) and the channel conditions from the location management function (LMF) may be further provided along with the Doppler shift information of the channel. If the priority level of the PRS is high, the WTRU may determine the measurement mode and whether to enable hopping-based measurements. When hopping-based measurements are enabled, the WTRU determines the hopping parameters based on the Doppler shift information and the association rule (e.g., the number of repetitions in the Doppler shift-based measurements). If the priority level of the PRS is low, the hopping-based measurements are disabled and the WTRU measures the default bandwidth. Thereafter, the WTRU receives the PRS and performs measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSTD) according to the hopping measurement mode.

[0012] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to keep measuring / monitoring PRS in the deactivated frequency layer until the timer expires. The WTRU may select the positioning method calculation for each frequency layer based on the frequency band of the activated frequency layer, the bandwidth of the activated frequency layer and / or the expected time of deactivating the frequency layer. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following detailed description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with its accompanying drawings. As with the detailed description, the figures in such drawings are exemplary. Therefore, the drawings and specific embodiments should not be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and contemplated. In addition, like reference numerals ("ref.") in the accompanying drawings ("Figures") indicate similar elements, and wherein:

[0014] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented;

[0015] Figure 1B It is shown that according to one embodiment, Figure 1AA system diagram of an exemplary wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within the communication system shown;

[0016] Figure 1C It is shown that according to one embodiment, Figure 1A A system diagram of an exemplary radio access network (RAN) and an exemplary core network (CN) used within the illustrated communication system;

[0017] Figure 1D It is shown that according to one embodiment, Figure 1A A system diagram of another exemplary RAN and another exemplary CN used in the communication system shown;

[0018] Figure 2 is a diagram showing a resource configuration including frequency layers;

[0019] Figure 3 is a diagram showing association between CC, BWP and frequency layers according to an embodiment;

[0020] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the use of multiple frequency layers according to an embodiment; and

[0021] Figure 5 is a diagram showing various MG parameters associated with frequency layers from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB, etc.).

[0022] Figure 6 is a diagram showing the frequency hopping pattern and therefore the parameters.

[0023] Figure 7 is a diagram showing transitions during measurements made on a PRS.

[0024] Figure 8 is a diagram showing the hopping during measurement on a PRS and the repetition of each hop, where mK=2.

[0025] Fig. 9 is a diagram showing a muting pattern "10" of PRS hopping.

[0026] Fig.10 is a diagram showing a muting pattern "1110" of PRS hopping.

[0027] Fig.11 is an example of a process for a WTRU to enable frequency layers for positioning. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In the following detailed description, many specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments and / or examples disclosed herein. However, it will be understood that such embodiments and examples can be practiced without some or all of the specific details set forth herein. In other cases, well-known methods, processes, components, and circuits are not described in detail to avoid blurring the following description. In addition, embodiments and examples not specifically described herein may be practiced in place of embodiments and other examples explicitly, implicitly, and / or inherently described, disclosed, or otherwise provided (collectively referred to as "provided") herein, or practiced in combination with these embodiments and examples.

[0029] Figure 1A 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0030] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0031] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an evolved Node B (eNB), a Home Node B, a Home evolved Node B, a next generation Node B (gNB), an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0032] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In one embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0033] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0034] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​Uplink (UL) Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0035] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-A Pro).

[0036] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access that may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0037] In one embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0038] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), GSM Enhanced Data Rates for Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0039] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a micro-micro cell base station or a femto cell base station. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0040] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, delay requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the specification, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0041] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0042] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0043] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any subcombination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0044] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functions that enable the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0045] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR, UV, or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0046] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0047] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0048] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and may receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0049] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0050] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0051] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0052] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via hardware (e.g., choke) or via signal processing performed by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0053] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0054] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0055] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0056] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0057] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0058] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0059] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0060] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or may be in communication with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0061] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0062] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0063] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for a BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may send traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be sent between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0064] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected and / or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0065] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0066] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. A 160MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For the 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be transmitted by transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be sent to the medium access control (MAC).

[0067] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0068] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only the 1MHz operating mode) is transmitting to the AP, the entire available band may be considered busy even if most of the band remains idle and may be available.

[0069] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0070] Figure 1D1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to one embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0071] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers (CCs) to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these CCs may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining CCs may be on a licensed spectrum. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement a coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technique. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNB 180a and the gNB 180b (and / or the gNB 180c).

[0072] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths).

[0073] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as mobility anchors for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0074] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0075] Figure 1DThe CN 115 shown may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than a CN operator.

[0076] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for: authenticating the user of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of non-access stratum (NAS) signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service used by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0077] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0078] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0079] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0080] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-d, base station 114a-b, evolved Node B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0081] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, the one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0082] The one or more simulation devices may perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device may be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. The one or more simulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication performed via an RF circuit system (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the simulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0083] Frequency layers may be considered as concepts and / or aspects of wireless and / or radio frequency (RF) communications for positioning reference signals (PRS). A frequency layer may consist of (e.g., may be defined, referenced, configured, indicated, characterized, parameterized by, and / or may include, have, etc. a bandwidth, a center frequency, and (e.g., corresponding) a parameter set. For example, a WTRU may be configured with a frequency layer that consists of (e.g., defines / references) a bandwidth, a center frequency, and a corresponding parameter set. A frequency layer may be considered as (e.g., may include) a wireless network / communication resource that is configured and / or allocated, for example, with respect to wireless communications between wireless devices.

[0084] Figure 2 is a diagram showing a resource configuration including a frequency layer. Figure 2 Within a frequency layer, any number of transmit / receive points (TRPs) may be associated with a frequency layer, and any number of PRS sets (e.g., PRS configurations) may be associated with a TRP. In the case of a conventional wireless (e.g., 3GPP-specified) positioning system, a conventional WTRU configured with up to 4 frequency layers processes only one frequency (e.g., for positioning) during measurement. Furthermore, in this case, different frequency layers may be used by a conventional WTRU for different positioning methods. For example, positioning using a reference signal time difference (RSTD) method may be based on a first frequency layer, while positioning using a round trip time (RTT) method may be based on a second frequency layer.

[0085] A downlink (DL) positioning method may be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses a DL reference signal such as a PRS. In such a DL positioning method, the WTRU receives multiple reference signals from one or more transmit points (TPs) and performs DL measurements, such as any of RSTD, reference signal received power (RSRP), etc. Examples of DL positioning methods are DL angle of departure (DL-AoD) or DL ​​time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) positioning. An uplink (UL) positioning method may be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses a UL reference signal such as a sounding reference signal (SRS) for positioning. In such a UL positioning method, the WTRU transmits SRS to multiple reception points (RPs), and the RPs measure UL relative time of arrival (UL-RTOA) and / or RSRP. Examples of UL positioning methods are UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) or UL angle of arrival (UL-AoA) positioning.

[0086] A combined DL and UL positioning method may be (e.g., refer to) any positioning method that uses both UL reference signals and DL reference signals for positioning. For example, in the case of a combined DL and UL positioning method, the method uses an Rx-Tx time difference (e.g., based on UL and DL signaling), which may refer to (e.g., may include determining) the difference between the arrival time of a reference signal (e.g., PRS) transmitted by a TRP (e.g., gNB) and the transmission time of a reference signal (e.g., SRS) transmitted by a WTRU. In the case of a combined DL and UL positioning method, the WTRU transmits an SRS to multiple TRPs (e.g., gNBs) that measure the Rx-Tx time difference, and the TRP measures the RSRP of the received SRS. In this case, the WTRU measures the Rx-Tx time difference of the PRS transmitted from multiple TRPs, and the WTRU measures the RSRP of the received PRS. In addition, in this case, the round trip time is calculated using the receiver-transmitter (RX-TX) difference measured at the WTRU and the TRP and (e.g., possible) RSRP. One example of a DL and UL positioning method is multiple round trip time (RTT) positioning.

[0087] Conventional positioning systems / methods (such as the DL, UL, and combined DL and UL positioning methods discussed above) have shortcomings in terms of the requirements for providing high accuracy positioning for potential / future use cases such as wireless networks. For example, use cases such as factory deployment and vehicle communications require positioning services with high accuracy. The accuracy of the estimated position depends on the bandwidth used for the PRS, because when the bandwidth used for the PRS increases, the estimation error decreases. In the case of limited bandwidth configuration available for positioning, the achievable accuracy will be limited. Although in conventional positioning systems / methods, the WTRU can be configured with up to 4 frequency layers (i.e., one frequency per cell), the frequency layers cannot be dynamically switched due to the conventional (e.g., 3GPP LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) configuration of the WTRU. In addition, the conventional use of frequency layers does not allow them to be aggregated, thereby preventing wideband positioning. In view of the above shortcomings of conventional positioning methods, there is a need (e.g., for the WTRU, TRP, eNB, etc.) to flexibly combine and / or switch frequency layers, for example, according to measurement conditions.

[0088] According to an embodiment, the positioning method used by the wireless network may include and / or use accuracy requirements, such as, for example, and accuracy requirements associated with positioning measurements performed by the WTRU. According to an embodiment, the accuracy requirement may include (e.g., consist of, have, use, be associated with, indicate, etc.) any of the following: horizontal accuracy of the position, vertical accuracy of the position, and both horizontal accuracy and vertical accuracy of the position. According to an embodiment, for example, the PRS configuration for the WTRU may include the accuracy requirement. That is, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with an association between the accuracy requirement of the positioning and the bandwidth size of the positioning reference signal (PRS). For example, there may be a situation where a horizontal accuracy of 2 meters may be associated with a PRS bandwidth greater than 100 MHz. According to an embodiment, any number (e.g., multiple) of accuracy requirements may be associated with corresponding (e.g., different) bandwidth sizes. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be semi-statically configured with such an association, for example, by / from a gNB or a location management function (LMF).

[0089] According to an embodiment, (e.g., as an alternative to semi-static configuration), the association between the accuracy requirement and the bandwidth size may be static, that is, the association may be fixed in the specification (e.g., defined, specified, interpreted, etc.). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with an association between the (e.g., required) latency for positioning and the bandwidth size of the PRS. For example, a latency of 40 ms may be associated with a PRS bandwidth greater than 200 MHz. According to an embodiment, multiple (e.g., any number of) latency requirements may be associated with any number of (e.g., different) bandwidth sizes. According to an embodiment, either the gNB or the LMF may semi-statically configure such an association for the WTRU. According to an embodiment, (e.g., as an alternative to semi-static configuration), the association between the latency and the bandwidth size may be fixed (e.g., in the specification). According to an embodiment, as discussed below, it may be assumed that the WTRU may be configured with an association between the bandwidth size and any of the accuracy requirement and the latency requirement for the positioning service (e.g., information indicating the association, a formula for the association, etc.).

[0090] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine whether (e.g., whether) the WTRU can support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers for positioning, for example, based on (e.g., according to the WTRU's) ability to support carrier aggregation for data transmission. For example, according to an embodiment, in the event that the WTRU determines that it can support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers, the WTRU may (e.g., then) report to the LMF the ability to support multiple (e.g., enabled) frequency layers for positioning. According to an embodiment, the LMF may be a non-limiting example of a node and / or entity (e.g., a network node or entity) that can be used to support positioning. According to an embodiment, the disclosure herein is not limited to the use of the LMF, and any other suitable and / or similar node or entity may replace the LMF and still be consistent with the present disclosure.

[0091] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report, for example, to the LMF, a set of configured secondary cells (SCells) and / or CCs (e.g., configured by the gNB) for data transmission. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report the configured SCells / CCs to the LMF using LPP signaling. In addition, the WTRU may report to the LMF any of the cell ID, absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN), and bandwidth of each of the configured SCells / CCs for data transmission.

[0092] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report active SCell / CCs to the LMF, for example, upon receiving an indication such as, for example, an activation or deactivation indication from the gNB. For example, in the event that the WTRU receives a MAC Control Element (MAC-CE) to deactivate one or more SCell / CCs, the WTRU reports a set of active SCell / CCs to the LMF using the LPP protocol. According to an embodiment, in the event that the WTRU receives a MAC-CE to activate one or more SCell / CCs, the WTRU reports a set of active SCell / CCs to the LMF using the LPP protocol. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report a set of configured bandwidth parts (BWPs) within a CC to the LMF. For example, in accordance with an embodiment, the WTRU may report to the LMF any one of the BWP ID and the bandwidth of the configured BWP, and the WTRU may indicate the CC of each BWP when reporting the set.

[0093] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured, for example, by a network (e.g., LMF, gNB, etc.) with multiple frequency layers for positioning reference signals. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., initially configured, preliminarily configured, pre-configured, etc.) to enable (e.g., activate) one or more frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to associate a frequency layer with one or more of any of a SCell, CC, and BWP for data transmission. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured, for example (e.g., explicitly) by the LMF and / or gNB to associate a frequency layer with one or more SCells, CCs, and / or BWPs. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive (e.g., information such as configuration information indicating) a mapping associating a frequency layer to one or more cell IDs from the LMF. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive (e.g., information indicating) a mapping associating a frequency layer and a BWP with a cell from the gNB.

[0094] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may autonomously associate a frequency layer with any of the SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to autonomously associate a frequency layer with the SCell, CC, and / or BWP, for example, in the case where the frequency layer and any of the SCell, CC, and BWP are co-located in the frequency domain. For example, according to an embodiment, in the case where any of the SCell, CC, and BWP are below the same frequency band, the WTRU may associate the frequency layer with any of the SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, for example, in the case where the frequency offset between the center frequency of the frequency layer and the center frequency of the SCell, CC, and BWP exceeds (e.g., is lower than or higher than) (e.g., configured) thresholds, the WTRU may associate the frequency layer with any of the SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, for example, in the case where the bandwidth of the frequency layer is within the bandwidth of any of the SCell, CC, and / or BWP, the WTRU may associate the frequency layer with any of the SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, for example, in the case where the WTRU is capable of supporting any of SCell, CC, and BWP and a frequency layer at the same time, the WTRU may associate a frequency layer with any of SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, such capability may be defined and / or specified.

[0095] Figure 3 is a diagram showing the association between CC, BWP and frequency layers according to an embodiment. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may associate any one of a single SCell, CC and BWP with any number of frequency layers. That is, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to associate any one of a single SCell, a single CC and a single BWP with multiple frequency layers (e.g., configured with information for association). For example, according to an embodiment, there may be a case where a wideband BWP may be associated with multiple frequency layers and a narrowband BWP may be associated with a single frequency layer (e.g., different from any one of the multiple frequency layers or the same as one of the multiple frequency layers). Reference Figure 3 , the first CC (CC1) for data transmission may be associated with 8 frequency layers (including FL1 to FL8) for positioning (eg, for positioning signaling). According to an embodiment, reference Figure 3 , the first BWP (BWP1) may be associated with four frequency layers FL1 to FL4. Depending on the embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to associate a single frequency layer with any of multiple SCells, multiple CCs, and multiple BWPs.

[0096] According to an embodiment, a PRS configuration (e.g., bandwidth of the PRS, number of OFDM symbols, repetition factor, comb factor, etc.) may be associated with multiple frequency layers. The WTRU may receive a list of PRS configurations from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) that associates one or more (or each) PRS configurations with multiple frequency layers. For example, based on the list, the WTRU may determine that PRS configuration A is associated with frequency layers No. 1 and No. 2, while PRS configuration B is associated with frequency layers No. 3 and No. 4. When the WTRU receives an indication that multiple frequency layers are configured, the WTRU may determine the PRS configuration based on the list. In this example, "frequency layer" may be used interchangeably with SCell, CC, or BWP.

[0097] According to an embodiment, a base station (e.g., a gNB) may transmit any of an activation command and a deactivation command associated with any of a SCell, a CC, and a BWP. That is, according to an embodiment, a WTRU may receive (e.g., from a gNB) an activation command and / or a deactivation command for one or more of the configured SCell, CC, and / or BWP. According to an embodiment, in the event that any of the SCell, CC, and BWP corresponding to a frequency layer is activated, the WTRU may enable the frequency layer for positioning. For example, according to an embodiment, reference Figure 3 , when CC1 is activated, the WTRU may enable any of the frequency layers FL1 to FL8 for positioning. Figure 3 , in case BWP5 is activated, the WTRU may enable the FL8 frequency layer for positioning. According to an embodiment, for example, in case the corresponding SCell, CC and / or BWP is deactivated, the WTRU may deactivate the frequency layer for positioning.

[0098] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine which frequency layer to enable, for example, based on the subcarrier spacing of any of the active SCell, the active CC, and the active BWP. For example, the WTRU may enable a frequency layer having a subcarrier spacing equal to the subcarrier spacing of at least one of the active SCell, the active CC, and the active BWP. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use the accuracy requirement to determine any number of frequency layers to enable from any of the active SCell, the active CC, and the active BWP. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may use a configured association between accuracy (e.g., accuracy requirement) and bandwidth size to determine the (e.g., required) bandwidth for the PRS.

[0099] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive (e.g., information indicating) an association between accuracy and bandwidth size from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF). According to an embodiment, based on a set of active SCells, active CCs, and / or active BWPs, the WTRU may use an association between any of the SCells, CCs, BWPs and frequency layers to determine, for example, a set of frequency layers available for activation. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may (e.g., then) enable a frequency layer having a bandwidth greater than or equal to (e.g., associated with) a bandwidth used (e.g., required, needed, etc.) to meet the accuracy requirement. According to an embodiment (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU may enable multiple frequency layers and may aggregate frequency layers (e.g., operation, use, etc. of frequency layers), for example to meet the accuracy requirement.

[0100] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine the frequency layer to be activated from (e.g., from between, subordinate to, etc.) any of the active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs, e.g., based on (e.g., based on) the required latency. That is, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may use a configured association between the required latency and the bandwidth size, e.g., to determine the (e.g., required, minimum, required, etc.) bandwidth for the PRS. According to an embodiment, based on a set of any of the active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs, the WTRU may determine a set of frequency layers available for activation, e.g., by using (e.g., based on, based on, etc.) an association between any of the SCells, CCs, and BWPs and the frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may (e.g., then) activate a frequency layer having a bandwidth greater than or equal to the required bandwidth determined to meet the latency requirement. According to an embodiment (e.g., as an alternative to enabling one frequency layer), the WTRU may enable multiple frequency layers and may aggregate the frequency layers to meet the latency requirement.

[0101] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine whether the measured RSRP of one or more PRSs within a frequency layer is below a threshold. In the case where the measured RSRP of one or more PRSs within a frequency layer is below a threshold, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine the frequency layer to be enabled from any one of (e.g., between) the active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with a first enabled frequency layer to measure the PRS. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine that the (e.g., measured) RSRP of at least one PRS within the enabled frequency layer is below a (e.g., configured) threshold. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine that the (e.g., measured) RSRP of N PRSs within the enabled frequency layer is below a (e.g., configured) threshold, where N is the configured number of PRSs.

[0102] According to an embodiment, in the event that the measured RSRP of the PRS is below a configured threshold, the WTRU selects one (e.g., another, second, different, etc.) frequency layer, for example to enable such selected frequency layer from among the frequency layers associated with any of the active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may select to enable a frequency layer associated with a larger bandwidth (e.g., having a larger bandwidth). According to an embodiment (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU may activate all frequency layers associated with all active SCells, active CCs, and active BWPs. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may enable and / or disable any frequency layer. For example, the WTRU may disable a first frequency layer that has been enabled after enabling a second frequency layer.

[0103] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may perform measurements associated with a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) corresponding to any one of a SCell, CC, and BWP. According to an embodiment, in the case where the measured CSI-RS corresponding to the SCell / CC / BWP is below a threshold, the WTRU may determine (e.g., select) a frequency layer to be enabled from any one of the active SCell, the active CC, and the active BWP. According to an embodiment, there may be a case where the WTRU is configured with a first enabled frequency layer (e.g., information indicating the first enabled frequency layer, configured to use the first enabled frequency layer, etc.) to measure PRS, wherein the first enabled frequency layer is associated with an active SCell, CC, and / or BWP for data transmission. According to an embodiment, in this case, the WTRU may determine that the CSI-RS measured on the SCell (e.g., and / or any one of the CC and BWP) associated with the first enabled frequency layer is below the configured threshold. In addition, in this case, the WTRU may select (e.g., determine) to enable a second frequency layer, which is a frequency layer associated with the remaining active SCells (e.g., CC, BWP). According to an embodiment, in this case, the WTRU may deactivate the first activated frequency layer after activating the second frequency layer.

[0104] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple PRS configurations, where each PRS resource may be associated with a SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer. If the PRS resources associated with multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers have similar error characteristics (e.g., phase error, timing error), the WTRU may receive an indication from the network to activate multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. For example, if the PRS resources belong to the same timing error group, the WTRU may determine that the PRS resources share similar timing errors. Therefore, if the PRS resources belong to an error group (e.g., timing error group, phase error group), the WTRU may determine that multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers are activated simultaneously.

[0105] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive information indicating (e.g., commanding, directing, configuring, etc.) that the WTRU selects a frequency layer based on RSRP measured for CSI-RS and / or PRS. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication from a network (e.g., gNB, LMF) via any of a downlink control element (DCI), a MAC control element (MAC-CE), a radio resource control (RRC), and LPP messaging / signaling to select a frequency layer based on RSRP measured on CSI-RS and / or PRS. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive (e.g., may be configured with information indicating) different thresholds for selecting a frequency layer based on CSI-RS RSRP and / or PRS RSRP. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to use two RSRP thresholds. That is, in the case where both the CSI-RS RSRP and the PRS RSRP are above their respective thresholds, the WTRU may determine to use a frequency layer. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to receive an indication from a network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB) to enable one or more frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an LPP message to enable one or more frequency layers.

[0106] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a DCI (e.g., and / or any one of a MAC-CE message and an RRC message) to enable one or more frequency layers. For example, according to an embodiment, the LMF may send an indication to the gNB regarding the frequency layers that the WTRU is (e.g., instructed, commanded, configured) to enable (e.g., information indicating the frequency layers, configuring the frequency layers, commanding the frequency layers, etc.). In this case, according to an embodiment, the gNB may relay the information to the WTRU using lower layer signaling such as DCI or MAC-CE signaling, and the WTRU may activate the SCell, CC, BWP corresponding to the enabled frequency layers. For example, according to an embodiment, there may be a case where the WTRU is configured with frequency layer x associated with BWP y. In this case, according to an embodiment, in addition to receiving an enable indication for frequency layer x (e.g., information indicating the enablement of the frequency layer) from the LMF, the WTRU may switch to BWP y for data transmission.

[0107] According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the WTRU is configured with frequency layer x associated with SCell y. In this case, the WTRU may receive an enable indication for frequency layer x from the LMF, and the WTRU may enable SCell y for data transmission. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may enable frequency layers based on the positioning method performed / used by the WTRU. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with restrictions associated with (e.g., certain) positioning methods. For example, the WTRU may be configured with restrictions on the combination of frequency layers that depend on the positioning method. That is, according to an embodiment, for the angle of departure (AoD) positioning method, the WTRU may enable frequency layers with different parameter sets, and for the time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning method, the WTRU may not (e.g., cannot, is not allowed, etc.) aggregate frequency layers with different parameter sets.

[0108] Depending on the implementation, there may be a situation where the WTRU is configured with TDOA, where the WTRU may not aggregate SCells, CCs, BWPs or frequency layers, where the PRS resources associated with the SCells, CCs, BWPs or frequency layers do not belong to the same error group (e.g., timing error group, phase error group).

[0109] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) the number N of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to be activated. The WTRU may receive criteria based on which the WTRU determines the SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to be activated. The WTRU may determine to activate SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers, wherein the number of activated SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers may be less than N. According to an embodiment, if the number of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers that may be activated is less than N, the WTRU may determine not to activate any SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers.

[0110] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to disable / deactivate aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers if one or more conditions are not met. For example, if the number of aggregated SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers is not the same across configured PRS resources, PRS resource sets, or TRPs from which PRS is transmitted, the WTRU may deactivate aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. Once the WTRU determines to deactivate aggregation of frequency layers, the WTRU may determine to use the default SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer that was used before enabling aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers.

[0111] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may enable a frequency layer based on the channel access procedure result (listen before talk result). The WTRU may be configured with one or more frequency layers having frequency resources belonging to an unlicensed spectrum. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may first attempt to access the channel in which the frequency layer is configured, and upon successful acquisition of the channel, the WTRU enables the frequency layer. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication from the gNB indicating that the channel is acquired by the gNB. The WTRU may then enable a frequency layer having frequency resources within the acquired channel indicated from the gNB. The WTRU may also receive a DCI (WTRU-specific or group-common DCI) indicating which frequency resources are acquired by the gNB and the channel occupancy time. The WTRU may enable a frequency layer belonging to an unlicensed spectrum only during the duration of the acquisition of the channel (i.e., the channel occupancy time). When the channel is released (by the gNB or the WTRU), the WTRU may deactivate the corresponding frequency layer.

[0112] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to report a set of enabled frequency layers, for example, to the network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report a set of selected (with enabled) frequency layers before reporting the measurement results. According to an embodiment (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU may report a set of enabled frequency layers together with the measurement results of the PRS. According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the WTRU reports preferred frequency layers to the network, for example, without enabling the frequency layers (e.g., by itself). In this case, the WTRU (e.g., then) waits for the network (e.g., LMF and / or gNB) configuration of the frequency layers to enable one or more frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may use a trigger for enabling frequency layers to select a set of frequency layers, for example to report to the network.

[0113] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may not report a set of enabled SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). The WTRU may receive an indication from the network to enable aggregation of SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. In addition, the WTRU may receive an association with a SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer and a PRS configuration from the network. Each SCell, CC, BWP, or frequency layer may be associated with an ID. For example, each BWP may be associated with a PRS configuration (e.g., bandwidth, comb pattern, repetition factor, number of symbols for PRS), and the WTRU may determine the PRS configuration associated with an activated BWP, where the BWP is activated based on at least one of the aforementioned conditions. The network may determine which SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers to activate based on measurement reports from the WTRU. A PRS configuration may be associated with multiple SCells, CCs, BWPs, or frequency layers. Each combination of SCell, CC, BWP or frequency layer may be associated with an ID (e.g., a group of SCells, CCs, BWPs or frequency layers may be associated with an ID), and the ID may be associated with a PRS configuration. Based on the IDs of a group of activated SCells, CCs, BWPs or frequency layers, the WTRU may determine the PRS configuration.

[0114] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report (e.g., transmit information indicating) an identifier (ID) of either a preferred BWP and a preferred SCell, and the WTRU may determine which of the BWP and / or SCell is preferred. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with (e.g., more) appropriate frequency layers relative to the preferred BWP and / or SCell reported by the WTRU (e.g., then after reporting the preferred SCell and / or BWP). For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with both a narrowband BWP and a wideband BWP, and each BWP may be associated with a different number of frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may select a wideband BWP that may be used for (e.g., may help enable) a wideband frequency layer.

[0115] According to an embodiment, in the case of enabling a frequency layer (e.g., in the case of an enabled frequency layer), the WTRU may start monitoring the bandwidth of the (e.g., enabled) frequency layer to, for example, measure received PRS and / or transmit SRS for positioning. According to an embodiment, in the case of deactivating a frequency layer (e.g., in the case of a frequency layer being deactivated), the WTRU may stop monitoring the bandwidth of the frequency layer and / or transmitting on the bandwidth of the frequency layer.

[0116] In an embodiment, the WTRU may keep measuring PRS in a frequency layer after the frequency layer has been deactivated. The WTRU may be configured with a timer for determining the time at which each frequency layer may measure PRS when the frequency layer is deactivated. In an embodiment, upon deactivating a frequency layer, the WTRU may trigger a timer and keep monitoring / measuring PRS. When the timer expires, the WTRU may stop measuring / monitoring PRS in the deactivated frequency layer. In an embodiment, if the corresponding frequency layer is enabled again, the WTRU may reset the timer and keep monitoring PRS. For example, the WTRU may be configured with an association between a BWP and a frequency layer (e.g., BWP1 is associated with FL1). The WTRU may indicate activation of BWP1 by the gNB and activation of frequency layer 1 FL1. After using BWP1, the gNB may switch the active BWP to a different BWP. The WTRU may start a timer and keep measuring / monitoring PRS within FL1 even after switching the BWP. If the gNB indicates to the WTRU to switch back to BWP1 as the active BWP before the timer expires, the WTRU may stop and reset the timer to keep monitoring PRS within FL1. If the timer expires and the WTRU is still not using BWP1 as the active BWP, the WTRU may stop monitoring the PRS in FL1.

[0117] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured (e.g., pre-configured) with more than one measurement gap (MG), each MG having a corresponding and / or different duration. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to determine the MG, for example, based on a set of enabled frequency layers and an active SCell, an active CC, and / or an active BWP. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may: (1) request (e.g., send an information request) the (e.g., determined) MG from the gNB, and / or (2) autonomously use the determined MG. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine (e.g., required) the MG based on any of the subcarrier spacing and the frequency position. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine (e.g., required) the MG based on the subcarrier spacing of any of the active SCell, the active CC, and the active BWP and the subcarrier spacing of the enabled frequency layers. For example, according to an embodiment, in the case where the active SCell, CC, and / or BWP have the same parameter set as the enabled frequency layers, the WTRU may select the minimum MG duration.

[0118] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine (e.g., required) the MG based on the frequency location of the enabled frequency layer (e.g., relative to the frequency location of any of the active SCell, active CC, and / or active BWP). For example, in the case where the active SCell, active CC, and / or active BWP are in the same frequency band as the enabled frequency layer, the WTRU may select a minimum MG duration. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may temporarily switch to another frequency layer, for example, to perform measurements, and may (e.g., then) switch back to the active BWP. According to an embodiment, the WTRU's need for a MG may depend on whether the wider frequency band includes the active BWP.

[0119] According to an embodiment, in the case of any of the DL positioning method and the combined DL and UL positioning method, a PRS may be transmitted from a neighboring cell (e.g., a non-serving cell). In this case, the WTRU may receive information (e.g., a cell ID) related to the neighboring cell from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). According to an embodiment and as referred to herein, a "neighboring cell ID" may refer to a cell ID configured for the WTRU for positioning purposes. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive from the network an indication for associating the SCell ID with the neighboring cell ID used for positioning (e.g., information indicating an association therebetween). For example, according to an embodiment, in the case where the SCell ID and the neighboring cell ID are the same, the WTRU may determine to associate their IDs.

[0120] According to an embodiment (e.g., as an alternative), the WTRU may receive a table from the network indicating an association between a SCell ID and a neighboring cell ID (e.g., may receive information indicating a mapping). According to an embodiment, this association may be a default configuration. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to associate a neighboring cell ID with a SCell ID, for example, in the event that the WTRU receives an indication and / or activation from the network to use an additional frequency layer. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to associate a frequency layer with any of the CCs or BWPs of the associated SCell ID based on any of the following parameters: ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number), bandwidth, center frequency, SCS, parameter set for data communication, and / or PRS.

[0121] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive, for example, an indication from the network to use multiple frequency layers (e.g., information indicating activation). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may stop using the multiple frequency layers if (e.g., is met, occurs, etc.) at least one of the following conditions: an accuracy requirement has been met, a timer has expired, the RSRP of the PRS associated with the additional frequency layer is below a threshold, and an explicit indication from the network. According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the accuracy requirement has been met. According to an embodiment, in the event that the WTRU determines that the accuracy requirement has been met, the WTRU may send an indication to the network to terminate the use of the additional frequency layer, for example because the accuracy requirement has been met.

[0122] According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the timer times out. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a duration during which the WTRU is expected to use the additional frequency layer. In this case, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may start a timer in another case where the WTRU starts using the additional frequency layer. When the timer times out, the WTRU may terminate the use of the additional frequency layer. According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the RSRP of the PRS associated with the additional frequency layer is lower than a threshold. According to an embodiment, in this case, the WTRU may be configured with a threshold from the network. According to an embodiment, there may be another situation where: (1) the RSRP of the PRS transmitted on the additional frequency layer is lower than the threshold, or (2) the number of PRSs with RSRP above the threshold is lower than the pre-configured number of frequency layers. In this other case, the WTRU may determine to terminate the use of the additional frequency layer for positioning, for example, because the WTRU may not be able to perform information measurements from the additional frequency layer.

[0123] Depending on the implementation, there may be cases where there is an explicit indication from the network. That is, according to the implementation, the WTRU may receive a deactivation command from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) via any of DCI, MAC-CE, RRC, and LPP messaging / signaling. According to the implementation, in the event that the WTRU determines to terminate the use of the additional frequency layer, the WTRU may send an indication to the network (e.g., gNB, LMF) via any of RRC, UCI, MAC-CE, and LPP messaging, for example, to notify the network that the use of the additional frequency layer has been terminated.

[0124] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with a default number of frequency layers and / or a default number of frequency layer IDs on which the WTRU may (e.g., be expected to) receive PRS. According to an embodiment, in the event that use of an additional frequency layer is terminated and / or in the event that the WTRU does not find (e.g., determine, select, etc.) an additional frequency layer for positioning, the WTRU may determine to use a frequency layer with a fallback frequency layer ID. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration for a default number of frequency layers (e.g., information indicating the configuration) from the network. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to select (e.g., select) a configured number of frequency layers from a set of frequency layers configured for the WTRU.

[0125] Depending on the implementation, the PRS configuration parameters may include any of the following: repetition factor; resource time gap; number of codewords; silent mode; resource power; RE offset; codeword offset; PRS resource ID; PRS resource set ID; PRS ID; TRP ID (e.g., according to which PRS is transmitted); bandwidth; and cell ID (e.g., according to which PRS is transmitted).

[0126] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating the use of multiple frequency layers (FL) according to an embodiment. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with any number (e.g., multiple) frequency layers. According to an embodiment, a frequency layer (that is, each frequency layer in the multiple frequency layers) may be associated with one or more carriers and / or BWPs for data transmission. According to an embodiment, there may be a set of (e.g., configured) frequency layers enabled by a network (such as, LMF). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an SCell activation command for one or more SCells. After measuring the PRS transmitted within / via the enabled frequency layers, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine whether the measured PRS (such as, RSRP) is above or below a (e.g., configured) threshold for service requirements. Reference Figure 4 , in the event that the measured RSRP is below a (e.g., configured) threshold, the WTRU may enable additional frequency layers based on the set of any of the active SCells and active BWPs. The WTRU measures the PRS on the newly enabled FL. In this case, the WTRU may (e.g., then) return (e.g., send, transmit, etc.) a measurement report to the LMF, e.g., via / using the enabled frequency layers. Again referring to Figure 4 In the event that the measured RSRP is above or greater than a (eg, configured) threshold, the WTRU may return (eg, send, transmit, etc.) a measurement report to the LMF, for example via / using the enabled frequency layer.

[0127] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a frequency hopping (FH) pattern for a DL RS (e.g., PRS), for example, before configuring multiple layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a PRS in a configured frequency and time resource (e.g., in a configured hop), which may change according to a pattern (e.g., in a predetermined pattern), for example, so that the WTRU can measure on the PRS (e.g., on an enabled FL). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report (e.g., transmit information indicating) the RSRP for each hop to the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the WTRU determines that the RSRP corresponding to the hop is higher than a (e.g., pre-configured) threshold. In this case, according to an embodiment, in the event that the WTRU receives an indication to use multiple frequency layers, the network may activate the frequency layer corresponding to the hop.

[0128] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine that an additional frequency layer is needed. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the network to increase the number of frequency layers (e.g., an on-demand frequency layer request may be transmitted to the network). According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the network to increase the number of frequency layers under any of the following conditions: (1) the RSRP of the currently configured frequency layer is below a threshold, and (2) the variance and / or standard deviation of the measurement results (e.g., RSPR, RSTD) is above a threshold.

[0129] According to an embodiment, an on-demand frequency layer request (e.g., transmitted by the WTRU) may include the following parameters: (1) the number of any of the desired frequency layers, the desired CCs, and the desired BWPs, and (2) the IDs of any of the frequency layers, SCells, cells, BWPs, CCs, etc. According to an embodiment, for example, in the case of the number of any of the desired frequency layers, CCs, and BWPs, the WTRU may be configured by the network (e.g., pre-) with a set of the number of desired frequency layers, CCs, BWPs, etc. According to an embodiment, for example, in the case of an on-demand request including IDs, the WTRU may be configured by the network (e.g., pre-) with a set of IDs for any of the frequency layers, SCells, cells, BWPs, and CCs from which the WTRU may make a request. According to an embodiment, in the event that the network accepts the on-demand frequency layer request, the WTRU may receive a set of any of the frequency layers, CCs, BWPs, SCells, and cells on which the WTRU may receive PRS.

[0130] According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU receives PRS in the configured frequency layers, the WTRU may report (e.g., transmit information indicating) any one of RSRP, reference signal time difference (RSTD), and angle of arrival (AoA) in the measurement report. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may indicate the number of frequency layers used in the measurement. According to an embodiment, for RSTD, the WTRU may measure the time difference between the arrival times of two PRSs (e.g., a reference PRS and a measurement PRS). According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU reports multiple RSTDs, the WTRU may use the same reference PRS for the RSTDs. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to use a different number of frequency layers for each RSTD based on any of the following conditions: (1) no additional frequency layers can be found (e.g., because the aforementioned conditions cannot be met); and (2) the WTRU receives an explicit indication from the network to use a different number of frequency layers for the indicated pair of reference PRS and measurement PRS.

[0131] According to an embodiment, in the case where a different number of frequency layers are used for each RSTD, the WTRU may indicate the number of frequency layers used for each RSTD. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive information indicating a method for calculating, for example, the RSRP to be used by the WTRU. That is, according to an embodiment, the information indicating the method for calculating the RSRP may include any of the following information: (1) the RSRP of the PRS averaged within each frequency layer; (2) the RSRP of the PRS averaged across all frequency layers; and (3) the RSRP of the PRS averaged across configured frequency cells (e.g., by CC, by BWP, for a configured number of resource blocks).

[0132] According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU is configured with multiple frequency layers, the WTRU may be configured with PRS resources including frequency resources on the multiple frequency layers. According to an embodiment, in this case, in the case where multiple frequency layers are enabled, the WTRU may start monitoring PRS resources across the multiple frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with separate PRS resources for separate frequency layers. According to an embodiment, in the case where multiple frequency layers are enabled, the WTRU may aggregate the PRS resources within the enabled frequency layers and report measurement results corresponding to the aggregated PRS resources. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report the average measured PRS RSRP on different frequency layers to the LMF.

[0133] In an embodiment, the WTRU may measure each PRS resource individually on different enabled frequency layers without aggregation. In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to use the same positioning calculation method for all frequency layers (e.g., using AoA for all frequency layers or using TDOA for all frequency layers). The WTRU may then report the measurement results for each frequency layer to the LMF. In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to use different positioning calculation methods for different frequency layers. For example, the WTRU may use AoA for the first frequency layer, TDOA for the second frequency layer, and RTT for the third frequency layer. The WTRU may be instructed by the network (e.g., LMF) which positioning method to use. In an embodiment, the WTRU may autonomously determine the positioning calculation method to be used for each frequency layer.

[0134] In an embodiment, the positioning calculation method for the enabled frequency layer may be based on the frequency band of the enabled frequency layer. Specific frequency bands may be associated with some frequency bands. For example, for higher frequency bands, the WTRU may use the AoA method to perform PRS measurements. The method may include the bandwidth of the enabled frequency layer alone or together. For example, for larger bandwidths, TDOA may be used. The characteristics of a group of enabled frequency layers may also be included. For example, if a group of enabled frequency layers are adjacent in frequency, the WTRU may use the same positioning calculation method for adjacent frequency layers. In an embodiment, the expected time of deactivating the frequency layer may also be applied to the positioning calculation method. The WTRU may determine the time when the frequency will be deactivated based on the BWP switching timer. For example, a BWP switching of an enabled frequency layer occurs. The switched BWP is a temporary switch, and the WTRU knows that the WTRU must switch back to the default BWP based on the BWP timer. Based on the BWP timer, the WTRU may determine the expected time of deactivating the frequency layer. Based on the expected time of deactivating the frequency layer, the WTRU may choose which positioning method to use. For example, if the expected time of deactivating the frequency layer is greater than the next PRS resource required for measurement, the WTRU may choose RTT.

[0135] In an embodiment, the WTRU may report the measurement results for each frequency layer to the network together with the positioning method used for positioning calculation. The WTRU may group frequency layers using the same positioning calculation method in the same report message. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network (e.g., LMF) using the positioning calculation method used for each frequency layer. Such an indication may be sent during the configuration of the frequency layer. The WTRU may further receive updates on which positioning calculation method to use for the frequency layer. For a more dynamic indication, the gNB may update the positioning calculation method by sending a MAC CE or DCI to the WTRU.

[0136] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured to measure PRS only in the newly enabled frequency layers. Alternatively, the WTRU may be configured to measure PRS in all enabled frequency layers.

[0137] According to an embodiment, priorities may be associated with frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with priorities associated with frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize frequency layers for PRS measurements. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may monitor (e.g., be able to monitor) a maximum number of frequency layers. In the case where the number of enabled frequency layers reaches a maximum, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may (e.g., begin) prioritizing between the enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize between frequency layers based on the time (e.g., at which) the enabling of the frequency layers (e.g., occurs). For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize (e.g., newly) enabled frequency layers over initially enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize between frequency layers based on frequency layer IDs. For example, a frequency layer with a lower ID may be considered a high priority frequency layer. According to an embodiment, a frequency layer with a larger ID may be considered a high priority frequency layer. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize between frequency layers based on previously measured (e.g., generated during a previous measurement) measurements. For example, according to an embodiment, the WTRU may prioritize frequency layers with higher RSRP over frequency layers with lower RSRP.

[0138] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be (e.g., pre-) configured with any number (e.g., multiple) of MGs for measuring PRS and / or transmitting SRS positioning (SRSp) on a set of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the LMF to activate a set of frequency layers for positioning, for example, based on any of the following: accuracy requirements, latency, measured RSRP of frequency layers below a threshold, and measured CSI-RS corresponding to the BWP below a threshold. According to an embodiment, there may be a situation where the request for multiple frequency layers is granted (e.g., by the network). According to an embodiment, in this case, the WTRU may determine the MGs required for PRS measurement and / or SRSp transmission based on any of the following: (1) the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers; (2) the subcarrier spacing of the enabled frequency layers; (3) the subcarrier spacing of the measured frequency layers; (4) the number of enabled frequency layers; (5) the number of frequency layers that the WTRU should measure; and (6) the frequency location of the active CCs used for data transmission relative to the set of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the selected MG from the gNB, and the WTRU may wait for gNB confirmation before applying the selected MG for PRS measurement. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may apply the selected MG for PRS measurement without gNB confirmation.

[0139] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive MG parameters associated with the frequency layer from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB) (e.g., Figure 5 MG length, MG periodicity) as shown. Figure 5 In the example shown, the WTRU receives data, control channels and / or control signals outside the measurement gap. During the interval indicated by the "measurement gap length", the WTRU does not receive data, control channels and / or control signals. For example, MG configuration A may be associated with frequency layer 1 and frequency layer 2, while MG configuration B may be associated with frequency layer 1. If the WTRU is configured with frequency layer 1 and layer 2 by the network, the WTRU may determine that the WTRU should request MG configuration A from the network. Each entry in the list may be associated with an ID so that the WTRU can request an MG from the network by sending the corresponding ID. In this example, "frequency layer" may be used interchangeably with SCell, CC, or BWP. The WTRU may request an MG using RRC, MAC-CE, UCI, or LPP messages.

[0140] According to an embodiment, once the WTRU or the network determines to deactivate multiple frequency layers (e.g., deactivate aggregation of frequency layers), the WTRU may determine that an initial MG (e.g., an MG requested by RRC that was used by the WTRU before aggregation of frequency layers was enabled) becomes active. According to an embodiment, once the WTRU or the network determines to deactivate multiple frequency layers, the WTRU may determine to request a new MG configuration through an RRC, MAC-CE, UCI, or LPP message.

[0141] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may perform a first method, e.g., including any of the operations discussed below. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple frequency layers, each of which may be associated with one or more carriers and / or bandwidth portions for data transmission. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be triggered to enable one or more frequency layers for positioning, e.g., based on any of the following: SCell activation / deactivation status, active bandwidth portion and requirements for positioning services, and measurement quality of PRS. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple frequency layers for positioning reference signals and at least one activated frequency layer. According to an embodiment, the frequency layers may be associated with any of the following: (1) one or more carriers for data transmission, wherein such carriers may be co-located with: a frequency layer for positioning associated therewith; and (2) a BWP within a carrier for data transmission, wherein a wideband BWP may be associated with multiple frequency layers and a narrowband BWP may be associated with a single frequency layer.

[0142] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive dynamic SCell activation / deactivation and / or BWP activation indications from the network. According to an embodiment, for example, based on conditions (e.g., accuracy requirements, latency, measured RSRP using one frequency layer is below a threshold, measured CSI-RS corresponding to the BWP is below a threshold), the WTRU may determine the frequency layers to be enabled from the active SCells and / or BWPs. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may report an indication of a set of enabled frequency layers for positioning to the LMF and / or gNB. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive PRS in the enabled frequency layers and may transmit corresponding measurement results in the activated carriers and / or BWPs to the LMF.

[0143] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may perform the second method, e.g., including any of the operations discussed below. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple MGs, each MG being associated with a set of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the MG duration may depend on (e.g., be associated with) any of the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers, the parameter set of the enabled frequency layers, and the number of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request an MG from a pre-configured MG based on the set of enabled frequency layers.

[0144] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be pre-configured with multiple MGs to measure PRS and / or transmit SRSp on a set of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the LMF to activate a set of frequency layers for positioning based on conditions (e.g., accuracy requirements, latency, measured RSRP using one frequency layer is below a threshold, measured CSI-RS corresponding to the BWP is below a threshold, etc.). According to an embodiment, in the event that the request for multiple frequency layers is granted, the WTRU may determine the MGs required for PRS measurement and / or SRSp transmission based on any of the following: (1) the total bandwidth of the enabled frequency layers; (2) the subcarrier spacing of the enabled frequency layers; (3) the number of enabled frequency layers; and (4) the frequency position of the active CC for data relative to a set of enabled frequency layers. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may request the selected MG from the gNB. According to an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a PRS configuration for a given number of frequency layers.

[0145] According to an embodiment, the WTRU may be pre-configured to request a MG associated with an aggregated frequency layer. According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU is pre-configured to request a MG associated with an aggregated frequency layer, the WTRU may activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation based on various conditions. According to an embodiment, in the case where the WTRU may activate or deactivate frequency layer aggregation, the activation or deactivation may be based on the acquisition of a channel in the unlicensed spectrum.

[0146] In one example, a WTRU with reduced capabilities may not be able to support the bandwidth or frequency range of a normal WTRU. For example, a WTRU with reduced capabilities (e.g., a RedCap WTRU) may be able to support a bandwidth of 10 MHz, while a normal WTRU may support 100 MHz.

[0147] A RedCap WTRU may indicate its capabilities via capability signaling. A RedCap WTRU may be configured with a PRS configuration for a normal WTRU (e.g., a WTRU supporting 100 MHz bandwidth). However, in addition, a RedCap WTRU may be configured with a bandwidth range (e.g., a subset or sub-bandwidth) within the normal bandwidth, and the bandwidth range may correspond to the bandwidth supported by the RedCap WTRU. For example, if a RedCap WTRU may support a bandwidth equivalent to 2 resource blocks (RBs), and a normal WTRU may be configured with RBs 1 to 10, the network may instruct the RedCap WTRU to use RBs 1 to 2. The range of the sub-bandwidth may consist of the starting and ending RB index numbers of the sub-bandwidth or the starting bandwidth index number and length of the sub-bandwidth. The sub-bandwidth may not be continuous. The sub-bandwidth may be indicated by an RB index number, a resource element index number, or a CC / band index number.

[0148] In one example, a RedCap WTRU may be configured with a PRS on a bandwidth (eg, 100 MHz) for a normal WTRU. The WTRU may be configured with a sub-bandwidth on which the WTRU makes measurements on the PRS (eg, RSRP, RSTD).

[0149] The WTRU may be configured with a bandwidth dedicated to RedCap WTRUs. The WTRU may receive the configuration related to the bandwidth in a broadcast (eg, posSIB) or WTRU-specific message (eg, RRC, LPP message, DCI, MAC-CE).

[0150] The WTRU may be configured with a frequency hopping (FH) pattern for the PRS. If the WTRU indicates its reduced capability to the network, the WTRU may receive a configuration related to the FH. The WTRU may receive the configuration from the network (e.g., LMF, gNB). The configuration related to the hopping pattern may include the bandwidth or frequency range of the PRS for each hop, the hopping duration, the number of hops, and the hopping position in the frequency domain and / or time domain. The WTRU may measure the PRS following the hopping pattern. The bandwidth of the hop may be less than or equal to the sub-bandwidth that the WTRU can support.

[0151] Figure 6 An example of an FH pattern of a PRS and its parameters is shown in FIG. 1 . In this example, a 2-hop pattern is shown. The WTRU may receive the PRS in each hop. Each hop may be associated with a hop index number (e.g., hop number 1 or hop number 2 in a 2-hop pattern). The WTRU may receive a configuration for a duration in the time domain and / or frequency domain. Figure 6An example is shown, where the time and frequency duration of each hop is represented by "hop duration" and "hop bandwidth", respectively. Each hop may not overlap in the time domain and / or frequency domain, and the hops may cover continuous or discontinuous bandwidths. Each hop may be configured continuously (e.g., successively) or discontinuously (e.g., non-consecutively).

[0152] The WTRU may receive a configuration related to the duration of the FH in the time domain and / or frequency domain. Figure 6 Examples of durations of FH in the time domain and frequency domain are shown in FIG. 1 by “FH duration” and “FH bandwidth”. The FH duration or hopping duration may be indicated by a start / end time (e.g., indicated by the number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes) or a start time and a duration (e.g., indicated by the number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes). The hopping duration may be indicated by the number of symbols, slots, frames, or subframes. The bandwidth associated with the hopping bandwidth or FH bandwidth may be indicated by the number of resource elements, RBs, CCs, and / or frequency bands.

[0153] Each hop can be configured with a number of repetitions. For example, the TRP can transmit a hop of the PRS K times. Figure 6 The example shown corresponds to the case when K = 1. The WTRU may receive the number of repetitions K for each hop from the network.

[0154] The WTRU may receive the aforementioned configuration in a broadcast message (e.g., posSIB), LPP message, RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI. The WTRU may receive an indication from the network in a broadcast message to transmit PRS following the FH pattern. Based on the indication, the WTRU may receive an RRC, MAC-CE, or DCI message from the network with details of the PRS hopping pattern configuration. Frequency hopping may be activated or deactivated by the network via MAC-CE. The WTRU may send a request to the network to activate and / or deactivate FH.

[0155] In one example, the WTRU may perform measurements on the PRS based on a hopping pattern. Figure 7An example of hopping during measurement with 2 hops on a PRS is shown in FIG. 1 . In this example, the WTRU receives a configuration for a PRS whose bandwidth spans from resource element number 1 (RE number 1) to RE number N. The WTRU also receives a configuration for a measurement hop (mHop) where a first hop and a second hop may span from RE number 1 to RE number M and from RE number M+1 to RE number N, respectively. In this example, it is assumed that the "hopping bandwidth" or bandwidth associated with the measurement performed during the first hop (e.g., mHop number 1) is M, and the "hopping bandwidth" or bandwidth associated with the measurement performed during the second hop (e.g., mHop number 2) is NM. Therefore, during mHop number 1, the WTRU is expected to measure the bandwidth corresponding to mHop number 1 and return the measurement results (e.g., RSRP, WTRU Rx-Tx, RSTD) to the network. Similarly, during mHop number 2, the WTRU is expected to measure the bandwidth corresponding to mHop number 2 and return the measurement results to the network. If instructed by the network, the WTRU may determine to combine the measurement results corresponding to the measurement hop and report the combined measurement results to the network. An example of combining the measurement results may be taking an average.

[0156] The WTRU may determine to measure the hopping in consecutive occasions mK. Figure 8 An example is shown in FIG. 1 , where mK=2. The WTRU may receive a configuration for mK from the network. In this example, the WTRU may measure on the PRS and process the measurement corresponding to mHop 1 spanning from RB 1 to RB M. When mK=2, the WTRU may repeat the measurement and processing for the next opportunity. Subsequently, the WTRU may measure on the PRS and process the measurement corresponding to mHop 2 spanning from RB M+1 to RB N.

[0157] In one example, the WTRU may determine the hopping bandwidth based on its ability to support bandwidth. For example, the WTRU may determine to set the hopping bandwidth equal to the sub-bandwidth that the WTRU can support. The WTRU may determine the mHop mode based on the configured mode. The WTRU may include the hopping mode in the measurement report.

[0158] In one example, the WTRU may determine parameters related to hopping-based measurements based on a PRS configuration. The WTRU may receive an association rule between the PRS configuration and the hopping-based measurement parameters. In an embodiment, potential examples of association rules may include an association between a bandwidth of a PRS and a hopping bandwidth for hopping-based measurements, an association between a PRS repetition factor and a measurement repetition (e.g., mK) for hopping-based measurements, an association between a bandwidth of a PRS and a number of hops for hopping-based measurements, and an association between a bandwidth of a PRS and a hopping pattern for hopping-based measurements.

[0159] The WTRU may determine the hopping bandwidth based on the bandwidth of the PRS. If the bandwidth of the PRS is not an integer multiple of the hopping bandwidth, the WTRU may indicate the start and / or end position in the frequency domain for each hopping bandwidth. In an alternative, the WTRU may indicate the duration of the hopping bandwidth in the frequency domain to the network and return the measurement results for the remaining resources in the frequency domain. As an example, if N and L are the bandwidth of the PRS and the hopping bandwidth, respectively, the WTRU may also report the measurement results corresponding to the remaining bandwidth N-LT, where T may be an integer.

[0160] The WTRU may determine the parameters (e.g., number of repetitions) for hopping-based measurements in the measurement based on measurement conditions (e.g., RSRP) and / or channel conditions (e.g., Doppler, number of multipaths). As an example, if the WTRU may be configured with candidates for the repetition factor mK for the measurement. If the average RSRP across all hops is below a preconfigured threshold, the WTRU may determine to set mK at the maximum number. The WTRU may receive an association rule between the range of RSRP and mK from the network. The WTRU may determine mK based on Doppler information (e.g., Doppler spread / shift). For example, the WTRU may receive an association rule between the range of Doppler shift and mK from the network. The WTRU may determine the hopping pattern and the number of hops based on the Doppler shift according to a mapping rule. The WTRU may receive an association rule between the range of Doppler shift and the number of hops from the network.

[0161] In another example, the WTRU may be configured with a frequency hopping configuration (e.g., frequency hopping BW, frequency hopping duration, hopping bandwidth, hopping duration) for SRSp transmission. For example, the frequency hopping bandwidth may correspond to the SRSp bandwidth configured for the WTRU. The WTRU may determine the frequency hopping configuration based on the number of hops or the bandwidth allocated for the SRSp. The WTRU may use a pre-configured association rule that associates the hopping parameters with the bandwidth of the SRSp.

[0162] The WTRU may receive a muting pattern configuration. The WTRU may be configured with a muting pattern on a hopping pattern for PRS transmission. The muting pattern may indicate which hopping is muted by the network. Based on the muting pattern, the WTRU may determine reception of the PRS. The muting pattern may be represented by a bitmap, where each bit in the bitmap may correspond to a hopping in the FH pattern. Fig. 9 An example of a muting pattern for PRS frequency hopping is shown in FIG. 1 . The WTRU receives a muting pattern “10” for a FH pattern with 2 hops. The WTRU may receive a PRS corresponding to “hop number 1”. Fig.10 In another example shown, the WTRU may receive a silent pattern "1110" indicating that the WTRU may receive PSRs during both the first and second hops No. 1, the first hop No. 2, but not during the second hop No. 2 in the pattern.

[0163] Depending on the capabilities, the WTRU may include multipath measurements in the report. Examples of multipath measurements are RSRP for each path, relative RSRP for each path compared to a reference path / PRS, time difference of arrival for each path, relative time difference of arrival for each path relative to a reference path / PRS.

[0164] The WTRU may receive from the network a configuration for a measurement gap corresponding to the FH for the PRS. The WTRU may send to the network a request for a measurement gap for receiving the PRS according to the FH pattern. In another example, the WTRU may receive a configuration related to a prioritization window associated with the FH pattern. The WTRU may receive a priority level of the PRS compared to other downlink reference signals or channels. In another example, the WTRU may determine to enable hopping-based measurements and measurement processing based on whether the measurement gap or the prioritization window may be configured for the PRS. If the measurement gap is configured for the PRS, the WTRU may determine to enable hopping-based measurements. If the prioritization window is configured for the PRS, the WTRU may determine to disable hopping-based measurements.

[0165] The WTRU may determine to enable or disable hopping based measurements and measurement processing based on the priority level associated with the prioritization window. For example, if a "low" priority level is configured for the PRS within the prioritization window, the WTRU may determine to disable hopping based measurements. If the priority level of the PRS within the prioritization window is configured as "high", the WTRU may determine to enable hopping based measurements and measurement processing.

[0166] If the WTRU determines to disable hopping-based measurements, the WTRU may determine to perform measurements on the configured bandwidth without performing hopping-based measurements. The bandwidth used for measurement may be a sub-bandwidth configured by the network. The WTRU may determine the bandwidth used for measurement based on a default configuration configured / broadcasted by the network. The WTRU may also determine the bandwidth used for measurement based on the PRS configuration. For example, the WTRU may determine a sub-bandwidth where the measurement may be closest to the center or edge of the PRS bandwidth. A default bandwidth or a sub-bandwidth may be specified.

[0167] According to an embodiment, the WTRU sends its capability information (e.g., reduced bandwidth support) to the network. The WTRU receives a PRS configuration from the network. The WTRU further receives a configuration related to a prioritization window (e.g., a priority level of the PRS). The WTRU receives an association rule between a measurement parameter (e.g., number of repetitions) and a channel condition from an LMF within the network. The WTRU may further receive Doppler shift information of the channel from a gNB within the network. The WTRU then determines a measurement mode. If the priority level of the PRS is high, the WTRU determines to enable hopping-based measurement. If hopping-based measurement is enabled, the WTRU determines a hopping parameter based on the Doppler shift information and the association rule (e.g., the WTRU determines the number of repetitions in the measurement based on the Doppler shift). If the priority level of the PRS is low, the WTRU determines to disable hopping-based measurement. If hopping-based measurement is disabled, the WTRU measures the default bandwidth. The WTRU receives the PRS and performs measurements (e.g., RSRP, RSTD) according to the mHop mode. The WTRU sends a measurement report (e.g., RSRP) to the network.

[0168] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with a frequency hopping pattern for SRS for positioning. The WTRU may receive hopping patterns across time (e.g., symbol, time slot) and frequency (e.g., frequency layer, BWP, sub-band of BWP, frequency band, sub-band). For example, the WTRU may be configured with Figure 6 The WTRU may receive a configuration in an RRC and / or LPP message from the network (e.g., gNB, LMF). The frequency hopping pattern may be configured by frequency layer, PRS resource set, or PRS resource. In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with more than one frequency hopping pattern. The WTRU may determine the frequency hopping pattern based on measurement conditions (e.g., RSRP) of the time resources and / or frequency resources used for SRSp transmission. For example, if the measurement result corresponding to the resource used for the hopping pattern is higher than a pre-configured threshold, the WTRU may determine to transmit the SRSp for the selected frequency hopping mode.

[0169] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with UL data transmission using more than one BWP, band sub-BWP and / or sub-band. The WTRU may determine that the resources used for the data transmission are the same as the resources used for the SRSp transmission (e.g., for positioning). In an embodiment, the WTRU may receive a configuration for more than one frequency layer for positioning. If one or more conditions are met, the WTRU may determine to associate a frequency layer with each band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP used for data transmission. In an embodiment, the WTRU may receive an indication from the network to associate a frequency layer to a band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP used for data transmission. In an embodiment, the RSRP corresponding to the configured resources corresponding to the SRSp may be below a pre-configured threshold.

[0170] In an embodiment, the WTRU may determine to use more than one band / sub-band / BWP / sub-BWP based on the configuration. For example, the WTRU may receive a configuration to use N bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs or up to N bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs. In an embodiment, based on the required QoS (e.g., RSRP), the WTRU may determine how many bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs are required for SRSp transmission. In addition, the WTRU may send SRSp across bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs during the duration or follow a configured hopping pattern. The WTRU may also receive a table that associates hopping patterns with the number of bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs so that different hopping patterns may be applied to SRSp transmissions on different numbers of bands / sub-bands / BWPs / sub-BWPs.

[0171] In an embodiment, the WTRU may be configured with multiple frequency layers for positioning, where each frequency layer is associated with a bandwidth part (BWP). Fig.11As shown in the example, the WTRU may be configured with two cells, namely, a PCell and a SCell, wherein each cell may be configured with two BWPs, namely, BWP1 and BWP2. {FL1, FL2} are associated with BWP1 of the PCell, and {FL3, FL4, FL5} are associated with BWP2 of the PCell. {FL6, FL7} are associated with BWP1 of the SCell, and {FL8, FL9} are associated with BWP2 of the SCell. Initially, FL1 and FL2 may be enabled, and BWP1 of the PCell may be the active BWP. Based on the required data throughput, the gNB activates the SCell for the WTRU and instructs the WTRU to use BWP1 of the SCell as the active BWP. For example, the WTRU may receive a MAC CE from the gNB, thereby activating the SCell. In an embodiment, the WTRU may enable additional frequency layers based on the activated cells and the active BWPs. If the WTRU determines that the measured PRS is below the configured threshold, the activation may occur during the measurement of the PRS using the enabled frequency layers (i.e., FL1 and FL2). Fig.11 In the example shown, the WTRU enables FL6 and FL7 associated with BWP1 of the SCell. The WTRU then measures the newly enabled frequency layers and returns a measurement report to the LMF along with an indication of the frequency layers used during the measurement.

[0172] For the purposes of the above description, "PRS" and "SRS" or "SRS for positioning" may be used interchangeably. In addition, although the features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU 102, a WTRU, a terminal, a base station, an RNC, or any host computer.

[0173] In the above-described embodiments, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are indicated. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. According to the practice of those skilled in the art of computer programming, references to symbolic representations of actions and operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such actions and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed," "computer executed," or "CPU executed."

[0174] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the actions and symbolic representations of operations or instructions include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system represents data bits, which may result in the ultimate transformation of electrical signals or the reduction of electrical signals and the retention of data bits at memory locations in the memory system, thereby reconfiguring or otherwise changing the operation of the CPU and performing other processing of signals. The memory location that holds the data bits is a physical location that has specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bits. It should be understood that the exemplary embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs, and other platforms and CPUs may also support the provided methods.

[0175] The data bits may also be maintained on computer-readable media, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer-readable media may include cooperating or interconnected computer-readable media that reside solely on the processing system or distributed across multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote relative to the processing system. It should be understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-described memories, and other platforms and memories may also support the described methods.

[0176] In an exemplary embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0177] There is little distinction between hardware implementations and software implementations of various aspects of the system. The use of hardware or software is typically (but not always, as the choice between hardware and software may become important in certain contexts) a design choice that represents a trade-off between cost and efficiency. There may be a variety of media (e.g., hardware, software, and / or firmware) that can implement the processes and / or systems and / or other technologies described herein, and the preferred media may vary with the context of the deployment process and / or system and / or other technologies. For example, if the implementer determines that speed and accuracy are most important, the implementer may choose a media that is primarily hardware and / or firmware. If flexibility is most important, the implementer may choose a specific implementation that is primarily software. Alternatively, the implementer may choose some combination of hardware, software, and / or firmware.

[0178] The above detailed description has listed various embodiments of the device and / or process by using block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples. Where such block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples contain one or more functions and / or operations, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flow charts or examples may be implemented individually and / or collectively by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware or nearly any combination thereof. Suitable processors include (shown by way of example) general purpose processors, special purpose processors, conventional processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, controllers, microcontrollers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), application specific standard products (ASSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC) and / or state machines.

[0179] Although features and elements are provided above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. The present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described in this patent application, which are intended to be examples of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the essence and scope of the present invention, as they will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Unless explicitly provided as such, any element, action or description used in the present application specification should not be understood as being essential or necessary to the present invention. According to the foregoing description, in addition to those listed herein, functionally equivalent methods and devices within the scope of the present disclosure will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is limited only to the terms of the appended claims and the full range of equivalent forms of such entitled claims. It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to a specific method or system.

[0180] It should also be understood that the terms used herein are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "station" and its abbreviation "STA", "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE" when referred to herein may mean: (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU), such as described below; (ii) any of several embodiments of the WTRU, such as described below; (iii) a device with wireless functionality and / or with wired functionality (e.g., tetherable) configured with (in particular) part or all of the structure and functionality of the WTRU, such as described below; (iii) a device with wireless functionality and / or with wired functionality configured with less than all of the structure and functionality of the WTRU, such as described below; or (iv), etc. The following about Figures 1A to 1D Details of an exemplary WTRU are provided that may represent any WTRU described herein.

[0181] In certain representative embodiments, several portions of the subject matter described herein may be implemented via application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), and / or other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein may be equivalently implemented in whole or in part in an integrated circuit as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), firmware, or nearly any combination thereof, and that designing circuits and / or writing code for software and / or firmware will be well within the technical scope of those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as program products in a variety of forms, and that the exemplary embodiments of the subject matter described herein apply regardless of the specific type of signal-bearing medium used to actually perform the distribution. Examples of signal-bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media (such as floppy disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs, digital tapes, computer memory, etc.); and transmission type media (such as digital and / or analog communication media (e.g., fiber optic cables, waveguides, wired communication links, wireless communication links, etc.)).

[0182] The subject matter described herein sometimes shows different parts contained in or connected to different other parts.It should be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and in fact many other architectures that achieve the same function can be realized.In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of parts that achieve the same function is effectively "associated" so that the desired function can be achieved.Therefore, any two parts combined herein to achieve a specific function can be considered to be "associated" with each other so that the desired function is achieved, regardless of the architecture or intermediate parts.Similarly, any two parts so associated can also be considered to be "operably connected" or "operably coupled" to each other to achieve the desired function, and any two parts that can be so associated can also be considered to be "operably coupleable" to each other to achieve the desired function.Specific examples of operable coupling include, but are not limited to, parts that can physically cooperate and / or physically interact and / or parts that can wirelessly interact and / or wirelessly interact and / or parts that can logically interact and / or parts that can logically interact.

[0183] With respect to substantially any plural and / or singular terms used herein, those skilled in the art may translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as appropriate, as appropriate to the context and / or application. For clarity, various singular / plural arrangements may be explicitly listed herein.

[0184] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, the terms used herein, especially in the appended claims (e.g., the bodies of the appended claims), are generally intended to be "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to", the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least", the term "comprising" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to", etc.). It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation object is intended, such intent will be explicitly stated in the claim, and in the absence of such a recitation object, there is no such intent. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. To aid understanding, the following appended claims and / or the description herein may contain the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitation objects. However, the use of such phrases should not be understood to imply that any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation object is limited to an embodiment containing only one such recitation object by the indefinite article "a" or "an" to introduce the claim recitation object. This is true even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "a kind" (e.g., "a" and / or "a kind" should be interpreted as meaning "at least one" or "one or more"). The same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of introduced claim recitations is explicitly recited, one skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted as meaning at least the stated number (e.g., a bare recitation of "two recitations" without other modifiers means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). In addition, in those instances where a convention similar to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, generally speaking, the meaning of such construction is that one skilled in the art will understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" will include, but is not limited to, a system having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B simultaneously, A and C simultaneously, B and C simultaneously, and / or A, B, and C simultaneously, etc.). In those instances where a convention similar to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, generally speaking, the meaning of such construction is that one skilled in the art will understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" will include, but is not limited to, systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). One skilled in the art will also understand that, in fact, any discrete words and / or phrases presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the specification, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one of the terms, any of the terms, or both of the terms.For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Additionally, as used herein, the term "any of" followed by a listing of multiple items and / or multiple categories of items is intended to include "any of," "any combination," "any multiples," and / or "any combination of multiples" of the items and / or categories of items, either alone or in combination with other items and / or other categories of items. Additionally, as used herein, the terms "group" or "grouping" are intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "quantity" is intended to include any quantity, including zero.

[0185] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0186] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for any and all purposes (such as for providing a written description), all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of their subranges. Any listed range can be easily identified as fully describing and enabling the same range to be divided into at least equal halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be easily divided into a lower third, a middle third, and an upper third, etc. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, all languages ​​such as "up to", "at least", "greater than", "less than", etc. include the cited numbers and refer to ranges that can subsequently be divided into subranges as described above. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, ranges include each individual number. Thus, for example, a group having 1 to 3 units refers to a group having 1, 2, or 3 units. Similarly, a group having 1 to 5 units refers to a group having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 units, etc.

[0187] Furthermore, the claims should not be read as limited to the order or elements presented unless otherwise stated. Furthermore, the use of the term "means for..." in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, or means-plus-function claim format, and any claim without the term "means for..." is not intended to be so.

[0188] While the invention is shown and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made to the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims without departing from the invention.

[0189] Throughout this disclosure, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that certain representative embodiments may be used in alternative forms or in combination with other representative embodiments.

[0190] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of non-transitory computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a UE, WTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0191] In addition, in the above-mentioned embodiments, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers and other devices containing processors are pointed out. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. According to the practice of those skilled in the art of computer programming, references to symbolic representations of actions and operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such actions and operations or instructions may be referred to as being "executed", "computer executed" or "CPU executed".

[0192] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the actions and symbolically represented operations or instructions include manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system represents data bits that may result in the ultimate transformation of the electrical signal or reduction of the electrical signal and the retention of the data bits at memory locations in the memory system to reconfigure or otherwise change the operation of the CPU and perform other processing of the signal. The memory location that holds the data bit is a physical location having specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bit.

[0193] The data bits may also be maintained on a computer-readable medium, which includes magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer-readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer-readable media that reside solely on the processing system or distributed across multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote relative to the processing system. It should be understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories, and other platforms and memories may also support the described methods.

[0194] Unless explicitly described as such, any element, action or description used in this application specification should not be understood as being essential or necessary to the present invention. In addition, as used herein, the article "one" is intended to include one or more items. In the case of only one project, the term "one" or similar language is used. In addition, as used herein, the term "any one of..." followed by listing multiple projects and / or multiple project categories is intended to include projects and / or project categories "any one of", "any combination", "any multiples" and / or "any combination of multiples" that are combined with other projects and / or other project categories, either alone or in combination with other projects and / or other project categories. In addition, as used herein, the term "group" is intended to include any number of projects, including zero. In addition, as used herein, the term "quantity" is intended to include any number, including zero.

[0195] Furthermore, the claims should not be read as limited to the described order or elements unless otherwise stated. In addition, the use of the term "means" in any claim is intended to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112, And any claim without the term "means" is not intended to be so.

[0196] Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an application specific standard product (ASSP), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and / or state machine.

[0197] A processor in association with software may be used to implement the use of a radio frequency transceiver in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, mobility management entity (MME) or evolved packet core (EPC) or any host. The WTRU may be used in conjunction with a module and may be implemented in hardware and / or software including: a software defined radio (SDR) and other components such as a camera, video camera module, videophone, speakerphone, vibration device, speaker, microphone, television transceiver, hands-free headset, keyboard, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a near field communication (NFC) module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an internet browser, and / or any wireless local area network (WLAN) or ultra-wideband (UWB) module.

[0198] Although the present invention has been described in terms of a communication system, it is contemplated that the system may be implemented in software on a microprocessor / general purpose computer (not shown). In certain embodiments, one or more of the functions of the various components may be implemented in software controlling a general purpose computer.

[0199] Furthermore, while the invention has been shown and described herein with reference to specific embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the details shown. Rather, various modifications may be made to the details within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims without departing from the invention.

Claims

1. A wireless transmit / receive unit WTRU, the WTRU comprising a processor, the processor being configured to: receiving configuration information from a network, the configuration information indicating a plurality of frequency layers FL, wherein each FL is associated with a corresponding set of one or more positioning reference signal PRS resources, wherein the configuration information indicates a corresponding bandwidth and a corresponding frequency position information for each FL in the plurality of FLs; receiving at least a first PRS associated with a first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a first FL of the plurality of FLs and a second PRS associated with a second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a second FL of the plurality of FLs; determining a repetition factor and a comb factor that are common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL; determining a plurality of measurement report values ​​based at least on the first PRS associated with the first group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL of the plurality of FLs and the second PRS associated with the second group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL of the plurality of FLs, wherein the plurality of measurement report values ​​correspond to at least a first measurement report value and a second measurement report value, the first measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal received power measurement value associated with at least the first FL and the second FL, and the second measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal time delay measurement value associated with at least the first FL and the second FL; as well as A measurement report is sent, the measurement report comprising the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value and an indication of at least the first FL and the second FL.

2. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to determine that the first measurement report value is below a configured threshold and to send, in the measurement report, a request for receiving an additional PRS associated with an additional set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to an additional FL in the plurality of FLs.

3. The WTRU of claim 2, wherein the processor is configured to: receive second configuration information from a network, the second configuration information indicating a plurality of FLs for positioning measurements of a third PRS associated with a third group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a third FL among the plurality of FLs.

4. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to activate at least the first FL and the second FL based on the measurement report.

5. The WTRU of claim 1 , wherein the measurement report further comprises: An indication of a number of FLs associated with the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value.

6. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor is configured to determine that at least one symbol is common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL.

7. The WTRU of claim 6, wherein the at least one symbol is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

8. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit WTRU, the method comprising the steps of: receiving configuration information from a network, the configuration information indicating a plurality of frequency layers FL, wherein each FL is associated with a corresponding set of one or more positioning reference signal PRS resources, wherein the configuration information indicates a corresponding bandwidth and a corresponding frequency position information for each FL in the plurality of FLs; receiving at least a first PRS associated with a first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a first FL of the plurality of FLs and a second PRS associated with a second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a second FL of the plurality of FLs; determining a repetition factor and a comb factor that are common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL; determining a plurality of measurement report values ​​based at least on the first PRS associated with the first group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL of the plurality of FLs and the second PRS associated with the second group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL of the plurality of FLs, wherein the plurality of measurement report values ​​correspond to at least a first measurement report value and a second measurement report value, the first measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal received power measurement value associated with at least the first FL and the second FL, and the second measurement report value indicating an aggregate reference signal time delay measurement value associated with at least the first FL and the second FL; as well as A measurement report is sent, the measurement report comprising the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value and an indication of at least the first FL and the second FL.

9. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: It is determined that the first measurement report value is below a configured threshold, and a request is sent in the measurement report to receive additional PRSs associated with an additional set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to an additional FL in the plurality of FLs.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising: Second configuration information is received from a network, the second configuration information indicating a plurality of FLs for positioning measurement of a third PRS associated with a third group of one or more PRS resources corresponding to a third FL among the plurality of FLs.

11. The WTRU of claim 8, further comprising: The first FL and the second FL are activated according to the measurement report.

12. The method according to claim 8, wherein the measurement report further comprises: An indication of a number of FLs associated with the first measurement report value and the second measurement report value.

13. The method according to claim 8, further comprising: At least one symbol is determined to be common to the first set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the first FL and the second set of one or more PRS resources corresponding to the second FL.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the at least one symbol is an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol.

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