Polarization rotator

Abstract

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a polarization rotator (200A, 200B) and a communication device (2800) comprising the polarization rotator (2802). In one aspect, a polarization rotator (200A, 200B) includes a first portion (202, 208); and a second portion (204, 210) connected to the first portion (202, 208), wherein the first portion (202, 208) and the second portion (204, 210) have (i) a first shape (406) having a spline profile or (ii) a second shape (1732) formed by combining a partial rectangle (1740) and a plurality of partial circles (1734, 1736, 1738) having different radii. The polarization rotator is more efficient, and better bandwidth control and significantly improved impedance matching can be achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Various example embodiments relate generally to the field of communications, and in particular to a polarization rotator and a communication device including the same. Background Art

[0002] The architecture of the next-generation backhaul network should be able to provide the increasing data rate requirements required by emerging applications, such as autonomous vehicles, advanced industrial automation and control systems, heavy cloud computing, cutting-edge artificial intelligence, holographic transmission and cryptography. The aggressive pursuit of the sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication system around the world makes perfect sense as it promises to provide multiple advantages. However, to build the next-generation network, it is crucial to develop all the necessary radio frequency (RF) network components.

[0003] As a result, several projects focused on the development of these components have been initiated. One of the projects aims to assess the feasibility of satellite links operating in the millimeter wave band (D-band). This involves a comprehensive evaluation of the currently available RF technologies in the D-band and an analysis of the potential for 6G satellite systems. In the telecommunications industry, RF modules operating in the D-band, including transceivers, filters, amplifiers and antennas, are experimentally characterized. These modules are specifically designed to support 6G technology. Another project aims to identify the key technology enablers for the evolution from gigabits per second (Gbps) of 5G to terabits per second (Tbps) of 6G communications. Summary of the invention

[0004] In general, the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a polarization rotator and a communication device including the polarization rotator. For example, the polarization rotator provided by the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure may allow for better bandwidth control, easy processing, and improved impedance matching.

[0005] In a first aspect, a polarization rotator is provided. The polarization rotator may include a first portion; and a second portion connected to the first portion, wherein the first portion and the second portion are (i) a first shape having a spline curve profile or (ii) a second shape formed by combining a partial rectangle and a plurality of partial circles having different radii.

[0006] In some example embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may be a first shape and may be rotationally symmetrical to each other about a vertical plane.

[0007] In some example embodiments, the spline curve may be a closed curve defined by a plurality of sub-functions, and a sub-function of the plurality of sub-functions may define a segment of the spline curve.

[0008] In some example embodiments, the spline curve may be determined by interpolating a plurality of quadratic polynomial functions based on a plurality of points. In some example embodiments, a quadratic polynomial function in the plurality of quadratic polynomial functions may be defined by a plurality of coefficients and a plurality of positive integer power variables.

[0009] In some example embodiments, the spline curve may pass through a plurality of points or be located within a polygon determined based on a plurality of points.

[0010] In some example embodiments, the number of the plurality of points used to determine the spline curve may be comprised between fifteen and twenty-five.

[0011] In some example embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may have the second shape and be axisymmetric with each other.

[0012] In some example embodiments, the different radii may gradually decrease in a direction away from the partial rectangle.

[0013] In some example embodiments, the number of the plurality of partial circles may be three.

[0014] In some example embodiments, the first distance may be between a first center of a first partial circle among the plurality of partial circles and an edge of the partial rectangle. In some example embodiments, the second distance may be between a second center and the first center of a second partial circle among the plurality of partial circles. In some example embodiments, the third distance may be between a third center and the second center of a third partial circle among the plurality of partial circles. In some example embodiments, the first distance, the second distance, and the third distance may be the same or different.

[0015] In some example embodiments, centers of the partial rectangle and the plurality of partial circles may be aligned along the horizontal axis such that centers of the partial rectangle and the plurality of partial circles are not displaced on the vertical axis.

[0016] In some example embodiments, the partial rectangle may have rounded corners. In some example embodiments, the length and width of the complete rectangle corresponding to the partial rectangle may be the same or different.

[0017] In some example embodiments, the first radius of the first partial circle may be approximately 0.55 mm. In some example embodiments, the second radius of the second partial circle may be approximately 0.28 mm. In some example embodiments, the third radius of the third partial circle may be approximately 0.17 mm.

[0018] In some example embodiments, the first distance may be approximately 0.62 mm. In some example embodiments, the second distance may be approximately 0.34 mm. In some example embodiments, the third distance may be approximately 0.20 mm. In some example embodiments, the length of the entire rectangle may be approximately 1.15 mm. In some example embodiments, the width of the entire rectangle may be approximately 0.43 mm.

[0019] In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator may include a waveguide portion connecting the first portion and the second portion.

[0020] In some example embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may be a first shape, and the thickness of the polarization rotator may be approximately 0.3 millimeters.

[0021] In some example embodiments, the first portion and the second portion may be a second shape, and the thickness of the polarization rotator may be approximately 0.52 millimeters.

[0022] In some example embodiments, each of the first part and the second part may have a metal shell. In some example embodiments, the interior of the metal shell may be a vacuum or air.

[0023] In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator may operate in the millimeter wave band.

[0024] In some example embodiments, the operating bandwidth of the polarization rotator may be from about 125 gigahertz (GHz) to about 180 GHz.

[0025] In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator may rotate the polarization angle of the electromagnetic wave by 45 degrees at the output relative to the initial polarization angle at the input of the polarization rotator.

[0026] In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator is a one-piece machined component.

[0027] In a second aspect, a communication device is provided. The communication device may include a polarization rotator.

[0028] It should be understood that the content of this disclosure is not intended to identify the key or essential features of the embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily understood through the following description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0030] Figure 1A-1B Some example rotators that may be implemented in connection with some example embodiments of the present disclosure are shown;

[0031] Figure 1C-1F Some example use cases related to some example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented are shown;

[0032] Figure 2A-2B An example polarization rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown;

[0033] Figure 3A-3B shows example spline curves according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] Figure 4A-4E shows example spline functions and rotator structures according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0035] Figure 5A-Figure 5B shows example inner and outer spline profiles according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0036] Figure 6 An example of an electromagnetic propagation simulation including a spline-shaped rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown;

[0037] Figure 7A-7E shows an electric field electromagnetic simulation of a spline shape according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] Figure 8A-B shows an electric field (E-field) simulation rotation at 180 GHz performed by a spline shape rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0039] Fig. 9 shows a simulation of return loss |S1(1),1(1)| in the D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0040] Fig.10 shows transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations in the D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0041] Figure 11A-11B shows the variation of return loss with rotation angle deviation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0042] Fig.12 shows a return loss simulation (co-polarization) in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0043] Fig.13 shows transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0044] Fig.14shows return loss simulation (co-polarization) in the 5.5 GHz-8.5 GHz frequency band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0045] Fig.15 Transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations are shown according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0046] Fig.16 shows a spline shape spinner machining component according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0047] Figure 17A-17B shows an example multi-segment rotator architecture according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0048] Figures 18A-18D shows example different views of a multi-segment rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0049] Figure 19A-19E shows a multi-segment rotator E-field emulation co-polarization pattern according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0050] Figure 20A-20B shows the physical rotation of vertical polarization according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0051] Fig.21 shows a return loss simulation (co-polarization) in D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0052] Fig. 22 shows transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations in the D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0053] Fig.23 shows a return loss simulation (co-polarization) in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0054] Fig.24 shows transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0055] Fig.25 shows a multi-segment rotator return loss simulation (co-polarization) according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0056] Fig.26 shows simulations of multi-segment rotator transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0057] Fig. 27 shows a multi-segment spinner processing component according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0058] Fig.28 An example communication device including a polarization rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure is shown.

[0059] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0060] The principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are described for illustrative purposes only, and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, and do not recommend any limitation to the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure described herein can be implemented in various ways except for the way described below.

[0061] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0062] In this disclosure, references to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "an example embodiment," etc. indicate that the described embodiment may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Furthermore, these phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in conjunction with an embodiment, it is intended that it is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure, or characteristic in conjunction with other embodiments, whether or not explicitly described.

[0063] It is to be understood that, although the terms "first" and "second" etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish different elements. For example, a first element may be referred to as a second element, and similarly, a second element may be referred to as a first element without departing from the scope of the exemplary embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0064] The terms used herein are only used to describe specific embodiments and are not intended to limit example embodiments. As used herein, the singular "one", "an" and "the" are intended to also include plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It should also be understood that when used herein, the terms "include", "comprise" and / or "have" specify the existence of stated features, elements and / or components, but do not exclude the existence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or their combinations. As used herein, "at least one of the following: <list of two or more elements>" and "at least one of <list of two or more elements>" and similar wording, wherein the list of two or more elements is connected by "and" or "or", representing at least any one element, or at least any two or more elements, or at least all elements.

[0065] To achieve the requirements of ultra-high-speed communications, a promising approach is to develop terahertz frequencies above 100 GHz. This allows flexible RF transceivers or antenna arrays with multi-band and broadband capabilities. This is because the spectrum that can be utilized is much wider than that of 5G. In addition, compared with microwaves operating in traditional frequency bands, D-band antennas have narrower beamwidths, which minimizes RF interference between cells and enables dense site deployment, facilitating the reuse of frequency channels. One of the important equipment required in 6G is the polarization rotator, as this is a mandatory requirement for many RF subsystems.

[0066] Electromagnetic (EM) waves are vector quantities characterized by amplitude and phase. In wireless backhaul networks, these EM waves are usually linearly polarized, where polarization occurs in the vertical or horizontal direction, or both. Therefore, RF devices called rotators are needed to change the polarization angle of the wave and rotate it as per engineering requirements in the most efficient way possible (impedance matching, transmission loss, and cross-polarization discrimination).

[0067] Future 6G backhaul wireless networks are expected to handle much larger data volumes than current 5G networks and provide higher data rates. A very promising solution for operating 6G networks is to use the D-band, which has an operating bandwidth of more than 40%, thus enabling channels to have an increased capacity to carry data. From now on, the operating bandwidth (%) is limited to where f L Indicates the starting frequency of the operating frequency band, f H represents the end frequency, and f C Indicates the center frequency.

[0068] Therefore, there is a need to propose a solution for designing a broadband RF rotator operating at ultra-high frequency, with a particular focus on the D-band to achieve 6G networks. The embodiments of the present disclosure provide a more efficient polarization rotator. For example, a polarization rotator can change the polarization angle of a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave by a device operating at high frequency and broadband, focusing on the D-band for future 6G applications, thereby achieving better bandwidth control and significantly improved impedance matching.

[0069] For illustrative purposes, reference will be made to Figure 1A-Figure 27 The principles and exemplary embodiments of the polarization rotator of the present disclosure are described. However, it should be noted that these embodiments are given to enable those skilled in the art to understand the inventive concept of the present disclosure and implement the solutions proposed herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application in any way.

[0070] refer to Figure 1A-1B , which shows some example rotators that can be implemented in connection with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 1A and Figure 1B As shown, rotator 102 and rotator 104 are broadband polarization rotators operating in the millimeter wave band. Rotator 102 is symmetrical, and rotator 104 is also symmetrical. Rotator 102 and rotator 104 are able to rotate vertically and horizontally polarized waves with the same performance while maintaining a high level of cross-polarization discrimination. This function is very important for cross-polarization interference cancellation (XPIC) in backhaul applications.

[0071] refer to Figure 1C-1F , Figure 1C-1F Some example use cases related to some example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented are shown. It should be understood that the following use cases will focus on vertical polarization, however, the performance level is the same when operating with horizontal polarization.

[0072] like Figure 1C As shown, use case 100C is a use case for a polarization rotator and arises when there is a need to rotate polarization between an antenna and an outdoor unit (ODU). In use case 100C, the antenna receives vertically polarized waves and can send them to the ODU with a specific polarization angle. Polarization rotation may be required before entering the ODU for various reasons, such as mechanical issues where the ODU is not symmetrically mounted relative to the antenna, or when its input rectangular waveguide is not linearly positioned. Another reason for polarization rotation is to address clearance issues. Regardless of the technical reason for using a polarization rotator, it is critical to maintain a low level of cross-polarization (horizontal polarization) to enhance the cross-polarization discrimination properties.

[0073] In some cases, the ODU may need to be installed in a specific rotational orientation to avoid hitting the tower or causing problems with the RF cables connected to the ODU. In this case, a polarization rotator can be used to rotate the polarization before it enters the ODU, allowing the ODU to be installed in the desired orientation while maintaining the correct polarization.

[0074] like Figure 1D As shown, use case 100D shows another application of an RF rotator. In use case 100D, the RF rotator is integrated into a flat or planar slot waveguide antenna. This type of antenna has attracted great interest in recent years due to its small form factor, light weight, and high gain. However, slot array antennas often encounter grating lobe problems. To address this issue, one solution is to rotate the polarization by 45 degrees. Since this type of antenna is expected to be used in the D-band of 6G, there will be a demand for high-performance and easy-to-manufacture polarization rotators.

[0075] RF rotators are required in various radio frequency components. In transmitter / receivers (transceiver modules) widely used in ODUs, it may be necessary to rotate the wave polarization at the input and / or output of the power chain processing. Figure 1E As shown, use case 100E shows that the vertical polarization has been rotated before entering the ODU, and the transceiver must realign it vertically again before doing some RF processing. Figure 1F As shown in , use case 100F shows an orthogonal mode transducer (OMT) splitting / combining two orthogonal polarizations into the same physical path, such as a waveguide. In some cases, in order to optimize the OMT design, one of the polarizations must be rotated. This can be justified by various factors, such as the need for compactness, clearance, processing issues, RF performance, or because polarization rotation enables transitioning from a wider waveguide segment to a thinner waveguide segment, or vice versa, thereby providing greater flexibility in the OMT design.

[0076] From reference Figure 1A-1F As can be seen from the discussion, the problem of D-band and broadband polarization rotators may be to rotate the polarization angle of a linear electromagnetic wave that is symmetrical in the operating mode (vertical and horizontal). Therefore, in general, the problem solved by the present disclosure may be to change the polarization angle of a linear polarized electromagnetic wave by a device operating at a high frequency and a wideband, focusing on the D-band for future 6G applications. In some example embodiments, the RF device may have an original shape to integrate easy manufacturing processes and processing tolerances, and should be a single component to avoid a complex assembly process, thereby maintaining high compactness. In some example embodiments, the RF device may maintain excellent RF properties such as return loss, transmission loss, and cross-polarization discrimination.

[0077] Furthermore, the solution of the present disclosure can achieve the best RF key performance figures, such as return loss (RL), transmission loss and cross-polarization discrimination. In addition, the solution of the present disclosure can be manufactured as a single component with a low thickness to avoid complex assembly processes and the generation of undesirable resonant frequencies that may cause RF transmission degradation due to the assembly of multiple components or too sharp shapes. This is because during the manufacturing process, even small deviations from the required geometry can lead to significant degradation of the RF performance of the rotator. Therefore, the present disclosure is carefully designed to minimize sensitivity to tolerance errors and ensure robust and reliable operation, especially in the D-band where the wavelength is very small.

[0078] refer to Figure 2A-2B , which shows an example polarization rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 2A As shown, polarization rotator 200A includes portion 202 and portion 204. Portion 202 is connected to portion 204. In some example embodiments, portion 202 and portion 204 may be connected using portion 206. In some example embodiments, portion 206 may be a waveguide portion.

[0079] The portion 202 and the portion 206 are of a first shape having a spline curve profile. In some example embodiments, each of the portion 202 and the portion 204 may have a metal shell. The interior of the metal shell may be a vacuum or air.

[0080] In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator may operate in the millimeter wave band. The operating bandwidth of the polarization rotator may be from about 125 GHz to about 180 GHz.

[0081] In some example embodiments, the shape (or profile) of a spline curve can be modeled by interpolation of polynomial functions. Polynomial functions can include coefficients and positive integer power variables. Combinations of these polynomial functions can generate a wide range of possible coordinates, resulting in a large number of potential profiles. Mathematical algorithms can then be used to optimize these distributions to ensure that each amplitude and phase component is best suited for impedance matching across the entire frequency band. Since there are a large number of permutations available, the inherent properties of the solution can achieve balanced input / output impedance matching. Referring to FIG. 3- Fig.16 The details of describing splines and their modeling are therefore not discussed here.

[0082] like Figure 2B As shown, polarization rotator 200B includes portion 208 and portion 210. Portion 208 is connected to portion 210. In some example embodiments, portion 208 and portion 210 may be connected using a small and symmetrical waveguide segment 212.

[0083] Portion 208 and portion 210 are second shapes formed by combining a partial rectangle and a plurality of partial circles having different radii. In some example embodiments, the outline (contour) of the second shape is referred to as multi-section.

[0084] The method for determining the multiple segments may include generating multiple resonant frequencies that, when combined, can create a wide operating bandwidth similar to a multi-carrier spectrum. The selected shape may include several circles with different radii. With the appropriate dimensions, the circles resonate in parallel and are spaced apart in the frequency domain. The resulting effect is a wide operating bandwidth achieved with an extremely simple form factor design. The details of the multiple segments and their modeling will be described with reference to Figures 17-29, so they will not be discussed here.

[0085] By achieving Figure 2A-2B In some exemplary embodiments, the polarization rotator is more efficient, so it can allow better bandwidth control and significantly improved impedance matching. In some exemplary embodiments, the polarization rotator can be used in the millimeter wave band, especially in the D-band where a wide frequency range of up to 45% of the operating bandwidth is required. In addition, the polarization rotator can be designed to be easy to manufacture by avoiding complex shapes and choosing a single-component design.

[0086] It should be appreciated that both the spline shape and the multi-segment shape are simple and effective in addressing the inherently complex manufacturing processes required for RF devices operating at frequencies around 150 GHz and even higher. It can be shown that RF simulations performed with the time domain solver of CST Microwave Studio evaluate the performance of the spline shape and the multi-segment rotator. This electromagnetic simulation software can provide highly accurate simulation results to verify the solution of the present disclosure.

[0087] refer to Figure 3A-3B , which shows example spline curves according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The spline curve may be a closed curve defined by a plurality of sub-functions, and a sub-function of the plurality of sub-functions defines a segment of the spline curve. In some example embodiments, the spline curve may be determined by interpolating a plurality of quadratic polynomial functions based on a plurality of points. In some example embodiments, a quadratic polynomial function of the plurality of quadratic polynomial functions may be defined by a plurality of coefficients and a plurality of positive integer power variables.

[0088] For example, Figure 3A As shown, point 302, point 304 and point 306 are three fixed points. The spline curve can be a function or curve including multiple sub-functions, wherein each sub-function is applied to a different interval in the function domain. For example, curve 308 and curve 310 can be determined by a polynomial, such as in the form of y=a2x 2+a1x+a0, where a2, a1 and a0 are constants. Spline curves can take different forms, as shown by curves 312 and 314. Interpolation of quadratic polynomials can be performed between coordinates or nodes. Figure 3B As shown, crosses 320 represent knots. A quadratic polynomial 322 can be determined from these knots.

[0089] Depending on the values ​​assigned to the coefficients (e.g. a2, a1, and a0), a spline curve can take on too many different shapes. This can have a significant impact as it provides a lot of freedom in design diversity.

[0090] Impedance matching in a wide frequency band can be a challenging task due to the need to deal with many multiple frequency components. In the physical dimensions of RF components, electromagnetic waves may react or depend significantly on wavelength and this. Even if an RF device can be perfectly adapted to a specific frequency band, its RF performance will degrade outside the band due to its inappropriate size.

[0091] The large range of possible permutations of the control coefficients of the polynomial curve will attempt to best match the appropriate impedance matching characteristics in the frequency domain. Therefore, the spline curve method is designed to solve broadband impedance matching problems using its inherent large design freedom, thereby seeking extremely smooth variations across the entire target frequency band.

[0092] refer to Figure 4A-4E , which shows an example spline curve function and rotator structure according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The spline curve may pass through multiple points, or be located within a polygon determined based on multiple points. In some example embodiments, the number of multiple points used to determine the spline curve may include between fifteen and twenty-five. For example, Figure 4A As shown, an optimization algorithm can be used to determine the number of points (e.g., point 401, point 402, point 403, and point 404, etc.) for the spline curve through an iterative process, for example, 15-25 points. It should be understood that the number of points and the number of iterative processes are only for illustrative purposes and are not limiting.

[0093] The goal of the RF specification may be to optimize return loss values, transmission loss, and cross-polarization discrimination over as wide a frequency band as possible. In some example embodiments, portion 202 and portion 204 may be of a first shape and rotationally symmetric to each other about a vertical plane. For example, once the spline curve is defined, the rotator structure may be obtained by mirroring the shape about a vertical axis and then rotating the mirrored shape about a horizontal plane. For example, Figure 4B As shown, portion 406 may be obtained by mirroring portion 406 about axis 408 and then rotating mirrored portion 416 about axis 410 .

[0094] The main components of the spline shape rotator can be defined by the previous description of Figure 3. However, in order to create a practical RF rotator, a non-discontinuous shape / contour should be obtained. Therefore, Figure 4C A small symmetrical waveguide segment is used to connect two symmetrical spline shapes as shown in section 412. Section 412 is required to maintain electrical continuity.

[0095] The resulting smooth shape can then be used to fabricate a physical RF rotator (e.g. Figure 4D and Figure 4E ), this physical RF rotator has a lower thickness than conventional RF rotators and is easier to manufacture. The continuous and original profile of the spline-shaped rotator may be an important feature to prevent the appearance of undesired resonant frequencies due to steps, cross-section changes or wrong combinations of different parts within the waveguide. One of its advantages is also its small thickness. For example, after optimization in the D-band, Figure 4E The thickness 414 in may be only 0.3 mm.

[0096] refer to Figure 5A-Figure 5B , which shows example inner and outer spline profiles according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG5 compares the inner and outer spline profiles. In the outer profile, the spline passes smoothly through all points and touches them. In contrast, in the inner spline profile, the spline remains within the frame formed by the points. The advantage of a spline rotator is that the degrees of freedom are greater than the number of coefficients. This explanation is related to the interpolation properties of such curves. Once the coefficients are defined, the interpolation can be performed in two different ways, either following the inner profile or choosing the outer profile. This means that a single spline shape design can be optimized for better RF performance, or to avoid processing issues by following either profile.

[0097] like Figure 5A As shown, curve 502 shows the outer spline curve, and curve 504 shows the inner spline curve. The difference may not seem too great, but when the two contours overlap directly (such as Figure 5B ), the design freedoms become much clearer. By using the inner and outer spline profiles as a guide for RF design, the actual processing profile can be expected to statistically fall within these limits. This may help minimize potential RF degradation that may occur due to processing deviations during manufacturing. This may be an advantage in D-band applications, where 180 GHz has a wavelength of 1.67 mm and is very sensitive to processing issues.

[0098] refer to Figure 6, which shows an example electromagnetic propagation simulation including a spline-shaped rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The polarization rotator can rotate the polarization angle of the electromagnetic wave by 45 degrees at the output relative to the initial polarization angle at the input of the polarization rotator. In some example embodiments, the polarization rotator can be a one-piece machined component.

[0099] For example, a spline shape rotator structure has been defined in Figure 5. The simulation can produce two orthogonal and linear polarizations. That is, a vertically polarized wave is along the y-axis, represented by arrow 602 entering the circular waveguide. A horizontally polarized wave is along the x-axis and defined by arrow 604. Since the polarizations are orthogonal, they are 90 degrees out of phase. The case studied is a vertical polarization rotated 45 degrees from 0 degrees (y-axis) to the positive x-axis. The spline shape rotator is placed at 22.5 degrees as the conversion rotation angle.

[0100] As mentioned above, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a technical solution that can provide high performance for future backhaul networks, focusing on the D-band. Figure 7A-7E The simulation of the E-field of a spline shaped rotator at 125 GHz (starting frequency) and 180 GHz (ending frequency) is shown in Figure 1. The simulations were performed in co-polarization mode and cross-polarization mode. All simulations were performed with the time domain solver integrated in CST Microwave Studio.

[0101] refer to Figure 7A-7E , which shows electromagnetic simulations of electric fields of spline shapes according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the D-band (36%) simulations, in a single scale color band, the inner arrows (such as arrow 702 and arrow 704) represent the simulated perpendicular direction of the electric field defined by the larger arrow 706. This ensures the correct orientation of the vectors, and the proper transfer of energy. In addition, since the simulations show that the performance at widely spaced frequency samples (125 GHz and 180 GHz) is consistent, it is clear that the desired broadband operation is achieved. More frequency samples can be shown, but in no case is the unwanted polarization rotation observed.

[0102] about Figure 7C In the cross-polarization pattern, as shown by the two larger arrows (such as arrow 712 and arrow 714), the inner arrows (such as arrow 708 and arrow 710) are completely 180 degrees out of phase, which will offset the energy transfer that provides high values ​​of cross-polarization discrimination.

[0103] like Fig. 7E As shown, broadband performance in the D-band can also be demonstrated by vector cancellation occurring over a wide range of frequency samples, similar to co-polarization operation. Another evidence of the disclosure is that there is no energy passing through the center of the rotator, which is consistent with the operating principle. Fig. 7E, solid arrows (such as arrow 718 or arrow 720) follow the angle of the energy zero point through the center, which correctly matches 22.5 degrees at 180 GHz (the scale has been changed to improve visual analysis).

[0104] refer to Figure 8A-B , Figure 8A-B Figure 2 shows a simulated rotation of the E-field at 180 GHz performed by a spline shaped rotator. Fig. 8A It provides a visual representation of the polarization rotation of a polarized wave at 180 GHz, assuming a rotation from 0 to 45 degrees in the vertical polarization. Fig. 8A In the present disclosure, the introduction of vertically polarized waves through rectangular waveguides is described. Figure 8B In the example, the polarization is rotated 45 degrees, with all the energy well directed at the desired angle. This is achieved before the end of 45 degrees once the rotator has completed the transition from 0 to 22.5 degrees. S-parameter simulations were also performed to evaluate the performance of the present disclosure in the D-band, which is defined as from 125 GHz to 180 GHz, which corresponds to an operating bandwidth of 36%.

[0105] refer to Fig. 9 , which shows a return loss |S1(1),1(1)| simulation 900 (co-polarization) in the D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The return loss simulation (|S11|) operates in co-polarization mode. That is, vertical polarization is relative to vertical polarization. The RL value of the spline shape rotator is better than 40dB across the entire frequency band, showing its excellent performance in applications requiring high-precision processing. This is the first optimization of the present disclosure and it is believed that an improvement of approximately 10GHz can be achieved, resulting in an increase in operating bandwidth of up to 40%. This will meet the specifications required by the 6G specification.

[0106] refer to Fig.10 , which shows a transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulation 1000 according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, where (1) indicates the vertical polarization or first mode, and (2) indicates the horizontal polarization or second mode in the D-band. The simulated transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)|, which defines the power ratio between the output 2 and the input 1 of the same vertical propagation mode (1), is almost 0 dB on the D-band, once again proving the correct RF operation of the spline shaped rotator. As for the cross-polarization, the value is very high, about 100 dB, which will provide isolation between polarizations of a particular level. It is represented by the |S2(2),1(1)| parameter, which is the power ratio between the output 2 and the input 1 of mode 2 (horizontal) and mode 1 (vertical). For ease of understanding, as Figure 6 As shown, mode 1 is called vertical polarization and mode 2 is called horizontal polarization.

[0107] It should be understood that the spline shaped rotator effectively prevents the wave from rotating uncontrollably across the frequency band since no energy drop (transmission loss) is predicted by the simulation. If there is any transmission loss at any frequency, it indicates that the polarization angle of the output wave does not match the angular rotation produced by the rotator design.

[0108] Table 1 below provides the Figure 4A-4E The spline coefficients and thickness T of the previous simulation results of the architecture hs Calculated value in millimeters.

[0109] Table 1. Spline coefficients for a rotator operating in the D-band.

[0110]

[0111] The point (x0, y0) may represent the point 401 as an example. 18 ,y 18 ) may represent point 404 as an example. hs Thickness 414 may be indicated as an example.

[0112] It should be noted that the thickness is reduced by 0.3 mm, resulting in only (Larger wavelength case). This reduced thickness compared to conventional rotators is very attractive for very compact requirements.

[0113] One of the goals of a spline rotator is to achieve efficient polarization rotation, and one of the common problems that causes issues is angular misalignment between the rotator and the input / output waveguides. This problem is particularly acute in millimeter-wave applications, where small deviations in angular position become very large relative to the operating wavelength.

[0114] refer to Figure 11A-11B , Figure 11A-11B FIG. 4 shows the variation of return loss with rotation angle deviation according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.11A , which shows the angular deviation of the rotator, Fig. 11B Parametric simulations of return loss and transmission loss showing angular sensitivity (in degrees). RL (|S1(1),1(1)|) and transmission loss (|S2(1),1(1)|) show correct performance across the entire D-band, even when the application angle deviates from the nominal by up to 8 degrees.

[0115] refer to Fig.12 , which shows a return loss simulation 1200 in the E-band (co-polarization) according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the simulation of the E-band (25%), as shown in Fig.12As shown, the spline shape rotator is also examined in another millimeter-wave band of interest, namely the E-band (71GHz-86GHz), in order to achieve an operating bandwidth of 25% (70GHz-90GHz). The proposed spline shape rotator also works well in the millimeter-wave band with an RL value greater than 35dB.

[0116] refer to Fig.13 , which shows a simulation 1300 of transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.13 As shown, dashed line 1302 represents transmission loss, and dashed line 1304 represents cross polarization. Similar to the D-band, successful operation of the present disclosure is demonstrated in the E-band, with transmission loss values ​​approaching 0 dB and an isolation ratio between the two polarizations better than 90 dB over the entire band.

[0117] refer to Fig.14 , which shows a return loss simulation 1400 (co-polarized) in the 5.5 GHz-8.5 GHz band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the simulations of 5.5 GHz-8.5 GHz (43%), in order to demonstrate the quality of the present disclosure, the present disclosure has pushed the limits of the spline shape rotator to an extremely high operating bandwidth. Therefore, RF simulations were performed from 5.5 GHz to 8.5 GHz, corresponding to an operating bandwidth of 43%. It is important to note that this includes two different licensed backhaul bands: 5.925 GHz-7.125 GHz and 7.125 GHz-8.5 GHz. Fig.14 RL values ​​better than 40 dB across the entire frequency band are shown.

[0118] refer to Fig.15 , which shows the transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulation 1500 according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In order to confirm the correct operation of the spline shaped rotator, the transmission loss (dashed line 1502) and the cross-polarization discrimination value (dashed line 1504) are analyzed again. The results show that excellent performance is exhibited over nearly 45% of the operating bandwidth, which further verifies the working principle of the present disclosure. One point is that the inherent broadband performance of the present disclosure can achieve sufficient coverage of the unlicensed backhaul frequency band 5.725GHz-5.85GHz, which further demonstrates the versatility of the present disclosure.

[0119] refer to Fig.16 , which shows a spline shape spinner processing component according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. View 1602 shows a front view. View 1604 shows a side view. View 1606 shows a perspective view. Fig.16In , the spline shape rotator is shown as a machined part, so its simplicity is outstanding.

[0120] refer to Figure 17A-17B , Figure 17A-17B Example multi-segment rotator structures according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. The principle of a multi-segment rotator is based on the operation of multiple resonant frequencies operating in parallel and spaced apart in the frequency domain, thereby creating a wide operating bandwidth. One way to force multiple spaced resonant frequency samples is to use a combination of various circles defined by different diameters, much like the design of circular waveguides for different frequency bands.

[0121] exist Fig.17A , the structure of the multi-segment rotator is shown. The multi-segment rotator may include a rectangular body 1740 and three circles 1734, 1736, and 1738 with decreasing radii. The center of the leftmost edge of the rectangular body 1740 is the center 1702. In some example embodiments, the length 1716 of the rectangular body 1710 may be approximately 1.15 mm, and the width 1742 of the rectangular body 1740 may be approximately 0.43 mm.

[0122] The center of first circle 1734 is center 1704. The radius of first circle 1734 is radius 1722.

[0123] The center of second circle 1736 is center 1706. The radius of second circle 1736 is radius 1720.

[0124] The center of third circle 1738 is center 1708. The radius of third circle 1738 is radius 1718. In some embodiments, radius 1722 can be approximately 0.55 mm. Radius 1720 can be approximately 0.28 mm. Radius 1718 can be approximately 0.17 mm.

[0125] Radius 1718, radius 1720, and radius 1722 may be different. First circle 1734, second circle 1736, and third circle 1738 may be further away from center 1702. For example, with center 1704, center 1706, and center 1708 as references, the multi-segment rotator may also be modeled by horizontal displacements of three circles 1734, 1736, and 1738 relative to center 1702. For example, first circle 1734 may be moved away from center 1702 by distance 1714. Second circle 1736 may be moved away from center 1704 by distance 1712. Third circle 1738 may be moved away from center 1706 by distance 1710.

[0126] These distance parameters may be the same or different and they play an important role in determining the performance of the rotator. With respect to the vertical arrangement, circle 1734, circle 1736, and circle 1738 are centered relative to rectangular body 1740. Rectangular body 1740 may be defined by length 1716 and width 1742. Length 1716 and width 1742 may not have the same value.

[0127] like Fig. 17B As shown, the final outer contour of these four elements forms half 1732 of the multi-segment rotator. The other half is symmetrical. Curve 1730 represents the outer contour of the third circle 1738. Curve 1728 represents the outer contour of the second circle 1736. Curve 1726 represents the outer contour of the first circle 1734. Curve 1724 represents the outer contour of the rectangular body 1740.

[0128] refer to Figures 18A-18D , which shows different exemplary views of a multi-segment rotator according to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.18A As shown in the front view of FIG. 1 , the multi-segment shape is vertically mirrored (e.g., half body 1802 and half body 1804), and then the two half bodies 1802 and half body 1804 are connected by a rectangular portion 1806. For better illustration purposes, further shown Fig.18B The rotated front view and Fig.18C A fully rotated perspective view of the

[0129] Therefore, the previously defined contours are then used to obtain the multi-segment rotator as a 3D model component (eg Fig.18C ). The thickness 1808 is as shown in the perspective view. Fig.18D As shown, this is a side view of the multi-segment rotator.

[0130] exist Figures 18A-18D The multi-segment rotator structure has been defined in , and the EM simulation of the present disclosure is performed to evaluate its performance in the same way as the spline rotator. The transition angle between the rotator and the input / output waveguide is again 22.5 degrees. Again, the main purpose of the present disclosure is to provide a technical solution that can provide high performance for future backhaul networks, especially for the D-band.

[0131] refer to Figure 19A-19E , which shows a multi-segment rotator E-field simulation co-polarization pattern according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Figure 19A-19E EM simulations of the E-field at 125 GHz and 180 GHz for a multi-segment rotator operating in co-polarization mode and cross-polarization mode are described. For the D-band (36%) simulations, the electric field in the two frequency samples follows the inner arrows (such as Fig.19AThe arrows 1902 and 1904 in FIG. 1 are correctly transmitted and focused on the center of the rotator and are oriented vertically. Thus, the multi-segment architecture consisting of three circles demonstrates correct RF operation.

[0132] For cross-polarization mode, such as Fig.19C and Fig.19D As shown, the arrows cancel with respect to the output power because they are 180 degrees out of phase. To show this feature in more detail, Fig.19E , the solid arrow 1910 follows the angle of the energy zero point through the center, which is exactly 22.5 degrees at 180 GHz.

[0133] refer to Figure 20A-20B , which illustrates the physical rotation of vertical polarization according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 20A The introduction of vertically polarized waves into a multi-segment rotator through a rectangular waveguide is shown. Fig. 20B The output wave is shown having the desired change in its polarization angle 2002, demonstrating perfect transmission.

[0134] refer to Fig.21 , which shows a return loss simulation 2100 in D-band (co-polarization) according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.21 Return loss simulations from 125 GHz to 180 GHz defined in the D-band are shown, which corresponds to an operating bandwidth of 36%. RL values ​​are better than 35 dB across the entire required frequency band. With further optimization, the bandwidth can be increased by about 10 GHz, bringing the total operating bandwidth to 40%.

[0135] refer to Fig. 22 , which shows a simulation 2200 of transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| in the D-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig. 22 As shown, better energy transfer is exhibited without power loss and extremely high polarization decoupling values, better than 100dB, are observed.

[0136] The multi-section rotator exhibits excellent RF performance in terms of return loss, transmission loss and cross-polarization decoupling, making it an ideal technical solution for D-band applications. In addition, its excellent RF compliance margin and high operating bandwidth provide compensation for any processing deviations.

[0137] Table 2 below shows the calculated dimensions (in millimeters) of the original D-band multi-segment rotator.

[0138] Table 2 Dimensions of D-band broadband multi-segment rotator

[0139]

[0140] Where r1 represents the radius 1718, r2 represents the radius 1720, r3 represents the radius 1722, d1 represents the distance 1714, d2 represents the distance 1712, d3 represents the distance 1710, l1 represents the width 1742, l2 represents the length 1716, and T hms Indicates thickness 1808.

[0141] Even though the thickness is larger than that of the spline-shaped rotator, it remains relatively small (0.22λ at 125 GHz, where λ represents the wavelength), also compared to conventional solutions. The simulation values ​​are consistent with the fact that the resonant frequency multiples of λ / 2 decrease directly with increasing frequency, with values ​​of about λ / 4 at 125 GHz, about λ / 6 at 155 GHz, and about λ / 8 at 185 GHz. One explanation is that the horizontal displacement of the front d1, d2, and d3 must affect the exact resonant frequency, which can be considered in the design stage.

[0142] refer to Fig.23 and Fig.24 . Fig.23 A return loss simulation 2300 in E-band (co-polarization) is shown according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.24 Transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| simulations 2400 in the E-band according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Similar results compared to the spline shape rotator are shown, with RL better than 35dB, cross-polarization greater than 100dB, and no transmission loss in 25% of the operating bandwidth. The multi-segment rotator demonstrates its feasibility in the E-band.

[0143] refer to Fig.25 , which shows a multi-segment rotator return loss simulation 2500 (co-polarization) according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the simulation of 5.5GHz-8.5GHz (43%), the broadband multi-segment rotator has excellent RF performance in the two most important mmWave bands. In addition, it has been tested for ultra-high broadband operation from 5.5GHz to 8.5GHz, similar to the spline shape rotator. The return loss simulation is shown in Figure 2500. Fig.25 As shown, the RL level is better than 40dB over 43% of the operating bandwidth.

[0144] refer to Fig.26 , which shows a simulation 2600 of multi-segment rotator transmission loss |S2(1),1(1)| and cross-polarization |S2(2),1(1)| according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. Fig.26As shown, the transmission loss and cross-polarization discrimination values ​​of the multi-segment rotator demonstrate the correct operating principle targeted by the present disclosure. The transmission loss represented by dashed line 2602 is minimal and the cross-polarization discrimination represented by dashed line 2604 is high over nearly 45% of the operating bandwidth, indicating that there is no energy loss during polarization rotation and high cross-polarization decoupling

[0145] refer to Fig. 27 , which shows a multi-segment spinner processing component according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. View 2702 shows a front view. View 2704 shows a side view. View 2706 shows a perspective view. Spline shape spinner in Fig. 27 It is shown as a machined part, so its simplicity is outstanding.

[0146] refer to Fig.28 , which shows an example communication device 2800 including a polarization rotator according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure. In some example embodiments, the communication device 2800 may be a transceiver. It is understood that this is just an example and there is no limitation.

[0147] The communication device 2800 may be any other device, such as a receiver or a transmitter, etc. According to any of the embodiments discussed above, the communication device 2800 may include a polarization rotator 2802. For example, the polarization rotator 2802 may be Figure 2A Polarization rotator 200A or Figure 2B For the sake of brevity, various embodiments of the polarization rotator will not be described.

[0148] In general, the following advantages can be achieved by implementing the embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, high broadband characteristics (up to 45%) can be achieved. The rotator is better designed for the D band, and it can avoid manufacturing deviations and is enhanced to prevent processing deviations due to spline shape properties. The purpose of reducing angular sensitivity can be achieved. There are no parts and / or processing intersections / sharp contours on the exposed architecture, thereby avoiding unwanted resonant frequencies (transmission losses). The design only requires processing of one part, eliminating the need for assembly and simplifying the manufacturing process. Minimizing thickness provides a compact solution, especially suitable for planar / panel antennas, OMTs and ODUs. The solution of the present disclosure covers unlicensed backhaul bands due to its broadband characteristics. No cross-polarization issues were detected, increasing the potential for dual-polarization and XPIC backhaul networks. The fusion of spline curves and multi-segment rotator principles into a unique design can further improve the operating bandwidth and RF performance.

[0149] In addition, although the operations are described in a particular order, it should not be understood as requiring the operations to be performed in the particular order shown or in sequence, or requiring the execution of all the operations shown to obtain the desired results. In some cases, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Similarly, although several specific implementation details are included in the above discussion, these details should not be interpreted as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but should be interpreted as descriptions of features that may be specific to a particular embodiment. Certain features described in the context of a separate embodiment may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. On the contrary, the various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented separately in multiple embodiments or in any appropriate sub-combination.

[0150] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological actions, it should be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or actions described above. Instead, the specific features and actions described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.

Claims

1. A polarization rotator (200A, 200B), comprising: Part I (202, 208); as well as a second portion (204, 210) connected to the first portion (202, 208), The first portion and the second portion have (i) a first shape (406) having a spline curve profile or (ii) a second shape (1732) formed by combining a partial rectangle (1740) and a plurality of partial circles (1734, 1736, 1738) having different radii.

2. The polarization rotator of claim 1, wherein the first portion (202) and the second portion (204) have the first shape (406) and are rotationally symmetric to each other about a vertical plane (408).

3. The polarization rotator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the spline curve is a closed curve defined by a plurality of sub-functions, and a sub-function of the plurality of sub-functions defines a segment of the spline curve.

4. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: The spline curve is determined by interpolating a plurality of quadratic polynomial functions based on a plurality of points; and A quadratic polynomial function of the plurality of quadratic polynomial functions is defined by a plurality of coefficients and a plurality of positive integer power variables.

5. The polarization rotator of claim 4, wherein the spline curve passes through the plurality of points or is located within a polygon determined based on the plurality of points.

6. The polarization rotator according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the number of said plurality of points used to determine said spline curve is comprised between fifteen and twenty-five.

7. The polarization rotator of claim 1, wherein the first portion (208) and the second portion (210) have a second shape (1732) and are axisymmetric with respect to each other.

8. The polarization rotator according to claim 1 or 7, wherein the different radii gradually decrease in a direction away from the partial rectangle (1740).

9. A polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1, 7 or 8, wherein the number of said plurality of partial circles is three.

10. The polarization rotator according to claim 9, wherein: A first distance (1714) is between a first center (1704) of a first partial circle (1734) of the plurality of partial circles and a side of the partial rectangle (1702); A second distance (1712) is located between a second center (1706) of a second partial circle (1736) of the plurality of partial circles and the first center (1704); a third distance (1710) between a third center (1708) of a third partial circle (1738) of the plurality of partial circles and the second center (1706); and The first distance (1714), the second distance (1712) and the third distance (1710) are the same or different.

11. A polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1, 7-10, wherein the center of the partial rectangle and the multiple centers of the multiple partial circles are aligned along the horizontal axis so that there is no displacement between the center of the partial rectangle and the multiple centers of the multiple partial circles on the vertical axis.

12. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1, 7 to 11, wherein: The partial rectangle has rounded corners; and The length (1716) and width (1742) of the complete rectangle corresponding to the partial rectangle may be the same or different.

13. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 9 to 12, wherein at least one of the following: The first radius (1722) of the first partial circle is approximately 0.55 mm; The second radius (1720) of the second partial circle is approximately 0.28 mm; The third radius (1718) of the third partial circle is approximately 0.17 mm; The first distance (1714) is approximately 0.62 mm; The second distance (1712) is approximately 0.34 mm; The third distance (1710) is approximately 0.20 mm; The length (1716) of the complete rectangle is approximately 1.15 mm; or The width (1742) of the complete rectangle is approximately 0.43 mm.

14. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising: A waveguide portion (412, 1806) connects the first portion (202, 208) and the second portion (204, 210).

15. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising: The first portion (202) and the second portion (204) have the first shape (406), and the thickness (414) of the polarization rotator (200A) is approximately 0.3 mm; or The first portion (208) and the second portion (210) have the second shape (1732), and the thickness (1808) of the polarization rotator (200B) is approximately 0.52 millimeters.

16. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein: The first part (202, 208) and the second part (204, 210) each have a metal housing; and The interior of the metal shell is vacuum or air.

17. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein the polarization rotator operates in a millimeter wave band.

18. The polarization rotator of claim 17, wherein the polarization rotator has an operating bandwidth of about 125 gigahertz (GHz) to about 180 GHz.

19. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein the polarization rotator (200A, 200B) rotates the polarization angle of the electromagnetic wave at the output by about forty-five degrees relative to the initial polarization angle at the input of the polarization rotator.

20. The polarization rotator according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein the polarization rotator (200A, 200B) is a one-piece machined component.

21. A communication device (2800), comprising: A polarization rotator (2802) according to any one of claims 1-20.

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