Novel boarding rail shoe
By adopting a combination design of straps, pedals, friction components and detachable installation structures in high-speed rail shoes, the problems of existing iron shoes falling off and not easy to adjust are solved, and higher safety, comfort and scope of application are achieved.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202411449686.2
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-17
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-25
AI Technical Summary
The existing high-speed rail shoes have a risk of falling off during use, and are not easy to flexibly adjust according to the size of the rising object, resulting in inconvenience in use and safety hazards.
A new type of high-speed rail shoe is designed, which adopts a combined structure of the shoe body, straps, pedals and friction components. The ankles are fixed through straps, and the pedals increase friction, and the friction components improve stability, and the length of the gripper is flexibly adjusted through the detachable installation structure.
It effectively reduces the probability of iron shoes falling off from the feet, improves the wear comfort and safety of users, and adapts to a variety of climbing environments, expands the scope of application, and reduces replacement costs.
Smart Images

Figure CN119499627A_ABST
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] The invention relates to the field of high-climbing iron shoes, in particular to new high-climbing iron shoes. Background Art
[0002] Iron shoes are a commonly used climbing tool, often used for climbing by some high-altitude workers. However, as a climbing tool, iron shoes have some safety hazards in long-term use. For example, in the process of climbing, because the climbing iron shoes are only fixed to the user's feet by fixing belts, there is a probability of falling off in the process of climbing. At the same time, climbing takes a certain amount of time. During the long period of climbing and wearing, the user's feet are prone to pain, which is extremely dangerous. In addition, it is not easy to flexibly adjust the size of the climbing structure according to the size of the climbing object with the existing iron shoes, the scope of application is narrow, and the use value is low. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, a new type of climbing iron shoes is proposed. Summary of the invention
[0003] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a new type of climbing iron shoe to solve the problems raised in the above background technology.
[0004] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a new type of climbing iron shoe, comprising a shoe body, on which an auxiliary structure is fixedly arranged, and the auxiliary structure comprises:
[0005] A binding strap, which is fixedly arranged on the main body of the iron shoe and is used to connect the user's ankle with the main body of the iron shoe;
[0006] Pedals, which are symmetrically and movably arranged on the iron shoe body;
[0007] A friction component is fixedly arranged on the side of the iron shoe body, and is used to stabilize the position of the iron shoe body when it is climbing.
[0008] Preferably, the iron shoe body comprises:
[0009] A shoe body, on which a fixing strap is fixedly provided, and the fixing strap is used to connect and fix the user's foot to the shoe body;
[0010] A connecting rod, the connecting rod is fixedly arranged on the side of the shoe body, and a sleeve is movably arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod;
[0011] A grab bar is movably arranged in a sleeve, and one end of the grab bar is arc-shaped.
[0012] Preferably, a mounting structure is provided between the connecting rod, the sleeve and the grab bar, and the mounting structure comprises:
[0013] A mounting rod, the mounting rod being movably disposed between the connecting rod, the sleeve and the grabbing rod;
[0014] A mounting groove, the mounting groove is provided at the top end of the grab bar, and the cross section of the mounting groove is in a convex shape;
[0015] A fixing assembly is arranged between the mounting rod and the mounting groove, and is used to limit the position of the gripping rod and the sleeve.
[0016] Preferably, the fixing assembly includes a fixing rod, a plurality of fixing grooves and a first spring, the first spring is sleeved on the outer wall of the fixing rod, the fixing rod is movably arranged in the inner cavity of the mounting rod through the first spring, and the plurality of fixing grooves are evenly spaced at the top of the grabbing rod.
[0017] Preferably, the mounting structure further comprises:
[0018] A movable rod, the movable rod is fixedly arranged with the top end of the fixed rod, and the movable rod is movably arranged in the inner cavity of the mounting rod;
[0019] The extrusion rod is movably arranged on one side of the movable rod, and a second spring is sleeved on the outer wall of the extrusion rod. The extrusion rod is used for moving the movable rod upward.
[0020] Preferably, the end of the extrusion rod away from the movable rod is movably provided with a control structure, and the control structure comprises:
[0021] A control rod, the control rod is movably arranged on the inner wall of the extrusion rod, and the control rod is used to move the position of the extrusion rod;
[0022] A convex block, wherein the convex block is fixedly arranged on the outer wall of the control rod;
[0023] A convex groove is provided on the inner wall of the extrusion rod.
[0024] Preferably, a limiting structure for limiting the position of the mounting rod is provided below the extrusion rod, and the limiting structure comprises:
[0025] A limiting rod, wherein the limiting rod is movably arranged on the mounting rod, and a third spring is fixedly arranged between the limiting rod and the mounting rod;
[0026] A limiting groove, wherein the limiting groove is provided at the top end of the connecting rod;
[0027] A strip groove is provided at the bottom end of the control rod and is used to provide space for the position limit rod to move upward.
[0028] Preferably, the friction assembly comprises a first friction block and a second friction block, the first friction block is fixedly arranged on one side of the connecting rod, and the second friction block is fixedly arranged on one end of the grab bar.
[0029] Preferably, a fastening structure is arranged between the second friction block and the grab rod, and the fastening structure includes an insertion rod, a fastening rod and a fastening ring. The insertion rod is movably arranged at one end of the grab rod, the fastening rod and the insertion rod are movably inserted, and the fastening ring is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the fastening rod.
[0030] Preferably, the interior of the mounting rod is a hollow structure, and the bottom and top ends of the mounting rod are both T-shaped in cross-section.
[0031] Technical effects and advantages of the present invention:
[0032] (1) The present invention utilizes a configuration method in which the iron shoe body and the auxiliary structure cooperate, so that the iron shoe can be bound to the user's ankle by a strap when in use, thereby preventing the user's foot from being separated from the iron shoe during the climbing process, reducing the probability of the shoe and the foot falling off, and at the same time adding a pedal to the shoe increases the friction between the user and the sole, which is conducive to improving the user's wearing comfort. Furthermore, the mounting structure arranged on the iron shoe body allows the extension length of the grab bar to be flexibly adjusted, which is suitable for a variety of climbing environments, has a wide range of applications, and is of high value;
[0033] (2) The present invention utilizes a setting method in which the installation structure and the control structure are coordinated, which can not only adjust the use range of the grab bar, but also enable the connection rod and the sleeve to be flexibly disassembled and assembled, so that when the iron shoe is used for a long time, a single structure that is severely worn can be flexibly replaced, thereby avoiding the cost of overall replacement, effectively improving the flexibility of disassembly and replacement of the friction structure between the iron shoe body and the climbing pole, and also reducing the cost of replacing the iron shoe body structure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0034] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention.
[0035] Figure 2 For the present invention Figure 1 A is an enlarged structural diagram of FIG.
[0036] Figure 3 It is a schematic cross-sectional view of the installation structure of the present invention.
[0037] Figure 4 For the present invention Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the enlarged structure at B.
[0038] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the side sectional structure of the mounting rod of the present invention.
[0039] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the fastening structure of the present invention.
[0040] In the figure: 100, iron shoe body; 101, shoe body; 102, fixing belt; 103, connecting rod; 104, sleeve; 105, grab bar; 200, auxiliary structure; 201, binding belt; 202, pedal; 203, first friction block; 204, second friction block; 300, mounting structure; 301, mounting rod; 302, mounting groove; 303, fixing rod; 304, fixing groove; 305, first spring; 306, movable rod; 307, extrusion rod; 308, second spring; 400, control structure; 401, control rod; 402, convex block; 403, convex groove; 500, limiting structure; 501, limiting rod; 502, limiting groove; 503, third spring; 504, strip groove; 600, fastening structure; 601, interpenetrating rod; 602, fastening rod; 603, fastening ring. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0041] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.
[0042] The present invention provides Figure 1-6 The new type of climbing iron shoes shown in the figure includes an iron shoe body 100, which includes a shoe body 101, a connecting rod 103 and a grab bar 105. A fixing belt 102 is fixedly arranged on the shoe body 101, and the fixing belt 102 is used to connect and fix the user's foot to the shoe body 101. The connecting rod 103 is fixedly arranged on the side of the shoe body 101, and a sleeve 104 is movably arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod 103. The grab bar 105 is movably arranged in the sleeve 104, and one end of the grab bar 105 is arc-shaped.
[0043] Specific reference Figure 1 The fixing strap 102 on the shoe body 101 can be adjusted in tightness to be suitable for wearing by multiple users. The fixing strap 102 is an existing commonly used mature structure and is not described in detail in this embodiment. The connecting rod 103 is curved to be suitable for the use angle of the shoe body 101 and the grab bar 105. The grab bar 105 is used to grasp and fix the electric pole or other supporting objects when climbing, which is convenient for the user to move along the electric pole. The connecting rod 103 and the sleeve 104 are arranged to be detachable, which is convenient for the separate disassembly and replacement of the grab bar 105, the connecting rod 103 and the sleeve 104.
[0044] An auxiliary structure 200 is fixedly arranged on the iron shoe main body 100, and the auxiliary structure 200 includes a strap 201, a pedal 202 and a friction assembly. The strap 201 is fixedly arranged on the iron shoe main body 100, and the strap 201 is used to connect the user's ankle with the iron shoe main body 100. The pedal 202 is symmetrically and movably arranged on the iron shoe main body 100. The friction assembly is fixedly arranged on the side of the iron shoe main body 100, and the friction assembly is used to stabilize the position of the iron shoe main body 100 when climbing. The friction assembly includes a first friction block 203 and a second friction block 204. The first friction block 203 is fixedly arranged on one side of the connecting rod 103, and the second friction block 204 is fixedly arranged on one end of the grab bar 105.
[0045] Specific reference Figure 1 The setting of the strap 201 restricts the ankle of the user wearing the shoe body 101. The setting of the strap 201 on the ankle strengthens the stability of the user and the shoe body 101, reduces the probability of the user's foot and the shoe body 101 falling off, and improves the safety of the user wearing the shoe body 101 to climb. There are two pedals 202, which are respectively located at the two ends of the top of the shoe body 101. The top surface of the pedal 202 is non-slip rubber or has non-slip grooves, so as to improve the comfort of the wearer. The first friction block 203 and the second friction block 204 are both wear-resistant rubber or other wear-resistant materials. The setting of the first friction block 203 and the second friction block 204 is convenient for increasing the friction resistance with the electric pole when the iron shoe body 100 is in use, thereby improving the stability of the use of the iron shoe body 100 and enhancing the stability and safety of the iron shoe body 100 when climbing.
[0046] An installation structure 300 is arranged between the connecting rod 103, the sleeve 104 and the grabbing rod 105, and the installation structure 300 includes a installation rod 301, a installation groove 302 and a fixing component. The installation rod 301 is movably arranged between the connecting rod 103, the sleeve 104 and the grabbing rod 105, and the installation groove 302 is opened at the top of the grabbing rod 105, and the cross-section of the installation groove 302 is convex. The fixing component is arranged between the installation rod 301 and the installation groove 302, and the fixing component is used to limit the position of the grabbing rod 105 and the sleeve 104. The interior of the installation rod 301 is a hollow structure, and the bottom and top cross-sections of the installation rod 301 are both T-shaped.
[0047] Specific reference Figure 3 and Figure 4, both ends of the mounting rod 301 are T-shaped, so that both ends of the mounting rod 301 have the function of automatic locking, but the T-shaped positions at both ends of the mounting rod 301 are vertical in different spaces, so that after the mounting rod 301 passes through the connecting rod 103, the sleeve 104 and the mounting groove 302 on the grab bar 105 from top to bottom and is connected, it can be rotated ninety degrees so that the bottom end of the mounting rod 301 forms a locking position with the inner cavity of the mounting groove 302, and the shape of the mounting rod 301 and the mounting groove 302 is used to limit the position of the rotating mounting rod 301, avoiding the occurrence of the phenomenon that the mounting rod 301 moves directly upward, and promoting the fixing between the connecting rod 103 and the sleeve 104, thereby promoting the formation of a detachable setting between the connecting rod 103, the sleeve 104 and the grab bar 105, while ensuring the connection and tightening of the connecting rod 103 and the sleeve 104, it also provides convenience for the disassembly of the connecting rod 103 and the sleeve 104.
[0048] The fixing assembly includes a fixing rod 303, a plurality of fixing grooves 304 and a first spring 305. The first spring 305 is sleeved on the outer wall of the fixing rod 303. The fixing rod 303 is movably arranged in the inner cavity of the mounting rod 301 through the first spring 305. The plurality of fixing grooves 304 are evenly spaced at the top of the grab rod 105.
[0049] Specific reference Figure 3 One end of the first spring 305 is fixed to the outer wall of the fixing rod 303, and the other end of the first spring 305 is fixed to the inner wall of the mounting rod 301. The fixing rod 303 can automatically move downward with the support of the first spring 305, so that it can be inserted into the fixing groove 304 below, thereby promoting the position between the grab bar 105 and the sleeve 104 to be fixed. At the same time, the upward movement of the fixing rod 303 can also make the grab bar 105 move in the sleeve 104, so that the length of one end of the grab bar 105 can be adjusted, so as to adapt to the use of a variety of objects to be climbed, thereby effectively improving the flexibility of the iron shoe body 100.
[0050] The mounting structure 300 also includes a movable rod 306 and an extrusion rod 307. The movable rod 306 is fixed to the top end of the fixed rod 303. The movable rod 306 is movably arranged in the inner cavity of the mounting rod 301. The extrusion rod 307 is movably arranged on one side of the movable rod 306. The outer wall of the extrusion rod 307 is sleeved with a second spring 308. The extrusion rod 307 is used to move the position of the movable rod 306 upward.
[0051] Specific reference Figure 2 and Figure 3The bottom end of the movable rod 306 can drive the fixed rod 303 to move synchronously by being fixed with the fixed rod 303. The end face of the movable rod 306 toward the fixed rod 303 is inclined, and one end of the extrusion rod 307 is in an arc shape, so that the extrusion rod 307 can squeeze the movable rod 306 when moving toward the movable rod 306, thereby prompting the movable rod 306 to move upward, and then the movable rod 306 can synchronously drive the fixed rod 303 to move upward, so that the fixed rod 303 can be separated from the fixed groove 304, which is a grab bar. The adjustment of the position of 105 is convenient. On the contrary, the extrusion rod 307 moves in the opposite direction and moves away from the movable rod 306. The movable rod 306 and the fixed rod 303 move downward under the rebound force of the first spring 305, so that the bottom end of the fixed rod 303 is connected with the fixed groove 304 below, and then the top end of the movable rod 306 is also reset to be flush with the top end of the installation rod 301, so that the movable rod 306 cannot be directly moved by the outside, thereby ensuring the stability and effectiveness of the connection and locking between the fixed rod 303 and the fixed groove 304.
[0052] A control structure 400 is movably provided at the end of the extrusion rod 307 away from the movable rod 306. The control structure 400 includes a control rod 401, a protrusion 402 and a protrusion groove 403. The control rod 401 is movably provided on the inner wall of the extrusion rod 307. The control rod 401 is used to move the position of the extrusion rod 307. The protrusion 402 is fixedly provided on the outer wall of the control rod 401, and the protrusion groove 403 is opened on the inner wall of the extrusion rod 307.
[0053] Specific reference Figure 4 The control rod 401 and the protrusion 402 are rotated after being moved, so that the protrusion 402 is embedded in the inner cavity of the protrusion groove 403. By utilizing the position difference between the protrusion groove 403 and the inner cavity of the extrusion rod 307, the control rod 401 applies a force toward the extrusion rod 307, and can use the embedding of the protrusion 402 and the spitting groove 403 to push the extrusion rod 307, so that the moving extrusion rod 307 generates an extrusion force on the movable rod 306. After the force on the control rod 401 is released, the extrusion rod 307 and the control rod 401 can be reset to the position under the rebound performance of the second spring 308. Without the use of the control rod 401, the control rod 401 can drive the protrusion 402 to rotate by rotating in the opposite direction, so that the protrusion 402 can be separated from the protrusion groove 403, and then the control rod 401 can be moved and stored along the inner cavity of the extrusion rod 307.
[0054] A limiting structure 500 for limiting the position of the mounting rod 301 is arranged below the extrusion rod 307. The limiting structure 500 includes a limiting rod 501, a limiting groove 502 and a strip groove 504. The limiting rod 501 is movably arranged on the mounting rod 301. A third spring 503 is fixedly arranged between the limiting rod 501 and the mounting rod 301. The limiting groove 502 is opened at the top end of the connecting rod 103, and the strip groove 504 is opened at the bottom end of the control rod 401. The strip groove 504 is used to provide space for the limiting rod 501 to move upward.
[0055] Specific reference Figure 4 The limiting rod 501 is installed on the mounting rod 301 through the third spring 503, and can rotate with the rotation of the mounting rod 301. After the rotation, the mounting rod 301 is located above the mounting groove 302. The limiting rod 501 is squeezed by the squeezing rod 307, so that the limiting rod 501 and the limiting groove 502 are interlaced and connected, thereby limiting the position of the mounting rod 301, so that the mounting rod 301 cannot rotate, thereby ensuring the stability of the mounting rod 301 in use. During the rotation of 01, the squeezing rod 307 is squeezed by the control rod 401 and moves toward the movable rod 306, so that the limiting rod 501 can extend upward to the inside of the strip groove 504 under the elastic support of the third spring 503, thereby ensuring the smooth rotation of the installation rod 301. After the installation rod 301 rotates, the position of the squeezing rod 307 is reset, thereby ensuring that the squeezing rod 307 squeezes the limiting rod 501, so that the limiting rod 501 is interlaced and connected with the limiting groove 502.
[0056] A fastening structure 600 is arranged between the second friction block 204 and the grab rod 105, and the fastening structure 600 includes an insertion rod 601, a fastening rod 602 and a fastening ring 603. The insertion rod 601 is movably arranged at one end of the grab rod 105, the fastening rod 602 is movably inserted with the insertion rod 601, and the fastening ring 603 is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the fastening rod 602.
[0057] Specific reference Figure 1 and Figure 6One end of the insertion rod 601 is fixedly arranged with the second friction block 204, and the other end of the insertion rod 601 passes through the grab bar 105 and extends to the outside. A threaded groove is provided on the outer wall of the insertion rod 601 for connecting the fastening rod 602. After the insertion rod 601 passes through the grab bar 105, the position of the insertion rod 601 can be fastened by the threaded connection between the fastening rod 602 and the threaded groove, and then the fastening ring 603 is threadedly connected with the fastening ring 603, so that the fastening ring 603 rotates along the bottom end of the fastening rod 602, thereby ensuring the stability of the fastening rod 602 when in use, and further strengthening the fastening of the second friction block 204 during use, preventing the second friction block 204 from falling off from the grab bar 105 during use, and further effectively improving the safety of the iron shoe body 100.
[0058] Finally, it should be noted that the above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, it is still possible for those skilled in the art to modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or to make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features therein. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims
1. A novel climbing iron shoe, comprising an iron shoe body (100), characterized in that: An auxiliary structure (200) is fixedly arranged on the iron shoe body (100), and the auxiliary structure (200) comprises: A binding strap (201), wherein the binding strap (201) is fixedly arranged on the iron shoe body (100), and the binding strap (201) is used to connect the user's ankle to the iron shoe body (100); A pedal (202), wherein the pedal (202) is symmetrically and movably arranged on the iron shoe body (100); A friction component is fixedly arranged on the side of the iron shoe body (100), and is used to stabilize the position of the iron shoe body (100) when it is climbing.
2. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The iron shoe body (100) comprises: A shoe body (101), wherein a fixing belt (102) is fixedly arranged on the shoe body (101), and the fixing belt (102) is used to connect and fix the user's foot to the shoe body (101); A connecting rod (103), wherein the connecting rod (103) is fixedly arranged on the side of the shoe body (101), and a sleeve (104) is movably arranged at the bottom end of the connecting rod (103); A grab bar (105) is movably disposed in the sleeve (104), and one end of the grab bar (105) is arc-shaped.
3. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 2 is characterized in that: An installation structure (300) is provided between the connecting rod (103), the sleeve (104) and the grab bar (105), and the installation structure (300) comprises: A mounting rod (301), wherein the mounting rod (301) is movably disposed between the connecting rod (103), the sleeve (104) and the grabbing rod (105); A mounting groove (302), the mounting groove (302) being disposed at the top end of the grab bar (105), and the cross section of the mounting groove (302) being in a convex shape; A fixing assembly is arranged between the mounting rod (301) and the mounting groove (302), and is used to limit the position of the grab bar (105) and the sleeve (104).
4. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The fixing assembly comprises a fixing rod (303), a plurality of fixing grooves (304) and a first spring (305); the first spring (305) is sleeved on the outer wall of the fixing rod (303); the fixing rod (303) is movably arranged in the inner cavity of the mounting rod (301) through the first spring (305); and the plurality of fixing grooves (304) are evenly spaced at the top end of the grabbing rod (105).
5. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 3 is characterized in that: The mounting structure (300) further comprises: A movable rod (306), the movable rod (306) being fixedly arranged at the top end of the fixed rod (303), and the movable rod (306) being movably arranged in the inner cavity of the installation rod (301); The squeezing rod (307) is movably arranged on one side of the movable rod (306), and a second spring (308) is sleeved on the outer wall of the squeezing rod (307). The squeezing rod (307) is used to move the movable rod (306) upward.
6. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 5, characterized in that: The end of the extrusion rod (307) away from the movable rod (306) is movably provided with a control structure (400), and the control structure (400) comprises: A control rod (401), wherein the control rod (401) is movably disposed on the inner wall of the extrusion rod (307), and the control rod (401) is used to move the position of the extrusion rod (307); A convex block (402), wherein the convex block (402) is fixedly disposed on the outer wall of the control rod (401); A convex groove (403), wherein the convex groove (403) is formed on the inner wall of the extrusion rod (307).
7. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 5, characterized in that: A limiting structure (500) for limiting the position of the mounting rod (301) is provided below the extrusion rod (307), and the limiting structure (500) comprises: A limiting rod (501), wherein the limiting rod (501) is movably arranged on the mounting rod (301), and a third spring (503) is fixedly arranged between the limiting rod (501) and the mounting rod (301); A limiting groove (502), wherein the limiting groove (502) is formed at the top end of the connecting rod (103); A strip groove (504) is provided at the bottom end of the control rod (401), and the strip groove (504) is used to provide space for the position of the limiting rod (501) to move upward.
8. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 1, characterized in that: The friction assembly comprises a first friction block (203) and a second friction block (204); the first friction block (203) is fixedly arranged on one side of the connecting rod (103), and the second friction block (204) is fixedly arranged on one end of the grab bar (105).
9. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 8, characterized in that: A fastening structure (600) is arranged between the second friction block (204) and the grab bar (105), and the fastening structure (600) comprises an insertion rod (601), a fastening rod (602) and a fastening ring (603), the insertion rod (601) is movably arranged at one end of the grab bar (105), the fastening rod (602) is movably arranged to be inserted with the insertion rod (601), and the fastening ring (603) is fixedly sleeved on the outer wall of the fastening rod (602).
10. The new type of climbing iron shoe according to claim 3, characterized in that: The interior of the installation rod (301) is a hollow structure, and the bottom and top ends of the installation rod (301) are both T-shaped in cross-section.