An extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions and its application

Abstract

The present invention discloses an extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions, and relates to the technical field of lithium extraction by solvent extraction. The present invention also discloses an extraction system for lithium extraction, comprising the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant. The present invention also discloses the application of the above-mentioned extractant and the extraction system in lithium extraction and a lithium extraction method. The extractant of the present invention is not easy to emulsify under low temperature conditions, has small dissolution loss, is suitable for carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions, and the lithium bicarbonate after stripping has a high solubility under low temperature conditions, which reduces the water consumption and energy consumption required for subsequent treatment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of lithium extraction by solvent extraction, and in particular to an extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions and application thereof. Background Art

[0002] As the metal with the lowest density, lithium is widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries and is an important raw material for preparing high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries. Lithium resources mainly come from salt lakes and lithium mines. In addition, with the increasing demand for sustainable development of resources, the recovery of lithium resources from waste chemicals and waste lithium batteries has received increasing attention. Solvent extraction is a widely used metal separation technology that can effectively extract lithium from lithium-containing aqueous solutions.

[0003] The traditional solvent extraction method for preparing lithium carbonate usually includes the steps of extracting lithium, washing impurities, preparing lithium salts by back extraction, and adding sodium carbonate to precipitate lithium carbonate. Among them, strong acid solutions such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid are usually used in the process of back extraction to prepare lithium salts. The process of adding sodium carbonate to precipitate lithium carbonate will produce a large amount of lithium precipitation mother liquor containing impurities such as lithium and sodium, which needs to be repeatedly recovered. The process is relatively cumbersome and energy-intensive.

[0004] Carbon dioxide stripping can directly prepare lithium carbonate or lithium bicarbonate from the organic phase of the lithium-loaded extractant, saving raw material costs and production processes. Chinese invention patent announcements CN 112342407B and CN 110656239B respectively disclose technologies for preparing lithium carbonate by stripping with carbon dioxide based on diketone extractants. However, previous lithium extractants or extraction systems have disadvantages such as low lithium load, high dissolution loss and easy emulsification in the extraction and stripping processes at room temperature. At the same time, due to the fact that CO 2 The carbonic acid produced by dissolving in water is weak, and the stripping reaction of lithium from diketone extractants is slow. In addition, the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is low, resulting in a decrease in the utilization efficiency of carbon dioxide.

[0005] The new extractant developed by the present invention has weaker acidity than diketone extractants and is easier to extract with CO 2 Stripping. At the same time, it is not easy to emulsify under low temperature conditions, and the lithium loading capacity is high. In addition, the high solubility of lithium bicarbonate under low temperature conditions is utilized to increase the concentration of lithium bicarbonate in the product solution and reduce the energy consumption required for subsequent treatment. The present invention is particularly suitable for solvent extraction of lithium and carbon dioxide stripping to prepare lithium carbonate in cold areas. Summary of the invention

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide an extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions and its application. The extractant of the present invention has weak acidity, is not easy to emulsify under low temperature conditions, has small dissolution loss, is more suitable for carbon dioxide stripping, and the lithium bicarbonate after stripping has high solubility under low temperature conditions, thereby reducing water consumption and energy consumption required for subsequent treatment.

[0007] The technical solution of the present invention to solve the above technical problems is as follows: an extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions is provided, and its chemical structure is as follows:

[0008]

[0009] Among them, R 1 O or CH 2 ; R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 Independently selected from H, C1-C15 alkyl or C1-C15 aryl.

[0010] Further, the extractant includes at least one of 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)nonan-1-one, 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)undecane-1-one, 1-(3-hexyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)nonan-1-one, 1-(3-hexyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)undecane-1-one, 1-(4-decyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone, 1-(4-decyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid octyl ester, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid decyl ester, 3-hexyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid octyl ester, 3-hexyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid decyl ester, 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester and 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester.

[0011] The present invention also provides an extraction system for lithium extraction, comprising the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the molar ratio of the extractant to the synergistic extractant is 1-10:1-10.

[0012] Furthermore, the synergistic extractant is an organophosphorus or phenanthroline derivative.

[0013] Furthermore, the organophosphorus is at least one of tributyl phosphate (TBP), tripentyl phosphate (TAP), trihexyl phosphate (THP), trioctyl phosphate (TOP), trialkyl phosphine oxide (TRPO), trihexyl phosphine oxide (THPO) and trioctyl phosphine oxide (TOPO); the phenanthroline derivative is 2,9-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3 ,8-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, at least one of the group consisting of 1,4-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,4-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,4-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 1,4-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline.

[0014] The present invention also provides application of the above-mentioned extractant or extraction system in lithium extraction.

[0015] Furthermore, the application includes but is not limited to lithium extraction from salt lakes, lithium extraction from slag leachate, lithium extraction from recycling retired lithium battery leachate, etc.

[0016] The present invention also provides a method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above-mentioned extractant or extraction system, comprising the following steps:

[0017] (1) Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the co-extractant and the diluent are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase, which is then subjected to multi-stage countercurrent extraction with a lithium-containing alkaline solution to obtain a lithium-loaded organic phase;

[0018] (2) washing: washing the lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) with a washing liquid in a multi-stage countercurrent manner;

[0019] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: stripping the lithium-loaded organic phase treated in step (2) with carbon dioxide to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution;

[0020] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

[0021] Furthermore, in step (1), the diluent is kerosene; and the total concentration of the extractant and the synergistic extractant in the extractant organic phase is 10-60 vt%.

[0022] Furthermore, the lithium extraction reaction equipment in step (1) can be an extraction tank, an extraction tower, an extraction tank, a centrifugal extraction or other extraction equipment.

[0023] Furthermore, in step (2), the washing liquid is at least one of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, lithium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate and lithium hydroxide solution. After washing, the organic phase enters the next step, and the washed liquid is returned to the lithium-containing raw material liquid to ensure that the lithium is completely recovered without loss.

[0024] Furthermore, in step (3), carbon dioxide stripping is performed under the conditions of carbon dioxide pressure of 0-3 MPa and temperature of 5-30°C. The stripping device is in a closed state or semi-closed state. The temperature is achieved by cooling the raw liquid or the condensation system of the stripping device.

[0025] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0026] 1. The acidity of the extractant of the present invention is relatively weak, and CO 2 Stripping is easier, greatly improving CO 2 Improve utilization efficiency and shorten response time.

[0027] 2. Compared with traditional extractants and extraction systems (such as diketone extractants), the extraction system of the present invention has the advantages of no emulsification, high load and low dissolution loss under low temperature conditions.

[0028] 3. The lithium extraction method of the present invention is carried out under low temperature conditions, and the solubility of carbon dioxide in water is higher, which improves the carbon dioxide utilization efficiency and stripping rate. In addition, the solubility of lithium bicarbonate after stripping is high, which is beneficial to reducing the water volume of the lithium bicarbonate product and the energy consumption required for subsequent heat treatment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Figure 1 This is a lithium extraction flow chart of Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The principles and features of the present invention are described below, and the examples are only used to explain the present invention and are not used to limit the scope of the present invention. If no specific conditions are specified in the embodiments, they are carried out according to normal conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. If the manufacturer of the reagents or instruments is not specified, they are all conventional products that can be purchased commercially.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] The raw material solution is the recovered lithium battery leachate. After removing aluminum, nickel, cobalt and manganese ions, the lithium ion concentration is 2.8 g / L and the sodium ion concentration is 30 g / L. Sodium hydroxide is added to make the sodium hydroxide concentration 0.48 mol / L to prepare a lithium-containing alkaline solution.

[0033] A lithium extraction system comprises the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the extractant is octyl 2-hydroxybenzoate and the synergistic extractant is trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO), and the molar ratio is 2:3.

[0034] A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above extraction system, the extraction process is as follows Figure 1 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0035] (1) Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the synergistic extractant and kerosene are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase; the concentration of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid octyl ester in the extractant organic phase is about 0.4 mol / L, and the concentration of TOPO is 0.6 mol / L; then the extractant organic phase and the lithium-containing alkaline solution are subjected to four-stage continuous countercurrent extraction in an extraction clarification tank at a flow rate of 1.5:1 to obtain an organic phase loaded with lithium, and the lithium extraction rate is measured to be >99%;

[0036] (2) Washing: The lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) is washed twice with a 0.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution at a flow rate ratio of 10:1, and the washed liquid is returned to the storage tank of the raw water phase to ensure that the washed lithium ions re-enter the extraction system without loss;

[0037] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: the organic phase loaded with lithium after the treatment in step (2) enters the extraction tower from the light phase inlet of the extraction tower, and carbon dioxide enters the extraction tower from the gas phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the carbon dioxide being 1:10. Water enters the extraction tower from the heavy phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the water being 4:1. Carbon dioxide stripping reaction is performed to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution, with a lithium concentration of about 7.2 g / L and a lithium stripping efficiency of >99%. The regenerated extractant organic phase is reused, and the unconsumed carbon dioxide is collected by an exhaust gas collection device and reused;

[0038] The extraction tower is a stirred sieve plate extraction tower with a tower height of 3 meters, a light phase and heavy phase clarification section of 0.3 meters, a mixing section height of 2.4 meters, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, and a condensing medium temperature of 5°C;

[0039] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product. The carbon dioxide gas generated during the pyrolysis process is collected by a tail gas collection device and then reused.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] The raw material liquid is salt lake lithium water, and impurity ions such as magnesium are removed, with a lithium ion concentration of 0.6 g / L and a sodium ion concentration of 80 g / L. Sodium hydroxide is added to make the sodium hydroxide concentration 0.1 mol / L to prepare a lithium-containing alkaline solution.

[0042] A lithium extraction system comprises the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the extractant is 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester and the synergistic extractant is trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO), and the molar ratio is 2:3.

[0043] A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above extraction system, comprises the following steps:

[0044] (1) Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the synergistic extractant and kerosene are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase; the concentration of methyl 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoate in the extractant organic phase is about 0.4 mol / L, and the concentration of trialkylphosphine oxide (TRPO) is 0.6 mol / L; then the extractant organic phase and the lithium-containing alkaline solution are subjected to four-stage continuous countercurrent extraction in an extraction clarification tank at a flow rate of 1:3 to obtain an organic phase loaded with lithium, and the lithium extraction rate is measured to be >99%;

[0045] (2) Washing: The lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) is washed twice with a 0.5 mol / L hydrochloric acid solution at a flow rate ratio of 10:1;

[0046] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: the organic phase loaded with lithium after treatment in step (2) enters the extraction tower from the light phase inlet of the extraction tower, and carbon dioxide enters the extraction tower from the gas phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the carbon dioxide being 1:10. Water enters the extraction tower from the heavy phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the water being 4:1. Carbon dioxide stripping reaction is performed to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution. The lithium concentration is measured to be about 7 g / L, and the lithium stripping efficiency is >99%;

[0047] The extraction tower is a stirred sieve plate extraction tower with a tower height of 3 meters, a light phase and heavy phase clarification section of 0.3 meters, a mixing section height of 2.4 meters, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, and a condensing medium temperature of 5°C;

[0048] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

[0049] Example 3

[0050] The raw material solution is lithium ore leaching solution, and the mother liquor after adding sodium carbonate to precipitate lithium carbonate contains 2.5g / L lithium ion concentration, 80g / L sodium ion concentration, and 30g / L potassium ion concentration. Sodium hydroxide is added to make the concentration of sodium hydroxide 0.45 mol / L to prepare a lithium-containing alkaline solution.

[0051] A lithium extraction system comprises an extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the extractant is 1-(3-hexyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)undecane-1-one and the synergistic extractant is 2,9-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, and the molar ratio is 1:2.

[0052] A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above extraction system, comprises the following steps:

[0053] (1) Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the synergistic extractant and kerosene are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase; the concentration of 1-(3-hexyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)undecane-1-one in the extractant organic phase is about 0.3 mol / L, and the concentration of 2,9-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline is 0.6 mol / L; then the extractant organic phase and the lithium-containing alkaline solution are subjected to four-stage continuous countercurrent extraction in an extraction clarification tank at a flow rate of 2:1 to obtain an organic phase loaded with lithium, and the lithium extraction rate is measured to be >99%;

[0054] (2) Washing: The lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) is washed twice with 1 g / L lithium carbonate solution at a flow rate ratio of 10:1;

[0055] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: the organic phase loaded with lithium after treatment in step (2) enters the extraction tower from the light phase inlet of the extraction tower, and carbon dioxide enters the extraction tower from the gas phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the carbon dioxide being 1:10. Water enters the extraction tower from the heavy phase inlet, with the flow rate ratio of the organic phase to the water being 4:1. Carbon dioxide stripping reaction is performed to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution, with a measured lithium concentration of about 6.2 g / L, and a lithium stripping efficiency of >99%;

[0056] The extraction tower is a stirred sieve plate extraction tower with a tower height of 3 meters, a light phase and heavy phase clarification section of 0.3 meters, a mixing section height of 2.4 meters, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, and a condensing medium temperature of 5°C;

[0057] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

[0058] Example 4

[0059] The raw material liquid is salt lake lithium water, and impurity ions such as magnesium are removed, with a lithium ion concentration of 0.6 g / L and a sodium ion concentration of 80 g / L. Sodium hydroxide is added to make the sodium hydroxide concentration 0.1 mol / L to prepare a lithium-containing alkaline solution.

[0060] A lithium extraction system comprises the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the extractant is 1-(4-decyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone and the synergistic extractant is tripentyl phosphate (TAP), and the molar ratio is 1:10.

[0061] A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above extraction system, comprises the following steps:

[0062] (1) Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the synergistic extractant and kerosene are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase, in which the total concentration of the extractant and the synergistic extractant is 10 vt%, and then four-stage continuous countercurrent extraction is carried out with a lithium-containing alkaline solution at a flow rate of 1:1 in an extraction clarification tank to obtain an organic phase loaded with lithium. The lithium extraction rate is measured to be >99%;

[0063] (2) Washing: Wash the lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) with 1 g / L lithium carbonate solution at a flow rate ratio of 10:1 for 2 stages;

[0064] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: The organic phase loaded with lithium after treatment in step (2) is stripped with carbon dioxide in a sealed stripping tank at a carbon dioxide pressure of 1 MPa, a temperature of 15°C, and a volume ratio of organic phase to water of 20:1 to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution with a measured lithium concentration of about 6 g / L and a lithium stripping efficiency of >99%;

[0065] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

[0066] Example 5

[0067] The raw material solution is lithium ore leaching solution, and the mother liquor after adding sodium carbonate to precipitate lithium carbonate contains 2.5g / L lithium ion concentration, 80g / L sodium ion concentration, and 30g / L potassium ion concentration. Sodium hydroxide is added to make the concentration of sodium hydroxide 0.45 mol / L to prepare a lithium-containing alkaline solution.

[0068] A lithium extraction system comprises the above-mentioned extractant and a synergistic extractant, wherein the extractant is 1-(4-decyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone and the synergistic extractant is trihexyl phosphate (THP), and the molar ratio is 10:1.

[0069] A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, using the above extraction system, comprises the following steps:

[0070] Solvent extraction of lithium: The extractant, the synergistic extractant and kerosene are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase, the concentration of 1-(4-decyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone is about 0.3 mol / L, and the concentration of trihexyl phosphate (THP) is about 0.03 mol / L; then the extractant organic phase and the lithium-containing alkaline solution are subjected to 4-stage continuous countercurrent extraction in an extraction clarification tank at a flow rate of 2:1 to obtain an organic phase loaded with lithium, and the lithium extraction rate is measured to be >99%;

[0071] (2) washing: washing the lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) with a lithium hydroxide solution in a multi-stage countercurrent manner;

[0072] (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: The organic phase loaded with lithium after treatment in step (2) was stripped with carbon dioxide at a carbon dioxide pressure of 3 MPa and a temperature of 20°C. The volume ratio of the organic phase to water was 5:1, and a lithium bicarbonate solution was obtained. The lithium concentration was measured to be about 6.5 g / L, and the lithium stripping efficiency was >99%;

[0073] (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

[0074] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modification, equivalent substitution or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions, characterized in that: Its chemical structure is shown below: Wherein, R1 is O; R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are independently selected from H, C1-C15 alkyl or C1-C15 aryl.

2. The extractant suitable for lithium extraction and carbon dioxide stripping under low temperature conditions according to claim 1, characterized in that: The extractant includes at least one of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid decyl ester, 3-hexyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid octyl ester, 3-hexyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid decyl ester, 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester and 4-decyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester.

3. An extraction system for stripping lithium with carbon dioxide, characterized in that: The extractant and the synergistic extractant according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the molar ratio of the extractant and the synergistic extractant is 1-10:1-10; The synergistic extractant is a phenanthroline derivative; The phenanthroline derivatives are 2,9-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 2,9-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,8-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, At least one of phenanthroline, 4,7-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dibutyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dihexyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dioctyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 5,6-didecyl-1,10-phenanthroline.

4. Use of the extractant according to any one of claims 1 to 2 or the extraction system according to claim 3 in lithium extraction by carbon dioxide stripping.

5. A method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction, characterized in that: Using the extractant according to claim 1 or the extraction system according to claim 3 comprises the following steps: (1) Solvent extraction for lithium extraction: the extractant, the synergistic extractant and the diluent are mixed to obtain an extractant organic phase, which is then subjected to multi-stage countercurrent extraction with a lithium-containing alkaline solution to obtain a lithium-loaded organic phase; (2) washing: washing the lithium-loaded organic phase obtained in step (1) with a washing liquid in a multi-stage countercurrent manner; (3) Carbon dioxide stripping: stripping the lithium-loaded organic phase treated in step (2) with carbon dioxide to obtain a lithium bicarbonate solution; (4) The lithium bicarbonate solution obtained in step (3) is heated, separated and dried to obtain a lithium carbonate product.

6. The method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step (1), the diluent is kerosene; and the total concentration of the extractant and the synergistic extractant in the extractant organic phase is 10-60 vt%.

7. The method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step (2), the washing liquid is at least one of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, lithium carbonate, lithium bicarbonate and lithium hydroxide solution.

8. The method for extracting lithium based on solvent extraction according to claim 5, characterized in that: In step (3), carbon dioxide stripping is carried out under the conditions of carbon dioxide pressure of 0-3 MPa and temperature of 5-30°C.

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