Ground carbon capture and storage

Abstract

An exemplary surface carbon capture and storage system includes a processing and separation facility (3050) that receives a CO2-containing fluid and extracts CO2 from the CO2-containing fluid. A compressor (3070) downstream of the treatment and separation facility (3050) compresses the extracted CO2 into compressed CO2, which is further introduced downstream with water and other reactants into the reaction vessel (5010). A method for surface carbon capture and storage comprises separating (105) CO2 from a CO2-containing fluid and compressing (107) the separated CO2. The compressed CO2 is introduced (109) into the reaction vessel along with water and other reactants, wherein the CO2 is mineralized in the reaction vessel. The mineralized CO2 is output (111) from the reaction vessel (5010).

Description

Background Art

[0001] Increased emissions of greenhouse gases are worrisome because they contribute to global climate change. Climate change may have an impact on the Earth's ecosystems. The role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in global climate change is of particular concern. CO2 is classified as a greenhouse gas.

[0002] Efforts to remove and recapture CO2 emissions include terrestrial carbon capture and storage (SCCS) technologies, such as sequestering CO2 in basalt formations and in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. Summary of the invention

[0003] In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a terrestrial carbon capture and storage system that includes a processing and separation facility that receives a fluid containing CO2 and extracts CO2 from the fluid containing CO2. A compressor downstream of the processing and separation facility compresses the extracted CO2 into compressed CO2, which is further introduced downstream into a reaction vessel along with water and other reactants.

[0004] The surface carbon capture and storage system can be connected downstream of the fracking system, which provides a fluid containing CO2 from an underground injection formation. The surface carbon capture and storage system can also include an electrolyzer and an absorption cooling device, which receives the mineralized byproducts from the reaction vessel.

[0005] The reaction vessel may contain a fluid containing basalt particles and may be coated with the basalt particles.Further, the inner surface of the reaction vessel may include separate compartments, which may be removable.

[0006] In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method for terrestrial carbon capture and storage. The method may include separating CO2 from a fluid containing CO2 and compressing the separated CO2. The compressed CO2, together with water and reactants, may be introduced into a reaction vessel, where the CO2 is mineralized. The mineralized CO2 may be output from the reaction vessel and may be stored.

[0007] Other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description and the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a terrestrial carbon capture system according to one or more embodiments.

[0009] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a reaction vessel according to one or more embodiments is illustrated.

[0010] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a reaction vessel according to one or more embodiments is illustrated.

[0011] Figure 4 Methods according to one or more embodiments are illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Some CO2 storage methods involve injecting CO2 into underground basalt formations, where the CO2 can eventually be mineralized. In conventional basalt storage methods, a basalt formation suitable for CO2 storage must be found—not all basalt formations are configured to accept CO2. For example, the basalt formation must be porous enough to allow fluid injection. Some basalt formations may be far from the CO2 source; therefore, CO2 may need to be transported over long distances. However, when CO2 is exposed to any amount of water under pressure and forms carbonic acid, steel parts are usually broken by CO2 corrosion. In addition, the introduction of CO2 into underground formations carries the risk of CO2 leaking into the surface environment through permeable layers, cracks, fissures, and even wellbores. The underground mineralization process may take more than a year. During the mineralization period, the ground must be continuously monitored for CO2 leaks. By introducing CO2 into the underground environment, any useful reaction byproducts produced by CO2 may be accumulated in the storage formation and are not recoverable.

[0013] The methods and devices disclosed herein provide a way to capture CO2 at the surface instead of injecting CO2 into underground formations. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, a ground carbon capture and storage (SCCS) method using a reaction vessel device is proposed for ground carbon capture and storage. The proposed reaction vessel can receive CO2 and other reactants involved in the ground-based CO2 mineralization process. The CO2 mineralization process does not occur underground, but occurs on the ground in a controlled chemical process. The product of the reaction converts the CO2 gas into solid carbonate minerals, thereby eliminating the CO2 gas. The useful byproducts of the CO2 mineralization process can be used for commercial purposes.

[0014] Various exemplary embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described. For the sake of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. Of course, it should be understood that in the development of any such actual implementation, many implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's specific goals, such as complying with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it should be understood that such a development effort may be complex and time-consuming, but may be a routine task for one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0015] The present subject matter will now be described with reference to the attached drawings. Various structures, systems and devices are schematically depicted in the drawings for the purpose of explanation only, and the present disclosure is not obscured by details known to those skilled in the art. Nevertheless, the attached drawings are included to describe and explain the illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure. The words and phrases used should be understood and interpreted as having a meaning consistent with the understanding of these words and phrases by those skilled in the relevant art. The specific definition of a term or phrase, i.e., a definition different from the common and customary meaning understood by those skilled in the art, is not intended to imply the consistent use of the term or phrase. To the extent that a term or phrase is intended to have a specific meaning (i.e., in addition to the meaning understood by the technician), such a specific definition will be clearly stated in the specification in a defined manner to directly and clearly provide a specific definition for the term or phrase. With reference to the attached drawings, various exemplary embodiments of the system, device and method disclosed herein will now be described in more detail.

[0016] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a SCCS system may be provided in a reservoir environment to capture and store CO2 gas. For example, Figure 1 A schematic diagram of a reservoir environment is shown according to one or more embodiments. Figure 1 In FIG. 3 , a reservoir environment 3010 includes a SCCS system 3015 and a fracturing system 3017. The SCCS system 3015 is coupled to the fracturing system 3017. The SCCS system 3015 may be coupled downstream of the fracturing system 3017.

[0017] The reservoir environment 3010 includes a surface 3025, representing the surface of the earth, and a subsurface 3020 located below the surface 3025. The subsurface 3020 has a well 3030 that penetrates the subsurface 3020 in a generally downward direction. The well 3030 is defined by a wellbore 3032 (e.g., a cased wellbore wall or an uncased wellbore wall) and is a cavity that has been drilled through the subsurface 3020. Communication of fluids and gases is operable between the surface 3025 and the subsurface 3020 via the well 3030, as will be further described.

[0018] The fracturing system 3017 includes a wellhead 3040 that provides surface access through the well 3030 to an injection line 3034. The injection line 3034 may include drill pipe, coiled tubing, fixed pipe, or other forms of fluid conduits for conveying fluids between the surface 3025 and the subsurface 3020. The wellbore annulus 3036 is the cavity of the injection well 3030 between the injection line 3034 and the wellbore wall 3032. A fracturing fluid including CO2 may be injected into the subsurface 3020 through the injection line 3034 for fracturing operations for purposes understood in the art.

[0019] After the fracturing operation, the fracturing fluid containing CO2 (also referred to as "reflow fluid") flows uphole through the wellbore annulus 3036 (arrow) to the ground 3025. The CO2 in the reflow fluid may exist in a gaseous or supercritical state. The reflow fluid can be guided from the wellhead 3040 to the processing and separation system. The processing separation system may include a processing and separation facility 3050, which may include one or more separation equipment devices, such as a gas / liquid separator, a scrubber, etc. The reflow fluid can be guided from the wellhead 3040 to the processing and separation facility 3050 by connecting the wellhead 3040 fluid to the flow pipeline of the processing and separation facility 3050. In the processing and separation facility 3050, the CO2 in the reflow fluid can be separated from other substances in the reflow fluid. In one or more embodiments, the processing and separation facility of the reflow fluid can be a mobile facility and can be located near the wellhead 3040. In one or more embodiments, a portion of the reflow fluid is transmitted from the wellhead 3040 to the flare 3045 via a flow pipeline and is flared.

[0020] In some embodiments, the processing and separation system may also contain a water (H2O) scrubber to clean the CO2 and remove less soluble gases such as hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), and methane (CH4). In one or more embodiments, the CO2 is absorbed and the unabsorbed gas may be vented or may be sent from the processing and separation facility 3050 to the flare 3045 via a flow line and flared.

[0021] Optionally, CO2 can be further separated from other light hydrocarbons using a separation membrane 3060. For example, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a gas mixture separated from one or more separation equipment devices in the processing and separation facility 3050 can be directed to a separation membrane 3060 to separate CO2 gas from other light hydrocarbon gases. Light hydrocarbons contain approximately one to three carbon atoms per molecule, such as methane, ethane, and propane. In one or more embodiments, the separation membrane 3060 can be part of the processing and separation system and can be located at the processing and separation facility 3050, or can be separated from the processing and separation facility 3050 but fluidly connected to the processing and separation facility 3050. In one or more embodiments, the light hydrocarbons separated by the separation membrane 3060 are retentate and can be conveyed to the flare 3045 or stored for use as fuel.

[0022] After separation, CO2 can be guided to compressor 3070 via a dedicated flow line, wherein CO2 is compressed and pressurized to form compressed CO2, and the compressed CO2 can be a liquid, critical or supercritical fluid. According to one or more embodiments, the compressor can be located downstream of the processing and separation facility. Compressed CO2 can be transmitted to reaction vessel 5010 from compressor 3070 via a fluid conduit. Water can also be supplied to reaction vessel 5010 from water tank 3075 via a fluid conduit. CO2 and H2O can be introduced into the reaction vessel simultaneously or separately. According to one or more embodiments, the molar ratio of water and CO2 introduced into the reaction vessel can be about 1:1.

[0023] In the reaction vessel 5010, CO2 can react with water (e.g., seawater, brine, etc.) to produce byproducts for mineralization and solidification storage. The reaction of CO2 mineralization will be discussed in more detail below. In one or more embodiments, some byproducts of the CO2 mineralization reaction can be sent to the byproduct device 3080 for treatment, separation and capture. In one or more embodiments, some byproducts can be sent to the electrolyzer 3090 for treatment and capture. Mineralized carbon 5002 from CO2 mineralization can be removed from the reaction vessel and can be stored in the subsurface 3020 or ground 3025 location. In one or more embodiments, mineralized carbon 5002 can be stored in the same wellbore used in the fracturing operation.

[0024] Although Figure 1 The CO2 captured from the fracking operation is shown, but those skilled in the art will appreciate that CO2 can be captured from a variety of sources, including fracking operations, refineries, natural gas production processes, and other industrial sites. In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various components of the system including, but not limited to, compressors, water tanks, reaction vessels, and processing and separation facilities can be mobile and can be located near the wellhead 3040.

[0025] Figure 2 3025 is a diagram of a reaction vessel according to one or more embodiments. The reaction vessel 5010 can be used for CO2 mineralization. The reaction vessel 5010 can be located on the ground 3025.

[0026] Reaction vessel 5010 may include inner surface 5012 and outer surface 5014. Inner surface 5012 surrounds inner cavity, and inner cavity is hollow. Reaction vessel also includes top 5021, middle part 5023 and bottom 5025. In some embodiments, top 5021 may be a lid, bottom 5025 may be a base, and middle part 5023 may include a sidewall extending between lid and base. According to an embodiment of the present invention, reaction vessel may, for example, be made of non-metallic, corrosion-resistant materials such as chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), CSM vulcanized rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In addition, as described in more detail below, a part of or the entire reaction vessel of the reaction vessel is inflatable. In such an embodiment, the reaction vessel can be transported in a deflated state and used in an inflated state. According to one or more embodiments, the size of the reaction vessel may be about 4.0 meters in diameter and about 4.0 meters to 6.0 meters in height. In some embodiments, the reaction vessel may be larger.

[0027] In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel 5010 in use can be positioned vertically, for example, wherein the outer surface 5014 of the bottom 5025 of the reaction vessel can be in contact with the ground 3025 or a support structure. However, in other embodiments, the reaction vessel 5010 in use can be placed horizontally, for example, wherein the outer surface 5014 of the middle portion 5023 of the reaction vessel can be in contact with the ground 3025 or a support structure. In some embodiments, the reaction vessel 5010 can be positioned semi-vertically (at an angle to the vertical orientation) during operation.

[0028] According to one or more embodiments, the outer surface 5014 of the reaction vessel 5010 may include an anchoring system 5180 that is configured to prevent the reaction vessel from sliding or tipping over by lateral forces during use or transportation. The anchoring system may include, but is not limited to, bolts or straps. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various types of anchoring systems may be used. The anchoring system may connect the reaction vessel to another reaction vessel, a support structure, or the ground 3025.

[0029] Figure 3 5010 is an illustration of a reaction vessel 5010 in which an interior surface 5012 of the reaction vessel can be subdivided into two or more reaction modules or compartments according to one or more embodiments. Horizontal walls 5310 or plates attached to the interior surface 5012 of the reaction vessel can be used to subdivide the reaction vessel. Figure 3The reaction vessel 5010 in is an exemplary embodiment, which includes a first compartment 5311, a second compartment 5313, a third compartment 5315, a fourth compartment 5317 and a fifth compartment 5319. However, other number of compartments can be assembled together to form a modular reaction vessel. The first compartment 5311 can form the top 5021 of the reaction vessel, and the fifth compartment can form the bottom 5025. The second compartment 5313, the third compartment 5315 and the fourth compartment 5317 can form the middle part 5023 of the reaction vessel 5010.

[0030] The compartment of reaction vessel 5010 may include one or more passages 5332 so that the fluid including reactants and products is transmitted between compartments. The inlet may have a valve to control the volume of fluid. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that passage 5332 may be located at different parts of the reaction vessel, including between the horizontal walls 5310 in the inner surface 5012 or along the outer surface of the reaction vessel. The reaction vessel 5010 may include one or more inlets 5040, 5050 and one or more outlets 5030, 5055, 5060 to receive fluids to enter the reaction vessel 5010 and distribute the fluids out of the reaction vessel 5010. The inlet may be connected to a flow line and may have a valve to control the volume of the inflowing fluid. (One or more) inlets or (one or more) outlets may be located in the same compartment or different compartments of the reaction vessel. In a reaction vessel without different compartments, (one or more) inlets and (one or more) outlets may be located in various regions (e.g., along the top 5021 and / or along the middle 5023) of the reaction vessel.

[0031] The reaction vessel 5010 with compartments can be configured to have isolated sections, in which different reactions or processes can occur. In an exemplary embodiment, the second compartment 5313, the third compartment 5315 and the fourth compartment 5317 can be dedicated to the mineralization reaction that may occur in the reaction vessel. The first compartment 5311 can be dedicated to collecting some CO2 mineralized byproducts, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) from the reaction vessel, and conveying them to the adsorption cooling device. The fifth compartment 5319 can contain an electrolyzer, which is configured to process and capture other byproducts of CO2 mineralization.

[0032] According to one or more embodiments, one or more compartments of reaction vessel 5010 can be removable. The removable compartment can be an isolated enclosed space, wherein the top wall of the removable compartment is connected to the bottom wall of the adjacent removable compartment. The shape of the removable compartment can be cylindrical. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various methods and parts can be used to splice the removable compartments of the reaction vessel together. According to one or more embodiments, a hoop strap can be used to splice the removable compartments of the reaction vessel. The hoop strap can be included on the outer surface 5014 of the reaction vessel 5010 and can be vertically spaced apart.

[0033] Removable compartment can be separated with other compartment fluids before removing.For example, the 3rd compartment 5315 can be separated with the second compartment 5313 and the 4th compartment 5317 fluids and removed.Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the valve of fluid connection compartment can be used for controlling the flow of fluid, or stop the flow of the fluid between the compartment.The compartment removed can be improved and reinstalled in the reaction vessel 5010, or the compartment removed can utilize another compartment to replace.

[0034] According to one or more embodiments, the removable compartment can have several shapes and can be made of several types of materials (materials are described below). In an exemplary embodiment, the fifth compartment 5319 can be made of a material that is resistant to damage and durable to prevent damage to the container when the fifth compartment 5319 is placed on the ground 3025 or other supporting structures. The first compartment 5311 can be made of a material similar to the fifth compartment; however, the second compartment 5313, the third compartment 5315 and the fourth compartment 5317 forming the middle part 5023 of the reaction vessel can be made of an inflatable material.

[0035] According to one or more embodiments, one or more housings can be inserted between removable compartments. For example, a shell ring can be inserted between the second compartment 5313 and the third compartment 5315. Inserting a shell ring can help adjust the height of the reaction vessel 5010. The shape of the housing (such as a shell ring) can be cylindrical, but it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in one or more embodiments, the housing can be other shapes. For example, the housing included between the fifth compartment 5319 and the ground 3025 can have a U-shaped housing.

[0036] According to one or more embodiments, the size of the reaction vessel with a removable compartment can be about 4.0 meters in diameter and about 4.0 meters to 6.0 meters in height. However, if an additional removable compartment is added, the reaction vessel with a removable compartment can have a higher height. For example, the sixth compartment (not shown) can be added below the fifth compartment 5319.

[0037] According to one or more embodiments, the entire reaction vessel 5010 or one or more compartments of the reaction vessel can be inflated or deflated. The reaction vessel 5010 can be inflated for use, and can be deflated when stored or transported. The deflated reaction vessel takes up less space than the inflated reaction vessel, which is conducive to storage and transportation. The reaction vessel can be inflated with air or other materials that do not react with the reaction product.

[0038] The reaction vessel can be designed to withstand the concentration of reactive substances such as acids and alkalis. In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel can be made of non-metallic and corrosion-resistant materials or parts. In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel is made of materials including, but not limited to, carbon fiber, plastic, thermoplastic or rubber. The rubber material used to make the reaction vessel can be chlorosulfonated polyethylene synthetic rubber (CSM). CSM is useful because it is enough to resist heat, oil, ozone, oxidants, weathering and tearing. In one or more embodiments, the thermoplastic used to make the reaction vessel can be polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is useful because it is a good insulator and has low hygroscopicity. Further, PVC is enough to resist chemicals, corrosion and flame. Further, both CSM and PVC are flexible, so inflatable reaction vessels and bands can also be made of CSM or PVC. It will also be appreciated by those skilled in the art that in one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel can contain some metal (e.g., stainless steel) parts, such as sensors, valves, connectors, etc.

[0039] In some embodiments, multiple reaction vessels 5010 can be used. In one or more embodiments, two or more reaction vessels can be fluidly coupled together, such as in series or in parallel, for a larger volume of incoming fluid.

[0040] The reaction vessel 5010 is reusable and can be transported (e.g., in a vertical or horizontal orientation) to another SCCS site after use. In one or more embodiments, the bottom 5025 of the reaction vessel can be configured with wheels, which can allow for easier transportation of the reaction vessel.

[0041] According to embodiments of the present invention, reactants for the mineralization of CO2 may be disposed within a reaction vessel (e.g., in one or more compartments of a modular reaction vessel, or within the lumen of a reaction vessel without modular compartments). For example, in some embodiments, Figure 2 As shown, basalt particles 5125 in powder form can be placed in a cartridge inside the reaction vessel and released from the cartridge into the reaction vessel in a controlled manner. Other embodiments of introducing reactants into the reaction vessel are described in more detail below.

[0042] The reaction vessel 5010 may be combined with a component for mixing reactants. In one or more embodiments, a recirculation pump may be used to stir the reactants. In one or more embodiments, CO2 may be injected into the inner cavity to stir the fluid therein. In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel 5010 may include a mixing system 5120, which includes a stirring rod with an axis and an impeller and a drive motor configured to rotate the axis. In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel may include an ultrasonic sonochemical device 5170, which is configured to emit high-power, low-frequency ultrasonic or radio waves of the contents of the mixed reaction vessel. The ultrasonic sonochemical device 5170 may be located inside or outside the reaction vessel 5010 during operation to mix the contents of the reaction vessel. In some embodiments, each step of the CO2 mineralization reaction may be carried out in a single reaction vessel. In some embodiments, different steps in the CO2 mineralization reaction may be carried out in different compartments of a single reaction vessel. In other embodiments, one or more steps in the CO2 mineralization reaction may be carried out in different reaction vessels (e.g., the fluid may be transmitted between a first reaction vessel in which reactants are introduced together and a second reaction vessel in which a separate mixing step is carried out).

[0043] In one or more embodiments, reaction vessel 5010 can be configured to operate at atmospheric pressure. For example, the CO injected into reaction vessel 5010 can react in the reaction vessel at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. In one or more embodiments, reaction vessel 5010 can be configured to withstand pressures higher than atmospheric pressure because it can receive pressurized CO. The valves and flow lines that receive high pressure fluids and distribute them to the reaction vessel are also configured to withstand high pressure.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel includes a sensor, including, but not limited to, a pressure sensor, a temperature sensor, or a pH sensor.

[0045] According to one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel 5010 may include a leak detector 5190 configured to monitor and relay an alarm regarding the release of reactants and products (including CO2 and acids) into the environment. Figure 2 Leak detectors are shown located near the top of the reaction vessel; however, some leak detectors, including those made of a membrane liner and a drain pipe configured to detect liquid, can be located near the bottom of the reaction vessel. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a variety of types of leak detectors can be used.

[0046] The reaction vessel can be configured to accommodate a variety of reactions that produce precipitates and other byproducts during CO2 mineralization. In one or more embodiments, the fluid flowing into and out of the reaction vessel can contain solid particles and gases. For example, the reaction vessel can receive substances such as CO2, H2O, nanoparticles, and metal ions via an inlet and distribute substances such as mineralized precipitates, hydrochloric acid (HCl), H2, and O2 via an outlet.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, calcium chloride (CaCl2), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), calcium bromide (CaBr2) and magnesium bromide (MgBr2) are introduced into the inner cavity of the reaction together with CO2 and H2O as reactants. Magnesium ions (Mg2+) and calcium ions (Ca2+) in the solution react with CO2 and H2O to form magnesite (MgCO3) and calcite (CaCO3) by mineralization. Calcite is a mineral composed of calcium carbonate and is the main component of sedimentary rocks such as limestone. Similarly, magnesite is a mineral composed of magnesium carbonate. Magnesium ions and calcium ions can also react with CO2 to form dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrobromic acid (HBr) can also be produced in the mineralization reaction and can be collected.

[0048] Examples of mineralization reactions that may occur in the reaction vessel include, but are not limited to, those provided in Equations 1-6:

[0049] Calcite formation: CaCl2+CO2+H2O→CaCO3+2HCl (Equation 1);

[0050] Magnesite formation: MgCl2+CO2+H2O→MgCO3+2HCl (Equation 2);

[0051] Calcite formation: CaBr2+CO2+H2O→CaCO3+2HBr (Equation 3);

[0052] Magnesite formation: MgBr2+CO2+H2O→MgCO3+2HCl (Eq. 4);

[0053] Dolomite formation: CaCl2+MgCl2+2CO2+2H2O→CaMg(CO3)2+4HCl (Eq. 5); and

[0054] Dolomite formation: CaBr2+MgBr2+2CO2+2H2O→CaMg(CO3)2+4HBr (Equation 6).

[0055] Reference again Figure 2In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel can be configured to contain basalt particles 5125. Basalt is generally understood to be a volcanic rock having a silicon dioxide (SiO2) content of less than about 52 weight percent (wt%). Basalt is understood to be rich in iron and magnesium. Certain types of basalt, such as plagioclase, may be rich in calcium. Calcium and magnesium are water soluble and readily release calcium and magnesium cations in solution. Basalt particles can be a source of calcium and magnesium ions for reaction with CO2 to produce calcite, magnesite, and dolomite, among other products.

[0056] Basalt particles 5215 may refer to any particles that include basalt as a base component. Basalt particles may include basalt from natural sources such as volcanic rocks, and may include various types of basalts, such as but not limited to tholeiitic basalt, alkaline basalt, high-alumina basalt, and boninite. The definition of basalt may be obtained by consulting various classification methods for volcanic rocks, such as by utilizing the quartz, alkaline feldspar, plagioclase, and feldspar-like (QAPF) diagram.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, the basalt particles may include basalt and other components, such as powdered non-basalt rocks and minerals. In one or more embodiments, the basalt particles may contain basalt in an amount ranging from about 20% to 60% by weight, such as a lower limit selected from any one of 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% by weight to an upper limit selected from any one of 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60% by weight, wherein any lower limit may be used in combination with any upper limit.

[0058] In one or more embodiments, the form of the basalt particles can be, but not limited to, nano-scale particles, debris (chip) and fibers. The shape of the basalt particles can be spherical, cubic, cylindrical or any other regular or irregular shape. In one or more embodiments, the basalt particles can have a size in the range of from about 1 nanometer (nm) to 20 millimeters (mm), such as a lower limit selected from any one of 1nm, 5nm, 10nm, 50nm and 100nm to an upper limit selected from any one of 0.5μm, 1μm, 10μm, 100μm, 1mm, 2mm, 5mm, 10mm and 20mm, wherein any lower limit can be used in combination with any upper limit.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, the basalt particles introduced into the reaction vessel can be incorporated into a base fluid. The base fluid containing the basalt particles can be referred to as a "basalt base fluid". The base fluid can be any type of fluid suitable for dispersing the basalt particles into the reaction vessel. The basalt base fluid can be injected into the reaction vessel. In some embodiments, the basalt base fluid can contain additional fluids or additives, including, but not limited to, sodium carbonate, lithium carbonate, barium carbonate, potassium carbonate.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, the basalt base fluid may contain basalt particles in an amount ranging from about 20 wt % to 60 wt %, such as a lower limit selected from any one of 20 wt %, 25 wt %, 30 wt %, and 35 wt %, to an upper limit selected from any one of 45 wt %, 50 wt %, 55 wt %, and 60 wt %, wherein any lower limit may be used in combination with any upper limit.

[0061] In one or more embodiments, basalt particles can be incorporated into a coating fluid to form a coating composition and applied to the inner surface 5012 of the reaction vessel 5010. The coating on the inner surface 5012 of the reaction vessel 5010 may also be referred to as a "basalt base coating". The basalt base coating 5235 may be applied to a portion of the inner surface, such as the middle portion 5023, or the entire inner surface. In an embodiment with a modular reaction vessel, one or more modular compartments of the reaction vessel may be coated with a basalt base coating. The coating composition may include basalt particles, a coating fluid, and may also include other components, such as additives. In one or more embodiments, the coating fluid may include a resin, a coating, or an adhesive, allowing the basalt particles to be coated on the inner surface of the reaction vessel and fully adhere thereto.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, the basalt base coating can be placed on the inner surface 5012 by various methods, such as using an adhesive, spraying or brushing or rolling to adhere the coating to the inner surface 5012. In one or more embodiments, the inner surface 5012 of the reaction vessel has features such as grooves or indentations to help fix the basalt base coating or basalt sheet. In some embodiments, a sheet including basalt particles (e.g., basalt particles retained in a resin sheet) can be mechanically fixed to the inner surface 5012 of the reaction vessel 5010 by using a fixing device such as a band, a mesh, or a fastener.

[0063] The inner surface 5012 of the reaction vessel 5010 may include a reaction zone 5245 configured to immobilize basalt particles. According to one or more embodiments, the reaction zone 5245 may be spaced from 0.5 meters from the bottom 5025 of the reaction vessel to 1.0 meters from the top 5021 of the reaction vessel. The reaction zone 5245 is configured to resist pressurized reactants and products, such as acids and bases.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, the basalt base coating may contain basalt particles in a range from about 20 wt % to 60 wt %, such as a lower limit selected from any one of 20 wt %, 25 wt %, 30 wt %, and 35 wt %, to an upper limit selected from any one of 45 wt %, 50 wt %, 55 wt %, and 60 wt %, wherein any lower limit may be used in combination with any upper limit. According to one or more embodiments, the thickness of the basalt base coating applied to the reaction vessel may range from about 50 mm to 100 mm, such as a lower limit selected from any one of 50 mm, 60 mm, and 70 mm, to an upper limit selected from any one of 80 mm, 90 mm, and 100 mm, wherein any lower limit may be used in combination with any upper limit.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel is configured to contain water as a source of calcium and magnesium ions. Some water sources contain metal ions, including spring water or groundwater; however, seawater and salt water have higher concentrations of metal ions. The salt concentration (salinity) in seawater is about 35 ppt (parts per thousand) on average. Salt water is salt-saturated water and has a salinity of 50 ppt (parts per thousand) or more. Both seawater and salt water contain compounds that can produce magnesium and calcium ions, which can be used to react with CO2.

[0066] In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel may contain a basalt-based fluid, a basalt-based coating, and ion-containing water. In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel may be sealed for a period of time to allow the reaction to occur.

[0067] As mentioned, HCl and HBr may be produced as byproducts of the mineralization reaction of CO2. The HBr and HCl produced have limited solubility in solution and may be in the gas phase. For collection, the HBr and HCl may be conveyed from the reaction vessel to the adsorption cooling device 5011 via a flow line connecting the reaction vessel and the adsorption cooling device. The adsorption cooling device 5011 may be made of corrosion resistant materials. The adsorption cooling device 5011 may include a heat-driven refrigeration system that may use a refrigerant fluid to condense the HBr and HCl.

[0068] In one or more embodiments, the products of CO2 mineralization, such as calcite, magnesite, and dolomite, can be sent to a vessel called an electrolyzer (e.g., Figure 1 3090 in). The electrolyzer may be configured to house an anode and a cathode. H2 may be formed at the cathode, and O2 may be formed at the anode. In one or more embodiments, the CaCO3 in the electrolyzer reacts with H2O to produce calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), CO2, O2, and H2. In one or more embodiments, the CaCO3 in the electrolyzer reacts with H2O and CO2 to produce calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO3)2), CO2, O2, and H2. In one or more embodiments, the MgCO3 in the electrolyzer reacts with H2O to produce magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), CO2, O2, and H2. In one or more embodiments, the MgCO3 in the electrolyzer reacts with H2O and CO2 to produce magnesium bicarbonate (Mg(HCO3)2), CO2, O2, and H2. Byproducts of the reaction, such as Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Ca(HCO3)2, and Mg(HCO3)2 can be removed from the electrolyzer and can be optionally diluted and stored at a subsurface 3020 or surface 3025 location. In one or more embodiments, the byproducts of the reaction can be stored in the same wellbore as used in the fracturing operation.

[0069] Examples of possible reactions of CaCO3 and MgCO3 to produce H2 and O2 by electrolysis are provided in Equations 7-10:

[0070] CaCO3+2H2O+electric energy→0.5O2+H2+Ca(OH)2+CO2 (Equation 7);

[0071] CaCO3+2H2O+CO2+electricity→0.5O2+H2+Ca(HCO3)2+CO2 (Equation 8);

[0072] MgCO3+2H2O+electricity→0.5O2+H2+Ca(OH)2+CO2 (Equation 9); and

[0073] MgCO3+2H2O+CO2+electricity→0.5O2+H2+Mg(HCO3)2+CO2 (Equation 10).

[0074] In one or more embodiments, the adsorption cooling device 5011 or the electrolyzer 3090 can be configured to use an alternative energy source that can be solar energy. Using solar energy can further reduce CO2 emissions. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various renewable energy sources can be used.

[0075] How to use

[0076] Figure 4 is a flow chart illustrating a SCCS method according to one or more embodiments.

[0077] exist Figure 4 In the SCCS method 300 of FIG. 1 , step 103 shows providing a fluid containing CO2 according to one or more embodiments. CO2 can be captured and provided from a variety of sources, including fracking operations, refineries, natural gas production processes, and other industrial sites, particularly those that consume fossil fuels. In one or more embodiments, as Figure 1 As shown, after the fracturing operation, CO2 is provided through a return fluid containing CO2 at the wellhead located on the surface.

[0078] In one or more embodiments of the SCCS process, CO2 is separated from other substances, compounds, and impurities 105. CO2 separation can occur in a processing and separation facility, where an H2O scrubber can be used to clean the CO2 and remove insoluble gases such as hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), and methane (CH4). Optionally, a separation membrane can also be used to separate CO2 from other light hydrocarbons. Membrane separation can use applied pressure to separate CO2 from other light hydrocarbons. In one or more embodiments, a portion of the reflux fluid can be flared.

[0079] In step 107, the separated CO2 can be compressed. Compression can convert the carbon dioxide liquid or gas into a critical or supercritical fluid. Critical and supercritical carbon dioxide can dissolve in greater amounts than noncritical carbon dioxide; therefore, mixing water with carbon dioxide in a critical or supercritical state may help increase the rate of the reaction.

[0080] In one or more embodiments of the SCCS process, compressed CO2 is introduced into a reaction vessel for CO2 mineralization. Figure 4 In the method 300 of , step 109 shows that compressed CO2 fluid is introduced into the reaction vessel. In one or more embodiments, H2O is also introduced with CO2. H2O and CO2 can be introduced into the reaction vessel through a single flow line. In one or more embodiments, H2O and CO2 fluids are introduced into the reaction vessel through separate flow lines. In another embodiment, H2O is introduced after CO2 is introduced.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, a basalt-based fluid containing basalt particles is also added to the reaction vessel along with the H2O and CO2 as a source of calcium and magnesium. In one or more embodiments, the basalt-based fluid is added to the reaction vessel prior to the introduction of the H2O and CO2.

[0082] In one or more embodiments, the reaction vessel can be coated with a coating containing basalt particles. The basalt-based coating can be applied to sections of the reaction vessel or can coat the entire inner surface of the reaction vessel. In one or more embodiments, the coating fluid can include a resin, coating, or adhesive that allows the basalt particles to be coated onto the inner surface of the reaction vessel and fully adhere thereto. In one or more embodiments, the basalt-based fluid is applied to the reaction vessel prior to the introduction of H2O and CO2. In one or more embodiments, water containing calcium and magnesium, such as brine and seawater, can also be added to the reaction vessel.

[0083] In the SCCS method of one or more embodiments, the reactants in the reaction vessel can be mixed to increase the rate of the reaction. In one or more embodiments, a recirculation pump can be used to stir the reactants. In one or more embodiments, CO2 can be sprayed to stir the fluid. In one or more embodiments, a stirring rod is used to mix the reactants. In one or more embodiments, an ultrasonic sonochemical device can be used to mix the reactants.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, the pressure, temperature, and pH of the reactants and fluids in the reaction vessel may be monitored before, during, and / or after the mineralization reaction.

[0085] In the SCCS process of one or more embodiments, HCl and HBr may be produced as byproducts of the mineralization reaction of CO 2. In one or more embodiments, the HBr and HCl may be collected near the top of the reaction vessel, and an outlet near the top of the reaction vessel may allow the HBr and HCl to be transferred to an adsorption cooling device.

[0086] exist Figure 4 In FIG. 1 , step 117 shows that the HBr and HCl removed from the reaction vessel can be condensed and collected by adsorption cooling. The adsorption cooling device can use a heat-driven refrigeration system and a refrigerant fluid to condense the HBr and HCl. The refrigerant fluid, such as H2O, can be contained in a flow line passing through a condenser chamber in the adsorption cooling device. The condenser chamber can contain gaseous HBr and HCl, which condense into liquids when they come into contact with the cooler surfaces of the flow line containing the refrigerant.

[0087] exist Figure 4In one or more embodiments, step 111 shows that the product of CO2 mineralization can be removed from the reaction vessel. In one or more embodiments, the product of mineralization can be stored in a subsurface or surface location, as shown in step 121. In one or more embodiments, products such as calcite, magnesite and dolomite can be used to produce H2 and O2 by electrolysis, as shown in step 119. H2 and O2 are produced on different electrodes. H2 and O2 can be compressed in gas cylinders or gas tanks and stored for use. The produced H2 and O2 can be used for other industrial applications, such as refinery applications and powering fuel cells based on H2 or O2.

[0088] After use at a particular location, the reaction container can be transported to another location for use. In some embodiments, the reaction container can be deflated during transport.

[0089] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which these systems, apparatus, methods, processes, and compositions belong.

[0090] The singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0091] As used herein and in the appended claims, the words "comprise," "have," and "include" and all grammatical variations thereof are intended to have an open, non-limiting meaning that does not exclude additional elements or steps.

[0092] "Optionally" means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur. The description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not occur.

[0093] When the word "about" or "approximately" is used, the term may mean that the value may vary by up to ±10%, up to 5%, up to 2%, up to 1%, up to 0.5%, up to 0.1%, or up to 0.01%.

[0094] Ranges can be expressed as from about one specific value to about another specific value, including the end values. When such a range is expressed, it should be understood that another embodiment is from the one specific value to the other specific value, along with all specific values ​​and combinations thereof within the range.

[0095] While the present disclosure includes a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the present disclosure. Accordingly, the scope should be limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A terrestrial carbon capture and storage system comprising: a processing and separation facility configured to receive a CO2-containing fluid and extract CO2 from the CO2-containing fluid; a compressor coupled downstream of the processing and separation facility and configured to compress the extracted CO2 into compressed CO2; as well as A reaction vessel, coupled downstream of the CO 2 compressor, is configured to receive compressed CO 2 , water, and reactants.

2. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1, wherein the terrestrial carbon capture and storage system is connected downstream of a fracturing system, the fracturing system comprising a wellbore passing through an underground injection formation, wherein the underground injection formation provides the CO2-containing fluid and is in fluid communication with the downstream processing and separation facility.

3. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1, wherein the processing and separation facility comprises a separation membrane configured to separate CO2 from other light hydrocarbons.

4. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claims 1 to 3, further comprising an electrolyzer, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to receive the mineralized byproduct from the reaction vessel.

5. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claims 1 to 4, further comprising an absorption cooling device, wherein the absorption cooling device is configured to receive the mineralized by-product from the reaction vessel.

6. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel contains a fluid including basalt particles.

7. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 6, wherein the fluid contains basalt particles in the range of about 20% to 60% by weight.

8. A terrestrial carbon capture and storage system according to claims 1 and 6 to 7, wherein the reaction vessel comprises a coating of basalt particles.

9. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claims 1 and 6 to 8, wherein the reaction vessel comprises a mixing system.

10. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1, wherein the reaction vessel is fluidly coupled to at least one additional reaction vessel.

11. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1 , wherein the reaction vessel is inflatable.

12. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 1, wherein the interior surface of the reaction vessel comprises separate compartments.

13. The terrestrial carbon capture and storage system of claim 12, wherein the compartment of the reaction vessel is removable.

14. A method for terrestrial carbon capture and storage, the method comprising: Separating CO2 from a CO2-containing fluid; compressing the separated CO2; introducing compressed CO2, water and reactants into a reaction vessel; mineralizing CO2 in the reaction vessel; outputting mineralized CO2 from the reaction vessel; as well as The mineralized CO2 is stored.

15. The method of claim 14, further comprising collecting the CO2-containing fluid from a fracturing system.

16. The method according to claim 14, wherein CO2 is separated from the CO2-containing fluid using a separation membrane.

17. The method of claim 14, wherein a basalt particle fluid is also introduced into the reaction vessel prior to mineralizing the CO2.

18. The method of claims 14 to 17, wherein a portion of the inner surface of the reaction vessel is coated with basalt particles.

19. The method of claims 14 to 18, further comprising the step of feeding the mineralized by-products to an adsorption cooling unit.

20. The method of claims 14 to 19 further comprising the step of feeding the mineralisation by-products to an electrolyser.

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