In-vitro gathering device for assisting chewing and crushing and simulation method of in-vitro gathering device

Abstract

The invention discloses an in-vitro gathering device for assisting chewing crushing and a simulation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of food oral cavity processing research. The invention discloses an in-vitro gathering device for assisting chewing and crushing. The whole in-vitro gathering device is composed of a pushing mechanism, a fixed support, a sliding shaft, a gathering mechanism and a movement connecting rod assembly. The pushing mechanism is fixed to the fixing support, the input end of the pushing mechanism is connected with an external power source, and the output end of the pushing mechanism is connected with the converging mechanism. The pushing mechanism stretches out and draws back to drive the gathering pushing piece to move, broken food particles are subjected to double-side gathering movement from outside to inside through the movement connecting rod, the gathering effect of the tongue on food in the human chewing process is simulated, and food positioning and breaking clustering in the simulated chewing process are assisted and promoted. By using the motion connecting rod assembly, two-way reciprocating motion can be achieved only through a single power source, and the space occupied by the power source and the experiment cost are reduced.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of food oral processing research, and in particular relates to an in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing and a simulation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Current in vitro simulated chewing devices or technologies still have certain limitations in simulating the volume of the human oral cavity. Due to the complexity and dynamics of the human oral cavity, it is difficult for in vitro devices to fully replicate the actual conditions in the oral cavity, including the size and shape of the oral space and the interaction between the teeth and the tongue. In the simulated chewing process, the positioning of the teeth is crucial for the crushing of food. A larger oral space will cause the model teeth to position the food inaccurately. Inaccurate positioning may cause uneven crushing of food, which will affect the crushing effect of food during chewing and the accuracy of the simulation results.

[0003] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an auxiliary device that can simulate the convergence effect of the tongue, which can increase the sample capacity to a certain extent (close to the normal intake of one mouthful of food during human eating), and can promote positioning and fragmentation during simulated chewing, so as to better simulate the chewing process of human eating. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to solve the deficiencies in the prior art and to provide an in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing and a simulation method thereof.

[0005] The specific technical solutions adopted by the present invention are as follows:

[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing, which is installed on a chewing platform and includes a pushing mechanism, a fixed bracket, a sliding shaft, a convergence mechanism and a motion link assembly; the pushing mechanism is fixed on the fixed bracket, the input end of the pushing mechanism is connected to an external power supply, and the output end of the pushing mechanism is connected to the convergence mechanism;

[0007] The converging mechanism comprises two converging push pieces arranged in parallel and at intervals, and the two ends of the two converging push pieces respectively pass through a sliding shaft vertically arranged between the two converging push pieces; the sliding shaft is used to be plugged into the two sides of the chewing platform, and the converging mechanism is arranged above the chewing platform; the converging push pieces and the sliding shaft form a sliding connection, and the sliding shaft serves as a motion track of the converging mechanism;

[0008] The motion link assembly is vertically arranged between the two converging push pieces, and the motion link assembly includes an end link arranged on the converging push piece and an intermediate link between the end links on both sides; the two ends of each converging push piece are connected to one end of the end link by a hinge, and the other end of the end link is provided with an intermediate link by a hinge to form a scissor-type structure; the center of the intermediate link is fixedly connected to the chewing platform or the sliding shaft by setting a fixed axis point; the pushing mechanism drives one converging push piece in the converging mechanism to move, and drives the other converging push piece to move in the opposite direction through the motion link assembly, so as to realize bilateral convergence or expansion.

[0009] As a preferred embodiment of the above-mentioned first aspect, the motion link assembly includes four end links and two intermediate links; two end links are provided at both ends of each converging push plate through a hinge connection; the two intermediate links are cross-arranged, and the two ends are respectively hinged with the end links on both sides to form a scissors-type structure.

[0010] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, a fixed axis point is provided at the intersection of the two middle connecting rods, and the fixed axis point is fixedly connected to the chewing platform.

[0011] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, a mounting groove for arranging an adapter plate is provided in the middle of the converging push plate connected to the pushing mechanism; and two ends of the adapter plate are fixedly connected to the pushing mechanism and the converging push plate respectively.

[0012] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the adapter plate is connected to the pushing mechanism and the converging pushing plate by means of screws or bolts.

[0013] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the pushing mechanism adopts an electric push rod.

[0014] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, baffles are provided at both ends of the sliding shaft to prevent the converging push pieces from falling off.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the upper surfaces of both ends of the converging push pieces are provided with fixing seats, and the end connecting rods are sleeved on the fixing seats and bolts are arranged thereon to form a hinge.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment of the first aspect, the end links and the intermediate links in the motion link assembly are hinged via studs.

[0017] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a simulation method using the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing as described in the first aspect, the specific steps are as follows:

[0018] S1: installing the in vitro convergence device on the chewing platform of the simulated chewing device, and turning on the power of the driving mechanism; placing the food particles to be tested on the bottom plane of the chewing platform;

[0019] S2: The pushing mechanism is pushed horizontally toward the center of the chewing platform, driving the convergence push piece on one side of the convergence mechanism to move inward along the sliding axis, so that the motion link assembly retracts inward from both sides, driving the convergence push piece on the other side of the convergence mechanism to retract inward along the sliding axis, and converging the food particles on the chewing platform inward;

[0020] S3: The pushing mechanism stretches horizontally in a direction away from the center of the chewing platform, driving the converging push piece on one side of the converging mechanism to move outward along the sliding axis, so that the motion link assembly stretches outward from both sides, driving the converging push piece on the other side of the converging mechanism to move outward along the sliding axis, realizing outward expansion movement on both sides; the two converging push pieces complete the return to their positions;

[0021] S4: Press down the simulated teeth in the simulated chewing device once to crush the food particles once and then retract the simulated teeth upward;

[0022] S5: Repeat steps S2 to S4 until the food particles are crushed; collect the food particles for subsequent testing.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0024] The convergence device provided by the present invention can be used in combination with a simulated chewing device, and the convergence push piece is driven to move by the extension and contraction of the push mechanism, and the broken food particles are subjected to a bilateral convergence movement from the outside to the inside by the motion connecting rod, so as to simulate the gathering effect of the tongue on food during human chewing, and assist in promoting the positioning and breaking of food into agglomerates during the simulated chewing process. Moreover, by using a motion connecting rod assembly, only a single power source is required to achieve bidirectional reciprocating motion, thereby reducing the space occupied by the power source and the experimental cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the installation of the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing provided in this embodiment on the chewing platform;

[0026] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the structure of the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing provided in this embodiment;

[0027] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a convergence mechanism provided in this embodiment;

[0028] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the convergence movement of the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing provided in this embodiment;

[0029] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of the auxiliary crushing of the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing provided in this embodiment;

[0030] Figure 6This is the distribution diagram of peanut crushing particle size under different conditions;

[0031] Figure 7 is the median particle size of peanuts crushed under different conditions X 50 picture;

[0032] In the figure: pushing mechanism 1, adapter plate 11, fixed bracket 2, sliding shaft 3, fixed axis point 4, converging mechanism 5, converging push plate 51, fixed seat 52, moving link assembly 6, end link 61, middle link 62, food particles 7. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] In order to make the above-mentioned purpose, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and easy to understand, the specific implementation mode of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the following description, many specific details are set forth to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention can be implemented in many other ways different from those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without violating the connotation of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below. The technical features in each embodiment of the present invention can be combined accordingly without conflicting with each other.

[0034] It should be understood that the terms such as "having", "including" and "comprising" used in this article do not exclude the existence or addition of one or more other elements or combinations thereof. It should be noted that the experimental methods described in the following embodiments are all conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the materials, unless otherwise specified, can be obtained from commercial channels; in the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "connected", "connected" and "installed" should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be fixedly connected or set, or it can be detachably connected or set, or connected or set in an integral manner. For those of ordinary skill in the art, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances.

[0035] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, as a preferred embodiment of the present invention, this embodiment provides an in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing, which is installed on a chewing platform and includes a pushing mechanism 1, a fixed bracket 2, a sliding shaft 3, a convergence mechanism 5 and a motion link assembly 6. The bottom surface of the pushing mechanism 1 contacts the upper surface of the fixed bracket 2 and is fixedly installed on the fixed bracket 2. The input end of the pushing mechanism 1 is connected to an external power supply, and the output end of the pushing mechanism 1 is connected to the convergence mechanism 5.

[0036] In the device provided by the present invention, the convergence mechanism 5 includes two convergence push pieces 51, and the two ends of the two convergence push pieces 51 respectively pass through the sliding shaft 3 vertically arranged between the two convergence push pieces 51. Through holes for inserting the sliding shaft 3 are opened on both sides of the chewing platform, and the sliding shaft 3 is inserted into the through holes on both sides of the chewing platform, thereby arranging the convergence mechanism 5 above the chewing platform, so that the two convergence push pieces 51 and the bottom plane of the chewing platform constitute a space for accommodating food particles 7. Baffles are provided outside the through hole position of the chewing platform, that is, at both ends of the sliding shaft 3, to prevent the sliding shaft 3 from slipping out of the through hole and thus falling out of the chewing platform during the experiment. The convergence push piece 51 and the sliding shaft 3 form a sliding connection, and the sliding shaft 3 serves as the movement track of the convergence mechanism 5.

[0037] In order to enable the convergence mechanism 5 to move more smoothly along the predetermined trajectory and reduce the simulation error, in a preferred embodiment provided by the present invention, two parallel and spaced sliding tracks are provided on the chewing platform, such as Figure 3 As shown, both ends of each converging push piece 51 are provided with snap-fits matching the sliding track of the chewing platform, and the snap-fits of the converging push piece 51 are engaged with the sliding track of the chewing platform. The two converging push pieces 51 are slidably connected with the sliding track and are fixedly installed on the chewing platform in parallel and at intervals, and the converging push pieces 51 can move along the sliding track.

[0038] In the device provided by the present invention, Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the motion link assembly 6 is vertically arranged between two converging push pieces 51, and the motion link assembly 6 includes an end link 61 arranged on the converging push piece 51 and an intermediate link 62 between the end links 61 on both sides. A fixing seat 52 is provided on the upper surface of both ends of the converging push piece 51, and the end link 61 is sleeved on the fixing seat 52. Both ends of each converging push piece 51 are connected to one end of the end link 61 by a hinged manner, and the other end of the end link 61 is provided with an intermediate link 62 by a hinged manner. The end link 61 and the intermediate link 62 in the motion link assembly 6 can be hinged by a stud. The center of the intermediate link 62 is fixedly connected to the chewing platform or the sliding shaft 3 by setting a fixed axis point 4. In this embodiment, a bolt can be used to cooperate with the fixing seat 52 to achieve a hinged connection between the end link 61 and the converging push piece 51. In a preferred embodiment provided by the present invention, the motion link assembly 6 includes four end links 61 and two intermediate links 62; two end links 61 are provided at both ends of each converging push piece 51 through a hinge connection; the two intermediate links 62 are cross-arranged, and the two ends are respectively hinged with the end links 61 on both sides, forming a scissor-type structure similar to the shape of "8". The scissor-type structure of "8" can provide better motion stability due to its geometric characteristics, which helps to reduce vibration and improve the reliability of the machine. In other embodiments, the number of intermediate links 62 can be increased according to the specific simulation experiment requirements, and the additional intermediate links 62 also need to be cross-arranged. A fixed axis point 4 is set at the intersection of the middle connecting rod 62, which is fixed to the chewing platform through the fixed axis point 4. When one side of the convergence mechanism 5 is subjected to thrust or tension, the convergence push piece 51 on one side of the convergence mechanism 5 moves inward along the sliding shaft 3 or moves outward to both sides, thereby driving the motion connecting rod assembly 6 to retract inward or expand outward from both sides, and driving the convergence push piece 51 on the other side of the convergence mechanism 5 to retract inward or expand outward along the sliding shaft 3, thereby realizing the convergence movement inward on both sides or the expansion movement outward on both sides.

[0039] In the device provided by the present invention, Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, the output end of the pushing mechanism 1 is fixedly connected to one side of the convergence mechanism 5. Since the electric push rod has the advantages of high efficiency and energy saving, precise control, simple maintenance, safety and reliability, and strong adaptability, it can significantly improve the performance and operation efficiency of the equipment. Therefore, the pushing mechanism 1 in this embodiment adopts an electric push rod. The electric push rod drives a convergence push piece 51 in the convergence mechanism 5 to move, and the motion connecting rod assembly 6 drives another convergence push piece 51 to move in the opposite direction to achieve bilateral convergence or expansion. Since the thickness of the electric push rod itself is relatively large, in order to achieve better fixation, there is a large height difference when connecting. In order to enable more flexible connection and installation adaptation between the electric push rod and the convergence mechanism 5, an adapter plate 11 is set between the pushing mechanism 1 and the convergence mechanism 5, and the fixed connection between the pushing mechanism 1 and the convergence mechanism 5 is achieved through the adapter plate 11. A mounting groove for setting the adapter plate 11 is provided in the middle of the convergence push piece 51 on one side of the convergence mechanism 5 connected to the pushing mechanism 1. One end of the adapter plate 11 is fixedly connected to the electric push rod, and the other end is fixedly connected to the convergence push piece 51 through the mounting groove. The adapter plate 11 is connected to the pushing mechanism 1 and the converging push plate 51 by screws or bolts. In this embodiment, the adapter plate 11 is connected to the pushing mechanism 1 and the converging push plate 51 by screws.

[0040] like Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, this embodiment also provides a simulation method using the above-mentioned in vitro convergence device based on assisted chewing and crushing, and the specific steps are as follows:

[0041] (1) Install the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing on the chewing platform of the simulated chewing device, and connect the power supply to the pushing mechanism 1. Place the food particles 7 to be tested on the bottom plane of the chewing platform.

[0042] (2) The pushing mechanism 1 is pushed horizontally toward the center of the chewing platform, driving the converging push piece 51 of the connected converging mechanism 5 on the side close to the pushing mechanism 1 to move inward along the sliding shaft 3, so that the motion link assembly 6 retracts inward from both sides with the fixed axis point 4 as the center, driving the converging push piece 51 on the other side of the converging mechanism 5 away from the pushing mechanism 1 to retract inward along the sliding shaft 3, realizing the converging movement inward from both sides, and converging the food particles 7 on the chewing platform inward.

[0043] (3) The pushing mechanism 1 stretches horizontally in a direction away from the center of the chewing platform, driving the converging push piece 51 on one side of the converging mechanism 5 to move outward along the sliding shaft 3, so that the moving link assembly 6 stretches outward from both sides, driving the converging push piece 51 on the other side of the converging mechanism 5 to move outward along the sliding shaft 3, realizing the outward expansion movement on both sides; the two converging push pieces 51 complete the return to their original positions, and the food particles 7 are still in the center of the bottom plane of the chewing platform.

[0044] (4) The simulated teeth in the simulated chewing device are pressed downward once to crush the food particles 7 once, and then the simulated teeth are retracted upward.

[0045] (5) Repeat steps (2) to (4) until the food particles 7 are completely crushed; collect the food particles 7 for subsequent testing.

[0046] (6) After the simulation is completed, the connecting gaps between the sliding shaft 3, the convergence mechanism 5 and the motion link assembly 6 are cleaned and disinfected using ultrapure water, detergent, ethanol solution, etc., in preparation for the next simulation operation.

[0047] The device provided by the present invention can cooperate with the simulated chewing equipment. Before the simulation experiment begins, the initial convergence positioning and return to the original position are performed. When the model teeth press down to crush the food particles 7, the food particles 7 are spread out to both sides due to the pressure, and the two convergence push pieces 51 are exerted with an outward extension force, driving the motion link assembly 6 to extend from the fixed axis point 4 position at the center to both sides, simulating the situation in which the teeth in the human mouth approach the food and chew. At the same time, the model teeth are lifted up, and the pushing mechanism 1 applies a horizontal thrust in the direction of the fixed axis point 4 to the convergence push piece 51 close to the propulsion mechanism 1 to extend and propel the convergence push piece 51. The convergence push piece 51 close to the propulsion mechanism 1 retracts and moves in the direction of the fixed axis point 4 along the sliding shaft 3, driving the convergence push piece 51 away from the propulsion mechanism 1 to move horizontally in the direction of the fixed axis point 4 at the same time, realizing the convergence movement from both sides to the inside, simulating the situation in which the tongue in the human mouth gathers the food that is scattered by the teeth together again, and then the model teeth are pressed down again to simulate the situation in which the teeth in the human mouth chew food. By repeatedly gathering the food particles 7 again by the in vitro gathering device that assists in chewing and crushing, and then pressing down again by the model teeth, the gathering effect of the tongue on food and the chewing effect of the teeth during human chewing are simulated, and the positioning and crushing of food into agglomerates are assisted in simulating the chewing process. Each time the model teeth press down to crush, the food particles 7 are gathered together, and the food gathering and the pressing down of the model teeth are repeated until the food particles 7 are crushed, indicating that the chewing and crushing action is completed and the operation is ended. The food particles 7 are gathered into agglomerates again and collected, and then the simulation device is cleaned for the next simulation operation.

[0048] like Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, through experimental verification, the effect of the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing provided by the present invention on assisting and promoting crushing is compared by simulating the chewing and crushing of peanut samples. Four peanuts (total weight controlled at 3.0 g) are selected each time, and different chewing and crushing times (10 times, 20 times, 30 times, and 40 times) are simulated under different conditions. The particle size distribution and median particle size X of the crushed peanut particles are analyzed. 50The results show that the in vitro convergence device that assists chewing and crushing is more conducive to the crushing and refinement of peanut particles, and the small particle size distribution of peanut particles accounts for a higher proportion. At the same time, the median particle size X 50 The value of is smaller, with significant difference (p<0.05). This shows that the in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing can help simulate the positioning and crushing of chewed food in the human mouth.

[0049] The above-described embodiment is only a preferred solution of the present invention, but it is not intended to limit the present invention. A person skilled in the relevant technical field may make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, any technical solution obtained by equivalent replacement or equivalent transformation falls within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. An in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing, mounted on a chewing platform, characterized in that: The invention comprises a pushing mechanism (1), a fixed bracket (2), a sliding shaft (3), a convergence mechanism (5) and a motion connecting rod assembly (6); the pushing mechanism (1) is fixed on the fixed bracket (2), the input end of the pushing mechanism (1) is connected to an external power supply, and the output end of the pushing mechanism (1) is connected to the convergence mechanism (5); The converging mechanism (5) comprises two converging push pieces (51) arranged in parallel and spaced apart, and the two ends of the two converging push pieces (51) respectively pass through a sliding shaft (3) vertically arranged between the two converging push pieces (51); the sliding shaft (3) is used to be inserted into the two sides of the chewing platform, and the converging mechanism (5) is arranged above the chewing platform, so that the two converging push pieces (51) and the bottom plane of the chewing platform form a space for accommodating food particles (7); the converging push pieces (51) and the sliding shaft (3) form a sliding connection, and the sliding shaft (3) serves as a motion track of the converging mechanism (5); The motion link assembly (6) is vertically arranged between the two converging push pieces (51), and the motion link assembly (6) comprises an end link (61) arranged on the converging push piece (51) and an intermediate link (62) between the end links (61) on both sides; both ends of each converging push piece (51) are connected to one end of the end link (61) by a hinged manner, and the other end of the end link (61) is provided with an intermediate link (62) by a hinged manner, so as to form a scissor-type structure; the center of the intermediate link (62) is fixedly connected to the chewing platform or the sliding shaft (3) by setting a fixed axis point (4); the pushing mechanism (1) drives one converging push piece (51) in the converging mechanism (5) to move, and drives the other converging push piece (51) to move in the opposite direction through the motion link assembly (6), so as to realize bilateral converging or expansion.

2. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: The motion link assembly (6) comprises four end links (61) and two intermediate links (62); two ends of each convergent push piece (51) are connected to the two end links (61) by hinges; the two intermediate links (62) are cross-arranged, and the two ends are respectively hinged with the end links (61) on both sides to form a scissor-type structure.

3. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 2, characterized in that: A fixed axis point (4) is arranged at the intersection of the two middle connecting rods (62), and is fixedly connected to the chewing platform via the fixed axis point (4).

4. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: A mounting groove for arranging the adapter plate (11) is provided in the middle of the converging push plate (51) connected to the pushing mechanism (1); the two ends of the adapter plate (11) are respectively fixedly connected to the pushing mechanism (1) and the converging push plate (51).

5. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 4, characterized in that: The adapter plate (11) is connected to the pushing mechanism (1) and the converging pushing plate (51) by means of screws or bolts.

6. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: The pushing mechanism (1) adopts an electric push rod.

7. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: Baffles are provided at both ends of the sliding shaft (3) to prevent the converging push piece (51) from falling off.

8. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper surfaces of both ends of the converging push piece (51) are provided with fixing seats (52), and the end connecting rods (61) are sleeved on the fixing seats (52) and then provided with bolts to form a hinge.

9. The in vitro convergence device for assisting chewing and crushing according to claim 1, characterized in that: The end connecting rod (61) and the middle connecting rod (62) in the motion connecting rod assembly (6) are hinged via studs.

10. A simulation method using the in vitro convergence device for assisting mastication and crushing according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The specific steps are as follows: S1: installing the in vitro convergence device on a chewing platform of a simulated chewing device, and turning on the power supply of the driving mechanism (1); placing the food particles (7) to be tested on the bottom plane of the chewing platform; S2: The pushing mechanism (1) is pushed horizontally toward the center of the chewing platform, driving the convergence push piece (51) on one side of the convergence mechanism (5) to move inward along the sliding shaft (3), so that the motion link assembly (6) retracts inward from both sides, driving the convergence push piece (51) on the other side of the convergence mechanism (5) to retract inward along the sliding shaft (3), thereby converging the food particles (7) on the chewing platform inward; S3: The pushing mechanism (1) is stretched horizontally in a direction away from the center of the chewing platform, driving the converging push piece (51) on one side of the converging mechanism (5) to move outward along the sliding shaft (3), so that the moving link assembly (6) is stretched outward from both sides, driving the converging push piece (51) on the other side of the converging mechanism (5) to move outward along the sliding shaft (3), thereby realizing the outward expansion movement on both sides; the two converging push pieces (51) are returned to their original positions; S4: Pressing down the simulated teeth in the simulated chewing device once to crush the food particles (7) once, and then retracting the simulated teeth upward; S5: repeating steps S2 to S4 until the food particles (7) are completely crushed; collecting the food particles (7) for subsequent testing.

Images